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作者简介:

安燕飞,男,1982年生。博士,副教授,主要从事变质煤岩学和纳米地球化学研究。E-mail:anyanfei0557@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    作为岩浆吞噬煤层的信息记录者和物质承载者,接触变质煤是揭示煤层速热碳化过程和机理的重要研究对象。为此,本研究采集了淮北石台煤矿不同热变质程度的接触变质煤样品,利用镜质组反射率测试、元素分析、工业分析、偏光显微镜(PLM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等实验手段,表征其微组构特征,以期揭示煤层速热碳化的机理和过程。结果显示,从未受影响煤、浅热变质煤到天然焦,样品最大镜质组反射率、灰分产率升高,氢、氮元素以及挥发分含量降低。未受影响煤显微组分以胶质结构体为主,局部发育丝质体;浅热变质煤中裂隙发育、少见脱挥发孔;靠近岩体的块状天然焦中镶嵌结构炭和脱挥发孔发育,孔径多介于20~150 μm;岩体内的细脉状天然焦,主要由多孔炭和炭微球组成,富含圆形—椭圆形气孔,孔径多介于1~3 μm。分析表明,趋近岩体,接触变质煤热变质程度连续增加:浅热变质煤是煤层受较弱热变质而脆性断裂的结果;天然焦是浅热变质煤热解脱挥发分和中间相化的产物;至岩体附近,天然焦被液化成多孔炭和炭微球,后二者最终被氧化为气态碳氧化物而消失。我们认为,岩浆接触变质煤速热碳化的实质就是固态煤岩被岩浆热解而中间相化、液化和氧化气化的过程。

    Abstract

    The contact metamorphic coal, the recorder and carrier of coal seam engulfed by magma, is an important research object to reveal the rapid thermal carbonization process and mechanism of coal. Samples of the contact metamorphic coal with different thermal metamorphic degrees in the Shitai coal mine, North China were collected to reveal ultra-microfabrics characteristics, mechanism and process of rapid thermal carbonization of coal by means of vitrinite reflectance test, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, polarized light microscope (PLM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in this study. The results show that the vitrinite reflectance and ash contents increase, while the H, N and volatile matters decrease from the unaffected coal, the slightly metamorphosed coal to the natural cokes. The unaffected coal is mainly composed of collotelinites with a bit of fusinites. There are many fractures and few devolatilization pores in slightly metamorphic coal. Mosaic carbons and devolatilization pores are developed in the massive natural coke near the sill, and the pore diameters are 20~150 μm. Fine veined natural cokes in the sill, mainly composed of porous carbon and mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs), are rich in round and oval pores, and the pore diameters are mostly between 1~3 μm. The analysis shows that the thermal metamorphism degree of contact metamorphic coal increases continuously approaching the sill. The slightly thermal metamorphic coals are the result of brittle fracture of unaffected coal due to weak thermal metamorphism. Natural cokes are the products of devolatilization and mesophaseization during pyrolysis of slightly metamorphic coal. Near the sill, the natural cokes are liquefied into porous carbon and MCMBs, which are finally oxidized into gaseous carbon oxides and disappear. We believe that the essence of carbonization of magma contact metamorphic coal are mesophaseization, liquefaction, oxidation and gasification of solid coal.

    关键词

    岩浆镶嵌结构炭炭微球石台煤矿

  • 作为岩浆侵入煤层形成的高温速热变质产物,接触变质煤不仅是接触热变质的物质承载者,而且是煤岩组分速热碳化的信息记录者(Rahman et al.,2018Shi Quanlin et al.,2018aGoodarzi et al.,2018)。研究表明,在接触变质煤内,由于岩浆影响和破坏,煤岩组分显著改变。这一方面表现在镜质组反射率增大,矿物组分和灰分增加,挥发分和氢元素大幅减少,出现强烈的光学各向异性等(Shi Quanlin et al.,2018b2018c马良,2019王海军,2021陈健等,2021);另一方面还表现在,大量以镶嵌结构炭为代表的中间相炭和以瓦斯气体为代表的气态组成等大量新物质的形成(Song Xiaoxia et al.,2020b2021Qu Qiyuan et al.,2020Moura et al.,2021)。由此可见,岩浆接触变质煤及其变化的内部组分,已经成为揭示岩浆吞噬煤层过程和碳质组分速热碳化机理的理想研究对象。

  • 针对这一议题,大批研究者分别对变质煤岩及其气态产物,开展了显微组分鉴定、工业分析、元素分析、镜质组反射率测试、光谱分析、ICP-MS和XRD等方面的工作,取得了大量的新发现和新认识(Pan et al.,2017Zhao Meixia et al.,2019Chen Hao et al.,2021Matlala et al.,2021Wang Xiaoling et al.,2022)。尽管如此,岩浆接触变质煤的具体形成过程和速热碳化机理,特别是其内部天然焦的显微组分的演化关系和形成机理,以及煤岩被岩浆吞噬后最终如何消失,尚不完全清晰(Wang Liang et al.,2014Chen Mingyi et al.,2017An Yanfei et al.,2018a2018b王亮等,2022)。为此,本研究选取石台煤矿发育的接触变质煤为研究对象,进行了镜质组反射率、工业分析、元素分析、偏光显微镜、扫描电镜等实验,分析了接触变质煤显微组分类型、微组构特征及其相互演化关系,揭示了接触变质过程中,煤岩速热碳化的产物、过程和机理。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 石台煤矿行政区划上位于中国安徽省淮北市石台镇境内。其大地构造位置为华北板块东南缘,濉溪-萧县复向斜盆地内(图1a、b)。含煤地层为上古生界碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩建造(图1c)。工业煤层主要位于二叠系山西组和下石盒子组(图2a),平均厚度分别为2.65 m和2.08 m。矿区内,细粒石英斑岩沿断裂,以岩墙的形式侵位至含煤层系;而中细粒花岗斑岩通常呈岩席状顺层侵入煤层,成为石台煤矿煤层内的火成岩夹矸。在Ⅲ和Ⅳ煤层中,侵入岩通常作为顶板和煤层之间的夹层出现。岩浆接触变质煤分布于侵入岩体和未受影响煤层之间。Ⅲ煤层下部为未受影响的煤层(厚1.42 m),上部存在一层细粒石英斑岩侵入体(厚0.51 m),二者之间存在一层由不同变质程度接触变质煤组成的岩-煤接触变质带(厚1.02 m),该带包括天然焦层(厚0.26 m)以及浅热变煤层(厚0.76 m)。

  • 图1 淮北石台煤矿地质图

  • Fig.1 Geologic map of the Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield, Anhui, China

  • (a)—华北地区构造略图;(b)—淮北地区区域地质图;(c)—石台煤矿及周边地质图;1—第四系;2—二叠系;3—石炭系;4—奥陶系、寒武系;5—侵入岩;6—断层;7—煤矿;8—矿区;9—矿区边界

  • (a) —tectonic map of North China; (b) —regional geological map of Huaibei area; (c) —geological map of Shitai coal mine and its vicinity; 1—Quaternary; 2—Permian; 3—Carboniferous; 4—Ordovician and Cambrian; 5—intrusive rocks; 6—fault; 7—coal mine; 8—mine area; 9—mine area boundary

  • 2 样品采集与测试

  • 本研究样品取自石台煤矿Ⅲ号巷道掘进工作面纵断面,其中包括5个不同热变质程度的接触变质煤样品(图2b)。分别为岩体内的细脉状天然焦(样品ST-03)、块状天然焦(样品ST-04、ST-05)、浅热变质煤(样品ST-06、ST-07)以及未受影响煤(样品ST-18)。样品采集方法为刻槽法,刻槽长20 cm,宽10 cm,深度10 cm。样品采集后,立即密封储存在样品袋中,尽量减少污染和氧化。未受影响煤呈黑色,金属光泽,层状构造,硬而脆,染手(图3a)。浅热变质煤(样品ST-07、ST-06)呈灰黑色,存在一定光泽,极易碎裂成块状、颗粒状,污手(图3b、c)。块状天然焦(样品ST-05)呈灰黑色、灰色,似层状构造,坚硬多孔,微污手(图3d)。紧邻岩体的块状天然焦(样品ST-04)呈浅灰色,流纹状构造,多孔状结构,质轻、坚硬(图3e)。含天然焦细脉的石英斑岩为灰白色,块状,细粒结构,微风化(图3f)。

  • 图2 淮北石台煤矿地层柱状图及取样位置

  • Fig.2 Stratigraphic section column of the coal bearing strata and sampling location at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield, Anhui, China

  • (a)—石台煤矿地层柱状图;(b)—石台煤矿Ⅲ煤层柱状图

  • (a) —stratigraphic column of Shitai coal mine; (b) —column of coal seam III of Shitai coal mine

  • 样品最大镜质组反射率测试在武汉上谱实验室完成,所使用仪器为MPV-SP型显微光度计;反射率量程0.1%~10.0%;分辨率0.01%;光线波长546 nm;测试标准物为钆镓石榴子石(浸油反射率1.72%)。工业分析、元素分析、偏光显微镜实验在安徽大学资源与环境工程学院完成。工业分析采用SDTGA 5000a型工业分析仪,测定样品的水分、灰分和挥发分。元素分析在型号为Vario EL-3的元素分析仪上完成,其燃烧管温度950~1150℃,氦气压力0.12 MPa,流量600 mL/min,氧气压力0.20 MPa,加氧量10~30 mL,相对误差0.1%。光学显微实验在型号为Olympus BX53的正交偏光显微镜上进行,该设备配有4、10、20、50倍物镜以及CellSens显微成像软件和D73摄像头。扫描电镜测试在安徽大学现代实验技术中心完成,仪器为Regulus 8230型号的超高分辨率扫描电子显微镜,加速电压1~30 kV,图像最大分辨率高于5 nm;搭载在扫描电镜样品台上的样品颗粒厚1~1.5 mm,面积约为3 mm×5 mm。样品表面用喷金仪Quorum Q150T ES喷金15 s处理,SEM-EDS工作距离为18 mm,加速电压30 kV,电子束斑5 nm。

  • 3 结果与分析

  • 3.1 最大镜质组反射率、工业分析和元素分析

  • 接触变质煤样品的最大镜质组反射率(Rmax)、工业分析和元素分析结果见表1。该表显示,未受影响煤(样品ST-18)的Rmax均值为1.21%。与之相比,浅热变质煤(样品ST-06、ST-07)、块状天然焦(样品ST-04、ST-05)以及细脉状天然焦(样品ST-03)的Rmax均值存在不同程度的连续增大。浅热变质煤Rmax均值介于1.24%~1.25%;块状天然焦介于2.88%~3.01%;细脉状天然焦为4.79%。

  • 图3 淮北石台煤矿Ⅲ煤层接触变质煤手标本照片

  • Fig.3 Photographs of metamorphic coal in coal seam Ⅲ from Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—未受影响煤;(b)—浅热变质煤;(c)—浅热变质煤;(d)—块状天然焦;(e)—块状天然焦;(f)—细脉状天然焦

  • (a) —unaffected coal; (b) —shallow thermally altered coal; (c) —shallow thermally altered coal; (d) —lumpy natural coke; (e) —lumpy natural coke; (f) —finely veined natural coke

  • 表1 淮北石台煤矿接触变质煤样品的最大镜质组反射率、元素分析、工业分析测试结果

  • Table1 Vitrinite reflectance, proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of coal and coke in Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • 注:Rmax—镜质组最大反射率;Mad—水分(空气干燥基);Ad—灰分(干燥基);Vdaf—挥发分(干燥无灰基);Cd—碳(干燥基);Hd—氢(干燥基);Nd—氮(干燥基);样品ST-03以石英斑岩为主,天然焦细脉含量低,因此以“-”表示未检测。

  • 元素分析显示,未受影响煤(样品ST-18)含碳77.01%、氢5.36%、氮1.83%。浅热变质煤(样品ST-06、ST-07)含碳67.73%~75.77%、氢2.73%~5.17%、氮1.35%~1.66%。与前者相比,后者碳、氢、氮含量存在不同程度的降低。块状天然焦(样品ST-05、ST-04)含碳52.41%~52.52%、氢1.74%~1.87%、氮0.06%~0.82%;与浅热变质煤相比,其碳、氢、氮的含量持续下降。这表明趋近岩体,煤层存在着显著的脱氢、脱氮趋势。天然焦中碳元素含量较低,可能是因为其距岩体较近,受到了岩浆岩中无机组分的影响。

  • 工业分析结果显示,未受影响煤(样品ST-18)的挥发分含量为29.13%,灰分产率为8.58%;浅热变质煤(样品ST-06、ST-07)挥发分含量为23.94%~26.50%,灰分产率为7.18%~11.89%;块状天然焦(样品ST-05、ST-04)挥发分含量为14.96%~15.05%,灰分产率为40.84%~41.50%。与未受影响煤相比,浅热变质煤的挥发分含量略有降低,灰分产率相近;而块状天然焦的挥发分含量大幅降低,灰分产率大幅增加。

  • 3.2 显微特征

  • 石台煤矿接触变质煤的光学显微结果见图4~6。结果显示,未受影响煤(样品ST-18)主要由胶质结构体(图4a)和少量丝质体(代世峰等,2021a2021b)组成,裂隙不发育,高倍镜下可见形状不规则的原生孔隙(图4b)。局部可见丝质体和胶质结构体呈互层状分布(图4c)。丝质体内可见规则排布的圆形—椭圆形孔洞,孔径大小5~15 μm(图4d)。浅热变质煤(样品ST-07、ST-06)裂隙极为发育,煤层多被破碎,呈大小不一的角砾碎块粒,大小一般500~1500 μm,个别大于2500 μm(图4e、g)。煤岩角砾内,少见形状不规则的脱挥发孔,孔径多介于40~200 μm(图4f、h)。

  • 图4 淮北石台煤矿岩体外围未受影响煤和浅热变质煤光学显微照片

  • Fig.4 Macerals of unaffected coal and fragile coke around the sill at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—胶质结构体(×40);(b)—原生孔隙(×200);(c)—丝质体(×40);(d)—原生孔隙(×200);(e)—煤岩角砾碎块(×40);(f)—角砾内的孔隙(×200);(g)—煤岩角砾碎块(×40);(h)—角砾内的孔隙(×200);(a)~(h)均为单偏光

  • (a) —colluvium (×40) ; (b) —primary pore space (×200) ; (c) —filum (×40) ; (d) —primary pore space (×200) ; (e) —coal rock breccia fragments (×40) ; (f) —pore space within breccia (×200) ; (g) —coal rock breccia fragments (×40) ; (h) —pore space within breccia (×200) ; (a) ~ (h) are single polarized

  • 块状天然焦(样品ST-05)主要由天然焦碎块和裂隙组成。低倍镜下可见焦碎块体呈角砾状,角砾内部和边缘均普遍显示较强的光学各向异性(图5a)。其中,尤以角砾边缘的光学各向异性最明显,大量球形—半球形热解炭呈条带状镶嵌在天然焦角砾边缘,不同角砾被白云石脉胶结相连(图5b)。高倍镜下可见,球形—半球形热解炭多呈波状消光,消光轴分布多与条带垂直(图5c);单偏光下可见,这些半球炭多呈向角砾外部发散的放射状、纤维状展布(图5d)。在天然焦角砾内部,可见较大的残余丝质体开始破裂成较小的颗粒(图5e)。颗粒边缘光学各向异性逐渐增加,开始明显的中间相化,并逐渐转变成较小的鳞片状热解炭(图5f)。

  • 紧邻岩体的天然焦(样品ST-04)内,天然焦角砾内部光学各向异性更加显著,角砾内部出现了大量形态不规则的脱挥发孔(图5g)。脱挥发孔孔径多介于20~80 μm,面积占比约15%~30%。此外,在天然焦角砾之间的裂隙内,普遍被填充了大量炭微球群(图5h)。趋近岩体,低倍镜下可见,天然焦内部依然发育着与距岩体较远天然焦类似的角砾状。不同的是天然焦角砾内部的光学各向异性更加显著。角砾之间除了炭微球群外,还发育大量形态不规则的多孔炭(图6a)。与角砾之间填充物组成类似,在岩体和天然焦之间,也发育着大量多孔炭和炭微球群。前者呈球形、椭球形及不规则状,后者排布存在显著的流纹状(图6b)。高倍镜下可见,样品ST-04天然焦角砾内部,脱挥发孔边缘,热解炭普遍发育成镶嵌结构(图6c)。在85°斜交偏光下可见,这些镶嵌结构炭显示十字消光特征。即同一热解炭颗粒内,内部存在一个形态不规则的“黑十字”,旋转载物台,可见位于“黑十字”1、3象限和2、4象限部分的颗粒呈现截然相反的光学特征,而且可以相互转化(图6d)。

  • 岩体内的细脉状天然焦(样品ST-03)主要以炭微球为主,含有少量的多孔炭。炭微球群主要呈港湾状环绕多孔炭,少量填充于多孔炭孔洞内,二者界线明显(图6e)。高倍镜下可见,多孔炭由大量圆形—椭圆形的气孔组成,光学各向异性显著减弱,孔径大小一般为1~10 μm(图6f右下部);炭微球群主要由大量粒径小于5 μm炭微球聚集而成,其光学各向异性基本消失(图6f中间偏左)。此外,局部可见,较大的气孔壁内侧,发育与孔壁相连的球形多孔热解炭,球晶从几微米到几十微米不等,少数大于300 μm(图6g)。在脉状天然焦边缘,可见大量条带状热解炭包围的炭微球群,呈不规则港湾状陷入岩体内。少数条带状热解炭大气泡孤立于岩体内,内部炭微球一般较少,多被矿物填充(图6h)。

  • 3.3 扫描电镜及能谱特征

  • 石台煤矿接触变质煤的扫描电镜结果见图7~9。分析可见,未受影响煤(样品ST-18)主要由胶质结构体和少量丝质体组成。胶质结构体内部均匀、致密,发育少量线状分布的原生孔隙(图7a)。孔隙平行煤层层理展布,一般呈不规则长条形,大多长1~3 μm(图7b)。丝质体多呈不规则块状,内部圆形—椭圆形孔洞清晰可见(图7c)。局部放大可见,丝质体内部均匀、致密,孔内无填充物,孔径一般为8~12 μm(图7d)。

  • 浅热变质煤(样品ST-07)中,角砾状颗粒表面发育一层半球形热解炭,半球直径一般为2~8 μm(图7e)。放大后可见半球形热解炭仅具较薄的一层,层厚介于0.5~1.5 μm之间,多数半球顶部可见圆形排气孔眼(图7f)。角砾内部,胶质结构体较致密、均匀(图7g);微裂隙发育,呈定向排列,但形变不明显(图7h)。

  • 块状天然焦(样品ST-05)内,角砾状焦颗粒表面,半球形热解炭极为发育,局部出现完整的球形热解炭(图8a)。这些球形热解炭粒径10~20 μm,内部由放射状片层组成,片层厚度一般小于0.2 μm(图8b)。角砾状焦内部,主要由折曲的薄片层结构和残余丝质体组成(图8c)。片层很薄,仅为20~30 nm厚(图8d)。

  • 块状天然焦(样品ST-04)内,角砾状焦碎块内部,主要由热解炭组成,极少见残余丝质体。热解炭多呈镶嵌结构,内部脱挥发分发育,孔径一般5~20 μm(图8e)。镶嵌结构炭内部也主要由薄层片层组成,片层一般长3~5 μm,宽一般小于0.2 μm。与残余丝质体不同的是,片层褶曲明显,且片层层理面多与脱挥发孔相连通(图8f)。块状天然焦中,特别是裂隙和较大的脱挥发孔内壁上,常常析出大量球形多孔炭(图8g)。多孔炭内部发育大量规则圆形气孔,孔径一般集中在1~3 μm;个别大至8~10 μm;而外部包裹一层小于0.5 μm条带状热解炭(图8h)。

  • 图5 淮北石台煤矿岩体外围块状天然焦光学显微照片

  • Fig.5 Macerals of hard coke around the sill at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—裂隙、条带状热解炭、残余胶质结构体(×40);(b)—裂隙两侧条带状排列的球形—半球形热解炭(×200);(c)—球形—半球形热解炭的波状消光特征(×400);(d)—球形—半球形热解炭的放射状结构(×400);(e)—残余丝质体(×400);(f)—残余丝质体及其周围的鳞片状热解炭(×400);(g)—裂隙和热解炭(×40);(h)—光学各向异性强烈的热解炭和脱挥发孔(×200)

  • (a) —cleavage, striped pyrolytic carbon, and residual colloidal structure body (×40) ; (b) —spherical-hemispherical pyrolytic carbon with striped arrangement on both sides of the cleavage (×200) ; (c) —wave-like extinction feature of spherical-hemispherical pyrolytic carbon (×400) ; (d) —radial structure of spherical-hemispherical pyrolytic carbon (×400) ; (e) —residual filopodia (×400) ; (f) —residual filopodia and their surrounding scale-like pyrolytic carbon (×400) ; (g) —cleavage and pyrolytic carbon (×40) ; (h) —pyrolytic carbon with strong optical anisotropy and devolatilized pores (×200)

  • 图6 淮北石台煤矿岩体外围细脉状天然焦光学显微照片

  • Fig.6 Macerals of molten coke around the sill at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—镶嵌结构炭、裂隙及裂隙内多孔炭和炭微球(×40);(b)—炭微球、多孔炭及脱挥发孔(×200);(c)—镶嵌结构炭及其内部的脱挥发孔(×400);(d)—镶嵌结构炭在85°斜交偏光下显示的十字消光特征,同一颗粒1、3象限和2、4象限呈截然相反的光学位(×400);(e)—多孔炭和炭微球(×40);(f)—多孔炭和炭微球(×200);(g)—球形多孔热解炭和炭微球(×200);(h)—条带状热解炭包裹的炭微球(×400)

  • (a) —mosaic structured carbon, porous carbon and carbon microspheres within the fissure and fissure (×40) ; (b) —carbon microspheres, porous carbon and devolatilized pores (×200) ; (c) —mosaic structured carbon and its internal devolatilized pores (×400) ; (d) —cross extinction feature of mosaic structured carbon showing diametrically opposite light degrees in quadrants 1 and 3 and quadrants 2 and 4 of the same particle under 85 degree oblique cross polarization (×400) ; (e) —porous charcoal and charcoal microspheres (×40) ; (f) —porous charcoal and charcoal microspheres (×200) ; (g) —spherical porous pyrolytic charcoal and charcoal microspheres (×200) ; (h) —striped pyrolytic charcoal wrapped charcoal microspheres (×400)

  • 图7 淮北石台煤矿未受影响煤和浅热变质煤的扫描电镜图像

  • Fig.7 SEM images of coal and fragile coke below sill at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—胶质结构体(×2000);(b)—原生孔隙(×5000);(c)—丝质体(×2000);(d)—原生孔隙(×5000);(e)—半球形热解炭(×2000);(f)—半球形热解炭(×5000);(g)—定向结构(×2000);(h)—定向结构(×5000)

  • (a) —colloidal structural bodies (×2000) ; (b) —native pores (×5000) ; (c) —filamentous bodies (×2000) ; (d) —nativepores (×5000) ; (e) —hemispherical pyrolytic carbon (×2000) ; (f) —hemispherical pyrolytic carbon (×5000) ; (g) —oriented structure (×2000) ; (h) —oriented structure (×5000)

  • 图8 淮北石台煤矿块状天然焦扫描电镜图像

  • Fig.8 SEM images of hard coke in sill at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—半球形—球形热解炭(×2200);(b)—半球形热解炭内部放射状片层聚集体(×10000);(c)—折曲的片层结构(×5000);(d)—折曲的片层结构(×15000);(e)—镶嵌结构炭(×2000);(f)—脱挥发孔(×10000);(g)—脱挥发孔壁上析出的球形多孔炭(×1000);(h)—球形多孔炭内部的多孔结构(×5000)

  • (a) —hemispherical-spherical pyrolysis charcoal (×2200) ; (b) —radial lamellar aggregates inside hemispherical pyrolysis charcoal (×10000) ; (c) —folded lamellar structure (×5000) ; (d) —folded lamellar structure (×15000) ; (e) —mosaic structure charcoal (×2000) ; (f) —devolatilization pores (×10000) ; (g) —spherical porous charcoal precipitated on the wall of devolatilization pores (×1000) ; (h) —porous structure inside spherical porous charcoal (×5000)

  • 在多孔炭周围和内部,常常可见大量炭微球群(图9a)。放大可见多孔炭内部,较大的气孔内壁主要由相互连接的炭微球组成,气孔内部可见大量彼此相连、呈串珠状的炭微球(图9b)。天然焦与岩体界线处,可见大量多孔炭和炭微球群(图9c)。炭微球多呈串珠状相互连接,球径一般0.5~1 μm(图9d)。

  • 细脉状天然焦(样品ST-03)内炭微球群主要由大量粒径为0.5~3 μm的炭微球组成。炭微球群边缘常发育一层条带状炭(图9e)。局部放大可见,炭微球群边缘的条带状炭由彼此相连的炭微球组成(图9f)。在岩体内部,可见少量陷入岩体内未被炭微球充满的条带状炭大气泡(图9g、h)。

  • 图10是侵入到岩体内的脉状天然焦切片的扫描电镜图像。该图显示,脉状天然焦(样品ST-03)主要由炭微球、带状中间相炭和包裹在其中的矿物组成,总体以细脉状分布于侵入岩体内,脉宽150~200 μm(图10a)。脉的边缘是条带状中间相炭;内部主要由大量矿物组成。脉内矿物以白云石和方解石为主,其边缘靠近中间相炭带内侧,分布着一条黄铁矿带(图10b)。图10c~h为细脉状天然焦(图10b)的能谱面扫元素分布图。图片显示,O、Si和Al等元素主要分布在岩体内;Mg、Ca等元素主要分布于细脉状天然焦内部;Fe元素主要分布在二者的接触位置。图11为细脉状天然焦内部不同区域能谱点分析结果。结果显示,岩体主要由O(62.89%)、Si(21.68%)、Al(9.80%)等构成硅酸盐骨架的元素组成,同时含少量Ca(2.84%)、Mg(2.31%)、Na(0.40%)等阳离子。中间相炭几乎全部由C(99.88%)组成。黄铁矿主要由Fe(32.26%))和S(62.49%)组成,含少量F(4.46%)和Hg(0.77%)等元素。白云石主要由O(60.26%)、C(17.45%)、Ca(13.64%)、Mg(6.19%)和Fe(2.47%)组成。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 煤层浅热变质

  • 浅热变质是接触带最外侧的初级热变质作用,主要形成了浅热变质煤。这类热变质煤向变质带内、外分别与未受影响煤和天然焦渐变接触,是煤层向天然焦转化的过渡。与未受影响煤相比,浅热变质煤的显微组构存在一定程度的改变。首先,浅热变质煤光学各向异性不明显(图4e、f),但出现定向结构(图7g、h),并且发育少量脱挥发孔,孔径较原生孔隙显著增大(图4g、h)。其次,浅热变质煤内部裂隙极为发育,相互连通,且其裂隙壁上附着一层半球形热解炭(图7e、f)。

  • 分析可见,浅热变质煤裂隙壁上附着的薄层、半球形热解炭,外表面光滑、圆润,是高温气态热解产物在裂隙壁上冷凝的结果(Presswood et al.,2016Jiang Jingyu et al.,2017)。这部分高温气体可能来自于浅热变质煤自身热解脱挥发分,或者来自于沿裂隙侵入的更高温度煤岩热解产物。但煤质分析结果表明,从未受影响煤到浅热变质煤,挥发分、氢元素降低不明显。同时,浅热变质煤中裂隙和定向结构发育,这可能是未受影响煤遭受剪应力挤压,发生断裂导致的,主要是脆性变化的低温过程(安燕飞等,2017宋晓夏等,2020a)。因此,我们认为,此处高温气体可能是来自于接触变质带内部,距岩体更近的强烈热解脱挥发分的块状天然焦中。不仅如此,这部分高温气体尽管没有对煤岩组分产生显著影响,但很可能是浅热变质煤当中脆性裂隙形成的主要剪切应力来源。

  • 由此可见,浅热变质煤的形成主要是接触变质带内部的高温气体,剪切低温的未受影响煤层,仅产生脆性断裂而无明显热解的浅热变质过程(图12a)。

  • 4.2 天然焦的形成

  • 天然焦位于接触变质带的核心,主要分布于接触变质带靠近岩体一侧。与浅热变质煤相似,天然焦的总体轮廓仍由角砾状焦块及其周围的裂隙组成(图5a、g)。不同的是,天然焦内部,角砾状焦块边缘发育了大量条带状分布的球形、半球形热解炭(图8a、b)。这些条带状热解炭和裂隙内部填充的次生矿物(图5c~d),共同胶结角砾状煤块为更大块状的同时,也证实了这些裂隙形成于热解之前,是继承自浅热变质煤内部的脆性裂隙。

  • 除此之外,天然焦内部最突出的特点是,趋近岩体,随着光学各向异性显著增强的同时,镶嵌结构炭及脱挥发孔逐渐增加(图5a~h)。煤岩化学分析显示,伴随该过程,块状天然焦挥发分、氢元素降低,光学各向异性显著增强。这表明煤岩的光学各向异性、镶嵌结构炭和脱挥发孔的发育,与岩浆热密切相关,是煤层遭受岩浆热变质的结果。

  • 微形貌分析显示,镶嵌结构炭主要由褶曲的薄片层状结构组成(图8b、f)。由此可见,这些薄层褶曲,一方面是天然焦光学各向异性增强的内部诱因;另一方面是对煤岩热变质的微观响应。此外,微形貌分析还显示,镶嵌结构炭内部,褶曲片层之间的空隙,不仅主要围绕脱挥发孔周围发育,而且与脱挥发孔直接相连(图8e、f)。这暗示片层的成因应该与挥发分迁移和聚集密切相关。也就是说,片层状结构很可能是挥发分在胶质结构体内部迁移留下的形迹构造(陈儒庆,1991Rimmer et al.,2015);而片层的不规则弯曲应该是挥发分聚集形成脱挥发孔的过程中,向周围释放不均衡应力的结果(Singh et al.,2008Wang Dayong et al.,2015Roddrigues et al.,2020)。

  • 图9 石台煤矿细脉状天然焦扫描电镜图像

  • Fig.9 SEM images of molten coke in sill at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—多孔炭(×2000);(b)—多孔炭内充填的炭微球(×10000);(c)—岩体边缘的多孔炭和炭微球(×2000);(d)—炭微球(×10000);(e)—炭微球及其外部包裹的条带状炭(×1000);(f)—炭微球(×4000);(g)—条带状炭大气泡(×2000);(h)—炭微球及条带状炭(×4000)

  • (a) —porous carbon (×2000) ; (b) —carbon microspheres filled within porous carbon (×10000) ; (c) —porous carbon and carbon microspheres at the edge of the rock mass (×2000) ; (d) —carbon microspheres (×10000) ; (e) —carbon microspheres and their externally wrapped strip charcoal (×1000) ; (f) —carbon microspheres (×4000) ; (g) —strip charcoal large bubbles (×2000) ; (h) —carbon microspheres and strip charcoal (×4000)

  • 图10 淮北石台煤矿岩体内细脉状天然焦扫描电镜图像及能谱图

  • Fig.10 SEM images and EDS of vein coke in sill at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—细脉状天然焦,测试点位为图11能谱点测试具体位置(×200);(b)—条带状炭内部填充的白云石、黄铁矿和中间相炭(×1000);(c)~(h)—分别为(b)中能谱面扫描的O、Si、Al、Mg、Ca和Fe的元素分布图;Cal—方解石; Dol—白云石; MC—中间相炭; Py—黄铁矿

  • (a) —fine-veined natural coke, Test points are the specific locations of the energy spectrum points tested in Fig.11 (×200) ; (b) —dolomite, pyrite and intermediate phase carbon filled inside the strip charcoal (×1000) ; (c) ~ (h) —the elemental distributions of O, Si, Al, Mg, Ca and Fe scanned in the energy spectrum surface of Fig.10b, respectively; Cal—calcite; Dol—dolomite; MC—mesocabon; Py—pyrite

  • 由此可见,块状天然焦主要是浅热变质煤热解脱挥发分的产物。在其形成过程中,挥发分迁移和聚集,形成了褶曲的镶嵌结构炭和脱挥发孔。伴随该过程,煤岩发生中间相化,同时导致其各向异性显著增强(图12b)。

  • 4.3 天然焦的消失

  • 岩浆与煤层接触界线附近的天然焦是煤层被岩浆热变质而吞噬的最后存在形式。显微分析显示,在该接触界线上,发育一层特殊的天然焦,主要由多孔炭和炭微球群组成,几乎不含镶嵌结构炭(图6a、b)。与镶嵌结构炭强烈的光学各向异性相比,多孔炭和炭微球的光学各向异性剧烈减弱。光学各向异性的减弱,表明多孔炭和炭微球已经开始向液相转变。

  • 不仅如此,多孔炭和炭微球的液化特征还可以通过其迁移和分布特点验证。分析显示,炭微球和多孔炭不仅分布在强变质的接触界线处(图6a、b),在天然焦裂隙内同样发育,而且常常充填至距离岩体较远的接触变质煤裂隙内(图5g、h)。由于距离岩体远、变质温度低,这些多孔炭和炭微球很明显来自接触界线,沿裂隙迁移而来。由此可见,多孔炭和炭微球确实已经转变为具有较强流动性的熔融态炭;而镶嵌结构炭,直到岩体附近,尽管光学各向异性异常显著(图6c、d),但依然保持着角砾状颗粒的形态而未发生明显流变(图6a)。

  • 图11 淮北石台煤矿细脉状天然焦能谱点分析结果

  • Fig.11 EDS of vein coke in sill at Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • 扫描电镜分析结果也证实了这一观点。在靠近岩体天然焦内,镶嵌结构炭内部较大的脱挥发孔壁上,大量析出的球形多孔炭(图8g、h),指示了这些多孔炭很可能是镶嵌结构炭析出的、富含挥发分的熔融态炭液泡(陈儒庆,1991Rimmer et al.,2015Wang Dayong et al.,2015)。不仅如此,在较大的炭液泡内,液泡壁不断析出小液滴(图9a、b)。至岩体内部的网脉内,多孔炭气孔内有大量炭微球的形成(图9d~e),导致多孔炭球逐渐气化成含有大量悬浮液滴的大气泡(图9g、h)。

  • 图12 淮北石台煤矿岩浆接触变质煤速热碳化模式图

  • Fig.12 Rapidly thermal carbonization model of magma contact metamorphic coal in Shitai coal mine of the Huaibei coalfield

  • (a)—煤层浅热变质;(b)—天然焦的形成;(c)—天然焦的消失

  • (a) —shallow thermal metamorphism of coal seams; (b) —formation of natural coke; (c) —disappearance of natural coke

  • 此外,能谱的结果表明,这些大气泡内多填充了大量白云石等碳酸盐矿物(图10、11)。分析可见,这些矿物主要包裹在炭微球周围,或者填充在气孔内。这一方面证明碳酸盐矿物的形成晚于多孔炭和炭微球;另一方面也暗示,这些气孔里应该富含二氧化碳气体。煤岩化学分析表明,靠近岩体的天然焦内,挥发分含量区域稳定,这表明煤岩脱挥发分在天然焦内已经基本完成(Sanyal,1965Kwiecinska et al.,2003Zhang Bofei et al.,2020)。由此可见,多孔炭和炭微球释放出来的气体,并不是析出的挥发分。这样,我们有理由相信,多孔炭和炭微球热解释放的气体很可能是炭被岩浆氧化成一氧化碳、二氧化碳等气态氧化物。

  • 由此可见,天然焦的消失是煤岩组分被岩浆热解而氧化为一氧化碳、二氧化碳等气态氧化物的结果。在该过程中,随着气化过程的持续进行,镶嵌结构炭逐渐转变为熔融态的多孔炭和炭微球,后二者最终被氧化为气态氧化物,从而被岩浆吞噬(图12c)。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)浅热变质煤是煤层受较弱接触热变质而脆性角砾化的结果。其最突出的特征就是裂隙发育,是原生煤岩组分受到挤压和剪切的物理作用,产生脆性断裂所致。

  • (2)天然焦主要由镶嵌结构炭和脱挥发孔组成,是浅热变质煤热解脱挥发分的产物。镶嵌结构炭是软化的煤岩组分片层被脱出的挥发分挤压,塑性形变的结果。

  • (3)天然焦最终被岩浆热解和氧化而消失。在该过程中,镶嵌结构炭逐渐转变为熔融态的多孔炭和炭微球,最终被氧化为气态氧化物,从而被岩浆吞噬。

  • (4)煤层速热碳化的实质是岩浆热驱动煤层脱挥发分、软化熔融的热解和氧化过程。该过程直接导致固态的煤岩组分中间相化、液化和氧化气化而消失。

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