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作者简介:

张献兵,男,1996年生。博士研究生,第四纪地质学专业,研究方向为活动构造、古地震。E-mail: zhangxb321@foxmail.com。

通讯作者:

钟宁,男,1986年生。博士,副研究员,从事活动构造与古地震研究。E-mail: zdn2018@126.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    块体内部活动断裂具备发生7级以上大地震的能力,其空间展布特征、活动性及地震危险性不容忽视。理塘断裂带位于川滇块体内部,是川西高原理塘地区重要的发震构造。关于理塘盆地地表破裂的形成时代、理塘断裂的古地震复发特征及运动性质仍存在争议。本文基于遥感解译、野外调查、无人机摄影测量、古地震探槽、14C测年等手段,厘定了理塘断裂的空间几何展布、活动性及古地震历史。研究结果表明,理塘盆地地表破裂可能为1948年理塘M71/4级地震和1729年理塘地震叠加形成。理塘断裂古地震复发行为符合丛集地震特征,与毛垭坝断裂强震复发特征较为相似,指示两者可能同时发生破裂。理塘断裂运动性质为左旋走滑兼有正断分量,除受控于青藏高原东南缘侧向挤出运动,可能还受雅江和香格里拉次级块体差异运动的影响。本研究为理解川滇块体内部活动断裂的地震危险性、构造变形机制,以及区域重大工程规划建设与安全运营提供了详实资料。

    Abstract

    Active faults within the block have the ability to trigger large earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above, and their spatial distribution characteristics, activity, and seismic risk cannot be ignored. The Litang fault zone is an important seismogenic structure in the Litang area of the western Sichuan plateau, which is distributed within the Sichuan-Yunnan block. There are still different understandings about the formation age of surface raptures in the Litang basin, the recurrence characteristics of paleoearthquakes, and the kinematic characteristics of the Litang fault. Based on remote sensing interpretation, field geological survey, unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, paleoseismic trench exploration, and 14C dating, this paper has determined the spatial geometric distribution, activity, and paleoseismic history of the Litang fault. The research results indicate that the surface rapture of the Litang basin may be formed by the superposition of the 1948 Litang M71/4 earthquake and the 1729 Litang earthquake. The recurrence behavior of paleoearthquakes along the Litang fault conforms to the characteristics of cluster earthquakes, which is relatively similar to the recurrence characteristics of strong earthquakes along the Maoyaba fault, indicating that both faults may rapture simultaneously. The movement of the Litang fault is characterized by sinistral strike-slip with normal fault components, which is controlled not only by lateral extrusion movements on the southeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau, but also by differential movements of the Yajiang and Shangri-La secondary blocks. This study provides detailed information for understanding the seismic risk and tectonic deformation mechanism of active faults within the Sichuan-Yunnan block, as well as for planning, construction, and safe operation of major regional projects.

  • 新生代以来,由于印度板块与欧亚板块的相互碰撞以及印度板块的持续楔入,青藏高原快速隆升并逐步向周边地区扩展,成为全球现今地壳运动最为强烈的地区之一,发育了大量的活动断裂(Tapponnier et al.,2001张培震等,2003)。其中,以侧向挤出为特征的青藏高原东南缘发育了一系列大型走滑断裂带,如鲜水河、红河、嘉黎-察隅等断裂带,其中鲜水河断裂和嘉黎-察隅断裂分别为巴颜喀拉块体与川滇块体,羌塘块体与拉萨块体的边界断裂(图1a)(邓起东等,2014)。活动块体边界断裂带切割地壳深度大、差异运动强烈而非连续性更强,最有利于应力的积累孕育大地震(张培震等,2003),受到广泛的关注。例如,自2001年昆仑山MS8.1级地震以来,巴颜喀拉块体边界已发生了8次大于7级的地震(邓起东等,2014),最近一次为2017年九寨沟MS7.0级地震。相比较而言,活动块体内部断裂的研究程度较低。活动块体内部断裂也可以引发大地震,如巴颜喀拉块体内部的达日断裂和江错断裂被认为分别是1947年达日M7 3/4级地震(戴华光等,1983梁明剑等,2020)和2021年玛多MS7.4级地震的发震断裂(盖海龙等,2021李智敏等,2022陈桂华等,2022),川滇块体内部的昔格达断裂也曾引发1732年西昌M7.0~7.5级大地震(Zhang Wei et al.,2021)。因此,需要加强块体内部断裂的空间展布特征、活动性及地震危险性的研究。

  • 理塘断裂带是川滇块体内部的全新世活动断裂带,曾发生1948年理塘M7 1/4级地震,该断裂带也构成香格里拉次级块体(又名中甸次级块体)与雅江次级块体的分界断裂(Shen Zhengkang et al.,2005程佳等,2012)。广义的理塘断裂带北西端可追索至西藏江达县卡贡乡西北,主要包括卡贡断裂、措普湖断裂、毛垭坝断裂、理塘断裂、康嘎-德巫断裂、木拉断裂、沙湾断裂等(唐荣昌等,1993周荣军等,2007马丹等,2014徐锡伟等,2016),全长约465 km,总体呈向北东凸起的弧形。狭义的理塘断裂带则仅包括毛垭坝段、理塘段和康嘎—德巫段(图1c)(徐锡伟等,2005),本文所指理塘断裂包括狭义的理塘断裂带理塘段(为避免混肴,本文将理塘断裂带理塘段命名为高城断裂)和新发现的喇嘛沟断裂。前人对理塘断裂的几何展布、地表破裂几何结构和形成时代、滑动速率、古地震事件等进行了较为详细的研究(黄彩权等,1983唐荣昌等,1993徐锡伟等,2005马丹等,2014周春景等,2015Zhang Yuanze et al.,2016Chevalier et al.,2016张克旗等,2020高帅坡,2021Gao Shuaipo et al.,2022),取得了很多进展。但目前对理塘断裂的研究还存在一些争议,主要体现在以下3个方面:① 理塘盆地地表破裂形成时代有3种观点,主要包括“1729年”(周春景等,2015张克旗等,2020)、“1890年”(徐锡伟等,2005)和“1948年”(徐杰等,1979黄彩权,1983高帅坡,2021Gao Shuaipo et al.,2022);② 古地震复发特征:理塘断裂的古地震复发是特征地震(徐锡伟等,2005),还是丛集地震(张克旗等,2020高帅坡,2021);③ 理塘断裂的运动性质:徐锡伟等(2005)认为理塘断裂带运动性质为左旋走滑兼具逆冲分量,也有学者认为是左旋走滑兼具正断分量(Chevalier et al.,2016)。由此可见,关于理塘盆地地表破裂的形成时代、理塘断裂的古地震复发特征以及运动性质仍存在争议。

  • 图1 理塘断裂带几何展布特征

  • Fig.1 Geometricdistribution characteristics of the Litang fault zone

  • (a)—青藏高原主要活动断裂(据Tapponnier et al.,2001修改);(b)—川滇块体地震构造图(据徐锡伟等,20032016修改);(c)—理塘断裂带几何展布图; CPF—措普湖断裂;MYBF—毛垭坝断裂;LMGF—喇嘛沟断裂;GCF—高城断裂;KDF—康嘎-德巫断裂;MLF—木拉断裂

  • (a) —major active faults in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (modified from Tapponnier et al., 2001) ; (b) —seismic tectonic map of Sichuan Yunnan block (modified from Xu Xiwei et al., 2003, 2016) ; (c) —geometric distribution of Litang fault zone; CPF—Cuopuhu fault; MYBF—Maoyaba fault; LMGF—Lamagou fault; GCF—Gaocheng fault; KDF—Kangga-Dawu fault; MLF—Mula fault

  • 基于遥感解译、野外地质调查、无人机摄影测量、古地震探槽和AMS 14C测年等方法,本文进一步厘定了理塘断裂的几何展布和运动性质,探讨了理塘盆地地表破裂的形成时代及理塘断裂的变形机制,以期为理解川滇块体内部活动断裂的地震危险性、区域构造变形机制以及重大工程规划建设与安全运营提供详实资料。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • GPS观测数据显示青藏高原东南缘上地壳运动特征表现为以鲜水河-小江断裂为东边界,围绕着东喜马拉雅构造作顺时针旋转运动(Gan Weijun et al.,2007Wang Min and Shen Zhengkang,2020)。川滇块体是青藏高原东南缘地壳物质逃逸的主体部分,该块体被甘孜-玉树断裂带、鲜水河断裂带、安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带、红河断裂带和金沙江断裂带所切割围限,丽江-小金河断裂带又将该块体进一步分割为川西北次级块体与滇中次级块体(图1b)(徐锡伟等,2003)。理塘断裂带展布于川西北次级块体内部,发育于羌塘-三江造山系东南部甘孜-理塘蛇绿混杂岩带与义敦-沙鲁里岛弧带的接触部位(潘桂棠等,2013),区域主要地层为三叠系砂岩、板岩,主要岩体为印支期花岗岩、闪长岩(图2)。沿理塘断裂带发育措普湖、毛垭坝、理塘、甲洼、康嘎、德巫等系列呈串珠状展布的新近纪—第四纪盆地,其中理塘盆地为一呈北西向发育的不规则状三角形构造盆地,长约21 km,宽约11 km,高城断裂从其内部斜切(图2)。理塘盆地北西高、南东低,平均海拔3900 m左右,沉积中心位于南部的奔戈一带(马登峰,2016),理塘河由北至南而流,多发育辫状水系及湖沼。理塘盆地北缘零星出露新近系热拉组湖相沉积地层(图2),可能暗示着理塘断裂活动时间起始于上新世,这与低温热年代学揭示的剥露历史一致(Zhou Shangzhe et al.,2005Zhang Yuanze et al.,2016)。盆地西缘冰川地貌发育,坡脚多堆积冰碛物和残坡积物。盆地内部在新近系热拉组之上覆盖巨厚的第四系河湖相沉积地层,湖积台地、河流阶地等地貌发育(魏永峰等,2004)。

  • 图2 理塘地区地质简图(修改自四川省地质调查院,2003,2014

  • Fig.2 Geological map of Litang area (modified after Sichuan Geological Survey, 2003, 2014)

  • 2 理塘断裂晚第四纪活动证据

  • 2.1 遥感解译与断错地貌

  • 理塘断裂包括斜切理塘盆地的高城断裂和盆地北部的喇嘛沟断裂2条分支断裂(图2)。其中,高城断裂北西起于伊策隆洼下游右岸的三叠纪基岩中,向南东斜切理塘盆地及理塘河,消失于奔戈嘎日山前,全长约25 km,整体走向SE138°,以左旋走滑为主(图2)。在北西端,高城断裂消失于图姆沟组的砂板岩中,表现为发散的多条次级分支断裂,断层陡坎、垭口与槽谷等地貌现象清晰。断裂在爬弄垛山前分为两支,一支沿山前展布,主要表现为断层三角面、断层陡坎和冲沟同步左旋偏转(图3a、b);另一支错断山前冲洪积扇,形成反向断层陡坎,两条分支断裂夹角约为32°,构成一开口朝向北西的小型地堑。利用无人机摄影测量技术获取了爬弄垛山前0.2 m分辨率数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),山体阴影图上可见系列冲沟左旋错断12~48 m和高约2~7 m的断层陡坎(图3b、d),表明断裂运动性质以左旋走滑为主,同时伴有垂直运动分量。

  • 高城断裂在村戈318国道大桥附近延伸至理塘盆地内,遥感影像上表现为笔直、连续的线性现象,野外调查可见清晰的地震沟槽、草皮掀起、断层陡坎、小型拉分盆地、地震鼓包等明显的地震地表破裂带(图3c)。利用MapBox亚米级分辨率遥感影像发现阿扎村一带存在明显的线性色差,认为此处同样发育地表破裂,并且切过理塘河河漫滩(图4a)。继续向南东追索,断裂错断奔戈嘎日山前冲洪积扇,形成高约0.5~4.0 m不等的反向断层陡坎及断塞塘(图4b~d)。奔戈扎嘎以南地表破裂形迹不再清晰,但在遥感影像上可见线性水系、断层垭口、冲沟左旋偏转以及被认为是地表破裂的线性微地貌等(高帅坡,2021Gao Shuaipo et al.,2022),断裂向南东延伸可能控制了理塘南部甲洼新近纪—第四纪盆地的西边界,与康嘎-德巫断裂呈左阶斜列展布(图2)。

  • 图3 爬弄垛山前构造地貌特征

  • Fig.3 Structural and geomorphic characteristics of Pannongduo piedmont

  • (a)—爬弄垛山前构造地貌线性遥感影像(遥感影像来自于MapBox;位置见图2);(b)—无人机摄影测量DEM山体阴影图;(c)—爬弄垛山前高城断裂地表破裂;(d)—断层陡坎位错测量

  • (a) —linear remote sensing image of tectonic geomorphology in front of Panonduo Mountain (remote sensing image is from MapBox; see the location in Fig.2) ; (b) —DEM hillshade map of UAV photogrammetry; (c) —surface rapture of Gaocheng fault in front of Panonduo Mountain; (d) —fault scarp dislocation measurement

  • “理塘-义敦断裂1∶5万条带状活动断层填图”(四川省地震局,2014)成果图件中包括喇嘛沟断裂南部(王世元等,2014赵国华,2014),但至今未见该断裂晚第四纪活动性的报道。喇嘛沟断裂展布于村戈查卡村—禾尼本查一线,总体走向约SE148°(图5a),大致与高城断裂展布方向一致,全长约25 km,与高城断裂呈右阶斜列,阶区宽度小于1 km,与毛垭坝断裂呈左阶斜列,最小阶区宽度约为2.6 km。在阿加弄洼下游禾尼本查一带的山坡上可见多级反向陡坎、系列冲沟左旋偏转等地貌现象,可能为断裂尾端效应,表明喇嘛沟断裂并未延伸至毛垭坝盆地东北侧的印支期花岗岩体内,向南东方向追索,可见线性地貌现象和高大的断层崖(图5c)。在萨玛隆洼中游左岸,可见断层槽谷,槽谷内发育线性地貌(图5d)和泉水出露现象。曲开隆洼中游曲河村一带温泉发育,泉华台地上可见斜列展布的裂缝,可能为地震地表破裂带(黄彩权,1983)。曲河村北侧山坡上发育呈北西向线性发育的系列小型滑塌现象,滑塌处未被植被覆盖,可能是最新一次强震所致(图5e)。爬弄沟中游发育明显的地震地表破裂带,破裂带在爬弄沟拐弯处左岸山坡上分为东西两支,东支表现为断层陡坎和地震沟槽(图5f),西支为地震沟槽和断层槽谷;两支断裂左旋错断爬弄沟支沟,其中左岸位错量约30 m,右岸位错量约10 m,形成“锯齿状”地貌,并在爬弄沟河谷内交汇,控制了爬弄沟中游河谷走向(图5b)。在喇嘛沟与爬弄沟之间的无名冲沟上游,断裂控制冲沟走向,形成断层槽谷及坡折带(图5g),南东延伸方向可见系列山脊和冲沟左旋位错(图5b)。在查卡村西北,断裂发散为两条分支断裂,其中一支沿垃圾场后的北西向冲沟发育,造成喇嘛沟T2和T1阶地左旋位错约28 m、14 m(图5h)。另一支错断沼气站北西侧山脊以及喇嘛沟下游河流阶地,在理塘盆地内未见明显的断错地貌,是否延伸至理塘盆地内还需进一步研究。

  • 图4 奔戈一带构造地貌现象

  • Fig.4 Tectonic geomorphological phenomena near Benge

  • (a)—阿扎村附近地表破裂带遥感影像特征(遥感影像来自于MapBox;位置见图2);(b)—奔戈无人机摄影测量DEM山体阴影图(位置见图2);(c)—反向陡坎高差测量;(d)—反向陡坎野外照片

  • (a) —remote sensing image characteristics of surface rapture near Azha Village (remote sensing image is from MapBox; see the location in Fig.2) ; (b) —DEM shadow maps of mountain from UAV photogrammetry in the Benge region; (c) —measurement of elevation of reverse scarp; (d) —photos of scarps

  • 图5 喇嘛沟断裂断错地貌特征

  • Fig.5 Geomorphic features of the Lamagou fault

  • (a)—喇嘛沟断裂几何展布图;(b)—喇嘛沟上游构造地貌遥感影像特征;(c)—本查村反向断层陡坎及冲沟位错;(d)—萨玛隆洼右岸断层槽谷;(e)—曲河村西北线性地貌及呈线性发育的小型滑塌现象;(f)—爬弄沟上游坡中槽;(g)—喇嘛沟上游断层槽谷及坡折带现象;(h)—喇嘛沟河流阶地左旋位错

  • (a) —geometric distribution map of the Lamagou fault; (b) —remote sensing image features of the tectonic landforms in the upper reaches of Lamagou; (c) —fault scarp and gully dislocation in Bencha Village; (d) —fault trough on the right bank of Samarongwa; (e) —linear landform and linear development of small landslides in the northwest of Quhe Village; (f) —slope groove in the upper reaches of the Paonggou River; (g) —phenomenon of fault troughs and slope breaks in the upstream of Lamagou; (h) —left lateral dislocation of Lamagou river terrace

  • 2.2 断层剖面

  • 在爬弄垛山前,爬弄沟T1河流阶地上出露一断层剖面,剖面中砾石具有明显定向性,断裂错断至表土层底部,断层产状约为53°∠31°。结合高城断裂在爬弄垛山前的断错地貌现象(图3),认为断裂在此处表现为一倾向北东兼有正断分量的左旋走滑断裂。断裂在表土层底部产生一小型崩积楔,崩积楔底部泥炭样品AMS 14C测年结果为240±30 a BP(表1),应为最近一次地震事件所致(图6a、b)。

  • 爬弄垛山前发育一高约2.2 m的断层陡坎,陡坎延伸方向的小冲沟被左旋偏转约6.8 m,冲沟内出露一断层剖面。剖面从下至上可分为6套地层(图6c、d):U1为黄色黏土质粉砂层,夹中粗砂层;U2为杂色砾石层;U3为黏土质粉砂层;U4为灰黑色粉砂质黏土层,推测为断塞塘沉积;U5为粉砂质黏土层;U6为棕色表土层。断裂错断至U5层,U6层中未发现明显的断错现象。该剖面揭示高城断裂具有一定的正断分量。

  • 图6 爬弄垛山前高城断裂剖面(位置见图3a)

  • Fig.6 Gaocheng fault section in front of Panongduo Mountain (the section location is shown in Fig.3a)

  • 表1 理塘断裂古地震探槽及断裂剖面AMS 14C测年结果

  • Table1 AMS 14C dating results of paleoearthquake trench and fault profile of the Litang fault

  • 2.3 软沉积物变形构造

  • 近年来,青藏高原及周边地区发现越来越多河湖相沉积中地震成因的软沉积物变形构造(soft sediment deformation structure,SSDS),建立了较长序列和连续的古地震历史,并探讨了区域地震活动性(Jiang Hanchao et al.,20162017钟宁等,20172021a2021b)。朱宁等(2023)报道了理塘毛垭坝盆地冰湖相沉积中的SSDS,并认为两期SSDS可能代表晚更新世期间2次M7级的古地震事件。理塘盆地晚第四纪河湖相沉积地层发育,本研究在村戈大桥附近发现3个SSDS剖面(图7a)。剖面A出露于垃圾厂下游的冲沟中,发育卷曲层理和砂土液化脉(图7b)。剖面B位于剖面A下游约200 m处,主要发育砂土液化脉侵入破碎砾石(图7c、d)。剖面C出露于喇嘛沟T1河流阶地,主要发育砂土液化脉和液化角砾(图7e)。基于地震成因SSDS判别标准(Sims,1975Owen et al.,2011钟宁等,20172021aZhong Ning et al.,2019),本文认为上述剖面中发现的SSDS均为强震诱发沉积物液化或流化所致,表明理塘地区强震频繁。同时,理塘剖面中的SSDS作为液化或流化的一种变形构造,也是古地震砂土液化的一种表现形式。因此,理塘盆地作为川西地区重要城镇聚居地及交通枢纽,该地区的工程建设不仅要考虑活动断裂的错断效应,还应考虑强震作用下砂土液化侧移的影响(陈龙伟等,2013)。

  • 3 古地震探槽

  • 理塘探槽位于理塘盆地内牧民新村南部冲洪积扇前缘,长约10 m,宽约2 m,深约3 m,整体走向NE40°左右。探槽近垂直于理塘盆地地表破裂带,有北西和南东两壁,探槽揭示的地层从下至上可划分为5 层(图8、9),基本特征如下所示:

  • U1:该层可进一步细分为U1a和U1b层,U1a层为杂色砾石层,厚约1 m,砾石分选磨圆好,平均粒径约2~3 cm,发育平行层理,局部夹有厚约15 cm 的U1b层透镜状中粗砂层;U2:杂色砾石层,厚50~120 cm,砾石分选磨圆好,大多数粒径为2~3 cm,杂基支撑,固结差,层理发育,局部夹有3~5 cm厚的浅黄-浅灰色中粗砂透镜体;U3:杂色砾石层,厚30~50 cm,砾石分选好,大多数粒径为3~4 cm,磨圆好,杂基支撑,固结差,层理发育,局部夹有2~3 cm厚的浅黄色中粗砂透镜体,在探槽南东壁该层距离地表0.5 m处取一黑炭样品LTD-15,AMS 14C测年校正年龄结果为1 598±47 a BP(表1);U4:灰褐色粉砂层,厚约10~30 cm,底部夹有小砾石,未见层理;U5:灰黑色表土层,厚约10~20 cm,夹有小砾石,多发育草根。

  • 图7 软沉积物变形构造剖面

  • Fig.7 Soft sediment deformation structural profile

  • (a)—SSDS剖面位置;(b)—液化脉及卷曲层理;(c)、(d)—液化脉侵入破碎砾石;(e)—液化脉及液化角砾

  • (a) —SSDS profile location; (b) —liquefaction veins and curly bedding; (c) , (d) —liquefied vein intruding into broken gravel; (e) —liquefied vein and liquefied breccia

  • 图8 牧民新村探槽南东壁拼接照片及解译图(探槽位置见图2)

  • Fig.8 Splicing photos and interpretation of the SE wall of the trench in Mumin (trench location is shown in Fig.2)

  • 牧民新村探槽剖面主要表现为断层带内砾石的定向排列,断层两侧地层不存在明显垂直位错,南东壁仅揭示出一条断层,北西壁揭示出两条断层,北西壁较宽的主断层错断至地表,影响宽度约为10~30 cm,为最近一次强震事件所致(图8)。较小的分支断层错断至U1层顶部,同时造成U2层底部砾石层发生变形(图9)。根据断层错断地层关系可以识别出2次古地震事件,E1为最近一次地震事件,E2应发生在1 598±47 a BP之前。

  • 喇嘛沟剖面位于喇嘛沟T1阶地前缘,剖面长约12.5 m,高约2.7 m,整体走向223°左右,与喇嘛沟断裂近垂直。根据地层沉积特征及接触关系,喇嘛沟剖面可划分出8套地层(图10),由老到新简述如下:

  • U1:杂色砾石层,厚约40 cm,砾石分选差(大者直径约5 cm,小者小于1 cm,多数为1 cm左右),砾石磨圆中等,杂基支撑,可见弱平行层理,应形成于强水动力条件之下。U2:灰色砾石层,厚约30 cm,砾石分选中等,磨圆中等,杂基支撑,平行层理发育。U3:棕色中粗砂层,厚20~50 cm,夹有小砾石,砾石磨圆较差,见明显平行层理,应为透镜体。U4:浅黄色中粗砂层,厚10~40 cm,夹有小砾石,砾石分选、磨圆较好,平行层理发育。U5:杂色砾石层,厚20~50 cm,砾石分选、磨圆较好,平均粒径3~5 cm,平行层理发育。U6:该层为杂色砾石层,受断裂影响而较为杂乱,厚约150 cm,砾石分选差(大者直径约20 cm,小者小于1 cm,多数为5~10 cm左右),砾石磨圆中等,杂基支撑,未见层理。U7:灰色砾石层,厚20~150 cm不等,砾石分选差(大者粒径可达20 cm,多数为10 cm左右),磨圆较好,杂基支撑,未见层理。U8:表土层,厚约5~20 cm,棕灰色,草根发育,夹有小砾石。

  • 图9 牧民新村探槽北西壁拼接照片及解译图(探槽位置见图2)

  • Fig.9 Splicing photos and interpretation of the NW wall of the trench in Mumin (trench location is shown in Fig.2)

  • 图10 喇嘛沟探槽拼接照片及素描图(探槽位置见图2)

  • Fig.10 Splicing photos and sketches of Lamagou trench (trench location is shown in Fig.2)

  • 喇嘛沟探槽剖面揭示了6条分支断层,其中F1、F2、F3错断至地表,F4、F5、F6错断至U6层顶部,未对U7层造成影响。此外,该剖面还发育有3个崩积楔,分别为E1、E2、E3,崩积楔均发育于正断层下降盘,砾石较为杂乱。其中,F1断层在U3层沉积之前活动形成崩积楔E1,在U3层沉积之后发育F2、F3断层,F2错断崩积楔E1,F3断层持续活动先后形成崩积楔E2、E3。根据断裂切割地层关系、崩积楔发育特征,该剖面可以识别出至少5次地震事件,另外F2断层错断U3层,垂直位错约0.23 m,可能是最近一次大地震的垂直同震位错量。在U7层中部采集到一个黑炭样品,测年结果为935±27 a BP(表1),说明935±27 a BP以来发生过一次地震事件。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 理塘盆地地表破裂形成时代

  • 理塘断裂带地表破裂主要可以分为三段:① 南段的康嘎-德巫断裂为1948年理塘M7 1/4级地震的同震地表破裂,该段地表破裂形成时代目前不存在争议;② 北部的毛垭坝段的地表破裂研究程度较低,有学者认为是1729年理塘地震的地表破裂(高帅坡,2021),也有学者认为是1890年前后地震的地表破裂带(徐锡伟等,2005周荣军等,2016);③ 中段的高城断裂地表破裂的形成时代争议最大,主要有“1729年”、“1890年”和“1948年”三种观点。其中,徐杰(1979)黄彩权(1983)唐荣昌等(1993)早期调查研究认为理塘盆地地表破裂是1948年理塘M7 1/4级地震形成的。高帅坡(2021)Gao Shuaipo et al.(2022)通过2009年建成的理塘垃圾场下游探槽中存在的泡沫计算沉积速率,推算出该地表破裂形成时间可能为1948年。徐锡伟等(2005)等通过对比理塘盆地与康嘎盆地地表破裂“新鲜程度”与走访当地群众认为地表破裂形成的时间要早于1948年,大约形成于1890年前后,赵国华(2014)周荣军等(2016)也认同该观点。但是,理塘地区并无1890年的相关历史地震记录,且漏记的可能性较低,因此“1890年”的观点可信度较低(周春景等,2015)。周春景等(2015)张克旗等(2020)也认为理塘盆地地表破裂时代较康嘎—德巫段早,结合地震探槽AMS 14C测年、历史资料与走访当地群众,认为该段地表破裂形成于1729年的可能性较大。理塘盆地北部爬弄沟T1阶地断层剖面崩积楔底部AMS 14C测年结果为240±30 a BP(图6a、b),换算为日历年龄为1710±30年,支持“1729年”的观点。相较于走访调查,历史资料的可信度较高,“AD 1890”可能为历史记载的周边其他断裂带引发的地震(周春景等,2015),而1729年理塘地震具有明确的历史记载(孙成民,2010),可信度较高。第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究小组认为理塘盆地内地震鼓包为1948年M7 1/4级地震与之前的一次地震叠加所致(http://www.step.ac.cn/info/14487),该观点为认识理塘盆地内地表破裂形成时代提供了新视角,其中上一次地震可能为1729年理塘地震。综上,本文提出“理塘盆地内的地表破裂为1948年M7 1/4级地震在1729年地震地表破裂基础上新产生的地表破裂”的观点。但该认识还需进一步研究,尤其是1729年理塘地震的发震断裂、宏观震中位置、震级和地表破裂带几何结构特征等。

  • 4.2 理塘断裂古地震事件与复发特征

  • 关于理塘断裂古地震复发特征还存在不同的认识:基于同震位移与滑动速率的比值,结合地震探槽揭露的古地震事件,徐锡伟等(2005)认为理塘断裂存在500~1000 a的特征地震复发间隔;赵国华(2014)周荣军等(2016)认为毛垭坝-理塘段地震事件也符合准周期地震复发行为,复发间隔为1098±112 a;也有研究认为理塘断裂古地震复发并不符合特征地震模式,而是表现为丛集特征(张克旗等,2020);高帅坡(2021)在理塘盆地内和嘎日山前开挖6个古地震探槽,认为理塘断裂为非特征破裂行为,大震破裂在全新世以来的活动在持续增强。本文综合前人研究,利用逐次限定法(毛凤英和张培震,1995),认为12 ka 以来理塘断裂可能至少发生7次强震事件,分别为:E1(10680~10250 a BP)、E2(9483~9191 a BP)、E3(5358~4750 a BP)、E4(3418~3307 a BP)、E5(2030~1930 a BP)、E6(935~483 a BP)、E7(AD 1948或AD 1729),其复发间隔分别为1128 a、 4283 a、1692 a、1382 a、1271 a、707 a。毛垭坝断裂至少发生6次强震事件,分别为:E1(10450~8895a BP)、E2(5260~4415 a BP)、E3(3385~2905 a BP)、E4(2180~1880 a BP)、E5(528~482 a BP)、E6(64 a BP之前?)。理塘断裂强震复发行为全新世以来表现为丛集特征,与张克旗等(2020)认识基本一致(图11),与现代中震、小震空间发育特征揭示出的地震构造脉冲现象相对应(唐荣昌等,1993)。断裂带大地震呈现“时间丛集”的现象在海原断裂(张培震等,2003)、鲜水河断裂(梁明剑,2019)等大型走滑断裂带中也有体现。而大地震 “时间丛集”的原因较为复杂,可能与断层复杂的几何结构、断层之间的相互作用,甚至与气候波动导致的地壳载荷变化有关(James和徐岳仁,2020)。此外,理塘断裂在约5000~9000 a BP之间可能存在约4000 a的强震平静期,5000 a BP之后理塘断裂进入新一轮地震丛集,应关注理塘断裂的强震危险性。

  • 图11 12000 a以来毛垭坝断裂与理塘断裂古地震事件序列

  • Fig.11 Paleoearthquake events of the Maoyaba fault and the Litang fault since12000 a

  • 通过对比现有古地震序列发现12 ka以来理塘断裂与毛垭坝断裂强震复发特征较为相似,古地震事件具有对比性(图11)。初步推测毛垭坝断裂与理塘断裂可能属于同一发震构造,并同时发生破裂,与四川省地震局(2014)的观点一致,即理塘断裂与毛垭坝断裂之间可能并不存在永久性分段边界。野外调查发现毛垭坝断裂在萨玛隆洼河口以北断裂地貌形迹清晰,如果断裂仅延伸至此,那么其与高城断裂以约8 km的羽列阶区间隔(图2),高城断裂与毛垭坝断裂级联破裂的可能性较低(李正芳等,2015)。萨玛隆洼河口以南为强侵蚀的NW向理塘河河谷地区,断裂形迹不清晰,尽管有研究认为河谷内发育活动断裂,但并未提供充分的证据(马丹等,2014赵国华,2014Chevalier et al.,2016周荣军等,2016)。因此,毛垭坝断裂在萨玛隆洼河口以南是否通过理塘河谷继续向南延伸,或者地震破裂是否可以通过其他构造机制向理塘盆地传播,仍需地质、地貌及地球物理等方面的证据。

  • 4.3 断裂变形机制与动力学背景

  • 前人认为理塘断裂带是一条以左旋走滑为主兼有逆冲分量的活动断裂,将青藏高原东南缘构造变动样式归纳为“叠瓦状逆冲转换-有限挤出模型”(徐锡伟等,20032005)。理塘断裂带南段的康嘎-德巫断裂发育左旋走滑兼逆冲分量的地质地貌现象(周荣军等,2005马丹等,2014;刘亢等,2020),但是北部的毛垭坝盆地东北缘发育系列大型倾向盆地内的断层三角面,毛垭坝断裂具有正断的垂直运动分量(马丹等,2014Chevalier et al.,2016;张迪等,2021)。高城断裂在理塘盆地北部的爬弄垛山前也表现为系列倾向盆地内的断层三角面(图3a),对应的山前断层剖面也表现为正断的垂直运动分量(图6)。此外,喇嘛沟探槽揭示的6条分支断层组合形式为负花状构造(图10),且张克旗等(2020)高帅坡(2021)在奔戈嘎日山前清理、开挖的探槽剖面断层组合形式也表现为负花状构造。

  • 理塘盆地南部奔戈附近1968年发生的M5.7级地震的震源机制解显示理塘盆地正处于近东西向水平压应力与近南北向的拉张作用下(图1c)(许忠淮等,1994马丹等,2014)。王辉等(2019)也通过对青藏高原东南缘1936~2016年中小地震震源机制解分析认为川西高原地区水平应力主要表现为近南北向的拉张型应力状态。王阎昭等(2008)以GPS数据给出的川滇地区速度场为约束,结合断层元模型,反演得到理塘断裂带存在2.7±1.1 mm/a的拉张速率,该数值与Gan Weijun et al.(2007)反演得到的该地区北西向拉张应变的结果一致。蒋锋云等(2013)利用均匀弹性块体应变模型和1999~2007 年和2009~2011年两个时段GPS 观测数据的研究结果表明,川滇块体北部表现为以理塘断裂带为界呈左旋拉张的形态。李煜航等(2014)利用1999~2007年的GPS数据和线性球面块体模型理论反演得到理塘断裂带表现为左旋兼具拉张的运动特征。最新的GPS观测资料也表明,青藏高原东南缘面膨胀率沿着理塘断裂带的北侧和西侧地表形变同样存在显著的拉张变形特征(Wang Min and Shen Zhengkang,2020)。

  • 综上,构造地貌、断层剖面、震源机制解和GPS数据反演结果支持理塘断裂处于走滑拉张的动力学背景之下。其原因可能是在理塘地区拉张应力与挤压应力构成的一对剪切力偶中,近南北向的拉张应力占据着主导地位。理塘断裂带发育于羌塘地块东南部,该地区主要以块体向南东方向运动为主要特征(李海兵等,2021)。川西北次级块体以理塘断裂带为分界可以划分出香格里拉次级块体和雅江次级块体(吕江宁等,2003程佳等,2012)。两个次级块体之间存在朝南东向平动和顺时针旋转的差异运动,香格里拉次级块体顺时针旋转的速度较快,且雅江次级块体向南东平动的方向更偏东(吕江宁等,2003)。我们初步认为,雅江与香格里拉次级块体之间的差异运动造成了理塘断裂带北部即理塘断裂和毛垭坝断裂的走滑拉张的运动特征。而次级块体差异运动的动力学机制可能较为复杂,除了受刚性块体的侧向挤出作用外,还可能与中下地壳流拖曳、重力滑塌等多方面因素有关。

  • 5 结论

  • 基于遥感解译、野外地质调查、无人机摄影测量、古地震探槽、年代学测试等方法,本文进一步厘定了理塘断裂的空间几何展布、活动性及古地震历史,主要得到以下认识:

  • (1)理塘盆地地表破裂可能为1948年理塘M7 1/4级地震和1729年理塘地震叠加形成。

  • (2)理塘断裂古地震复发行为符合丛集地震特征,需要关注其地震危险性。

  • (3)理塘断裂与毛垭坝断裂强震复发特征较为相似,古地震事件具有较好的对比性,两者可能属于同一发震构造。

  • (4)理塘断裂运动性质为左旋走滑兼有少量正断分量,除受控于青藏高原东南缘侧向挤出运动,还受到雅江和香格里拉次级块体差异运动的影响。

  • 致谢:感谢项目组各位老师、同学以及中国地质科学院地质力学研究所高万里副研究员、黄小龙博士等在野外工作、论文撰写过程中提供的帮助。最后,感谢审稿专家提出的宝贵意见和建议,使本文得到进一步提升。

  • 注释

  • ❶ 四川省地质调查院.2003.新龙县幅1∶250000区域地质调查报告.

  • ❷ 四川省地质调查院.2014.理塘县幅1∶250000区域地质调查报告.

  • ❸ 四川省地震局.2014.理塘-义敦断裂1∶5万条带状活动断层填图说明书.

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