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作者简介:

刘璎,男,1986年生。副教授,主要从事构造地质学及地球物理勘探找矿研究。E-mail:liuying_131@163.com。

通讯作者:

胡浩,男,1989年生。高级工程师,主要从事工程地球物理探测研究。E-mail:huhao3@cjwsjy.com.cn。

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张继彪, 丁孝忠, 刘燕学, 张恒. 2020. 扬子西南缘中—新元古代两期岩浆活动年代学及地质意义. 地球科学, 45(7): 2452~2468.
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目录contents

    摘要

    扬子板块西缘中元古界登相营群为一套与裂谷相关的沉积-火山岩序列,其年代学和构造背景对理解扬子板块前寒武纪构造演化具有重要意义。本文获得登相营群松林坪组、则姑组和朝王坪组火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为1166±6 Ma、1040±4 Ma和1020±4 Ma,精确限制了登相营群时代为1166~1020 Ma。松林坪组砂岩碎屑锆石年龄具有多峰值特征,地球化学特征表明砂岩物源主要来自酸性火山岩以及花岗岩。则姑组英安岩具有较高的Ga/Al比值和Zr、Hf、Ga和HREE含量以及高的锆石饱和温度,属于A型花岗岩系列,锆石εHf(t)值为~-15.1~-9.1,说明来自花岗质地壳物质的部分熔融。构造背景判别图解显示登相营群砂岩和英安岩形成于大陆裂谷盆地。结合前人的研究成果,笔者认为扬子地块西缘中元古代晚期构造属性为被动大陆边缘裂谷,新元古代早期构造动力学背景转为活动大陆边缘洋-陆俯冲,扬子板块应位于超大陆的边缘位置。

    Abstract

    Thelate Mesoproterozoic Dengxiangying Group in the western Yangtze Block is a rift-related sedimentary-volcanic sequence that is particularly important for the Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Yangtze Block. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the Songlinping, the Zegu and the Chaowangping yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 1166±6 Ma, 1040±4 Ma and 1020±4 Ma, respectively. The geochemical features of Songlinping sandstone samples indicate a predominantly felsic (granitic) source for the detritus. The Zegu dacites have high Zr, Hf, Ga, and HREE contents and Ga/Al ratios, and high calculated zircon saturation temperatures, thus resembling A-type granitoids. In addition, these rocks have negative εHf(t) values (-15.1~-9.1), indicative of their derivation from partial melting of felsic continental crust. The geochemical discrimination diagrams suggest a continental rift setting for the Dengxiangying Group. Combined with previous studies, we concluded that the western Yangtze Block was located in an intra-continental rifting basin in a passive continental margin during the late Mesoproterozoic. An early-Neoproterozoic tectonic transformation from a continental-rifting basin to a compressional setting is suggested, and the Yangtze Block was in the peripheral rather in the center in the configuration of Rodinia.

  • 罗迪尼亚超大陆(Rodinia)的重建是国际前寒武纪地质研究的热点问题。扬子板块作为Rodinia超大陆的重要组成部分,其在超大陆汇聚与裂解过程中的构造演化长期受到关注。近年来,前人对扬子板块中—新元古代沉积岩以及岩浆岩开展了大量的沉积学、年代学和地球化学研究,并取得了卓有成效的成果(Li Xianhua et al.,20022008; Zhou Meifu et al.,2006; Zhao Junhong et al.,201120182019; Zhao Guochun,2015; Li Junyong et al.,2021)。但是,由于古地磁数据的缺乏以及岩石地球化学数据的不同解释,致使扬子板块中—新元古代的构造属性及其在超大陆中的位置长期存在争议。一部分学者认为扬子板块位于超大陆的核心位置,与澳大利亚陆块和劳伦陆块相邻(Li Xianhua et al.,20022008; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016; Zou Hao et al.,2022)。另一部分学者提出扬子板块没有参与到Rodinia核心区域的汇聚,而应位于超大陆的西缘,与印度陆块、马达加斯加陆块和舍塞尔陆块相邻(Zhou Meifu et al.,2006; Zhao Junhong et al.,20142018; Zhu Yu et al.,2019a,b,2020; Hu Peiyuan et al.,2020; Li Junyong et al.,2021)。造成以上争议的原因除了古地磁数据的缺乏,更重要的是在于扬子地块与华夏板块之间是否存在中元古代晚期的碰撞造山带。“核心位置”观点认为扬子板块存在与格林维尔造山运动同步的造山事件,中元古代晚期构造属性为活动大陆边缘背景。“边缘位置”观点认为扬子板块中元古代晚期不存在造山运动,构造属性为被动陆缘裂谷盆地。

  • 扬子板块西缘出露齐全的中—新元古代地质单元,是研究超大陆汇聚与裂解过程的理想场所(图1)。随着研究的深入,越来越多的中元古代晚期岩浆活动陆续被报道,例如:1180~1130 Ma撮科辉长岩和花岗岩(Liu Guichun et al.,2021; Chen Fenglin et al.,2021; Huang Mingda et al.,2021),1063~1011 Ma天宝山中—酸性火山岩(耿元生等,2007; 尹福光等,2012; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016; Chen Weiterry et al.,2018; Lu Guimei et al.,2022),1047~1030 Ma会理、元谋花岗岩及1050~1020 Ma洪川桥基性侵入岩(Chen Weiterry et al.,2014; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016; Wang Yanjun et al.,2019; Zhang Jibiao et al.,2021; Lu Guimei et al.,2022)。前人已经对上述的岩浆活动做了大量的工作,并取得了一系列成果。但是,相关岩浆岩的岩石成因及构造背景的解释却存在不同观点。例如,一部分学者认为扬子地块西缘中元古代晚期岩浆活动形成于被动陆缘裂谷盆地(Chen Weiterry et al.,20142018,2021; Zhang Jibiao et al.,2021; Lu Guimei et al.,2022),但是不同学者提出中元古代晚期岩浆岩形成于活动大陆边缘背景(Greentree et al.,2006; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016; Wang Yanjun et al.,2019)。扬子地块西缘广泛出露一系列中元古代地层单元,包括昆阳群、会理群、苴林群和登相营群。它们的年代学及构造背景为探讨扬子板块中元古代构造演化以及与Rodinia超大陆的关联至关重要。相对比于研究程度较高的昆阳群、会理群和苴林群,登相营群的年代学及构造背景却没有得到较好的制约。因此,本文选取扬子地块西缘登相营群为研究对象,对其中的沉积岩以及火山岩开展锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素和全岩地球化学分析,以期限制其地层时代及大地构造背景。

  • 图1 华南构造格架简图(据Zhao Junhong et al.,2018修改)

  • Fig.1 Geological sketch map of the South China (modified after Zhao Junhong et al., 2018)

  • 1 区域地质背景和样品特征

  • 1.1 区域地质概况

  • 华南板块由扬子板块和华夏板块于新元古代拼贴而成(Zhao Junhong et al.,2011; Zhao Guochun,2015)。扬子板块北部与华北克拉通以秦岭-大别造山带相连,南侧以江南造山带与华夏板块相邻(图1)。扬子板块的太古宙—古元古代结晶基底主要分布在北缘地区,主要包括崆岭杂岩、鱼洞子杂岩和抖岭杂岩。崆岭杂岩主要由3.3~2.6 Ga的TTG片麻岩(Gao Shan et al.,2011; Chen Weiterry et al.,2014; Guo Jinglian et al.,2014)以及2.1 Ga变火山-沉积岩组成(Wu Yuanbao et al.,2009; Yin Changqing et al.,2013),后期被1850 Ma的圈椅埫花岗岩和850 Ma的黄陵花岗岩所侵入(Xiong Qing et al.,2009; Peng Min et al.,2012)。鱼洞子杂岩时代为2.7 Ga,主要岩性包括变沉积岩和TTG片麻岩(张欣等,2010; Hui Bo et al.,2017; Zhou Guangyan et al.,2018)。陡岭杂岩时代为3.0~2.5 Ga,主要包括副片麻岩和花岗质正片麻岩以及少量大理岩组成(Hu Juan et al.,2013)。近期,Cui Xiaozhuang et al.(2021) 在扬子板块西缘撮科地区发现了3.1~2.8 Ga的岩浆活动,田洋等(2022)在扬子板块东北缘北大别地区识别出了2.6~2.5 Ga的花岗片麻岩,说明扬子板块古老结晶基底在其西南缘及东北缘地区也有分布。

  • 扬子板块西缘,即前人所称的“康滇古陆”,发育一系列中—新元古代陆源碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩和火山熔岩。中元古代早期地层(本文中元古界底界以1.8 Ga岩石为界)主要包括大红山群、东川群、河口群等(四川省地质矿产勘查开发局,1991;云南省地质矿产勘查开发局,1991)。东川群主要在云南省东川地区一带出露,自下而上分为因民组、落雪组、黑山组和青龙山组,主要岩性包括砂质板岩、白云岩、硅质板岩和碳酸盐岩。因民组凝灰岩锆石年龄为1742 Ma(Zhao Xinfu et al.,2012),黑山组凝灰岩年龄为1500 Ma(孙志明等,2009)。大红山群主要出露在云南省大红山一带,自下而上包括老厂河组、曼岗河组、红山组、肥味河组和坡头组,主要为一套变质沉积岩-变质火山岩系(杨红等,2013)。大红山群火山岩锆石年龄为1700~1670 Ma(Zhao Xinfu et al.,2012)。河口群主要分布在四川省河口地区,自下而上划分为大营山组、落凼组和长冲组,主要岩性由石英钠长岩和大理岩等组成。大营山组火山岩年龄为1722~1700 Ma(Chen Weiterry et al.,2013)。侵入河口群的基性岩脉年龄为1710~1657 Ma(关俊雷等,2011; Chen Weiterry et al.,2013)。中元古代晚期—新元古代地层主要包括昆阳群、会理群、登相营群和盐边群。沉积碎屑岩系以中元古代晚期昆阳群和会理群为代表。火山岩和火山碎屑岩系以新元古界盐边群为代表(四川省地质矿产勘查开发局,1991;云南省地质矿产勘查开发局,1991)。会理群包括力马河组、凤山营组和天宝山组。主要由变石英砂岩、千枚岩、变粉砂岩、碳酸盐岩和中酸性火山岩组成,上部天宝山组火山岩年龄为1048~1011 Ma(耿元生等,20072017; 尹福光等,2012; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016; Chen Weiterry et al.,2018; 张继彪等,2020)。昆阳群自下而上包括黄草岭组、黑山头组、大龙口组和美党组,主要岩性为千枚状板岩、粉砂岩、石英砂岩、白云岩夹中—基性凝灰岩(图2、3)。Greentree et al.(2006)在老吾山地区昆阳群下部的凝灰岩中获得1142 Ma的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄,中部黑山头组富良棚段凝灰岩年龄为1032~1031 Ma(张传恒等,2007)。盐边群自下而上分为荒田组、渔门组、小坪组和乍古组,主要为一套海相复理石沉积建造,最新的年代学结果表明其形成时代为934~800 Ma(刘佩雯等,2021)。此外,扬子地块西缘北起汉南,南至攀枝花地区广泛分布一系列带状分布的新元古代岩浆岩体(图1)。基性—超基性侵入岩主要以望江山、碧姬沟、高家村和同德岩体为代表(Zhao Junhong et al.,20182019),主要包括橄榄岩、辉长岩、闪长岩和石英闪长岩,其时代为890~740 Ma。长英质侵入岩主要以花岗质岩石为主,具有钙碱性花岗岩和埃达克质岩石地球化学特征(Zhou Meifu et al.,2006; Du Linlin et al.,2014; Zhao Junhong et al.,2018)。

  • 扬子地块西缘登相营群主要出露在喜德县一带,为一套石英砂岩、千枚岩、板岩、碳酸盐岩夹中酸性火山岩,上部与埃迪卡拉系观音崖组石英砂岩不整合接触(图2)。自下而上分为松林坪组、深沟组、则姑组、朝王坪组、大热渣组和九盘营组(四川省地质矿产勘查开发局,1991)。松林坪组以粉砂质绢云千枚岩为主,夹粉砂岩及石英砂岩。深沟组下部为块状中粒石英砂岩、薄—中层绢云石英砂岩夹少量石英千枚岩;上部为条纹状石英绢云千枚岩夹少量条纹状细粒石英砂岩。则姑组下部为厚层—块状火山砾岩、流纹岩、英安岩、凝灰质砂岩夹千枚岩。上部为变流纹岩、凝灰岩及杏仁状安山岩。朝王坪组下部为块状杂砂岩夹千枚岩,底为凝灰质细砾岩;上部为粉砂质绢云千枚岩夹细粒石英砂岩、绢云粉砂岩。大热渣组中下部为厚层至块状叠层石白云岩夹少许块状白云岩;上部为薄—中层状钙质白云岩。九盘营组下部为黑色碳质板岩、粉砂质绢云千枚岩;上部为绢云千枚岩夹粉—细砂岩、条带状粉砂绢云千枚岩(图3、图4)。

  • 图2 扬子地块西缘登相营群区域地质简图及采样位置

  • Fig.2 Simplified geological map of the weatern Yangtze Block and sampling locations of the Dengxiangying Group

  • 1.2 样品特征

  • 沉积岩样品SLP-1采自冕山镇登相营群松林坪组下部的中粒石英砂岩,采样位置为28°23′49″N,102°20′02″E。岩石几乎全部由石英颗粒组成,孔隙式胶结,胶结物为硅质,细砂结构。发育有少量岩屑,岩屑主要为火山碎屑物质。镜下特征显示,石英颗粒呈他形粒状,分选较好,磨圆程度较高,呈次圆状—圆状,具波状消光(图4a、b)。

  • 样品SLP-2采自松林坪组凝灰岩夹层,采样位置为28°23′58″ N,102°20′02″ E,采样岩层厚度约为10~20 cm,其上、下均为中—厚层千枚岩,层位上属松林坪组的下部。岩石呈灰白色,显微镜下观察具凝灰结构,由玻屑和火山岩碎屑组成。玻屑呈弧面棱角状,与火山岩碎屑混杂分布,已脱玻为隐晶状长英质,并具轻微黏土化等呈假像。岩石因玻屑、火山岩碎屑相对富集差异分布显纹层状构造。岩石后期被褐铁矿、绿泥石等矿物交代(图4c、d)。

  • 火山岩样品ZG-1采自则姑组英安岩,采样位置为28°26′09″ N,102°21′12″ E,采样岩层厚度约为50 cm,其上为沉凝灰岩、下为流纹岩,层位上属则姑组中部。岩石呈灰—灰黑色,斑状结构,具有流纹构造。斑晶主要为斜长石和石英,石英呈港湾状、浑圆状,多被熔蚀,有熔蚀反应边结构。基质主要由隐晶质的斜长石、石英和黑云母微晶组成。岩石后期被钠长石、绿泥石、褐铁矿等矿物所交代(图4e、f)。

  • 图3 扬子地块西缘登相营群、会理群和昆阳群地层柱状图 (昆阳群和会理群数据修改自Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021; Sun Li et al.,2022

  • Fig.3 Stratigraphic columns showing litho-sections of the Dengxiangying, Huili, and Kunyang Groups (after Cui Xiaozhuang et al., 2021; Sun Li et al., 2022) in the western Yangtze Block

  • 火山岩样品CWP-1采自朝王坪组组凝灰岩,采样位置为28°29′38″ N,102°21′28″ E,采样岩层厚度约为3~5 cm,其上为砂岩、下为中层石英砂岩,层位上属朝王坪组的下部。岩石呈灰白、灰黄色,镜下观察岩石为凝灰结构。岩石由玻屑和火山岩碎屑组成。玻屑主呈弧面棱角状,与火山岩碎屑混杂分布,部分玻屑出现褐铁矿化(图4g、h)。

  • 图4 扬子地块西缘登相营群岩石野外和正交偏光照片

  • Fig.4 Field and microscopic photos of the rocks from Dengxiangying Group in the western Yangtze Block

  • (a~b)—松林坪组石英砂岩SLP-1及镜下特征;(c~d)—松林坪组凝灰岩SLP-2及镜下特征;(e~f)—则姑组英安岩ZG-1及镜下特征;(g~h)—朝王坪组凝灰岩CWP-1及镜下特征;Qz—石英;Pl—斜长石;Bi—黑云母

  • (a~b) —microscopic photo of quartz sandstone (SLP-1) from Songlinping Formation; (c~d) —microscopic photo of tuff (SLP-2) from Songlinping Formation; (e~f) —microscopic photo of dacite (ZG-1) from Zegu Formation; (g~h) —microscopic photo of tuff (CWP-1) from Chaowangping Formation; Qz—quartz; Pl—plagioclase; Bi—biotite

  • 2 测试方法

  • 2.1 LA-ICP-MS锆石定年

  • 锆石U-Pb同位素测定工作在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司LA-ICP-MS上进行。具体的仪器参数以及测试流程见Zong Keqing et al.(2010)。GeolasPro激光剥蚀系统由MicroLas光学系统和COMPexPro 102 ArF193 nm准分子激光器构成,ICP-MS仪器的型号是Agilent 7700e。选取氦气作载气、氩气为补偿气在激光剥蚀过程进行灵敏度的调节,两种气体通过一个T型接头混合后进入ICP,激光剥蚀系统装配有信号平滑装置。本次分析的激光束斑直径为30 μm,频率为50 Hz。U-Pb同位素测年过程中,选取标准锆石91500进行同位素的分馏校正,采用玻璃标准物质NIST610进行微量元素含量的分馏校正。每个测试点的分析包括20~30 s空白信号以及50 s样品信号数据。利用软件 ICP-MS Data Cal进行样品和空白信号的选择、仪器灵敏度漂移校正、元素含量及U-Pb同位素比值和年龄计算等离线处理。谐和图的绘制以及年龄加权平均值计算采用Ludwig博士编写的Isoplot/Ex_ver3程序(Ludwig K R,2003)。

  • 2.2 全岩主、微量元素

  • 全岩主量元素和微量元素分析测试在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。主量元素测试采用PrimusⅡ X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)。测试流程如下:第一步将样品粉末放置于105℃的烘箱中烘干;第二步,12 h后,取大约1 g样品放在陶瓷坩埚中,然后在~1000℃的马弗炉中灼烧2 h,取出冷却至常温,最后称量计算烧失量;第三步,分别称取6.0 g助熔剂(Li2B4O7∶LiBO2∶LiF = 9∶2∶1)、0.6 g待测样品和0.3 g的NH4NO3置于铂金坩埚中,在1150℃温度下熔融一刻钟,然后取出样品冷却,最后取出玻璃片以备XRF测试。

  • 全岩微量元素分析测试在Agilent 7700e ICP-MS上完成。具体分析过程如下:首先将待测试的粉末样品放置于105℃的烘箱中烘干;第二步,烘干12 h后,准确称取50 mg测试样品放在Teflon溶样弹中;第三步,按顺序依次加入1 mL高纯度HNO3和1 mL高纯度HF;第四步,在钢套中放入Teflon溶样弹,然后放在190℃的烘箱中加热;第五步,加热一昼夜之后,将溶样弹取出并冷却,后置于140℃的电热板上蒸干,然后再加入1 mL HNO3并再次加热蒸干;第六步,在样品中加入1 mL HNO3、1 mL水和1 mL内标In(浓度为1×10-6),再次重复第四步骤;第七步,将测试溶液转入聚乙烯料瓶中,并且用2%浓度的HNO3稀释至100 g以备ICP-MS测试。

  • 2.3 锆石Hf同位素分析

  • 锆石原位微区Hf同位素分析测试在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司进行,使用激光剥蚀多接收杯等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)完成。激光剥蚀系统和MC-ICP-MS分别为Geolas HD和Neptune Plus。为了提高信号稳定性和同位素比值的测试精密度,在分析过程中配备了信号平滑装置。氦气用作载气,并在剥蚀之后加入氮气来提高Hf元素的灵敏度。分析采用Neptune Plus新设计高性能锥组合,对于Neptune Plus的标准锥组合,新设计的X截取锥和Jet采样锥组合在加入少量氮气的条件下能分别提高Hf灵敏度5.3倍、Yb灵敏度4.0倍和Lu灵敏度2.4倍。激光的实际输出能量密度为~7.0 J/cm2。测试采用单点剥蚀的方式,激光斑束直径为44 μm。Hf和Yb的质量分馏系数βHf和βYb根据179Hf/177Hf =0.7325和173Yb/171Yb=1.132685来计算。利用176Yb/173Yb=0.79639来校正176Yb对176Hf的同量异位的干扰。根据176Lu/175Lu=0.02656来校正较低干扰程度的176Lu对176Hf的同量异位干扰。因为Yb和Lu有相近的物理化学特征,所以可以采用Yb的质量分馏系数βYb来校正Lu的质量分馏。采用ICP MS Data Cal软件进行分析数据的离线处理完成。

  • 3 测试结果

  • 3.1 锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素

  • 锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素数据见附表1和附表2。

  • 3.1.1 碎屑锆石年龄

  • 松林坪组石英砂岩锆石颗粒多为半自形—自形晶,阴极发光图像下显示出典型的岩浆生长振荡环带和韵律结构(图5a),Th/U值均大于0.4,为岩浆成因锆石(Hoskin and Schaltegger,2003)。对80颗碎屑锆石进行U-Pb定年,获得80组数据和对应的锆石年龄。碎屑锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄频谱图表现出1个主年龄峰值(1911~1703 Ma)以及4个次年龄峰值(1047~962 Ma、1201~1192 Ma、1641~1501 Ma和2433~2312 Ma)。值得注意的是,1047~962 Ma区间的锆石年龄明显小于松林坪组凝灰岩的年龄。

  • 图5 扬子地块西缘登相营群锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图和代表性锆石CL图像

  • Fig.5 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams and CL images of samples from the Dengxiangying Group in the western Yangtze Block

  • 3.1.2 岩浆岩锆石年龄

  • 松林坪组凝灰岩锆石多为半自形—自形晶,阴极发光图像下显示出典型的岩浆生长振荡环带和韵律结构(图5b)。对样品DXY-2的锆石进行U-Pb定年,Th/U比值均大于0.4,为岩浆成因锆石特征(Hoskin and Schaltegger,2003)。17个数据点全部位于谐和线或附近,且年龄值比较集中(图5b),其207Pb/206Pb年龄加权平均值为1166.5±6 Ma(MSWD=3.3),该年龄代表了松林坪组凝灰岩的形成年龄。

  • 则姑组英安岩锆石多为半自形—自形晶,阴极发光图像下显示出典型的岩浆生长振荡环带和韵律结构(图5c)。对样品DXY-3的17颗锆石进行U-Pb定年,获得17组数据和对应的锆石年龄(表1),Th/U比值均大于0.4,证明锆石为岩浆成因锆石(Hoskin and Schaltegger,2003)。17个数据点全部位于谐和线或附近,且年龄值比较集中(图5c),其207Pb/206Pb年龄加权平均值为1040.3±4 Ma(MSWD=2.1),该年龄代表了则姑组英安岩的形成时代。

  • 朝王坪组凝灰岩锆石多为半自形—自形晶,阴极发光图像下显示出典型的岩浆生长振荡环带和韵律结构(图5d)。对样品DXY-4的锆石进行U-Pb定年,Th/U比值均大于0.4,证明锆石为岩浆成因锆石(Hoskin and Schaltegger,2003)。17个数据点全部位于谐和线或附近,且年龄值比较集中(图5d),其207Pb/206Pb年龄加权平均值为1020.2±4 Ma(MSWD=1.74),该年龄代表了朝王坪组凝灰岩的形成时代。

  • 3.1.3 锆石Hf同位素

  • 对则姑组英安岩测年的锆石进行Lu-Hf同位素分析,结果显示英安岩锆石的176Lu/177Hf和176Hf/177Hf比值分别为0.001122~0.003924和0.281757~0.281899,εHft=1040 Ma)值为-15.1~-9.1(图6),二阶段Hf模式年龄tDM2为2848~2468 Ma。

  • 图6 扬子地块西缘则姑组英安岩εHft)年龄图解

  • Fig.6 Plot of εHf (t) -age from the dacite in the Zegu Formation in the western Yangtze Block

  • 3.2 全岩主、微量元素特征

  • 全岩主、微量元素数据见附表3。

  • 则姑组英安岩SiO2含量为64.37%~67.45%,Al2O3含量为15.91%~18.79%,K2O+Na2O含量较高,为5.35%~6.41%,MgO含量较低,为0.43%~0.71%,TFeO含量为4.78%~7.36%,在Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y图解中,样品落入英安岩范围内(图7a)。则姑组英安岩A/CNK值为1.0~1.1,在A/CNK-A/NK图解中,所有样品都落在了过铝质系列范围内(图7b)。英安岩样品轻、重稀土元素中等分馏,轻稀土配分曲线呈右倾型式((La/Yb)N=9.3~12.7)(图8a),重稀土呈平坦的分布形式((Dy/Yb)N=1.4~1.7)。Eu具有明显负异常(δEu=0.59~0.66)在原始地幔微量元素蛛网图中,样品更富集大离子亲石元素,具有明显的 Nb、Ta、Sr、P 和 Ti负异常(图8b)。

  • 松林坪组砂岩SiO2含量为77.9%~96.8%;Al2O3含量变化较大(1.23%~12.41%),CaO含量为0.06%~0.13%,FeO含量中等(0.47%~2.47%),K2O含量为0.09%~2.44%;MgO含量为0.06%~0.38%,K2O/Na2O含量较低,P2O5含量为0.01%~0.04%。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 登相营群时代

  • 长期以来,由于缺乏可靠同位素年龄数据的约束,登相营群的沉积时限一直未能准确限定,从而制约了扬子地块西缘地层的对比以及区域地层格架的建立。在此之前,前人仅通过岩性组合将登相营群与扬子地块西缘中元古界会理群和昆阳群进行对比。本文通过对登相营群三个组的火山岩夹层进行锆石U-Pb测年,并获得了精确的年代学数据,限定了松林坪组沉积时代为1166 Ma,则姑组沉积时代为1040 Ma,朝王坪组沉积地层时代为1020 Ma(图5)。耿元生等(2008)获得则姑组英安岩年龄为1030±19 Ma,与本文获得的年龄在误差范围内基本一致。值得注意的是,任光明等(2016)获得九盘营组变英安岩锆石U-Pb年龄为824 Ma,与会理群顶界年龄(~1000 Ma)相差较大。从沉积序列来看,九盘营组为一套深水相陆源碎屑岩,其下伏大热渣组为一套浅水台地相碳酸盐岩,两套不同的沉积建造之间缺失一个过渡相沉积序列。另外,野外观察发现九盘营组和下伏大热渣组之间为断层接触。因此,九盘营组应从登相营群中剔除,登相营群自下而上应分为松林坪组、深沟组、则姑组、朝王坪组和大热渣组,其沉积时代为1166~1020 Ma,与会理群和昆阳群为同时期地层(Cui Xiaozhuang et al.,2021; Sun Li et al.,2022)(图3)。

  • 图7 扬子地块西缘则姑组英安岩Nb/Y-Zr/(TiO2*0.0001)(a)(Winchester and Floyd,1977)和 A/NK-A/CNK(b)(Frost et al.,2001)分类图解

  • Fig.7 Rock classification diagram of Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2*0.0001 (a) (Winchester and Floyd, 1977)and A/NK-A/CNK (b) (Frost et al., 2001) for the Zegu dacites in the western Yangtze Block

  • 图8 扬子地块西缘则姑组英安岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图(a)和微量元素原始地幔标准化图(b) (球粒陨石及原始地幔数据引自Sun Shensun and McDonough,1989

  • Fig.8 Chondrite-normalized REE diagrams (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element multi-element plot for the Zegu dacites, western Yangtze Block (b) (chondrite and primitive mantle values are from Sun Shensun and McDonough, 1989

  • 4.2 岩石成因及构造背景

  • 4.2.1 则姑组火山岩

  • 则姑组英安岩的烧失量(LOI)为1.87%~3.75%。因此,必须在讨论岩石成因之前来评估后期蚀变作用对岩石元素组成的影响。锆元素(Zr)在变质作用和风化作用中被认为是最稳定的元素(Gibson et al.,1982)。因此,通过与Zr的相关性分析可以分析其他微量元素在后期蚀变过程中的活动性(Polat et al.,2002)。高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、Hf、Th)、稀土元素、U以及Y在哈克图解中与Zr总体上呈相关性,可以用来进行岩石成因和构造背景分析。

  • 则姑组英安岩具有较高的10000 Ga/Al比值以及Zr、Hf、Ga和HREE含量,明显区别于I型和S型花岗岩,而与典型的A型花岗岩相类似(Whalen et al.,1987; Frost and Frost,2011)。在Zr-10000Ga/Al和Nb-10000Ga/Al判别图解中,所有样品落在了A型花岗岩范围内(图9a、b)。另外,在10000Ga/Al-(Zr+Nb+Y+Ce)和TFeO/MgO-Zr+Nb+Y+Ce判别图解中,所有样品同样落在了A型花岗岩范围(图9c、d)。值得注意的是,A型花岗岩具有相对较高的的锆石饱和温度。根据Boehnke et al.(2013)提出的公式,可以计算出则姑组英安岩具有高的锆石饱和温度(>800℃)。因此,则姑组英安岩属于A型花岗岩类。

  • 关于A型花岗岩的成因主要包括三种主流观点。第一种观点认为A型花岗岩来自地壳物质的部分熔融。第二种观点认为A型花岗岩形成于幔源岩浆的分离结晶和同化混染。第三种观点则认为A型花岗岩来自壳-幔物质的混合作用(Whalen et al.,1987; Eby,1992; Turner et al.,1992; Peccerillo et al.,2003)。

  • 图9 扬子地块西缘则姑组英安岩岩石分类判别图解(a~d据Whalen et al.,1987,e据Eby,1992

  • Fig.9 Geochemical discrimination diagrams for the Zegu dacites in the western Yangtze Block (a~d, after Whalen et al., 1987; e, after Eby, 1992)

  • 在主量元素哈克图解中,则姑组英安岩与扬子地块西缘同时期的基性岩没有明显的相关性(图10),说明两者没有成因之间的联系(Chen Weiterry et al.2014; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016)。另外,则姑组英安具有低的MgO含量以及富集的Hf同位素(εHft)=-15.1~-9.1)。因此,则姑组英安岩不可能直接来自幔源岩浆的分离结晶作用。通过壳-幔混合作用形成的酸性岩通常具有较高的Mg#值,并且包含大量的捕掳体。则姑组英安岩具有较低的Mg#值,并且野外观察并未发现与岩浆混合作用有关的包体。另外,区域上并未发现Hf同位素极度富集的酸性岩,表明则姑组英安岩不可能形成于岩浆混合作用。A型花岗岩类也可以来自地壳物质的部分熔融,则姑组英安岩具有负的εHft)值,说明它们不可能来自初生的镁铁质下地壳。Patiño Douce.(1997)提出长英质地壳(英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩)在低压(4 kPa)和高温状态下(950℃)脱水部分熔融会产生A型花岗岩。则姑组英安岩具有较低的CaO和MgO含量,并且具有明显的Eu负异常(图8a),说明残留矿物相主要以斜长石和斜方辉石为主,说明样品形成于低压条件下(Patiño Douce,1997)。另外,低压高温状态下形成的A型花岗岩具有较高的10000 Ga/Al以及TiO2/MgO比值。所有样品具有高的10000 Ga/Al(2.62~2.91)和TiO2/MgO(0.4~1.3)比值。综上所述,则姑组英安岩应来自长英质地壳在低压高温状态下的部分熔融。

  • 图10 扬子地块西缘则姑组英安岩SiO2-MgO(a)、SiO2-Al2O3(b)、SiO2-TFeO(c)、SiO2-TiO2(d)、SiO2-(CaO)(e) 及SiO2-P2O3(f)哈克图解(基性岩数据来自Chen Weiterry et al.,2014; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016

  • Fig.10 Harker diagrams of SiO2-MgO (a) , SiO2-Al2O3 (b) , SiO2-TFeO (c) , SiO2-TiO2 (d) , SiO2-CaO (e) and SiO2-P2O3 (f) for the Zegu dacites in the western Yangtze Block (the data of mafic rocks are from Chen Weiterry et al., 2014; Zhu Weiguang et al., 2016)

  • A型花岗岩通常形成于伸展背景下,例如弧后盆地、后造山伸展环境以及板内裂谷盆地(Fan Weiming et al.,2001; Ukstins et al.,2002; Brewer et al.,2004)。 Pearce et al.(1984)提出弧后盆地背景下的基性岩通常具有正常型洋中脊玄武岩和岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征,但是,扬子地块西缘中元古代晚期的基性岩并不具有岛弧玄武岩的特点(Chen Weiterry et al.,2018; Chen Fenglin et al.,2021),因此则姑组英安岩不可能形成于弧后盆地。后造山伸展背景下产出的基性岩主要来自先前受板片流体/熔体交代的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并具有明显的Nb、Ta和Ti的负异常。然而研究区同时期的基性岩并未表现出Nb、Ta和Ti的负异常(Chen Weiterry et al.,2014,2021; Liu Guichun et al.,2021; Lu Guimei et al.,2022)。综上所述,则姑组英安岩不可能形成于弧后盆地和后造山伸展等环境。Eby(1992)将A型酸性岩进一步分为A1型和A2型。通常认为A1型酸性岩主要形成于非造山环境,例如大陆裂谷盆地。A2型酸性岩主要形成于与造山作用相关的后造山伸展或者碰撞后伸展环境。则姑组英安岩具有较高的Nb和Ce含量,属于A1型酸性岩(图9e)。所有样品具有较高的Y、Rb和Nb含量,在花岗岩构造环境判别图解中全部落在了板内花岗岩范围内(图11)。因此,我们认为则姑组英安岩形成于非造山的板内环境。

  • 4.2.2 松林坪组砂岩

  • 化学蚀变指数CIA(Chemical Index of Alteration)是分析碎屑岩风化程度的重要指标(Fedo et al.,1995)。登相营群砂岩样品的CIA值为61.8~74.2,说明砂岩经历了中等程度的风化作用。Th、Sc、Co元素主要富集在酸性岩中,其比值不会随着沉积再循环而发生变化。在Co/Th-La/Sc和TiO2-Ni判别图解中,登相营群砂岩样品主要落在酸性火山岩和花岗岩范围内(图12a、b)。因此,登相营群砂岩物源主要来自酸性火山岩及花岗岩。

  • 在被动大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘、大陆岛弧和大洋岛弧等不同环境沉积的沉积岩具有明显不同的地球化学特征(Bhatia and Crook,1986)。为了降低后期蚀变作用的影响,本文选择La、Th、Sc和Zr等不活泼元素来进一步判别登相营群沉积盆地的构造背景。在Th-Sc-Zr/10图解中,几乎所有样品落在了被动大陆边缘范围内(图12c)。同样的,在La/Sc-Ti/Zr构造环境判别图解中,绝大部分样品也落在了被动大陆边缘范围内(图12d)。根据沉积盆地碎屑锆石年龄的分布特征,Cawood et al.(2012)提出了根据碎屑锆石年龄谱系图来区分不同沉积盆地属性的判别图解。被动大陆边缘的沉积盆地会广泛接收来自板块内部的碎屑物质,因而包含大量的古老锆石,碎屑锆石年龄曲线应为右倾的曲线。相反,汇聚板块边缘的盆地(如弧前盆地和弧后盆地)的碎屑物质主要来自附近的岛弧,因而包含更多的与地层沉积年龄相一致的年轻锆石,所以锆石年龄应为近垂直的曲线。登相营群松林坪组砂岩含有大量古老的锆石,锆石年龄与地层沉积年龄差值大于150 Ma的碎屑锆石数量大于95%,与伸展相关的盆地相吻合(图13)。扬子地块西缘中元古代晚期昆阳群与会理群同属于被动陆缘裂谷盆地,具有与登相营群砂岩一致的锆石年龄曲线图(图13)。综上所述,中元古界登相营群原型盆地为被动陆缘裂谷盆地。

  • 5 构造意义

  • 限定扬子板块中—新元古代构造属性对探讨扬子板块和Rodinia超大陆的关系至关重要。一部分学者认为扬子板块中元古代晚期岩浆活动形成于汇聚板块边缘,标志着Rodinia超大陆的汇聚,扬子板块位于超大陆的核心位置(Li Xianhua et al.,20022008; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2016; Zou Hao et al.,2022)。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,越来越多的学者提出扬子板块所谓的格林维尔期造山运动(江南造山运动)的时间应晚至820 Ma,中元古代晚期扬子板块边缘不存在板块俯冲作用,构造属性为被动大陆边缘裂谷(Chen Weiterry et al.,20142018; Huang Mingda et al.,2021; Lu Guimei et al.,2022; Sun Li et al.,2022)。Greentree et al.(2006)在老吾山地区获得中元古代晚期昆阳群下部碱性火山岩年龄为1140 Ma,认为该套火山岩形成于大陆裂谷盆地。Liu Guichun et al.(2021)获得云南撮科地区双峰式岩浆岩年龄为1168~1162 Ma,其中花岗岩属于A型花岗岩类,斜长角闪岩属于洋岛型岩浆岩,形成于非造山的大陆裂谷环境。Chen Weiterry et al.(2018)获得中元古代会理群酸性火山岩年龄为1050 Ma,具有A型花岗岩特征,形成于被动大陆边缘裂谷环境。Chen Weiterry et al.(2014)获得中元古界苴林群变质玄武岩的年龄为1043 Ma,其形成于大陆裂谷背景下。Sun Li et al.(2022)通过中元古界会理群和苴林群沉积岩碎屑锆石和地球化学分析提出扬子地块西缘中元古代晚期为被动陆缘背景。邓尚贤(2000)通过沉积学研究提出扬子地块西缘中元古代晚期盆地沉积环境为被动大陆边缘的滨浅海环境(图14)。本文获得的1040 Ma的登相营群则姑英安岩具有A型花岗岩特征,形成于非造山伸展环境下,登相营群砂岩碎屑锆石年龄分布特征以及地球化学特征也与被动大陆边缘裂谷沉积岩一致。综上所述,扬子板块中元古代晚期并未发育与Rodinia超大陆汇聚同步的造山运动,因此扬子板块应位于超大陆的边缘,而非核心位置。

  • 图11 扬子地块西缘则姑组英安岩Y-Nb(a)和(Y+Rb)-Rb(b)构造判别图解(据Pearce et al.,1984

  • Fig.11 Tectonic discriminant diagrams of Y-Nb (a) and (Y+Rb) -Rb (b) (after Pearce et al., 1984) for the Zegu dacites in the western Yangtze Block

  • 图12 扬子地块西缘登相营群砂岩Co/Th-La/Sc图(a)(据Hu Peiyuan et al.,2020)和TiO2-Ni物源判别图解(b) (Floyd et al.,1989)以及Th-Sc-Zr/10(c)和La/Sc-Ti/Zr判别图解(d)(据Bhatia and Crook,1986

  • Fig.12 Source rock and tectonic discrimination diagrams plots of Co/Th-La/Sc (a) (after Hu Peiyuan et al., 2020), TiO2-Ni(b)(after Floyd et al., 1989), Th-Sc-Zr/10 (c) and La/Sc-Ti/Zr (d) (after Bhatia and Crook, 1986) for the Dengxiangying sandstones in the western Yangtze Block

  • OIA—大洋岛弧; CIA—大陆岛弧; ACM—活动陆缘; PM—被动陆缘; TTG—奥长花岗岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩; PAAS—澳大利亚后太古代页岩

  • OIA—ocean island arc setting; CIA—continental island arc setting; ACM—active continental margin; PM—passive continental margin; TTG—trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite; PAAS—post-Archean Australian shales

  • 图13 根据碎屑锆石结晶年龄与地层沉积年龄曲线图推测的汇聚背景(A区域)、碰撞背景(B区域)、伸展背景 (C区域)及A、B、C的重叠部分(阴影部分) (改自Cawood et al.,2012

  • Fig.13 Differences between the crystallization age for a detrital zircons and the depositional age of the successions in which it occurs, plotted as cumulative proportion curves, as a function of three main tectonic settings from convergent (field A) , collisional (field B) , extensional basins (field C) and overlapped parts (shaded area) for fields A, B and C (modified after Cawood et al., 2012)

  • 6 结论

  • (1)扬子地块西缘登相营群松林坪组凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄为1166 Ma,则姑组英安岩锆石U-Pb年龄为1040 Ma,朝王坪组凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄为1020 Ma。

  • (2)扬子地块西缘松林坪组砂岩锆石年龄具有多峰值特征,碎屑物源来自酸性岩浆岩。则姑组英安岩为A型花岗岩系列,来自低压条件下花岗质地壳的部分熔融,形成于非造山伸展背景。

  • (3)扬子地块西缘中元古代晚期构造属性为被动大陆边缘裂谷环境,不存在与Rodinia超大陆汇聚相关的造山运动,扬子板块应位于超大陆的边缘位置。

  • 图14 扬子板块西缘中—新元古代构造演化模式

  • Fig.14 Tectonic evolution model for the western Yangtze Block in Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic

  • 致谢: 本文在数据处理方面得到刘成强博士提供的帮助,审稿专家和编辑部老师在文章撰写及出版中给予了诸多建议,在此致以衷心的感谢。

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1~3)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202308094?st=article_issue

  • 附表1 登相营群砂岩和火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄

  • Appendix 1 U-Pb data for zircons in sandstones and volcanic rocks from the Dengxiangying Group

  • 续附表1

  • 续附表1

  • 附表2 则姑组英安岩Hf同位素结果

  • Appendix 2 Zircon Hf isotopic data for the Zegu dacites

  • 附表3 登相营群砂岩和英安岩主量、微量元素分析结果

  • Appendix 3 Major and trace element data for the sandstones and dacites from the Dengxiangying Group

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