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四川盆地川中古隆起,为一发育于早寒武世的大型鼻状同沉积兼剥蚀古隆起(宋文海,1996),古隆起震旦系—下古生界的勘探始于20世纪50年代,1964年发现了位于乐山-龙女寺古隆起西南翼斜坡上的威远震旦系气田,探明储量408×108 m3(魏国齐等,2017)。2011年安岳地区高石1井震旦系灯影组高产工业气流的发现使得乐山-龙女寺古隆起震旦系—下古生界油气勘探获历史性突破,在乐山-龙女寺古隆起北斜坡地区(简称太和气区)发现了安岳特大型气田(邹才能等,2014),其震旦系—下古生界累计探明储量达0.95×1012 m3,三级储量达1.23×1012 m3,标志着古隆起震旦系—下古生界勘探进入了新的历史阶段(徐春春等,2014)。近年来,蓬探1井灯二段测试获天然气121.98×104 m3(赵路子等,2020)、蓬探101井灯二段测试获220.88×104 m3高产工业气流,都展示出太和气区灯影组的天然气资源十分丰富,四川盆地的天然气勘探和开发都将处于发展的黄金时代。
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四川盆地震旦系一直是油气勘探的重点,前人做了大量研究工作。目前四川盆地灯影组的研究主要集中于烃源岩(赵文智等,2021; 杨雨等,2022)、沉积特征(宋金民等,2017)及丘滩体发育特征(李凌等,2013)、微生物白云岩储层特征及主控因素(陈娅娜等,2017)、岩溶作用(杨雨等,2014)及油气成藏(魏国齐等,2022a)方面,对于成岩-成藏流体方面的研究,前人通过碳氧、锶同位素及稀土元素等全岩地球化学方法已有一定的认识:① 灯影组不同沉积环境下白云石化流体性质和来源具有差异,近地表环境下白云石化流体为海源流体,而在埋藏环境下白云石化流体则为地层流体及深部热液流体(邬铁等,2016; 李文奇等,2022);② 未发生溶蚀改造的白云岩成岩流体为海水,发生溶蚀改造的白云岩成岩流体受大气降水、埋藏环境内的含油气流体及深部热液流体共同控制(朱东亚等,2015);③ 川中灯影组充注的流体主要是外源流体,具有从深部向浅部流动运移的特征(袁海锋等,2014);④ 有学者将川中地区灯影组成藏流体活动分为三期,一期原油充注及两期天然气充注,分别对应印支期、印支晚期及燕山期(杨程宇等,2020);有学者将其分为四期,即两期原油及两期天然气充注,分别对应加里东期、印支期、燕山期及喜马拉雅期(沈安江等,2019;魏国齐等,2022a);也有学者将其分为五个期次,即两期原油及三期天然气充注,分别对应加里东期、印支早期、印支晚期—燕山早期及燕山晚期(姜华等,2022)。但针对白云岩储层溶蚀孔洞中的胶结充填物以及代表的成岩流体及所暗示的成藏意义研究较少,因此梳理孔洞中矿物的充填序列能更好反映灯影组白云岩的成岩演化、成岩流体特征,对分析其所代表的油气地质意义及成岩-成藏耦合关系具有重要意义。且前人对灯影组白云岩地球化学特征的研究大多基于白云岩全岩分析(Zhang Pu et al.,2014),全岩分析具有很大的不确定性,各种污染物如陆源碎屑、铁锰氧化物等都有可能导致白云岩沉积物的地球化学数据发生改变(Frimmel,2009; Jian Xing et al.,2013),复杂的成岩过程也会使同一样品不同颗粒白云石甚至同一颗粒白云石不同区域位置显示出不同特征。相反原位地球化学分析可以提供更为明确胶结充填物的地球化学信息,有助于揭示不同期次矿物所指示的成岩流体的变化(Wang Xiaolin et al.,2009; Baldwin et al.,2011)。
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本文以德阳-安岳裂陷槽东侧太和气区震旦系灯影组钻井岩芯及川北宁强高家山震旦系灯二段野外露头为基础,研究了四川盆地中部灯影组储层的成岩序列,结合阴极发光、原位微区LA-ICP-MS分析及原位U-Pb同位素测年分析等手段,讨论了孔洞中胶结充填物的世代关系,重点分析了多期白云石的地球化学特征,分析其流体性质、成因及演化。以此为基础,赋予不同期次矿物中捕获的流体包裹体的岩相学意义,利用包裹体类型、相态、均一温度等信息,探讨其所代表的油气成藏事件及成藏历史,揭示经历深埋藏、多期成岩流体活动、多期油气充注古老碳酸盐岩储层成岩-成藏流体的耦合关系,为油气勘探提供借鉴。
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1 地质背景
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四川盆地是在扬子克拉通基础上经历多期构造运动发展演化形成的大型多旋回叠合盆地(汪泽成等,2017),在盆地内同沉积断裂及区域拉张作用下形成德阳-安岳裂陷槽(周进高等,2017),灯二段沉积期,四川盆地表现为“一隆四凹”构造格局,至早寒武世隆凹格局消失(杜金虎等,2016),台隆逐渐演化为碳酸盐岩台地,凹陷则转变为陆棚与盆地,隆凹相间坡折带则为台缘带。
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灯二期德阳-安岳裂陷槽形态呈“U”型(文龙等,2016),研究区位于裂陷槽东侧边缘,川中古隆起东北翼斜坡,前人根据岩性、藻富集程度和结构特征将灯影组自下而上划分为:灯一段、灯二段、灯三段、灯四段,其中灯一段俗称“贫藻段”,灯二段及灯四段俗称“富藻段”,灯三段俗称“碎屑岩段”(王兴志等,1997),灯二段及灯四段为太和气区主要产气层段。受桐湾Ⅰ幕、Ⅱ幕运动影响,乐山-龙女寺古隆起抬升导致灯影组遭受不同程度剥蚀(何登发等,2008),安岳构造局部地区灯三段遭受剥蚀、灯四段缺失(赵路子等,2020),资阳及西部地区灯二段部分剥蚀,高磨地区灯影组基本保留完整(杨程宇等,2020)。
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川中地区震旦系灯影组沉积水体受限,沿裂陷槽向东为槽-台分异格局(文龙等,2021),可分为台缘斜坡、台地边缘、局限台地等沉积相。其中灯一段为一套以深灰色中—厚层泥晶云岩、深灰色纹层状泥晶云岩为主的台缘斜坡沉积;裂陷槽东缘安岳地区灯二段为一套以深灰色厚层状藻黏结云岩、藻叠层云岩、藻凝块云岩、藻屑云岩及砂屑云岩为主的微生物丘+台缘滩沉积,往东则逐渐变为台内丘滩;灯三段为一套深灰—灰黑色泥质云岩、砂质云岩和少量微粉晶云岩为主的陆棚沉积,灯四段为一套以浅灰—深灰色藻叠层云岩、藻纹层云岩、砂屑云岩、藻屑云岩以及少量藻凝块云岩为主的微生物丘+颗粒滩沉积(图1)。
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2 样品与实验方法
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本文灯影组白云岩样品均取自川中地区钻井岩芯或高家山灯二段剖面。对具有孔洞充填物的样品进行了包裹体薄片磨制并对其进行观察,选择具有多期白云石胶结充填物组构特征的薄片进行阴极发光(CL)分析,于西南石油大学完成,所用仪器为CL8200 MK5阴极发光显微镜。包裹体测温在北京核工业地质研究院完成,实验仪器为LINKAMTHMS600型冷热台。
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根据薄片观察及CL结果,对多期白云石胶结充填物进行原位激光微区分析,于武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司实验室完成,仪器为193 nm准分子激光剥蚀系统(GeoLas-PRO)和安捷伦7900电感耦合离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS),仪器相对标准偏差RSD<4%。实验方法为:在磨制好的包裹体薄片上选好实验测试点,利用光束大小为30 μm的激光直接剥蚀选定矿物,通过离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析得出矿物主微量元素及REE元素含量,精度可达10-5。稀土元素结果均采用后太古宙澳大利亚页岩PAAS进行标准化,后太古宙页岩(PAAS)归一化数据引自Mclennan(2001)。本研究中Ce、Pr异常值计算公式为:δCe(Ce/Ce*)=Ce/(0.5LaN+0.5PrN)、δPr(Pr/Pr*)=2Pr/(CeN+NdN)、δEu(Eu/Eu*)=Eu/(0.67SmN+0.33TbN)(Michael et al.,2006)。
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图1 川中太和气区灯影组沉积相图(a)及地层特征(b)示意图(据马奎等,2022; 魏国齐等,2022b修改)
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Fig.1 Schematic map of sedimentary facies (a) and stratigraphic characteristics (b) of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin (modified from Ma Kui et al., 2022; Wei Guoqi et al., 2022b)
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1 —砂岩;2—粉砂岩;3—页岩;4—泥岩;5—泥质云岩;6—泥晶云岩;7—砂屑云岩;8—藻屑云岩;9—藻凝块云岩;10—藻纹层云岩;11—藻叠层云岩;12—槽盆;13—斜坡;14—台缘;15—台地;16—盆地边界;17—研究区;18—井位;19—野外剖面
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1 —sandstone; 2—siltstone; 3—shale; 4—mudstone; 5—argillaceous dolomite; 6—mud-crystal dolomite; 7—doloarenite; 8—algal doloarenite; 9—algal clot dolomite; 10—straticulate dolostone; 11—stromatolite dolomite; 12—trough; 13—slope; 14—platform margin; 15—platform; 16—Sichuan basin boundary; 17—study area; 18—well; 19—field profile
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LA-ICP-MS碳酸盐U-Pb定年测试分析在北京科荟测试技术有限公司完成,所用仪器为Jena PQ MS及与之配套的RESOlution193nm准分子激光剥蚀系统。激光剥蚀所用斑束直径为100 μm,频率为6 Hz,能量密度约为5 J/cm2,以He为载气。详细实验测试过程可参见Godeau et al.(2018)。
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3 储层岩石学及成岩序列
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太和气区灯影组二段除了发育晶粒云岩外,还广泛发育微生物参与的白云岩,主要包括藻凝块云岩、藻屑云岩、藻黏结云岩、藻纹层云岩及藻叠层云岩(图2),此外葡萄状云岩大量发育。前人将具有“葡萄状”构造、“葡萄花边”构造特征的白云岩统称为葡萄状云岩,其围岩主要是部分富含菌藻的藻纹层云岩、藻叠层云岩、藻凝块云岩、砂屑云岩或晶粒云岩(图2a)。藻凝块云岩、藻屑云岩、砂屑云岩、藻黏结云岩及葡萄状云岩溶蚀孔洞内具有复杂且多期次的胶结充填物,主要为白云石胶结充填物、硅质石英充填物及沥青充填物(王兴志等,2001),其中葡萄花边格架孔洞内胶结充填物期次相对其余孔洞较多,由微生物基质(MD)、纤维状白云石胶结充填物(FD)及后期结晶白云石胶结充填物(CD)、沥青充填物(Bit)组成(图2b、c),其形成与桐湾运动引起的表生岩溶作用相关,发育程度受岩溶作用强度影响(Chen Chao et al.,2020)。纤维状白云石胶结充填物是葡萄花边格架孔洞的主要组成部分(Wang Jingbin et al.,2020),主要沿岩溶缝洞或岩溶壁呈环带生长,其余溶蚀孔洞则不发育纤维状白云石,大孔洞胶结充填序列较完整,甚至有残留孔洞,而小孔洞胶结充填序列不完整,大多无残留孔洞。野外露头可见葡萄花边构造一般呈顺层分布(图2b),部分呈高角度分布,沿纤维状白云石向内见结晶白云石分布;岩芯及镜下可见沥青分布在以纤维状白云石围绕的格架孔内(图2c)及充填在晶粒白云石间(图2d、h)。石英等晚期矿物一般充填于较大溶蚀孔洞或缝洞中央,剩余孔洞内少见沥青发育(图2e、i)。
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碳酸盐岩储层胶结充填物的发育期次可根据不同成岩环境、成岩阶段特征及成岩流体特征进行识别(Su Ao et al.,2022),阴极发光特征及U-Pb同位素年龄也为充填期次提供重要支撑(Boggs et al.,2006; 沈安江等,2019)。通过显微观察及阴极发光分析发现,不同井、不同岩性及不同孔隙内相同产状白云石具有相似晶形特征及阴极发光特征,按其胶结充填物类型、晶形大小、形态、阴极发光特征等,将灯二段溶蚀孔洞中的胶结充填物分为白云石胶结充填物、沥青充填物及石英、萤石充填物,白云石胶结充填物可分为六类,沥青充填物可分为两期,依据两类沥青及其他不同胶结充填物充填次序,结合岩石学特征及地球化学特征,明确川中地区灯影组二段藻白云岩储层孔洞中相对完整的矿物充填期次为:第一世代纤维状白云石胶结充填物→第二世代大气淡水白云石胶结充填物→第三世代粉—细晶粒状白云石胶结充填物→第Ⅰ期氧化降解沥青→第四世代中晶白云石胶结充填物→第五世代粗晶白云石胶结充填物→第Ⅱ期热裂解沥青→第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石胶结充填物→第七世代石英、萤石矿物。
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(1)纤维状白云石胶结充填物(FD):是四川盆地灯二段藻白云岩中的一种主要的胶结充填物,有学者认为其由文石转化为镁方解石再从海水中沉淀而来(Folk,1974; Hood et al.,2011;Zhang Pu et al.,2014);近年来,越来越多研究表明纤维状白云石是从海水中直接沉淀而来(Hood and Wallace,2018; Wang Jingbin et al.,2020; 李文奇等,2022),与晶粒白云石相比表面带有杂质较脏。前人一致认为纤维状白云石是孔洞内第一期胶结充填物(李文奇等,2022; Su Ao et al.,2022),围绕孔隙内壁生长,但对其成岩环境有学者认为其为表生-浅埋藏环境下的产物(王国芝等,2014; Chen Chao et al.,2020),近年来众多学者一致认为其为海底成岩环境下的产物(钱一雄等,2017; Zhao Dongfang et al.,2021)。研究区纤维状白云石胶结充填物沿着藻格架孔或窗格孔边缘呈环带状向内生长且广泛分布,具有一向延展性特征,在阴极射线下呈昏暗光或不发光,部分由于藻类参与而发暗红光(图3a、b),与格架孔内壁或藻团块之间不存在其他胶结物,为孔洞中第一世代白云石胶结充填物。
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(2)大气淡水白云石胶结充填物(AFD):在研究区较少见,桐湾运动导致地层暴露地表,表生岩溶作用产生大量溶蚀孔洞并封存大气淡水,在封存淡水流体作用下淡水白云石沉淀,镜下表现为干净明亮,阴极射线下表现为昏暗光(图3a、b),为孔洞中第二世代白云石胶结充填物。
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(3)粉—细晶粒状白云石胶结充填物(CD-Ⅰ):继桐湾运动导致灯影组暴露地表经受淡水淋滤后,灯影组进入埋藏环境,粉—细晶粒状白云石胶结充填物常以粉—细晶粒状形态充填于残余藻格架孔及粒间孔隙中(图3c、e),形成于纤维状白云石胶结充填物及大气淡水白云石胶结充填物之后,阴极射线下这类白云石发昏暗光—暗红光(图3d、f)。这类白云石胶结充填物在原生孔隙和次生孔隙中均较为常见,常发育于颗粒白云岩中,为孔洞中第三世代白云石胶结充填物。
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图2 川中太和气区灯影组二段溶蚀孔洞充填物特征
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Fig.2 Filling material characteristics of dissolution holes in the2nd Member of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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(a)—葡萄状云岩,高家山剖面;(b)—葡萄花边状云岩,葡萄花边构造呈顺层分布,纤维状白云石围绕的格架孔内晶粒白云石胶结充填,高家山剖面;(c)—藻屑云岩,格架孔内多期白云石胶结充填,沥青充填于格架孔中央,蓬探103井,5730.88 m;(d)—砂屑云岩,溶蚀孔洞内见沥青及石英充填,蓬探102井,5881.50 m;(e)—藻屑云岩,发育葡萄花边构造,见石英矿物充填孔洞中央,蓬探101井,5760.16 m;(f)—藻黏结云岩,沥青充填溶孔孔壁,紧邻纤维状白云石,蓬探1井,5774.74 m;(g)—葡萄状云岩,皮壳滑脱圈层见沥青充填,蓬探102井,5868.72 m;(h)—藻凝块云岩,沥青充填于孔洞,呈斑块状,蓬探1井,5790.81 m;(i)—残余砂屑云岩,石英充填溶蚀孔洞,蓬探1井,5740.53 m;Pre—葡萄石;MD—基质;FD—纤维状白云石;CD—结晶白云石;Bit—沥青;Q—石英
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(a) —botryoidal dolomite, Gaojiashan section; (b) —botryoidal-lace dolomite, botryoidal-lace shape structure is stratified distribution, cemented filling of grain dolomite in lattice holes surrounded by fibrous dolomite, Gaojiashan section; (c) —algal doloarenite, multi-stage dolomite cementation is filled in the lattice hole, and asphalt is filled in the center of the lattice hole, well PT103, 5730.88 m; (d) —doloarenite, bitumen and quartz fillin the karst vugs, well PT102, 5881.50 m; (e) —arenite dolomite, develop grape lace structure, quartz minerals fill the center of the hole, well PT101, 5760.16 m; (f) —algae-bonded dolomite, the pore walls are filled with bitumen, which is adjacent to the fibrous dolomite, well PT1, 5774.74 m; (g) —botryoidal dolomite, bitumen fills in crust detachment layer, well PT102, 5868.72 m; (h) —algal clot dolomite, bitumen is filled in patches in holes, well PT1, 5790.81 m; (i) —residual doloarenite, quartz minerals fill in the karst vugs, well PT1, 5740.53 m; Pre—prehnite; MD—matrix dolomite; FD—fibrous dolomite; CD—crystalline dolomite; Bit—bitumen; Q—quartz
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(4)氧化降解沥青(Bit-Ⅰ):该期沥青在研究区内发育较少,一部分呈游离状分布于粉—细晶白云石晶间孔、部分格架孔及粒间(溶)孔孔壁,一部分完全充填于粉—细晶白云石晶间(溶)孔(图3e),部分粒间孔经历早期岩溶,孔内粉细晶白云石被溶蚀,导致沥青紧邻纤维状白云石充填(图2f),后期中—粗晶白云石形成于沥青充填之后,此外在部分葡萄状白云岩中,其皮壳在早期尚未固结成岩,易遭受重力作用发生同生塑性变形产生滑脱构造(彭博,2015),皮壳滑脱层内可见沥青充填(图2g)。该期沥青是早期古油藏因加里东构造抬升运动发生破坏,发生生物降解形成氧化降解沥青(袁海锋等,2014; 沈安江等,2021),指示了第I期古油藏的发育,为孔洞中充填的第Ⅰ期沥青。
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图3 川中太和气区灯影组二段不同期次白云石胶结充填物镜下及阴极发光特征
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Fig.3 Objective and cathodic luminescence characteristics of dolomite cemented filling at different times in the2nd Member of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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(a)、(b)—藻凝块云岩,格架孔中充填的纤维状白云石(FD)及大气淡水白云石(AFD)在阴极射线下为昏暗光,藻类发红光,蓬探101井,5724.41 m,(a)为PPL,(b)为CL;(c)、(d)—藻凝块云岩,藻格架孔内粉—细晶粒状白云石(CD-I)、中晶白云石(CD-II)充填,阴极射线下CD-I为昏暗—暗红光,CD-II为暗红光,蓬探1井,5733.54 m,(c)为PPL,(d)为CL;(e)、(f)—藻屑云岩,充填于粒间孔隙及粒内孔隙的粉—细晶粒状白云石(CD-I)在阴极射线下为暗红光,第Ⅰ期沥青(Bit-I)完全充填粉—细晶白云石晶间孔,蓬探103井,5722.91 m,(e)为PPL,(f)为CL;(g)、(h)—藻凝块云岩,充填格架孔的粗晶白云石(CD-III)在阴极射线下为红光—明亮红光,粗晶白云石晶间孔内斑块状沥青(Bit-II)充填,蓬探103井,5740.18 m,(g)为PPL,(h)为CL;(i)、(j)—藻屑云岩,孔洞中心充填的巨晶-鞍状白云石(CD-IV)在阴极射线下为亮红光,残余孔隙无沥青充填,蓬探103井,5720.47 m,(i)为PPL,(j)为CL;(k)、(l)—藻屑云岩,充填于孔洞中央的石英(Q)在阴极射线下不发光,蓬探1井,5740.53 m,(k)为PPL,(l)为CL;MD—基质;FD—纤维状白云石;AFD—大气淡水白云石;CD-I—粉—细晶白云石;CD-Ⅱ—中晶白云石;CD-Ⅲ—粗晶白云石;CD-Ⅳ—巨晶-鞍状白云石;Bit—沥青;Q—石英
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(a) , (b) —the fibrous dolomite (FD) and atmospheric freshwater dolomite (AFD) filled in the lattice holes are dim light under cathode rays, and algae glow red, well PT101, 5724.41 m, (a) is the plane-polarized light, (b) is the cathodic luminescence; (c) , (d) —algal clot dolomite, the silty-fine grained dolomite (CD-Ⅰ) and medium crystaldolomite (CD-Ⅱ) fills in algal lattice holes, CD-Ⅰ shows dim-dark red light and CD-Ⅱ shows dark red light under cathode rays, well PT1, 5733.54 m, (c) is the plane-polarized light, (d) is the cathodic luminescence; (e) , (f) —algal doloarenite, the silty-fine grained dolomite (CD-Ⅰ) filled in the intergranular pores and the intra-granular poresshows dark red light under cathode rays, theBit-Iis completely filled with inter-crystalline pores of silty-fine dolomite, well PT103, 5722.91 m, (e) is the plane-polarized light, (f) is the cathodic luminescence; (g) , (h) —algal clot dolomite, the coarse crystal dolomite (CD-Ⅲ) filled in the lattice holes is red to bright red under cathode rays, and bitumen (Bit-II) filling in the inter-crystalline pores of coarse dolomite, well PT103, 5740.18 m, (g) is the plane-polarized light, (h) is the cathodic luminescence; (i) , (j) —algal doloarenite, the giant-saddle crystal dolomite (CD-Ⅳ) filled in the center of the hole is bright red under cathode ray, and the residual pores are not filled with bitumen, well PT103, 5720.47 m, (i) is the plane-polarized light, (j) is the cathodic luminescence; (k) , (l) —algal doloarenite, the quartz (Q) filled in the center of the hole does not emit light under cathode rays, well PT1, 5740.53 m, (k) is the plane-polarized light, (l) is the cathodic luminescence; MD—matrix dolomite; FD—fibrous dolomite; AFD—atmospheric freshwater dolomite; CD-I—silty-fine grained dolomite; CD-Ⅱ—medium crystal dolomite; CD-Ⅲ—coarse crystal dolomite; CD-Ⅳ—giant-saddle crystal dolomite; Bit—bitumen; Q—quartz
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(5)中晶白云石胶结充填物(CD-Ⅱ):灯二段因加里东运动抬升剥蚀后,于晚海西期—印支期再次快速沉降,至中埋藏环境,藻凝块云岩、藻屑云岩及砂屑云岩较大的溶蚀孔洞及粒间孔隙中见中晶白云石胶结充填,晶体干净明亮(图3e、g),呈半自形,晶粒大小约0.2~0.5 mm,阴极射线下发暗红光—红光(图3f、h),为孔洞中第四世代白云石胶结充填物。
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(6)粗晶白云石胶结充填物(CD-Ⅲ):印支期灯二段埋深逐渐达到4000 m以上,该深埋藏成岩环境中开始沉淀粗晶白云石胶结充填物,多出现于较大的溶蚀孔洞内(图3g),晶体干净明亮粗大,以半自形—自形为主,阴极射线下发红光—亮红光,部分可见亮红光的白云石环带(图3h),这类白云石胶结充填物晶间残余孔隙常见斑块状沥青充填(图3g),表明粗晶白云石可能形成于深埋藏期有机质成熟-运移阶段,为孔洞中第五世代白云石胶结充填物。
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(7)热裂解沥青(Bit-Ⅱ):研究区白云岩溶蚀孔洞中发育大量固体沥青,主要为油气成藏过程中原油裂解后的产物(刘树根等,2021),这一期沥青广泛发育于灯影组储层,常见于各类型的溶洞、溶缝中,形成时间晚于粗晶白云石充填时间(图2h、图3g),呈斑块状充填于粗晶白云石晶间孔中,为第Ⅱ期古油藏裂解的产物,是研究区孔洞中充填的第Ⅱ期沥青。
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(8)巨晶-鞍状白云石胶结充填物(CD-Ⅳ):巨晶-鞍状白云石胶结充填物多出现于较大的溶蚀孔洞内,洞内较为干净,无沥青充填(图3i),其晶形粗大,多以菱形为主,鞍状白云石则呈马鞍状,于第Ⅱ期古油藏之后形成,为孔洞中第六世代白云石胶结充填物。
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(9)石英(Q)、萤石(F)充填物:石英及萤石矿物主要存在两种产状,一种位于沥青充填之后的残余孔洞中,位于未被沥青及白云石占据的孔洞中央(图3g、h),另一种充填于喜马拉雅期裂缝中,阴极射线下不发光,为孔洞中最晚期充填的矿物,之后不存在其余矿物充填。
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4 胶结充填物地球化学
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4.1 微量元素组成
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原位微量元素分析重点关注了研究区灯二段各类白云石中的Na、K、Fe、Mn、Sr 等元素的含量。分析结果显示基岩及第一世代纤维状白云石具有最高的Na+K含量,平均值分别为267.74×10-6、308.90×10-6(图4a、表1);具有最低的Fe含量及Mn含量;第二世代大气淡水白云石微量元素含量与第一世代纤维状白云石相比,Na+K含量相对降低(平均值91.03×10-6),Fe、Mn含量相对增高(Fe含量平均值115.70×10-6;Mn含量平均值114.80×10-6),为外来淡水流体影响的结果;第三世代粉—细晶粒状白云石Na+K含量与第二世代大气淡水白云石差别不大,Fe、Mn含量相对增加(平均值分别为271.72×10-6、238.41×10-6);第四世代中晶白云石、第五世代粗晶白云石及第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石Fe、Mn含量相对早期白云石显著提高(图4c、d),其埋深逐渐增加,有利于流体中Fe、Mn在白云石中富集(朱东亚等,2012),其中第四世代中晶白云石Fe、Mn含量最高(平均值分别为1544.88×10-6、1213.76×10-6),Fe/Mn值大于2;第五世代粗晶白云石胶结充填物及第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石胶结充填物Fe、Mn含量相对第四世代中晶白云石有所降低,且Fe/Mn值均小于1,与这两期白云石阴极发光呈红色—亮红色情况相吻合,其中第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石胶结充填物Fe含量较粗晶白云石更低,各期白云石胶结物Sr含量差别不大(图4b)。
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4.2 稀土元素组成
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本次研究运用REE+Y配分型式进行判别,并结合前人成果应用(Pr/Pr*)N来反映Ce异常情况,(Pr/Pr*)N>1代表Ce具有负异常,(Pr/Pr*)N<1代表Ce具有正异常(Bau et al.,1996),表2为排除异常值后的各期白云石胶结充填物稀土元素值。研究区白云岩总稀土丰度(ΣREE)范围为0.0069×10-6~4.247×10-6,除个别测试点外,多数样品LaN/SmN<1,LaN/YbN<1,SmN/YbN<1,研究区白云石胶结充填物稀土元素均表现为轻稀土亏损,重稀土元素较中稀土元素更富集。经PAAS标准化后的基岩及第一世代纤维状白云石稀土配分模式始终显示Ce负异常、略微正Gd异常和重稀土富集,δCe<0.95,δPr除个别点外都大于1.05(图5),具有与现代海水相似的稀土配分模式(图6a、b),且Y/Ho值范围为44.55~79.67,接近海水Y/Ho值44~77范围(Su Ao et al.,2022);第二世代淡水白云石及第三世代粉—细晶粒状白云石略微负Ce异常、稀土元素分配模式相对平坦,与河水或孔隙水相似(图6c、d);第四世代中晶白云石、第五世代粗晶白云石及第六世代巨晶白云石存在明显Eu正异常,其成岩流体与热液相关(图6e、f)。
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4.3 流体包裹体
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以储层岩石学及成岩序列的观察为基础,对上述胶结充填的白云石矿物开展了流体包裹体分析测试,测试过程中以白云石产状并参照阴极发光特征,以便将微区元素分析、流体包裹体分析、年代学数据配套解释,相互约束和验证,明确海源流体与非海源流体(大气淡水、热液或含烃流体)以及烃类充注期次。流体包裹体岩相学观察结果表明,第一世代纤维状白云石及第二世代大气淡水白云石矿物仍未脱离沉积环境或处于海平面频繁变化期间,矿物内未见流体包裹体发育;第三世代粉—细晶白云石内发育成带状分布的呈无色—灰色的含烃盐水包裹体及部分深褐色的液烃包裹体(图7a、b),与之共生的盐水包裹体均一温度集中分布在95~98℃区间,平均值96.5℃(图8a),盐度范围22.9%~23.1%NaCleq(图8b-I)该期白云石晶间微缝隙受中-轻质油浸染,显示浅蓝色的荧光(图7c);第四世代中晶白云石内发育呈褐色、深褐色的液烃包裹体(图7d),伴生盐水包裹体均一温度集中分布在106~142℃区间,平均值126.1℃,盐度总体分布在21.3%~23.1%NaCleq区间,部分9.9%~13.5%NaCleq区间(图8b-II);第五世代粗晶白云石内发育液烃及沥青包裹体,少量气烃包裹体(图7e),伴生盐水包裹体均一温度集中分布在128~174℃区间,平均值156.6℃,盐度范围6.0%~23.1%NaCleq(图8b-III),部分晶间微缝隙中充填黑褐色的沥青,显示暗褐色的荧光(图7f);第六世代巨晶白云石内发育带状分布的呈深灰色的气烃包裹体及部分呈深褐色的沥青包裹体(图7g),其伴生盐水包裹体均一温度集中分布在171~202℃区间,平均值187.5℃,盐度范围主要为21.1%~23.0%NaCleq,部分10.6%~11.6%NaCleq(图8b-IV);第七世代石英、萤石矿物内包裹体以气烃包裹体为主,少量沥青包裹体(图7h、i),伴生盐水包裹体均一温度集中分布在180~210℃区间,平均值195.5℃,盐度范围8.1%~11.7%NaCleq,平均值10.0%NaCleq(图8b-V),说明石英、萤石矿物沉淀时间较长。
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图4 川中太和气区灯影组二段基岩与多期白云石胶结充填物原位激光微区微量元素特征
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Fig.4 Characteristics of trace elements in situ laser microzone of bedrock and multistage dolomite cemented backfill in the2nd Member of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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1 —基岩;2—第一世代纤维状白云石;3—第二世代大气淡水白云石;4—第三世代粉—细晶粒状白云石;5—第四世代中晶白云石;6—第五世代粗晶白云石;7—第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石
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1 —bedrock; 2—fibrous dolomite of the first generation; 3—atmospheric freshwater dolomite of the second generation; 4—silty-fine grained dolomite of the third generation; 5—medium crystal dolomite of the fourth generation; 6—coarse crystal dolomite of the fifth generation; 7—giant-saddle crystal dolomite of the sixth generation
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注:表中数据是根据蓬探1井取芯段5727~5791 m岩样原位微区结果总结而来,该实验测试在武汉上谱分析科技有限公司实验室完成。
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注:PT1代表蓬探1井;ZJ2代表中江2井;后太古宙页岩(PAAS)归一化数据引自Mclennan(2001);Ce、Pr异常值计算公式为δCe=Ce/(0.5LaN+0.5PrN),δPr=2Pr/(CeN+NdN),δEu=Eu/(0.67SmN+0.33TbN)。
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图5 川中太和气区灯影组二段基岩及纤维状白云石中的Ce异常识别图(底图引自Bau et al.,1996)
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Fig.5 Ce anomaly identification diagram of the2nd Member of Dengying Formation bedrock and fibrous dolomite in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin (after Bau et al., 1996)
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I—无La及Ce异常;Ⅱ—La正异常,无Ce异常;Ⅲ—La负异常,无Ce异常;Ⅳ—Ce正异常;Ⅴ—Ce负异常
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I—no La and Ce abnormalities; II—positive La anomaly, no Ce anomaly; III—negative La anomaly, no Ce anomaly; IV—positive Ce anomaly; V—negative Ce anomaly
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4.4 白云石原位U-Pb年代学
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对灯二段储层不同世代白云石胶结充填物进行了激光原位U-Pb同位素年龄测试,以便通过白云石形成年龄进一步限定其所代表的成岩环境及成岩流体活动时间,结果如下:第一世代纤维状白云石分别获得541.4±12.8 Ma、532.5±11.4 Ma两组数据(图9a、b),于晚震旦世—早寒武世沉淀,形成时间早。第二世代大气淡水白云石测得507.8±3.4 Ma、501.7±4.7 Ma两组数据(图9c、d),于中晚寒武世沉淀。充填于第Ⅰ期沥青之前的第三世代粉—细晶白云石测得474.5±3.7 Ma一个数据(图9e),形成于中奥陶世。充填于第Ⅱ期沥青之前的第四世代中晶白云石测得262.8±3.4 Ma一个数据(图9f),形成于晚海西期地层快速沉降阶段;本次实验并未获得充填于第Ⅱ期沥青之前的第五世代粗晶白云石及第Ⅱ期古油藏之后形成的第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石的U-Pb同位素年龄,前人测的灯二段代表生烃高峰结束及原油发生裂解的粗晶白云石年龄为246.3±1.5 Ma、216.4±7.7 Ma(沈安江等,2021),对应早—中三叠世,以及代表燕山—喜马拉雅期天然气聚集的晚期巨晶-鞍状白云石年龄为115±69 Ma。
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5 成岩流体特征
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前人对川中地区灯二段成岩流体具有一定研究,但存在争议,仅以岩石学及微量、稀土元素特征表征成岩序列及成岩流体特征相对不够完善。本文基于川中灯二段白云岩样品地球化学资料及岩石学观察,并通过矿物包裹体盐度分析及矿物U-Pb同位素年龄所对应地质时期,探讨了孔洞中多期白云石的成岩序列及地球化学特征,表征了各期充填物沉淀的成岩流体性质(表3)。第一世代纤维状白云石直接沉积于孔洞内壁,具有相对均匀的内部结构和地化特征,说明形成过程相对稳定(Wood et al.,2017)。U-Pb测试年龄最早为541.4±12.8 Ma,与埃迪卡拉纪晚期构造隆升的表生岩溶阶段对应(Su Ao et al.,2022),但其地球化学特征显示为Na、K含量高,Fe、Mn含量低(图4),且阴极射线下显示为不发光—昏暗光,从海水沉淀的白云岩通常Na、K含量较高,而埋藏过程形成的白云岩Na、K含量较低(20×10-6~60×10-6),第一世代纤维状白云石Na+K含量位于230×10-6~500×10-6区间,说明其于超盐度水体中形成且并无外来流体混入(Tucker and Wright,1990)。稀土元素表现为低ΣREE,无Eu异常,Ce负异常,Y正异常特征,与基岩相似,是典型的海水特征(图6a、b),Y/Ho值接近海水的(44~47)范围且明显高于大气淡水(22~35)范围(Su Ao et al.,2022),这些地化特征都指示其成岩流体为海源流体,基于上述特征认为第一世代纤维状白云石形成于埃迪卡拉纪晚期海底环境且形成环境盐度较高(Alibo et al.,1999),白云石化流体为早期海源流体。
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图6 川中太和气区灯影组二段各类白云石REE+Y元素 PAAS 标准化配分模式图
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Fig.6 PAAS-normalized REE+Y distribution patterns of various dolomites in the2nd Member of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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(a)—自然界各类成岩流体(据赵彦彦等,2019);(b)—基岩与第一世代纤维状白云石;(c)—第二世代大气淡水白云石;(d)—第三世代粉—细晶粒状白云石;(e)—第四世代中晶白云石;(f)—第五世代粗晶白云石及第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石
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(a) —various diagenetic fluids in nature (after Zhao Yanyan et al., 2019) ; (b) —bedrock and fibrous dolomite of the first generation; (c) —atmospheric freshwater dolomite of the second generation; (d) —silty-fine grained dolomite of the third generation; (e) —medium crystal dolomite of the fourth generation; (f) —coarse crystal dolomite of fifth-generation and giant-saddle crystal dolomite of sixth-generation
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图7 川中太和气区灯二段不同期次充填物中的流体包裹体特征
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Fig.7 Characteristics of fluid inclusions in fillings at different times in the2nd Member of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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(a)—第三世代细晶白云石矿物内成群分布、呈无色—灰色的含烃盐水包裹体,蓬探1井,5732.80 m;(b)—第三世代粉—细晶白云石晶粒内成群分布、呈无色—灰色的含烃盐水包裹体,蓬探1井,5776.64 m;(c)—第三世代白云石晶间微缝隙受中-轻质油浸染,显示浅蓝色的荧光,蓬探1井,5790.81 m;(d)—第四世代白云石矿物内成群分布呈深褐色的液态烃包裹体,蓬探101井,5724.42 m;(e)—溶洞中充填的第五世代粗晶白云石矿物内成群分布、呈深褐色的富沥青(液态烃)包裹体,蓬探101井,5738.87 m;(f)—缝洞晚期充填的第五世代粗晶白云石部分晶间微缝隙中含轻质油和沥青,轻质油显示浅蓝色的荧光,沥青显示暗褐色的荧光,蓬探102井,5882.24 m;(g)—缝洞晚期充填的第六世代巨晶白云石成带状分布的呈深灰色的气烃包裹体及呈深褐色的沥青包裹体,蓬探1井,5776.65 m;(h)—第七世代萤石矿物内成群分布的呈无色—灰色的含烃盐水包裹体及呈深灰色的气烃包裹体,蓬探102井,5864.22 m;(i)—缝洞晚期充填的第七世代石英矿物内成群分布的呈深灰色的气烃包裹体,蓬探101井,5745.19 m
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(a) —colorless gray hydrocarbon saline inclusions distributed in groups within fine crystal dolomite minerals of the third generation, well PT1, 5732.80 m; (b) —colorless and gray hydrocarbon saline inclusions are distributed in groups within silty-fine crystal dolomite of the third generation, well PT1, 5776.64 m; (c) —the micro-crevices between crystals of dolomite of the third generation are impregnated with medium-light oil and show light blue fluorescence, well PT1, 5790.81 m; (d) —dark brown liquid hydrocarbon inclusions are distributed in dolomite minerals of the fourth generation, well PT101, 5724.42 m; (e) —dark brown bitumen-rich (liquid hydrocarbon) inclusions are distributed in coarse crystal dolomite minerals of the fifth generation in the vug, well PT101, 5738.87 m; (f) —coarse crystal dolomite of the fifth generation filled in the late fracture-cave stage contains light oil and bitumen in the inter-crystalline micro-crevices, the light oil shows light blue fluorescence, while the bitumen shows dark brown fluorescence, well PT102, 5882.24 m; (g) —giant crystal dolomite of the sixth generation filled in the late fracture-cave is banded with dark gray gas-hydrocarbon inclusions and dark brown asphalt inclusions, well PT1, 5776.65 m; (h) —colorless gray hydrocarbon-containing saline inclusions and dark gray gas-hydrocarbon inclusions are distributed in groups within fluorite minerals of the seventh generation, well PT102, 5864.22 m; (i) —dark gray gas-hydrocarbon inclusions distributed in groups within quartz mineral of the seventh generation filled in the late fracture-cave period, well PT101, 5745.19 m
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图8 川中太和气区灯影组二段不同期次白云石包裹体均一温度及盐度直方图
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Fig.8 Histogram of homogenization temperature and salinity of dolomite inclusions at different times in the2nd Member of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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(a)—不同期次矿物包裹体均一温度图;(b)—不同期次矿物均一温度及盐度关系图:Ⅰ—粉—细晶粒状白云石盐度范围;Ⅱ—中晶白云石盐度范围;Ⅲ—粗晶白云石盐度范围;Ⅳ—巨晶-鞍状白云石盐度范围;Ⅴ—石英、萤石矿物盐度范围;1—第三世代粉—细晶白云石;2—第四世代中晶白云石;3—第五世代粗晶白云石;4—第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石;5—第七世代石英、萤石矿物
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(a) —homogenization temperature of mineral inclusions at different times; (b) —relationship diagram of mineral homogenization temperature and salinity at different times:Ⅰ—salinity range of silty-fine grained dolomite; Ⅱ—salinity range of medium crystal dolomite; Ⅲ—salinity range of coarse crystal dolomite; Ⅳ—salinity range of giant-saddle crystal dolomite; Ⅴ—salinity range of quartz and fluorite; 1—silty-fine grained dolomite of the third generation; 2—medium crystal dolomite of the fourth generation; 3—coarse crystal dolomite of the fifth generation; 4—giant-saddle crystal dolomite of the sixth generation; 5—quartz and fluorite of the seventh generation
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第二世代淡水白云石Na、K含量相对第一世代纤维状白云石降低以及Fe、Mn含量略微增高,结合其U-Pb同位素年龄507.8±3.4 Ma及501.7±4.7 Ma,其形成可能与灯影组桐湾运动导致的暴露、遭受大气淡水淋滤有关,淡水流体的混入使其Fe、Mn含量增高。此外Ce轻微负异常,较平坦的REE+Y模式与河水或孔隙水相似(图6a、c),综上认为其形成于近地表成岩环境,成岩流体为淡水及正常海水混合流体,淡水流体成分相对较高;第三世代粉—细晶粒状白云石微量元素与淡水白云石较为一致,稀土配分模式与孔隙水类似,但并无Eu正异常(图6a、d)。U-Pb年龄测试为474.5±3.7 Ma,对应奥陶纪,为地层稳定沉降阶段,说明其成岩环境也为近地表浅埋藏环境。该期白云石低成熟有机质包裹体较发育,与其共生的盐水包裹体盐度较高(图8b-Ⅰ),远高于正常海水盐度(Hohl et al.,2015),从地质历史时期来看,并不存在与热液相关的构造运动,说明其高盐度可能为局限环境下沉淀的结果,综合推断第三世代白云石成岩流体主要以早期孔隙内封存的海水为主并混入部分淡水流体。
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第四世代中晶白云石及第五世代粗晶白云石 Fe、Mn含量相对前三世代白云石显著增高(图4、图10),这两期白云石形成于晚印支期—海西期快速沉降阶段,一方面可能是加里东运动导致地层抬升过程中受碎屑岩层影响(Azmy et al.,2001),从而外来Fe、Mn混入,另一方面Fe、Mn含量随埋深增大而富集(朱东亚等,2012),从阴极发光特征看,第五世代粗晶白云石发光强度较高,与其Fe/Mn小于1相吻合,代表该期白云石沉淀期间存在Fe2+消耗,包裹体分析发现其内液态烃包裹体发育,说明可能是烃类的侵入及硫酸盐热还原反应(TSR)导致Fe2+消耗。这两期白云石稀土元素表现为高ΣREE,明显Eu正异常特征(图6e、f),是热液流体稀土元素具备的典型特征(赵彦彦等,2019)。依据前人对四川盆地构造史研究,晚二叠世峨眉地幔柱隆升,峨眉山玄武岩喷发(罗志立等,1988),研究区因东吴运动扩展且快速沉降,强烈伸展构造导致大型基底拉张性断层的形成,二叠纪火山活动相关的热液流体随断层通道上涌(蒋裕强等,2017; Su Ao et al.,2022),带入大量具有强烈化学活性的组分如CO2、H2S、SO2,使第四世代及第五世代白云石包裹体温度、盐度大大提高(Davies et al.,2006),此外,混入地层的热液流体通常具有超过该地层的环境温度(White,1957),假设古地温梯度为30℃/km,地表温度为20℃,则中晶白云石包裹体温度将对应于2.87~4.07 km,显然与U-Pb年龄和埋藏史曲线计算的估计深度(1.5~2.8 km)矛盾,进一步说明受到深部热液流体影响,而其中的低盐度包裹体可能为该期白云石继承了早期残余海水特征(图8b-Ⅱ、Ⅲ)。综上推断第四世代中晶白云石及第五世代粗晶白云石成岩流体为早期密封海水和后期形成的热液流体的混合物。
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图9 川中太和气区灯影组二段各期次白云石矿物激光原位U-Pb同位素年龄
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Fig.9 Laser in situ U-Pb isotopic ages of dolomite minerals from the 2nd Member of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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(a)—第一世代纤维状白云石U-Pb同位素年龄为541.4±12.8 Ma,蓬探1井,5789.31 m;(b)—第一世代纤维状白云石U-Pb同位素年龄为532.5±11.4 Ma,蓬探1井,5742.04 m;(c)—第二世代大气淡水白云石U-Pb同位素年龄为507.8±3.4 Ma,蓬探101井,5771.97 m;(d)—第二世代大气淡水白云石U-Pb同位素年龄为501.7±4.7 Ma,蓬探101井,5724.42 m;(e)—第三世代粉—细晶白云石U-Pb同位素年龄为474.5±3.7 Ma,蓬探1井,5788.21 m;(f)—第四世代中晶白云石U-Pb同位素年龄为262.8±3.4 Ma,蓬探101井,5724.40 m
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(a) —U-Pb isotopic age of fibrous dolomite of the first generation is 541.4±12.8 Ma, well PT1, 5789.31 m; (b) —U-Pb isotopic age of fibrous dolomite of the first generation is 532.5±11.4 Ma, well PT1, 5742.04 m; (c) —U-Pb isotopic age of atmospheric freshwater dolomite of the second generation is 507.8±3.4 Ma, well PT101, 5771.97 m; (d) —U-Pb isotopic age of atmospheric freshwater dolomite of the second generation is 501.7±4.7 Ma, well PT101, 5724.42 m; (e) —U-Pb isotopic age of silty-fine crystal dolomite of the third generation is 474.5±3.7 Ma, well PT101, 5788.21 m; (f) —U-Pb isotopic age of medium crystal dolomite of the fourth generation is 262.8±3.4 Ma, well PT101, 5724.40 m
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第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石稀土元素存在明显Eu正异常特征(图6f),说明其沉淀与热液流体相关。其阴极发光显示为红光,与其具有高Mn、相对较低Fe含量的微量元素特征一致(图10)。U-Pb同位素年龄为115±69 Ma,误差较大,但仍可指示其沉淀于深埋藏成岩环境中,受喜马拉雅构造运动影响,深部热液流体沿裂缝通道向上流动,第七世代晚期石英、萤石矿物相继沉淀,成岩流体呈酸性、还原性(王国芝等,2014),一方面酸性流体溶解作用导致Fe、Na、K等组分被消耗;另一方面,构造抬升打破了原有深埋藏的“封闭地层流体系统”,使得巨晶-鞍形白云石、石英及萤石矿物内气态烃、富沥青包裹体共生的盐水包裹体盐度相对下降,但仍处于高温热液流体影响下,表现出“高温中低盐度特征”(图8b-Ⅳ、Ⅴ)(Chen Chao et al.,2020),综合认为第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石及第七世代石英、萤石矿物成岩流体可能为深部高温热液相关的酸性、还原性流体。
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图10 川中太和气区灯二段不同世代白云石胶结充填物Fe与Mn含量对比图
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Fig.10 Comparison of Fe and Mn contents of dolomite cemented backfill of different generations in the2nd Member of Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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1 —基岩;2—第一世代纤维状白云石;3—第二世代大气淡水白云石;4—第三世代粉—细晶粒状白云石;5—第四世代中晶白云石;6—第五世代粗晶白云石;7—第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石
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1 —bedrock; 2—fibrous dolomite of the first generation; 3—atmospheric freshwater dolomite of the second generation; 4—silty-fine grained dolomite of the third generation; 5—medium crystal dolomite of the fourth generation; 6—coarse crystal dolomite of the fifth generation; 7—giant-saddle crystal dolomite of the sixthgeneration
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6 成岩演化及油气成藏历史
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前人对川中地区灯影组油气成藏史虽有较多认识,但对其油气充注及原油裂解时间具有较大争议,因此本文在前人认识基础上结合成岩序列、包裹体分析及矿物U-Pb同位素年龄,分析了川中地区灯二段油气成藏史及成岩演化特征。研究区震旦系灯二段沉积时期,地层整体处于海水沉积环境,早期孔隙内第一世代纤维状白云石沉淀,后经桐湾运动暴露地表,遭受淡水淋滤,淡水流体促使白云岩形成大量溶蚀孔洞,加里东期地层开始沉降进入浅埋藏环境,该过程中淡水流体与早期海水混合促使第二世代淡水白云石及第三世代粉—细晶白云石胶结充填。
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灯二段第Ⅰ期古油藏成藏事件被第三世代粉—细晶白云石所记录,该期白云石形成时间为474.5±3.7 Ma,于中奥陶世沉淀,对应加里东期地层稳定沉降阶段,该阶段灯影组埋深达到2000~3000 m,烃源岩Ro>0.5%,地温达到80~95℃左右(图11),寒武系烃源岩已具备生烃条件并开始生烃(袁海锋等,2014),第I期原油开始充注白云岩孔洞,结合前人对北斜坡灯影组油气充注具有多阶段、准连续充注特点的认识(魏国齐等,2022a),并通过包裹体分析可知该期白云石内捕获少量的均一温度低于100℃的包裹体,志留纪末的加里东运动及之后的海西运动使地层隆升剥蚀形成的充填于第三世代粉—细晶白云石晶间孔的生物降解沥青证实存在第Ⅰ期古油藏,据此推测该期白云石捕获的包裹体处于有机质低成熟阶段。
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灯二段第Ⅱ期古油藏成藏事件被第四世代中晶白云石及部分第五世代粗晶白云石所记录,形成于晚二叠世—中三叠世,对应晚海西期及早印支期地层快速沉降时期,灯二段埋深及地温迅速增加,至中三叠世埋深可达4800 m,烃源岩Ro可达1.0%,寒武系烃源岩二次生烃且逐渐进入成熟阶段,第Ⅱ期原油充注白云岩晶间孔洞并于中晚二叠世—中三叠世形成大型古油藏,并伴随有机流体活动,第四世代中晶白云石及第五世代粗晶白云石内发育丰富的液态烃包裹体,共生盐水包裹体均一温度在106~142℃之间(图8a),代表了第Ⅱ期古油藏成藏温度。
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灯二段第Ⅲ期古油气藏成藏事件被部分第五世代粗晶白云石及第Ⅱ期沥青所记录,以216.4±7.7 Ma(晚三叠世)的第五世代粗晶白云石沉淀标志着生排烃高峰和成藏高峰期的结束以及原油裂解开始,并持续到中侏罗世(沈安江等,2021; 魏国齐等,2022a),该阶段沉淀的第五世代粗晶白云石内发育丰富的沥青包裹体及少量气烃包裹体,其共生盐水包裹体均一温度为145~174℃,处于原油裂解温度区间,标志着古油藏原油已开始裂解(Pepper et al.,1995)。随着天然气的充注,第Ⅱ期古油藏的液态烃逐渐向气态烃转变,并裂解形成第Ⅱ期斑块状沥青充填于第五世代粗晶白云石晶间孔。该阶段印支运动导致川中地层由海相转为陆相沉积,使灯影组迅速埋藏,增温速率快,从而发生原油裂解(沈安江等,2021; 刘树根等,2021),此外该时期受峨眉地裂运动影响,深部热液流体参与第五世代粗晶白云石沉淀,原油也可通过热液流体活动进一步转化为固体沥青(Su Ao et al.,2022; Zhu Lianqiang et al.,2022)。
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图11 川中太和气区震旦系灯影组构造埋藏史、热演化史及油气成藏综合模式图
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Fig.11 Comprehensive model of structural burial history, thermal evolution history and hydrocarbon accumulation of Sinian Dengying Formation in the Taihe gas area of central Sichuan basin
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灯二段第Ⅳ期古气藏成藏事件被第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石所记录,该期白云石沉淀于第Ⅱ期沥青之后,其年龄数据误差较大,但总体形成于中晚侏罗世—白垩纪时期,其内发育丰富的气态烃包裹体及少量富沥青包裹体,共生盐水包裹体均一温度为171~202℃,此时灯影组埋深达到6000~8000 m,灯影组温度接近200℃,寒武系烃源岩已达过成熟,直接生成干气,形成第Ⅳ期古气藏。
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灯二段第Ⅴ期天然气藏成藏事件被晚于第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石充填的第七世代石英、萤石矿物所记录,该期矿物内发育丰富的气烃包裹体,共生盐水包裹体均一温度分布在180~210℃之间,反映石英、萤石矿物沉淀周期长,代表了晚白垩世—现今的天然气调整、定型。
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7 结论
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(1)根据川中太和气区灯影组二段藻白云岩储层孔洞胶结充填物的形态、阴极发光特征等,识别出相对完整的矿物充填期次:第一世代纤维状白云石胶结充填物→第二世代大气淡水白云石胶结充填物→第三世代粉—细晶粒状白云石胶结充填物→第Ⅰ期氧化降解沥青→第四世代中晶白云石胶结充填物→第五世代粗晶白云石胶结充填物→第Ⅱ期热裂解沥青→第六世代巨晶-鞍状白云石胶结充填物→第七世代石英、萤石矿物。
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(2)原位分析结果表明研究区胶结充填成岩流体可分为四类:① 高Na、K,低Fe、Mn含量,负Ce异常,稀土配分模式与海水稀土特征相似指示成岩流体为海水;② 低Na、K含量,Ce轻微负异常或无异常,较平坦的REE模式指示海水与下渗淡水混合流体;③ 高Fe、Mn含量,高ΣREE,Eu正异常,U-Pb同位素年龄显示晚二叠世—中三叠世,指示二叠纪岩浆热液流体;④ 高Mn含量,高ΣREE,Eu正异常,且U-Pb年龄显示燕山—喜马拉雅期,推测为与深部高温热液相关的酸性、还原性流体。
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(3)依据矿物充填序列、流体包裹体特征及均一温度,结合白云石U-Pb年代学特征,厘定了灯二段油气成藏历史及时间:① 中奥陶世—晚志留世的第Ⅰ期古油藏形成阶段;② 海西期古油藏破坏阶段,形成氧化降解沥青;③ 中晚二叠世—中三叠世的第Ⅱ期古油藏再次形成阶段,液态烃聚集;④ 晚三叠世—中侏罗世第Ⅲ期古油藏裂解成气阶段,气态烃开始聚集并产生热裂解沥青;⑤ 晚侏罗世—白垩纪第Ⅳ期古气藏形成阶段,主要生成干气;⑥ 晚白垩世至今,地层隆升剥蚀,第Ⅴ期天然气藏重新聚集、调整定型。
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摘要
川中地区震旦系灯影组四段已获得巨大勘探突破,太和含气区灯二段目前也已展示出较大勘探潜力。但灯二段储层时代老、埋深大、成岩演化历史长,经历了多期次构造运动,储层中矿物胶结充填期次复杂,成岩演化与油气充注关系不清,一定程度上制约了灯二段油气勘探。本文基于岩石组构分析,利用阴极发光、原位微区分析、流体包裹体及白云石U-Pb年代学等方法厘定了川中太和气区灯二段储层成岩序列,明确了不同期次白云石胶结充填物的成岩环境、成岩流体特征、形成时间及代表的油气充注事件,明确了其油气地质意义及灯二段油气成藏历史。研究表明区内灯二段储层孔洞中沥青及胶结充填物的成岩序列为:第一世代海底环境纤维状白云石→第二世代表生成岩环境大气淡水白云石→第三世代浅埋藏环境粉—细晶粒状白云石→第Ⅰ期氧化降解沥青→第四世代中埋藏环境中晶白云石→第五世代深埋藏环境粗晶白云石→第Ⅱ期热裂解沥青→第六世代深埋藏环境巨晶-鞍状白云石→第七世代抬升埋藏环境石英、萤石等矿物。主要反映了四种不同类型的成岩流体特点:① 具有高Na、K含量,低Fe、Mn含量,负Ce异常,Y正异常特征的高盐度海源流体;② 具有较低Fe、Mn含量,平缓REE模式,无Eu异常特征的淡水与残余海水的混合流体;③ 具有高Fe、Mn含量,Eu明显正异常特征的高温热液流体与早期海水的混合流体;④ 具有高Mn含量,Fe/Mn<1,HREE较富集,Eu正异常特征且自生石英、萤石矿物沉淀的深部与高温热液相关的酸性、还原性流体。不同世代矿物的充填关系、流体包裹体相态、均一温度以及白云石U-Pb年代学分析表明,开始发育含烃包裹体的第三世代粉—细晶白云石与形成于加里东运动导致的构造隆升期的第Ⅰ期沥青分别记录了加里东期古油藏的形成及破坏;第四世代中晶白云石及第五世代粗晶白云石记录了印支期古油藏的形成,部分第五世代粗晶白云石及第Ⅱ期沥青记录了印支期古油藏裂解事件;第六世代巨晶-鞍形白云石及第七世代石英、萤石等矿物记录了古干气藏形成及气藏形成、调整和定型的成藏事件。
Abstract
Great exploration breakthrough has been achieved in the fourth Member of the Sinian Dengying Formation in central Sichuan.The 2nd Member of the Sinian Dengying Formation in Taihe gas-bearing area has also shown great exploration potential. However,the reservoir of the 2nd Member of the Dengying Formation has the characteristics of old age, large burialdepth, long diagenetic evolution history, and has experienced multiple tectonic movements; the mineral cementation filling periods in the reservoir are complicated, and the characteristics of diagenetic fluids are unclear. All of these limit oil and gas exploration in the 2nd Member of the Dengying Formation reservoir to a certain extent. Based on the rock texture analysis, this paper uses cathode-luminescence, in situ microzone analysis, fluid inclusion and dolomite U-Pb chronology to determine the diagenetic sequence of the 2nd Member of the Dengying Formation in Taihe gas area, its diagenetic environment and diagenetic fluid characteristics. The formation time and representative oil-gas charging events of dolomite cemented backfill at different times,as well as its geological significance and hydrocarbon accumulation history are clarified. The results show that the diagenetic sequence of bitumen and fillings in the reservoir pores of the 2nd Member of the Dengying Formation in the study area are as follows: fibrous dolomite of the first generation in the submarine environment→atmospheric freshwater dolomite of the second generation in the epidiagenetic environment→silty-fine grained dolomite of the third generation in the shallow-burial environment→oxidized degradation bitumen of the first stage→medium crystal dolomite of the fourth generation in the moderate burial environment→coarse crystal dolomite of the fifth generation in the deep-burial environment→thermally cracked bitumen of the second stage→giant-saddle crystal dolomite of the sixth generation in the deep-burial environment→quartz and fluorite of the seventh generation in the uplifting burial environment. Thesemainly reflect the characteristics of four different types of diagenetic fluids: ① high salinity source fluids with high Na, K, low Fe, Mn content, negative Ce anomaly and positive Y anomaly; ② the mixed fluids of fresh water and residual seawater have the characteristics of low Fe and Mn content, and gentle REE pattern; ③ the mixed fluids of high-temperature hydrothermal fluids and early seawater have high Fe, Mn content and Eu positive anomalies; ④ deep acidic and reducing fluids associated with high-temperature hydrothermal fluids are characterized by high Mn content, Fe/Mn<1, high HREE enrichment, positive Eu anomaly, and authigenic quartz and fluorite mineral precipitation. The filling relationship, fluid inclusion phase, homogenization temperature and U-Pb chronology of dolomite showed that the formation and destruction of Caledonian paleo-oil reservoir were recorded respectively by siltyine grained dolomite of the third generation which began to develop hydrocarbon inclusions and the first stage of bitumen which was formed in the Caledonian tectonic uplift period; medium crystal dolomite of the fourth generation and coarse crystal dolomite of the fifth generation recorded the formation of ancient oil reservoir in Indo-China period; part of the coarse crystal dolomite of the fifth generation and bitumen of the second stage recorded the cracking event of ancient oil reservoir in Indo-China period; the giant-saddle crystal dolomite of the sixth-generation and the quartz, fluorite and other minerals of the seventh-generation record the accumulation events of paleo-dry gas reservoir formation→gas reservoir formation, adjustment and finalization.
