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白垩纪生态环境的研究对现如今构造环境格局的形成与演化具有重要的指示意义,其全球海平面、温室气体二氧化碳及平均温度均高于现在,被认为是距今最近、跨度时间最长的典型“温室地球”时期(Haq et al.,1987; Stoll et al.,1996; Herman et al.,1996; Berner et al.,2001; Miller et al.,2005; Keller,2008; Sames et al.,2016; Wendler et al.,2016; Ray et al.,2019)。随着二连盆地一系列砂岩型铀矿勘查开发(曾庆录等,1994; 凡秀君等,2008; 岳淑娟,2011; Bonnetti et al.,2015; 韩效忠等,2017; 康世虎等,2017; 蒋喆等,2020; Nie Fengjun et al.,2020; 杨崇根,2021; Lu Mei et al.,2021),对含矿地层时代、地层格架厘定、物源分析、沉积体系及沉积古地理环境的研究日益重视(高红灿等,2018; 魏巍等,2018; 杨喆等,2018; 东艳等,2020; 刘持恒,2020; 俞礽安等,2020; 曹兰柱等,2022; 秦彦伟,2022; 任祎等,2022; 王伟,2022)。由于气候带和气候条件对植物生长及分布具有十分重要的控制作用,且不同时代具有不同的植物类型,孢粉能够反映母体植物的许多重要属性特征,其种属组成能够代表陆相古植物群落的组合特征,加之其产量大、分布广、耐腐蚀,易于在沉积物中保存,常被用于恢复古植被演替,并作为重建古气候、研究气候变化的代用指标(秦锋等,2013)。二连盆地及周边沉积盆地作为白垩纪陆相沉积地层发育地区,含有大量的古生物化石,不仅是研究白垩纪陆地气候与生物演化的重要地区,而且为研究沉积古地理环境提供了重要地质记录。前人在二连盆地中东部开展了大量的孢粉学研究(王从风等,1981; 赵传本,1985; 花如洪,1991; 凡秀君等,2008; 丁秋红等,2010; 刘璐等,2013; 东艳等,2020),而西部川井坳陷的相关研究仍较为薄弱。本文以川井坳陷准嘎顺一带砂岩型铀矿含矿地层为研究对象,通过孢粉化石的属种类型和生物年代学分析,为研究二连盆地下白垩统提供了可靠的孢粉地质学资料,对探讨该地区早白垩世植被类型和古气候演化趋势和生物地层对比具有十分重要的意义。
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1 地质概况
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二连盆地位于内蒙古中部,东南侧以大兴安岭隆起和温都尔庙隆起为界,西北侧以巴音宝力格隆起和索伦山隆起为界,呈北东向展布。在三叠纪区域性挤压隆起的背景上,二连盆地经历了初始拉张裂陷、强烈拉张深陷以及后裂谷阶段,造就了现今总体呈北东向的“两盆夹一岭”基本构造格局,以中部苏尼特隆起为界,北西部包括马尼特坳陷、乌兰察布坳陷和川井坳陷,南东部包括腾格尔坳陷和乌尼特坳陷,总面积为10.9×104 km2,是中国北方重要的砂岩型铀矿勘查区块。准嘎顺一带砂岩型铀矿位于川井坳陷的白音查干凹陷,呈北东向展布,宽15~28 km,长约150 km(图1)。本次研究区位于白音查干凹陷东北部,区内白垩纪地层主要为下白垩统白彦花组(K1b)和上白垩统二连组(K2e),其中白彦花组上部及二连组下部是主要含铀层位。
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2 样品采集与分析方法
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本次研究的孢粉化石样品采自巴音乌兰苏木准嘎顺一带的3个钻孔岩芯(钻孔编号分别为1ZK0003、1ZK0002和1ZK0801),岩性主要是灰色泥岩、灰色炭质泥岩、灰黑色泥岩、灰黑色煤层,共采集样品5件,分别为BF002(钻孔1ZK0002岩芯的165.97~167.87 m段,含矿砂岩下部灰黑色泥岩)、BF003(钻孔1ZK0003岩芯的86.37~90.07 m段,含矿砂岩的上部灰色炭质泥岩)、HS0801-1(钻孔1ZK0801岩芯的151.47~153.17 m段,煤层上部灰色泥岩层顶部)、BF0801-1(钻孔1ZK0801岩芯的153.17~154.47 m段,煤层上部灰色泥岩层底部)、BF0801-2(钻孔1ZK0801岩芯的176.47~179.17 m段,灰黑色煤层)(图2a)。孢粉由吉林大学古生物学与地层学研究中心张淑琴研究员、孙春林教授鉴定。每个样品取过筛干样品100克,进行盐酸、氢氟酸、氢氧化钾、盐酸等实验室分析处理,用筛选法将样品中的孢粉化石集中,制2个固定片在生物显微镜下鉴定。
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图1 川井坳陷地质简图
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Fig.1 Geological sketch of Chuanjing depression
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(a)—早白垩世中晚期古地理图(据Zhang Kun et al.,2022);(b)—二连盆地构造分区图(据聂逢君等,2015; 李伟涛等,2020修改);(c)—地质简图(据贾和义等,2003❶; 孙立新等,2013; 李钢柱等,2016❷; 彭云彪等,2018; 滕飞等,2019修改)
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(a) —paleogeographic map of middle and late period of Early Cretaceous, cited from Zhang Kun et al., 2022; (b) —tectonic division of Erlian basin, modified from Nie Fengjun et al., 2015; Li Weitao et al., 2020; (c) —geological sketch of Chuanjing depression, modified from Jia Heyi et al., 2003❶; Sun Lixin et al., 2013; Li Gangzhu et al., 2016❷; Peng Yunbiao et al., 2018; Teng Fei et al., 2019
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碎屑锆石样品TW0003-1采集于钻孔1ZK0003岩芯,位于孢粉样品BF003下部(图2a),岩性为灰色含砾砂岩,锆石单矿物挑选、制靶、照相及LA-ICP-MS法锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素年龄测试均在中国冶金地质总局山东局测试中心实验室完成。采用GeoLasPro 193 nm ArF准分子激光剥蚀系统和ThermoFisher公司iCAPQ电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定。采用标准锆石91500作为外标,元素测量值校正采用NIST SRM 610作外标,29Si作内标,具体实验环境、实验步骤参考李凤春等(2016)进行。数据处理采用ICP MS Date Cal4.3(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2008),利用Andersen(2002)软件进行普通Pb校正,锆石年龄直方图采用ISOPLOT3.0(Ludwig,2003)。
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3 分析结果
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3.1 孢粉组合特征
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5 件样品内含有丰富的孢粉化石(表1、图2b、图3、图4),具有无突肋纹孢属-桫椤孢属-单、双束松粉属-克拉梭粉属组合(Cicatricosisporites-Cyathidites-Abietineaepollenites-Pinuspollenites-Classopollis)的特征,含有相当数量的雏球粉属(Psophosphaera),具体特征如下:
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(1)裸子植物花粉占优势,合计19属、33种,含量为59.69%~72.08%; 蕨类植物孢子次之,合计15属、27种,含量为27.92%~40.31%; 未见被子植物花粉(图2c)。
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图2 二连盆地川井坳陷准噶顺地区钻孔岩石地层对比(a)与孢粉化石统计分析图(b)
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Fig.2 The lithostratigraphic correlation of boreholes (a) and statistical analysis of sporo-pollen (b) , Zhungashun area in the Chuanjing depression, Erlian basin
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图3 二连盆地川井坳陷准噶顺地区白彦花组蕨类植物孢子化石主要类型
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Fig.3 Major pteridophyte fossil spore types of Baiyanhua Formation in Zhungashun area of Chuanjing depression, Erlian basin
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①—三角锥刺孢未定种; 2—圆形粒面孢未定种; 3—小托第蕨孢; 4—最大圆形细刺孢; 5—奇异金毛狗孢; 6—截形金毛狗孢; 7—威氏紫萁孢; 8—小紫萁孢; 9—紫萁孢未定种; 10—高山紫萁孢; 11—华丽紫萁孢; 12—拟套环孢未定种; 13—澳洲无突肋纹孢; 14—秀氏无突肋纹孢; 15—小无突肋纹孢; 16—无突肋纹孢未定种; 17—里白孢未定种; 18—直光面三缝孢; 19—薄光面三缝孢; 20—光面三缝孢未定种; 21—海金沙孢未定种; 22—纤细新叉瘤孢; 23—小桫椤孢; 24—桫椤孢未定种; 25—弓形三角孢; 26—三角孢未定种; 27—三角块瘤孢未定种(化石鉴定及命名参照宋之琛等,2000)
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1 —Lophotriletes sp.; 2—Cyclogranisporites sp.; 3—Todisporites minor; 4—Apiculatasporites maximus; 5—Cibotiumspora paradoxa; 6—Cibotiumspora truncata; 7—Osmundacidites wellmanii; 8—Osmundacidites parvus; 9—Osmundacidites sp.; 10—Osmundacidites alpinus; 11—Osmundacidites elegans; 12—Densoisporites sp.; 13—Cicatricosisporites australiensis; 14—Cicatricosisporites sewardi; 15—Cicatricosisporites minor; 16—Cicatricosisporites sp.; 17—Gleicheniidites sp.; 18—Leiotriletes directus; 19—Leiotriletes delicatus; 20—Leiotriletes sp.; 21—Lygodiumsporites sp.; 22—Neoraistrickia gracilis; 23—Cyathidites minor; 24—Cyathidites sp.; 25—Deltoidospora convexa; 26—Deltoidospora sp.; 27—Converrucosisporites sp. (fossils identification refers to Song Zhichen et al., 2000)
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(2)裸子植物花粉中含量最高的是雏球粉属(Psophosphaera)(0~22.45%),其次是云杉粉属(Piceaepollenites)(0~13.07%)、克拉梭粉属(Classopollis)(0~19.43%)、双束松粉属(Pinuspollenites)(0~14.84%)、单束松粉属(Abietineaepollenites)(0~20.39%)、苏铁粉属(Cycadopites)(0~10.95%),破隙杉粉属(Taxodiaceaepollenites)(0~14.86%)、同心粉属(Concentrisporites)(0~13.58%),其中云杉粉属(Piceaepollenites)主要为扁平云杉粉(P. complanatiformis)、细微云杉粉(P. exilioides)、多云云杉粉(P. multigrumus),克拉梭粉属(Classopollis)主要为小克拉梭粉(C. minor)、克拉梭克拉梭粉(C. classoides)、环圈克拉梭粉(C. annulatus)、精美克拉梭粉(C. philosophus)、粒纹克拉梭粉(C. granulatus),双束松粉属(Pinuspollenites)为小双束松粉(P. minutus)和玻诺双束松粉(P. pernobilis),单束松粉属(Abietineaepollenites)为小单束松粉(A. minimus)和分离单束松粉(A. dividuus),苏铁粉属(Cycadopites)为粗糙苏铁粉(C. scabratus)、卡城苏铁粉(C. carpentieti)、亚颗粒苏铁粉(C. subgranulosus)、典型苏铁粉(C. typicus)、巴姆苏铁粉(C. balmei); 含有一定数量的短单沟粉属(Brevimonosulcites)、罗汉松粉属(Podocarpidites)、原始松柏粉属(Protoconiferus)、原始云杉粉(Protopicea)等。
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(3)蕨类孢子中含量最高的是桫椤孢属(Cyathidites)(7.89%~18.57%),以小桫椤孢(Cyathidites minor Couper,1953)为主; 其次是无突肋纹孢属(Cicatricosisporites)(0~23.26%)、光面三缝孢属(Leiotriletes)(0~9.47%)、紫萁孢属(Osmundacidites)(0~7.77%)、三角孢属(Deltoidospora)(0~7.42%),其中无突肋纹孢属(Cicatricosisporites)主要为澳洲无突肋纹孢(C. australiensis)、秀氏无突肋纹孢(C. sewardi)、小无突肋纹孢(C. minor),光面三缝孢属(Leiotriletes)主要为薄光面三缝孢(L. delicatus)和少量直光面三缝孢(L. directus),紫萁孢属(Osmundacidites)主要为高山紫萁孢(O. alpinus)、华丽紫萁孢(O. elegans)、威氏紫萁孢(O. wellmanii)、小紫萁孢(O. parvus),三角孢属主要为弓形三角孢(Deltoidosporaconvexa); 含有一定量圆形粒面孢属(Cyclogranisporites)(0~6.63%)、金毛狗孢属(Cibotiumspora)(0~2.57%)、里白孢属(Gleicheniidites)(0~4.86%)、海金沙孢属(Lygodiumsporites)(0~3.57%)。
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图4 二连盆地川井坳陷准噶顺地区白彦花组裸子植物花粉化石主要类型
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Fig.4 Major gymnosperm fossil pollen types of Baiyanhua Formation in Zhungashun area of Chuanjing depression, Erlian basin
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1 —小克拉梭粉; 2—克拉梭克拉梭粉; 3—环圈克拉梭粉; 4—精美克拉梭粉; 5—粒纹克拉梭粉; 6—克拉梭粉未定种; 7—同心粉未定种; 8—纵肋单沟粉未定种; 9—巴姆苏铁粉; 10—典型苏铁粉; 11—卡城苏铁粉; 12—粗糙苏铁粉; 13—亚颗粒苏铁粉; 14—美丽罗汉松粉; 15—小单束松粉; 16—分离单束松粉; 17—加拿大短单沟粉; 18—原始松粉未定种; 19—单型粒面大单沟粉; 20—平滑无口器粉; 21—中等二连粉; 22—新月原始双囊粉; 23—原始云杉粉未定种; 24—扁平云杉粉; 25—细微云杉粉; 26—多云云杉粉; 27—云杉粉未定种; 28—叶形原始松柏粉; 29—小双束松粉; 30—玻诺双束松粉; 31—皱球粉未定种; 32—球形粉未定种; 33—破隙杉粉(化石鉴定及命名参照宋之琛等,2000)
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1 —Classopollis minor; 2—Classopollis classoides; 3—Classopollis annulatus; 4—Classopollis philosophus; 5—Classopollis granulatus; 6—Classopollis sp.; 7—Concentrisporites sp.; 8—Jugella sp.; 9—Cycadopites balmei; 10—Cycadopitestypicus; 11—Cycadopites carpentieti; 12—Cycadopites scabratus; 13—Cycadopites subgranulosus; 14—Podocarpidites decorus; 15—Abietineaepollenites minimus; 16—Abietineaepollenites dividuus; 17—Brevimonosulcites canadensis; 18—Protopinus sp.; 19—Granamegamonocolpites Monoformis; 20—Inaperturopollenites psilosus; 21—Erlianpollis mediocris; 22—Pristinuspollenites lunaris; 23—Protopicea sp.; 24—Piceaepollenites complanatiformis; 25—Piceaepollenites exilioides; 26—Piceaepollenites multigrumus; 27—Piceaepollenites sp.; 28—Protoconiferus phyllodes; 29—Pinuspollenites minutus; 30—Pinuspollenites pernobilis; 31—Psophosphaera sp.; 32—Spheripollenities sp.) ; 33—Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus (fossils identification refers to Song Zhichen et al., 2000)
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(4)组合中出现早白垩世特征孢粉,如无突肋纹孢(Cicatricosisporites),早白垩世常见孢粉亦普遍出现,如小桫椤孢(Cyathidites minor)、薄光面三缝孢(Leiotriletesdelicatus)、弓形三角孢(Deltoidosporaconvexa)、玻诺双束松粉(Pinuspollenitespernobilis)、多云云杉粉(Piceaepollenitesmultigrumus)、小单束松粉(Abietineaepollenitesminimus)、加拿大短单沟粉(Brevimonosulcites canadensis)、分离单束松粉(Abietineaepollenitesdividuus)、中等二连粉(Erlianpollis mediocris)等。
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3.2 碎屑锆石
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样品TW0003-1采自钻孔1ZK0003中部,共测试106点,结果显示,碎屑锆石以前寒武纪年龄为主,最年轻年龄为218±3 Ma(图5),其中古元古代的锆石年龄(2454~1702 Ma)所占比例最高,达到71.7%,其次为太古宙年龄,占比5.66%,其余含量均比较少(表2)。
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4 讨论
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4.1 含矿地层时代探讨
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准噶顺地区孢粉组合中出现大量的侏罗纪和白垩纪常见类型,不少为早白垩世的重要分子(图2b),具有生物地层年代指示意义的主要孢粉类型有以下几种:
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4.1.1 无突肋纹孢(Cicatricosisporites)
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无突肋纹孢为海金沙科,分布较为广泛,绝大多数出现在侏罗系与白垩系界线之上(Vakhrameev,1991; 尚玉珂,1991; 蒙启安等,2003; 张明震,2014; Wang Liyan et al.,2014),仅少数地区出现在晚侏罗世晚期,但数量稀少、类型单调(Mamczar,1968; Dörhöfer et al.,1977)。北美、欧洲及亚洲广大地区,该属种均存在白垩纪早期个体数量很少且类型单调、白垩纪中晚期种类增多且数量丰富的特征(余静贤等,1983)。国内已有发现也呈现同样的分布规律,早白垩世最早期的数量是很少的,至Valanginian才开始增多,Barremian大量繁盛(赵传本,1985),如内蒙古二连盆地(宋之琛,1986)、松辽盆地(高瑞祺等,1999)等早白垩世早期的孢粉组合中Cicatricosisporites属的含量都较低,而到了早白垩世中、晚期,含量明显增加、种属明显增多。本次组合中含有Cicatricosisporitesaustraliensis、Cicatricosisporitessewardi、Cicatricosisporites minor、Cicatricosisporites sp.等,种属较多且含量较高(3.06%~13.26%),具有早白垩世中晚期特点。
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图5 川井坳陷准噶顺地区白彦花组碎屑岩部分锆石阴极发光图像及测点位置年龄
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Fig.5 Cathodoluminescence images of zircons from clastic rock of Baiyanhua Formation in Zhungashun area of Chuanjing depression, and ages at analyzed spot
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4.1.2 克拉梭粉属(Classopollis)
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掌鳞杉科的克拉梭粉属(Classopollis)在世界各地的晚侏罗世和早白垩世孢粉组合常见化石,但从晚侏罗世晚期到早白垩早期数量明显减少,高加索、中亚、哈萨克斯坦等地直到早白垩世中晚期才出现比较明显的下降,我国与之类似(赵传本,1985)。本次在煤层之上层位发现有克拉索粉属(Classopollis),主要包括小克拉梭粉(C. minor)、克拉梭克拉梭粉(C. classoides)、环圈克拉梭粉(C. annulatus)、精美克拉梭粉(C. philosophus)、粒纹克拉梭粉(C. granulatus),含量2.29%~8.16%,其种属虽然较多,但是数量较侏罗纪明显减少,表现出早白垩世分布特点。
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4.1.3 二连粉(Erlianpollis)
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二连粉是我国早白垩世早期地层中发现的一个新属,一般出现于早白垩世早期(Berriasian),早白垩世中期(Hauterivian-Barremian)繁盛,至早白垩世晚期(阿普第期后)大幅减少,主要产出于内蒙古下白垩统巴彦花群中(赵传本,1985)。本次仅在BF0801-1样品中发现2.83%的中等二连粉(Erlianpollis mediocris),由于其产出层位较高,且数量稀少,推测应为早白垩世晚期(阿普第期后)。
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4.1.4 古松柏类花粉
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本次亦识别出原始松柏粉(Protoconiferus)、原始云杉粉(Protopicea)、原始松粉(Protopinus)等古松柏类花粉,这类花粉在我国北方晚侏罗世和早白垩世地层中含有相当数量,在前侏罗纪已经出现,侏罗纪进一步发展,晚侏罗世和早白垩世早期繁盛,早白垩世阿普第期—阿尔比期急剧衰退,至晚白垩世绝灭(万传彪,2006; 王燕,2020)。本次发现的古松柏花粉仅在2个样品中识别出,且含量相对较少,与早白垩世阿普第期—阿尔比期特征类似。
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综上所述,准噶顺地区下白垩统白彦花组具有海金沙科的无突肋纹孢属(Cicatricosisporites)、二连粉(Erlianpollis)、光面三缝孢属(Leiotriletes)、三角孢属(Deltoidospora)等早白垩世常见分子,克拉梭粉属(Classopollis)及原始松柏粉(Protoconiferus)、原始云杉粉(Protopicea)、原始松粉(Protopinus)等古松柏类花粉具有早白垩世阿普第期—阿尔比期特征,且以松科和衫科(如云杉粉属、双束松粉属、破隙杉粉属、单束松粉属等)为主要类型的裸子植物花粉占优势,双气囊花粉含量占绝对优势,因此该地区砂岩型铀矿含矿地层时代应归属早白垩世阿普第期—阿尔比期。
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4.2 古地理与物源探讨
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准噶顺地区白彦花组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要以前寒武纪年龄为主,其中以古元古代的锆石年龄(1702~2454 Ma)所占比例最高,达到71.7%,其次为太古宙年龄,占比5.66%,含有一定数量奥陶纪—二叠纪年龄; 总体上,具有243 Ma、265 Ma、433 Ma、770 Ma、854 Ma、1505 Ma、1926 Ma、2510 Ma、3036 Ma等多个峰值(图6a)。与盆地周围隆起区地层及侵入岩年龄谱图对比可以看出,前寒武纪之前年龄谱图与盆地西部宝音图隆起及东南部巴音杭盖凸起出露的古元古界宝音图岩群、新元古界艾勒格庙组变质碎屑岩碎屑锆石年龄谱图相一致(图6g、h); 243 Ma、265 Ma、433 Ma三个峰值与北侧索伦山隆起蛇绿构造混杂岩带中不同时代岩片/岩块及奥陶纪和二叠纪弧岩浆岩、三叠纪后碰撞岩浆岩相一致(图6b~f),但是数量较古元古代相差较大(表2)。这种碎屑锆石数量上的巨大差异,可能与沉积古地理环境有关,中部凹陷北侧可能为地势较为平坦、高差不大的低山丘陵区,提供物源少,而南侧为地势陡峭、高差较大的山地区,物源供给量大。考虑到白音查干凹陷与川井坳陷南侧白云鄂博隆起之间间隔有巴音杭盖凸起和布龙图凹陷,白云鄂博隆起碎屑物质不可能为研究区提供大量物源。准噶顺地区下白垩统白彦花组物源应主要来自东南侧巴音杭盖凸起古元古代宝音图岩群,同时少部分来源于北侧的索伦山蛇绿构造混杂岩带。
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4.3 古植被与古气候探讨
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孢子和花粉一般含量大、易保存,常根据其组合特征推测古植被和古气候特征。随着地质历史发展,孢粉化石组合主要属种及其共生分子含量发生显著变化,反映了古植被更替和古气候变迁,一定程度上说,植被类型是一定气候区域的产物(高瑞琪等,1999)。本次根据前人对二连盆地及周边盆地孢粉古气候学研究(高瑞琪等,1999; 万传彪,2006; 崔莹,2015; 林妙琴,2020),应用“孢粉植被法”(高瑞琪等,1999),对准噶顺地区孢粉植被、孢粉气候带、孢粉干湿度带进行统计分析(表3、表4、图7)。孢粉各属归类于针叶、阔叶、灌木、草本植物四种类型。参加孢粉植被类型命名的大类含量需大于20%,针叶植物一般要大于30%,而大于60%的大类(针叶植物需大于70%),可以单独命名。依据孢粉母体植物特征,将孢粉各属归为热带、亚热带、温带及广温性的热带—亚热带和热带—温带五种类型。依据其可能的母体植物的生态环境将孢粉各属归类于旱、中、湿生三类,将干湿度带划分为干旱、半干旱、半湿润、湿润。原则上如为干旱气候,则其相应的旱生植物类群的含量必须大于50%,湿润气候其相应的湿生植物类群的含量必须大于一半,若出现多个植物类群差别不大,或含量均未超过一半,表明当时植被类型或者盆地周围景观带相对复杂,比如海拔高度垂直变化大,此时应综合孢粉植被类型和气温带类型具体分析确定变化趋势。对于其中亲缘关系不明的暂归类于其他(表3、表4)。
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图6 川井盆地准噶顺地区下白垩统白彦花组碎屑锆石年龄频谱(a)与隆起区地层、岩浆岩年龄频谱(b~h)对比图
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Fig.6 The detrital zircon age historam of lower Cretaceous Baiyanhua Formation in Zhungashun area (a) comparing with those of strata and magmatic rocks in uplift area (b~h)
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(a)—数据来源于本次研究;(b)—数据来源于孙立新等(2013)、付冬(2016)、李钢柱等(2016)❷、刘伟等(2018)、薛建平等(2018)、柳志华(2020)、连琛芹等(2021);(c)—数据来源于付冬(2016);(d)—数据来源于柳志华(2020);(e)—数据来源于柳志华(2020)、吴显灿(2020);(f)—数据来源于田英杰等(2019);(g)—数据来源于李钢柱等(2016)❷;(h)—数据来源于孙立新等(2013)
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(a) —The detrital zircon age data from this study; (b) —the zircon age data from Sun Lixin et al., 2013; Fu Dong, 2016; Li Gangzhu et al., 2016❷; Liu Wei et al., 2018; Xue Jianping et al., 2018; Liu Zhihua, 2020; Lian Chenqin et al., 2021; (c) —the data from Fu Dong, 2016; (d) —the data from Liu Zhihua, 2020; (e) —the data from Liu Zhihua, 2020; Wu Xiancan, 2020; (f) —the data from Tian Yingjie et al., 2019; (g) —the data from Li Gangzhu et al., 2016❷; (h) —the data from Sun Lixin et al., 2013
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统计分析显示(表4、图7),准噶顺白彦花组沉积时期,裸子植物占主要地位,尤其是云杉粉(Piceaepollenites)、双束松粉(Pinuspollenites)等有囊松柏类、杉科繁盛为特点,所有样品均以针叶林为主,含量44.86%~63.82%(指单样品中所占比例,以下相同),总含量52.29%(指占本次所有样品检出孢粉总数的百分比,以下相同),其次为常绿阔叶,含量7.89%~24.86%,总含量21.57%,草本及灌木少量。其中针叶植物含量总体呈上升趋势,由44.86%~50.18%上升为47.45%~63.82%,草本呈现先降低后增高变化,沉积后期出现灌木,显示气候有向温凉变化的趋势。该沉积阶段总体上以湿生植物为主,总含量52.94%,中生植物次之,总含量29.25%,旱生植物少量。下部的BF0801-2和BF0801-1两个样品显示白彦花组沉积早期以湿生和中生植物为主,含量分别为39.51%~43.82%和38.27%~45.23%; 上部的HS0801-1、BF002、BF003三个样品显示沉积后期湿生植物占优势,含量55.1%~74.34%,中生植物有所降低,并出现一定数量的旱生植物,总体为湿润环境。气候类型与干湿度程度类似,变化复杂,热带-温带和热带-亚热带植物比例较高(总含量分别为28.92%、28.10%),温带和热带植物也有一定比例,总体显示为亚热带气候。钻孔揭露显示沉积相总体上以河湖相、河流相、湖沼相为主,但变化较大(图7),表明水动力条件、水体深度变化明显,也表明该地区干湿程度变化复杂。尤其是上部较厚的湖相沉积后,植被类型更趋复杂,针叶林减少、草本和灌木相对增多,孢粉中代表干旱气候条件的Classopollis、Jugella含量趋于增多,表明在温暖湿润的气候背景下有向半干旱方向发展的趋势。
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图7 准噶顺地区白彦花组孢粉反映的植被类型、气候带类型和干湿度类型分析图
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Fig.7 Analysis of palynological vegetation types, climatic zone types and dry-humidity types reflected by sporo-pollen of Baiyanhua Formation in Zhungashun area
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准噶顺地区发现的孢粉具有无突肋纹孢属-桫椤孢属-单、双束松粉属-克拉梭粉属(Cicatricosisporites-Cyathidites-Abietineaepollenites-Pinuspollenites-Classopollis)组合特征,含有相当数量的雏球粉属(Psophosphaera)。该地区孢粉化石组合主要为数量繁多的具双气囊花粉和蕨类植物孢子,共生有紫萁属、桫椤属、水龙骨科等蕨类植物孢子和松属、罗汉松属、杉属、苏铁属、掌鳞杉科等裸子植物类花粉。因此,该地区早白垩世晚期,湖边温暖潮湿的较平坦地区主要为苏铁属、桫椤属等常绿阔叶,林间或林下生长有紫萁属、里白孢属等喜暖湿植物,北部丘陵区及南部高山区生长有松科、杉科、原始云杉粉属等裸子植物; 之后,随着气候变化,高山区生长的松科、杉科等裸子植物有所减少,湖水周边的蕨类植物有所增加,而干旱的山地斜坡地区生长的掌鳞杉科、无口器粉属等植物开始出现。
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4.4 古气候变化与铀成矿关系
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钻孔揭示,准噶顺地区砂岩型铀矿主要赋存于白彦花组上部湖相沉积泥岩之后的砂体中,该段沉积形成于湿润的亚热带气候条件下,主要发育河流相-河湖相-湖沼相-湖相沉积,砂岩多含砾石,发育水平层理、粒序层理等,水动力较强; 泥岩富含有机质炭屑、炭化植物碎屑、局部见有褐铁矿化黄铁矿等,显示较好的还原性; 砂体上部为干旱氧化沉积环境下形成的杂色—紫红色上白垩统二连组碎屑岩,这种还原—氧化沉积背景的变化为铀的迁移和聚集提供了有利的地球化学环境。在以河流相-河湖相沉积为主的白彦花组中沉积了一套厚度40~60 m的湖相泥质岩石,其上部发育60~100 m厚泥-砂-泥结构稳定沉积(图2a),这种稳定泥-砂-泥结构为铀成矿提供了有利的成矿空间。目前已发现有多个矿化孔、异常孔,部分钻孔见有6层矿化。白彦花组上部砂岩碎屑锆石研究表明,砂岩的碎屑源区主要来自于盆地南部的古元古界和太古宇,少量来自于盆地北部造山带,不管是古元古代宝音图岩群,还是盆地南部占比较大的中酸性岩石(图1),铀丰度相对较高,这为铀成矿提供充足的物质来源。因此,准噶顺地区白彦花组上部层位具有泥-砂-泥结构稳定沉积、规模较大、颗粒较粗、透水性较好等有利条件,是一套良好的找矿目标层。
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5 结论
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本研究主要通过孢粉学、碎屑锆石等方面的研究,探讨了川井坳陷准噶顺地区早白垩世中晚期古植被与古气候演化,得出以下结论:
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(1)川井坳陷砂岩型铀含矿砂体所含孢粉具有无突肋纹孢属-桫椤孢属-单、双束松粉属-克拉梭粉属组合(Cicatricosisporites-Cyathidites-Abietineaepollenites-Pinuspollenites-Classopollis)的特征,含有相当数量的雏球粉属(Psophosphaera),地层时代应属早白垩世阿普第期—阿尔比期。
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(2)下白垩统白彦花组碎屑锆石年龄谱显示,准噶顺地区下白垩统白彦花组主要物质来源于东南部巴音杭盖凸起的古元古界宝音图岩群,北侧索伦山隆起的蛇绿构造混杂岩组分亦有少量供给。盆地南北物源的差异,可能是由地形地貌不同引起,南侧为地势陡峭、高差较大的山地,物源供给多,北侧为地势较为平坦、高差不大的低山丘陵,物源供给少。
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(3)准噶顺地区白彦花组沉积时期植被以广温性、湿生植物为主,显示为湿润的亚热带气候,后期Classopollis、Jugella等旱生植物增多,表明湿润背景下有向半干旱方向发展的趋势。沉积环境为河湖相—湖沼相为主,泥-砂-泥地层结构稳定,砂体透水性好,含有较高还原组分,为含铀流体的还原沉淀提供了丰富的有机质来源和良好的保存条件,是一套有利的找矿目的层。
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致谢:成文过程中得到吉林大学东北亚生物演化与环境教育重点实验室万传彪老师的帮助指导,审稿人与编辑提出了建设性意见建议,在此一并表示感谢!
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注释
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❶ 贾和义,陈志勇,许立权,尚恒胜,张玉清,郝先义,韩建刚,宝音乌力吉,罗忠泽,孟二根.2003. 白云鄂博幅(K49C003002)1∶25万区域地质调查报告. 内蒙古自治区地质调查院.
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❷ 李钢柱,薄海军,刘永新,李成元,董明明,刘伟,张思源,吴春娇,杨红彬,王丕军,白宇明,薛建平,彭树学,李峰,侯万荣,高贺,多荣贤,董明.2016. 中华人民共和国区域地质矿产调查报告1∶50000扎嘎乌苏幅(K49E010001)浩仁呼都格幅(K49E010002)哈日格那幅(K49E010003)索伦幅(K49E010004)沙布特幅(K49E010005)乌珠尔少布特幅(K49E010006). 中国人民武装警察部队黄金第二支队.
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摘要
为了厘清二连盆地川井坳陷准噶顺地区钻井所揭示的砂岩型铀矿含矿地层的时代,本次对钻孔内煤层及深灰色泥岩样品开展孢粉学研究工作。含矿层孢粉具有Cicatricosisporites-Cyathidites-Abietineaepollenites-Pinuspollenites-Classopollis组合特征,指示地层时代为早白垩世阿普第期—阿尔比期。结合碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱分析,认为沉积时期主要物质来源于东南部巴音杭盖凸起的古元古界宝音图岩群,小部分来源于北侧索伦山隆起的蛇绿构造混杂岩组分。对孢粉植被类型、气候带类型、干湿度类型进行统计分析,认为古植被以针叶为主,其次为常绿阔叶林,灌木和草本也有一定数量。松科、紫萁科、卷柏科等孢子和花粉与掌鳞杉科、桫椤科、里百科等热带—亚热带植物孢子和花粉混合,显示古气候为湿润的亚热带气候。虽然,白彦花组向上湿生植物有所增加,但是Classopollis和Jugella等旱生植物数量显著增加、针叶及常绿阔叶林有所减少,表明气候有向半干旱方向发展的趋势。下白垩统白彦花组沉积的泥-砂-泥地层结构稳定,砂体透水性好,含有较高还原组分,为含铀流体的还原沉淀提供了丰富的有机质和良好的保存空间,是一套有利的找矿目的层。
Abstract
In order to clarify the stratigraphic age of ore-bearing of sandstone-type uranium deposit in the Zhungashun area of Chuanjing depression, Erlian basin, coal seam and dark gray mudstone samples in the borehole were collected in this study to carry out palynology research. The sporo-pollen of ore-bearing strata has the characteristics of Cicatricosisporites-Cyathidites-Abietineaepollenites-Pinuspollenites-Classopollis assemblage, which indicates that the stratigraphic age is the Apthian to Albian of Early Cretaceous. Combined with the U-Pb age spectrum analysis of detrital zircons, it is considered that the main sedimentary provenance of the sedimentary period came from the Baoyintu Rock Group of the Bayinhanggai uplift in the southeast, and a small part came from the ophiolite tectonic melange of Solunshan uplift in the north. According to the statistical analysis of palynological vegetation types, climatic zone types and dry-humidity types in the Zhungashun area, the ancient vegetation was dominated by coniferous, followed by evergreen broad-leaved forest, and a certain number of shrubs and herbs. Spores and pollen of Pinaceae, Dicranopteridaceae and Selaginellaceae are mixed with tropical-subtropical plants such as Cephalotaxaceae, Cyatheaceae and Encyclopedia, indicating that the palaeoclimate was humid subtropical climate. Although the number of hygrophytes in the Baiyanhua Formation increased, the number of xerophytes such as Classopollis and Jugella increased significantly, while coniferous and evergreen broad-leaved forests decreased, indicate a trend towards semi-arid climate. The mud-sand-mud stratigraphic structure of the Baiyanhua Formation in the Lower Cretaceous is stable. The sand body with good permeability and high reduction components is a favorable prospecting target layer, which provides rich organic matter and good preservation space for the reduction and precipitation of uranium-bearing fluids.
