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作者简介:

胡安文,男,1989年生。工程师,从事油气地球化学和成藏研究。E-mail:827578022@qq.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    关于渤海湾盆地渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油成熟度存在成熟与高成熟两种截然不同观点,尚未达到统一定论。本文综合利用轻烃、饱和烃和芳烃成熟度参数对凝析油成熟度进行了综合判定,并深入分析了凝析油和天然气的成因关系及凝析气藏形成机制。结果表明:异庚烷值与庚烷值、Ts/(Ts+Tm)与C29Ts/(C29Ts+C29H)、甲基单金刚烷指数与甲基双金刚烷指数、甲基菲指数、二苯并噻吩类成熟度参数和TNR2显示渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油处于成熟阶段。结合天然气成熟度和储层流体包裹体特征,可知渤中19-6凝析气田的原油成藏期早于天然气,随着晚期大量天然气的充注,油气会发生相控混溶作用形成含液态烃的气流体,当温度和压力达到混溶后烃类体系的露点以上,则形成凝析气藏。

    Abstract

    There are two entirely different viewpoints about the maturity of condensate oil in the Bozhong 19-6 condensate field, Bohai Bay basin: mature and highly mature, which have not reached final conclusion. Maturity parameters of light hydrocarbon, saturated hydrocarbon and aromatics are used to comprehensively discriminate the maturity of condensate oil, and the genetic relationship between condensate oil and gas and the formation mechanism of condensate gas reservoir are analyzed. Maturity indexes including isoheptane index and heptane index, Ts/(Ts+Tm) and C29Ts/(C29Ts+C29H), methyl adamantane and methyl diamantane index, MPI, dibenzothiophenes index and TNR2 indicate that the condensate oil in Bozhong 19-6 gas condensate field is mature. According to the maturity of natural gas and the characteristics of reservoir fluid inclusions, the main condensate accumulation stage is prior to that of natural gas. With charging of vast natural gas in the late stage, the crude oil and natural gas will undergo phase-controlled miscibility to form gas fluid containing liquid hydrocarbons. When the temperature and pressure reach above the dew point of the miscible hydrocarbon system, the condensate gas reservoir will be formed.

  • 油气成熟度是油气地球化学领域重要研究方向之一,也是鉴别凝析油成因的一个重要指标(李小地,1998)。自20世纪60年代以来,国内外学者创立了一系列油气成熟度参数。如Thompson(1983)提出可利用正庚烷值和异庚烷值划分原油类型和成熟度;Mango(19911997)BeMent et al.(1995)研究发现C7轻烃参数中2,4-二甲基戊烷/2,3-二甲基戊烷的对数值与生烃温度呈线性关系,据此可计算出原油生成温度、判识原油成熟度;Farrimond et al.(1998)指出在早期成熟阶段之前,可利用饱和烃成熟度参数(如C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)和C29甾烷αββ/(ααα+αββ))进行原油成熟度划分;Radke et al.(1982)依据菲的甲基同系物随成熟度的变化规律,提出了应用甲基菲指标(MPI1和MPI2)确定原油成熟度。此外,Chen Junhong et al.(1996)研究发现甲基金刚烷组成与成熟度密切相关,并建立了甲基单金刚烷和甲基双金刚烷成熟度指标,判识原油成熟度。

  • 目前关于渤海湾盆地渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油成熟度的认识存在2种截然不同的观点。薛永安等(2020)使用饱和烃和芳烃成熟度认为渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油成熟度介于0.8%~1.3%之间,处于成熟阶段。而李威等(2021)基于芳烃类和金刚烷类成熟度指标,认为渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油成熟度在1.4%~1.6%范围,属于高成熟度原油。那么,渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油究竟是属于成熟原油还是高成熟原油呢?明确凝析油成熟度,对进一步认识渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油成因具有重要意义。

  • 基于此,综合利用渤中19-6凝析气田14个凝析油样品的轻烃、饱和烃、芳烃和金刚烷等分析化验数据,本文对该区凝析油成熟度进行综合判识,揭示凝析油与天然气之间的关系,深入分析凝析油成因,以期能进一步认清渤中19-6凝析气田乃至整个渤中凹陷深层凝析油气形成与分布规律。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 渤中19-6凝析气田是目前渤海湾盆地内探明最大的天然气田(薛永安等,20182019徐长贵等,20192020施和生等,2019),位于渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷渤中凹陷西南部,其北部为沙垒田凸起,南部与黄河口凹陷和渤南低凸起相接,东、西部分别为渤中凹陷主洼和埕北低凸起(图1)。经印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期等多期构造运动,渤中19-6构造带现今整体表现为“洼中隆”的构造格局。印支期—燕山期,在压扭—拉张—挤压构造应力作用下(李三忠等,2010李洪颜,2013朱光等,2016),形成了潜山基本构造面貌;喜马拉雅期,在强裂陷作用下,整体快速深埋(漆家福等,1995)。在地层上,气田区自下而上主要发育太古宇潜山,古近系孔店组、沙河街组和东营组,新近系馆陶组和明化镇组及第四系平原组。其中,太古宇潜山和古近系孔店组是渤中19-6凝析气田主力含气层系。

  • 已钻井揭示研究区主要发育3套烃源岩,沙河街组三段烃源岩主要是一套半深湖—深湖相泥岩沉积,有机质丰度TOC介于0.68%~4.81%,均值为2.80%,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ1型,有机质成熟度主体处于高成熟—过成熟阶段。沙河街组一段烃源岩为一套滨浅湖相泥岩夹白云岩沉积,TOC为1.33%~3.54%,均值为2.31%,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ1型,Ro介于0.70%~1.60%。东营组三段发育半深湖—深湖相泥质烃源岩,TOC分布于0.45%~11.20%,均值为2.30%,有机质类型主要属于Ⅱ2型,Ro为0.50%~1.20%,属于成熟阶段。

  • 2 样品和实验方法

  • 本次研究共采集了渤中19-6凝析气田9口井14个凝析油样品,采样井位置见图1。渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油密度介于0.787~0.817 g/cm3,黏度为1.24~3.44 mPa·s,含硫量较低,多数在0.02%左右,含蜡量较高,通常在10.00%以上(表1)。族组成以饱和烃为主,占比介于40.1%~74.9%;芳烃和非烃含量次之,分别为6.3%~34.4%和3.1%~18.5%;沥青质含量较低,介于0.2%~5.3%。

  • 轻烃气相色谱分析使用的仪器为Agilent7890B气相色谱仪,配置HP-1弹性石英毛细柱(50 m×200 mm×0.5 mm)。测试条件:载气为氮气,恒流60 mL/min,分流比 60∶1。升温程序为初温40℃并保持10 min,再以4℃/min升温至50℃,以4℃/min升温至315℃并保持67 min。

  • 饱和烃色谱质谱分析在Agilent7890B-5977A气相色谱质谱联用仪上完成,色谱柱为HP-5ms弹性石英毛细柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)。升温程序:50℃恒温1 min,以15℃/min升温至100℃,以2℃/min升温至200℃,再以1℃/min升至315℃并保持20 min。载气为氦气,流速1 mL/min。离子源为EI源,电离电压70 eV,灯丝电流100 μA,倍增器电压1200 V。分析时利用m/z135、m/z 136、m/z 149、m/z 163等对金刚烷系列进行检测。

  • 图1 渤中19-6凝析气田区域位置图

  • Fig.1 Location of Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • 表1 渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油物理性质

  • Table1 Physical properties of condensate oils in Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • 芳香烃色谱质谱分析条件:测试仪器为配置HP-5ms弹性石英毛细柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)的Agilent7890B-5977A气相色谱质谱联用仪。升温程序:初温50℃并保持1 min,以15℃/min升温至120℃,以3℃/min升温至300℃并保持25 min。进样口温度为300℃,载气为氦气,流速1 mL/min。检测方式为全扫描,离子源为EI源,绝对电压1023 V。

  • 3 凝析油成熟度判别

  • 3.1 轻烃组分成熟度

  • Mango(1997)指出2,4-二甲基戊烷与2,3-二甲基戊烷的比值与生烃温度具有良好的相关关系。BeMent et al.(1995)基于大量烃源岩样品的分析研究,建立了2,4-二甲基戊烷/2,3-二甲基戊烷与生烃温度的关系式(T=15×ln(2,4-二甲基戊烷/2,3-二甲基戊烷)+140),则据此可推算出油气生成的最大温度。渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油轻烃组分中2,4-二甲基戊烷/2,3-二甲基戊烷介于0.35~0.39,经测算其生烃温度在124~126℃之间,为烃源岩成熟阶段的产物。

  • Thompson(1983)研究发现异庚烷值和庚烷值会随成熟度的增大而逐渐增大,并建立了相关的演化曲线。由图2可见,研究区凝析油异庚烷值集中分布于1.7左右,庚烷值集中于33%~34%,对应的Ro值介于1.1%~1.5%。但必须指出,蒸发分馏等次生作用和轻烃沸点相对较低易蒸发会导致凝析油中庚烷值相对偏高,但对异庚烷值影响不大(胡国艺等,2012)。因此,若单看异庚烷值并依据程克明等(1987)建立的标准,研究区凝析油异庚烷值<3,处于成熟阶段。

  • 图2 渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油异庚烷值与庚烷值相关关系图

  • Fig.2 Correlation of isoheptane value and heptane value of condensate oils in Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • 3.2 饱和烃组分成熟度

  • 在有机质成熟度Ro<0.8%时,甾烷异构化指数C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)和C29甾烷αββ/(ααα+αββ)是有效的成熟度判识指标;当有机质成熟度Ro超过0.8%后,两项指标将达到终点值0.5~0.8,并不再随成熟度升高而显著增大(Farrimond et al.,1998)。由图3a可见,渤中19-6凝析气田绝大多数凝析油样品的C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)和C29甾烷αββ/(ααα+αββ)值均大于0.55,表明凝析油成熟度Ro至少在0.8%以上。

  • 对于同源油而言,藿烷系列中的Ts/(Ts+Tm)和C29Ts/(C29Ts+C29H)也是良好的成熟度指标(马安来等,2017)。随着成熟度的增大,不稳定的C2717α(H),21β(H)-22,29,30-三降藿烷(Tm)和C2917α(H),21β(H)-30-降藿烷(C29H)会向稳定的C2718α(H),21β(H)-22,29,30-三降藿烷(Ts)和C2918α(H),21β(H)-30-降新藿烷(C29Ts)转变(Seifert et al.,1978;Kolaczkwska et al.,1990),且Ts/(Ts+Tm)达到1时对应的成熟度Ro约为1.3%左右(Peters et al.,1993)。从图3b中可以看出,渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油Ts/(Ts+Tm)和C29Ts/(C29Ts+C29H)呈正相关关系。Ts/(Ts+Tm)值介于0.62~0.86,小于1.0,表明成熟度Ro在1.3%以下。综合来看,研究区凝析油成熟度尚未达到高成熟度阶段,主体仍处于成熟阶段。

  • 图3 渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)与C29甾烷αββ/(ααα+αββ)(a) 和Ts/(Ts+Tm)与C29Ts/(C29Ts+C29H)(b)分布关系图

  • Fig.3 Correlation of C29 sterane20S/ (20S+20R) vs. C29 sterane αββ/ (ααα+αββ) (a) and Ts/ (Ts+Tm) vs. C29Ts/ (C29Ts+C29H) (b) of condensate oils in Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • 此外,金刚烷类化合物是一类热稳定性较高的化合物(Wingert,1992包建平等,2016),常被用于判识高—过成熟烃源岩与原油的成熟度和表征原油的裂解程度(Chen Junhong et al.,1996Dahl et al.,1999Wei Zhibin et al.,2007房忱琛等,2015)。Chen Junhong et al.(1996)研究发现甲基单金刚烷和甲基双金刚烷异构体的相对组成与成熟度间具有良好的相关关系,并建立了甲基单金刚烷指数(MAI)、甲基双金刚烷指数(MDI)及与镜质组反射率Ro的对应关系。由图4可见,渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油的MAI和MDI值分别介于38.61~39.80和32.40~37.95,对应的成熟度Ro范围为1.1%~1.3%,处于成熟阶段。

  • 3.3 芳烃组分成熟度

  • 芳烃组分中包含丰富的具有成熟度意义的系列化合物,常见的有甲基菲类、二苯并噻吩类和烷基萘类化合物。在甲基菲类化合物中,基于β位的甲基菲相对比例会随成熟度增大而增加,Radke et al.(1982)提出了甲基菲指数(MPI)并建立了与镜质组反射率间的关系式。由表2可见,研究区凝析油的MPI1和MPI2分别介于1.00~1.99和1.08~2.11。利用Radke et al.(1982)创立的计算镜质组反射率公式,可得出研究区凝析油的成熟度Rc1Rc2分别为1.1%~1.3%和1.4%~1.7%。综合考虑上述轻烃和饱和烃成熟度判识结果,由甲基菲指数计算的凝析油成熟度应介于1.1%~1.3%,未达到高成熟阶段。

  • 图4 渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油甲基单金刚烷指数与甲基双金刚烷指数关系图

  • Fig.4 The relationship between MAI and MDI of condensate oils from Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • 二苯并噻吩系列化合物中的4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩/1,4-二甲基二苯并噻吩、2,4-二甲基二苯并噻吩/1,4-二甲基二苯并噻吩和4-甲基二苯并噻吩/1-甲基二苯并噻吩等是有效的油气成熟度指标(Dzou et al.,1995Chakhmakhchev et al.,1997李景贵,2000罗健等,2001)。在巴彦浩特盆地石炭系烃源岩系统取样分析的基础上,罗健等(2001)建立烷基二苯并噻吩参数与镜质组反射率间的关系式,详见表2。由渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩/1,4-二甲基二苯并噻吩和2,4-二甲基二苯并噻吩/1,4-二甲基二苯并噻吩计算得到的成熟度Rc3Rc4分别为0.9%~1.0%和1.0%~1.1%,表明凝析油处于成熟阶段。

  • 表2 渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油成熟度参数

  • Table2 Maturity parameters of condensate oils in Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • 注:MPI1=1.5×(2-甲基菲+3-甲基菲)/(菲+1-甲基菲+9-甲基菲);MPI2=3×2-甲基菲/(菲+1-甲基菲+9-甲基菲);4,6-DMDBT—4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩;2,4-DMDBT—2,4-二甲基二苯并噻吩;1,4-DMDBT—1,4-二甲基二苯并噻吩;TNR2=(2,3,6-三甲基萘+1,3,7-三甲基萘)/(1,4,6-三甲基萘+1,3,5-三甲基萘+1,3,6-三甲基萘);Rc1=0.6×MPI1+0.4;Rc2=-0.6×MPI1+2.3;Rc3=0.14×(4,6-DMDBT/1,4-DMDBT)+0.57;Rc4=0.35×(2,4-DMDBT/1,4-DMDBT)+0.46;Rc5=0.6×TNR2+0.4。

  • 此外,众多学者对烷基萘类化合物来源和演化规律开展了系统研究并创立了相关成熟度参数(Alexander et al.,1985李美俊等,2005许婷等,2017),如MNR、DNR1、DNR2、TNR1和TNR2等。上述指标主要依据的是烷基萘类化合物中β-位甲基取代的异构体较α-位甲基取代的异构体更稳定,因此随成熟度增加,上述指标会随之逐渐增大(许婷等,2017)。本次研究主要利用TNR2及对应的成熟度转换公式对凝析油成熟度开展评价,由表2可见,研究区凝析油TNR2分布于1.15~1.66,对应的成熟度Rc5分布范围为1.1%~1.4%。

  • 上述各项成熟度指标表明渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油基本上处于成熟阶段,对应的成熟度Ro主体范围为1.0%~1.3%。不同类型化合物计算出的凝析油成熟度Ro间的差异可能为渤中19-6凝析气田经历了不同成熟度原油和天然气的充注过程,发生了多期成藏与混合作用所致(胡安文等,2020a2020b)。

  • 4 凝析油成因分析

  • 4.1 凝析油与天然气成因关系

  • 前人对渤中19-6凝析气田油气来源开展过系列研究,并取得了较为一致的认识:渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油和天然气均源自沙河街组三段烃源岩(薛永安等,20182020徐长贵等,2019李慧勇等,2019胡安文等,2020a2020b)。但凝析油和天然气的成熟度及储层流体包裹体特征均表明:渤中19-6凝析气田的凝析油和天然气并非同时生成,原油主力成藏期明显早于天然气。具体证据如下:

  • (1)渤中19-6凝析气田的天然气主要为烃类气,含量介于83.58%~90.85%,非烃气以CO2为主,含量为9.15%~16.42%。天然气甲烷碳同位素介于-39.1‰~-37.9‰,乙烷碳同位素介于-27.0‰~-25.4‰,显示偏腐殖型气特征。依据Berner et al.(1996)基于Ⅱ型干酪根建立的偏腐殖型天然气成熟度判识图版,由图5可见,渤中19-6凝析气田天然气成熟度Ro均在1.3%以上(图5),达到了高成熟阶段,明显高于凝析油成熟度。

  • 图5 渤中19-6凝析气田天然气乙烷碳同位素与丙烷碳同位素关系图

  • Fig.5 The relationship between δ13C2 and δ13C3 of gas from Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • (2)渤中19-6凝析气田主要发育两大类油气流体包裹体(图6),分别为荧光下呈黄绿色或蓝白色、多环石英颗粒加大边内侧分布的油气包裹体和单偏光下呈灰色、多沿切穿石英颗粒及加大边的微裂缝呈带状分布的纯天然气包裹体。与油气包裹体相伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度主要介于110~147℃,而与天然气相伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度主要介于150~173℃(图7)。上述流体包裹体特征表明,研究区先后经历了不同成熟度原油和天然气的充注,亦即发生了“早油晚气”的油气成藏过程。

  • 图6 渤中19-6凝析气田流体包裹体显微照片

  • Fig.6 Microscopic characteristics of fluid inclusions of Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • (a)—J1井3735 m黄绿色轻质油包裹体;(b)—J3井4051 m蓝白色凝析油气包裹体; (c)—J3井4051.9 m深灰色天然气包裹体

  • (a)—oil inclusions of 3735 m from well J1 with yellow-green fluorescence; (b) —condensate oil and gas inclusions of 4051 m from well J3 with blue-white fluorescence; (c)—natural gas inclusions of 4051.9 m from well J3 with dark grey

  • 图7 渤中19-6凝析气田伴生盐水包裹体均一温度

  • Fig.7 Homogenization temperature of coeval aqueous inclusions from Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • 4.2 凝析油相控混溶成因

  • 相控混溶作用指的是随温度和压力的升高,含液态烃的气流体中占少数相的物质(液态烃)在多数相物质(天然气)中溶解度增高,在温度、压力条件达到露点及以上,形成含凝析油的气态烃(Larter et al.,1991胡安文等,2020a)。地下油气藏内能发生相控混溶作用一般要具备以下3个条件:① 早期油藏在后期发生了大量天然气的充注,亦即油气藏要经历“早油晚气”成藏过程;② 具备良好的保存条件,能确保晚期充注的天然气未再调整出早期油藏;③ 合适的温压条件,地下的温度和压力要达到露点及以上。由相控混溶作用形成的凝析油典型地球化学特征为“高蜡、低沥青”,形成过程为随着大量天然气注入早期油藏,油气藏压力会逐渐增大,高碳数烷烃的溶解度也随之增大,从而发生“增蜡”现象,形成高蜡。晚期天然气主要成分为非极性的正构烷烃,沥青质多为极性分子。依据相似相溶原理,随着晚期天然气的大量充注,沥青质难溶于正构烷烃,从而发生沉淀,形成低沥青。

  • 渤中19-6构造区特殊地质特征为相控混溶作用的发生提供了良好的条件。前已述及,渤中19-6构造区表现为“洼中隆”的构造格局,周缘被沙河街组三段烃源岩所围限。目前,沙河街组三段烃源岩已处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,可提供充足的气源。此外,已钻井揭示渤中19-6构造区东营组至沙河街组发育厚层超压泥岩,厚度介于400~1000 m,压力系数最大可达2.0。盆地模拟结果揭示东营组沉积期沉积速率可达198 m/Ma,快速沉积为超压形成提供了有利条件。同时,烃源岩热演化会产生生烃增压,增加超压强度,且生烃增压幅度的最大时间在12 Ma左右(牛成民等,2021)。综合来看,研究区超压主要为欠压实成因,生烃增压有一定贡献,超压在明化镇组沉积期(12 Ma以来)应已形成,早于天然气大量充注时间(5.0 Ma以来)(胡安文等,2020a2020b牛成民等,2021Wang Zhenliang et al.,2021)。则东营组—沙河街组厚层超压泥岩可为渤中19-6构造深层孔店组和潜山气藏提供优质的保存条件,确保晚期充注的天然气不会大量散失。

  • 渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油特征也证实发生了相控混溶作用,如:凝析油正构烷烃摩尔浓度与碳数分布关系表现为C21~C32正构烷烃摩尔浓度相对升高(图8),凝析油含蜡量普遍在10%以上,最高可达20.52%(表1),反映发生了“增蜡”作用。孔店组和太古宇潜山岩芯和薄片中可见黑褐色固体沥青沉淀,拉曼光谱测试结果表明成熟度介于0.7%~1.1%,显然非原油热裂解成因。凝析油沥青质含量普遍在1.00%以下,最低为0.02%(表1),反映发生了“脱沥青”作用。

  • 图8 渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油正构烷烃摩尔浓度与碳数关系图

  • Fig.8 The relationship between mole concentration of n-alkanes and carbon number of condensate oils from Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field

  • 因此,对于渤中19-6凝析气田而言,早期聚集的原油随着晚期大量天然气的充注,会发生相控混溶作用形成含液态烃的气流体,当温度和压力达到了混溶后烃类体系的露点及以上,则形成凝析气藏。相控混溶作用较好解释了渤中19-6凝析气藏成因,丰富了凝析油气成因机制。此外,其也为渤海湾盆地其他地区及类似油型盆地寻找大气田指明了方向,富烃凹陷内厚层超压泥岩覆盖下的深层目标应是下一步继续寻找大型凝析气田的有利区。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)异庚烷值与庚烷值、Ts/(Ts+Tm)与C29Ts/(C29Ts+C29H)、甲基单金刚烷指数与甲基双金刚烷指数、甲基菲指数、二苯并噻吩类成熟度参数和TNR2表明,渤中19-6凝析气田凝析油处于成熟阶段,对应的成熟度Ro介于1.0%~1.3%。

  • (2)结合天然气成熟度和储层流体包裹体特征可知,渤中19-6凝析气田原油成藏期早于天然气,经历了“早油晚气”的成藏过程。随着晚期大量天然气的充注,油气会发生相控混溶作用形成含液态烃的气流体,当温压条件达到露点以上即形成凝析气藏。

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