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作者简介:

汪烨辉,男,1999年生。硕士生,主要从事碎屑锆石U-Pb测年物源示踪研究。E-mail:wyh9974@qq.com。

通讯作者:

谢远云,男,1971年生。博士,教授,第四纪地质与环境演化。E-mail:xyy0451@hrbnu.edu.cn。

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赵太平, 邓小芹, 胡国辉, 周艳艳, 彭澎, 翟明国. 2015. 华北克拉通古/中元古代界线和相关地质问题讨论. 岩石学报, 31(6): 1495~1508.
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赵宗溥. 1993. 中朝准地台前寒武纪地壳演化. 北京: 科学出版社, 3~384.
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目录contents

    摘要

    追踪干旱—半干旱地区大型沙地的物源和风-河流相互作用机制对于理解陆地景观格局演变、地表过程与地貌动态以及大气圈和岩石圈之间的联系至关重要。然而,目前科尔沁沙地的物源仍存在较大争议,且缺乏具有统计意义的锆石U-Pb年龄数据库。因此,本研究对科尔沁沙地地表风成沙进行多点取样,根据不同粒级(<63 μm和>63 μm)选取1500颗碎屑锆石进行U-Pb测年分析,并利用逆向蒙特卡罗模型对其物源进行定量约束。结果表明,从目视定性的角度看,科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱特征非常相似。但定量重建结果显示沙地的物源整体上以中亚造山带的贡献为主(50.5%~61.3%),然而东南部体现出华北克拉通的绝对优势(~75.8%)。科尔沁沙地的物源存在空间异质性,沙地西部和北部的锆石年龄谱极为相似,与南部锆石年龄特征显著不同。科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征基本不受粒度分异的影响,但沙地东南部除外。本文认为,风与河流的协同作用及其由此导致的沉积分异和再循环作用解释了科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄特征。结合区域构造演化历史,科尔沁沙地在~2.5 Ga和~1.85 Ga的U-Pb年龄峰值分别是前寒武纪华北克拉通的生长、拼合与碰撞过程中的两期构造事件的产物。此外,~1.7 Ga的锆石年龄可能是对Columbia超大陆聚合与裂解的综合响应。古生代以来的锆石年龄峰值(500~400 Ma、300~250 Ma、130~110 Ma)记录了在古亚洲洋的俯冲闭合、蒙古-鄂霍次克海俯冲碰撞和古太平洋的俯冲、回退的区域构造背景下多期区域构造-岩浆事件。

    Abstract

    Tracing the provenance and understanding the mechanisms of aeolian-fluvial interaction in large sandy lands located in arid and semi-arid regions are essential for comprehending the evolution of terrestrial landscape patterns, surface processes and geomorphological dynamics, and the linkages between the atmosphere and lithosphere. However, the provenance of the Horqin sandy land remains highly controversial, and there is a lack of a statistically significant zircon U-Pb age database. Therefore, this study aims to address these gaps by conducting multi-point sampling of surface aeolian sand from the Horqin sandy land and analyzing 1500 detrital zircons using U-Pb dating analysis based on different grain sizes (i.e., <63 μm and >63 μm). Subsequently, the inverse Monte Carlo model is employed to quantitatively constrain the provenance of the Horqin sandy land. The visual qualitative analysis of detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra in the Horqin sandy land revealed striking similarities. However, the quantitative reconstruction provided a more detailed understanding of the sources of the aeolian sands. It showed that the Central Asian orogenic belt contributed significantly to the overall composition of the aeolian sands (ranging from 50.5% to 61.3%). In contrast, the southeastern part of the Horqin sandy land exhibited a dominant contribution from the North China Craton (~75.8%). The sources of the Horqin sandy land displayed spatial heterogeneity, with the western and northern parts exhibiting highly similar zircon age spectra that differed significantly from those in the southern part. The impact of grain-size sorting on the detrital zircon U-Pb age signature was minimal, except in the southeastern part of the sandy land. Thus, we suggest that the synergistic effect of wind, fluvial processes, and subsequent sedimentary sorting and recirculation are the primary drives behind the U-Pb age signature of detrital zircons in the Horqin sandy land. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution history, the peak ages observed at ~2.5 Ga and ~1.85 Ga in the Horqin sandy land are attributed to two tectonic events during the growth, collapse and collision of the North China Craton in the early Precambrian, respectively. In addition, the ~1.7 Ga zircon age may be a consequence of the convergence and rifting of the Columbia supercontinent. The peak ages of zircons (e.g., 500~400 Ma, 300~250 Ma, and 130~110 Ma) since the Paleozoic era denote multiple regional tectono-magmatic events associated with the subduction and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, the subduction and collision of the Mongolian-Okhotsk Sea, and the subduction and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean, respectively.

  • 沙地/沙漠是中国北方干旱—半干旱地区主要陆地景观之一(鹿化煜等,2010),引发的土地退化和生态环境问题日益严峻,因此其物源研究对揭示风沙搬运机制、预测粉尘输出及指导当地治沙具有重要意义(陈骏和李高军,2011Rao Wenbo et al.,2011)。鉴于沙地在粉尘产生、搬运机制和成壤作用方面的复杂性,其物源研究得到广泛关注(张瀚之等,2013)。前人对于中国北方沙地/沙漠的物源研究多集中在西部地区(鹿化煜等,2010Stevens et al.,2010张瀚之等,2013Rittner et al.,2016Fan Yuxin et al.,2019Li Zhuolun et al.,2021Chen Bo et al.,2022),然而对东北地区的科尔沁沙地依然关注甚少(Yang Xiaoping et al.,2012谢静等,2012)。

  • 锆石广泛分布于岩浆岩、变质岩和沉积岩中,具有封闭温度高(700~900℃)、矿物性质稳定,抗风化、磨蚀和热蚀变的能力强等特点(包创等,2013林旭等,2020),能够很好地保留源区母岩的特征(张翰之等,2013;林旭等,2020)。因此,碎屑锆石U-Pb测年已经被广泛应用于沉积物物源示踪(谢静等,2012)。然而,目前对于科尔沁沙地的锆石U-Pb物源研究仅局限于单个样品和极少的分析颗粒(谢静等,2012),尚不足以代表整个沙地的物源贡献。此外,科尔沁沙地的物源也存在中亚造山带主导、华北克拉通主导及二者各占一半的争议(Stevens et al.,2010谢静,2012Chen Bo et al.,2022)。更重要的是,已有研究强调锆石年龄依赖于沉积过程中的粒度分选,从而影响物源解释(Cantine et al.,2021)。鉴于沙漠/沙地中复杂的源区和再循环过程,风成沙的粗粒级和细粒级可能具有不同的物源或不一致的相对物源贡献(Chen Bo et al.,2022)。先前对科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石年代学研究选择50~330 μm组分进行分析(谢静等,2012),忽略了细颗粒锆石记录的物源信息。因此,科尔沁沙地的粗、细粒级组分是否具有一致的源区仍有待深入研究。

  • 此外,传统的锆石U-Pb物源研究常基于目视对比年龄峰值,其结果存在较大的不确定性。最近,一项基于逆向蒙特卡罗模型的定量物源重建技术已被广泛应用于风成沉积物(Sundell and Saylor,2017)。通过碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学手段定量示踪沙地物源,可以为了解其物源空间异质性、沙地的形成与演化以及揭示粉尘源-汇路径等提供更深层次的理解(谢静等,2007Rittner et al.,2016)。此外,沙地碎屑锆石可能代表了源区物质组成的充分混合,因此具有重建源区多期次构造-热事件的巨大潜力。

  • 本研究对科尔沁沙地地表沙进行多点取样并根据不同粒级(<63 μm和>63 μm)进行锆石U-Pb测年分析,通过对比样品碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱与潜在源区的火成岩锆石U-Pb年龄汇编数据,并结合逆向蒙特卡罗模型对沙地不同部位的源区进行定量约束(Sundell and Saylor,2017)。此外,对比研究区域中生代至前寒武纪构造-热事件,为论证东北地区不同年代的岩浆-热力作用过程及岩石圈动力演化机制提供重要参考。

  • 1 研究区概况

  • 科尔沁沙地位于松辽盆地南部(118°~124.3°E,42.4°~45.15°N),总面积约42000 km2,以固定—半固定沙丘为主,是中国北方面积最大的半固定沙地(图1;朱震达等,1980)。沙地地处中国东部季风区边缘,属于温带半干旱大陆季风气候,年平均气温4~6℃,年降水量约为300~500 mm,降水主要集中在7~9月(张启德和王玉秀,1994)。冬季受亚洲高压控制盛行西北风,夏季沙地东部和南部受大陆低气压和副热带高压影响以偏南风为主,年平均风速3.5~4.5 m/s,最大风速19~31 m/s,且大风天气主要集中于冬春两季(弋双文等,2013)。

  • 西拉木伦河、老哈河共同流经该地区(图1),是科尔沁沙地径流量最大的两条河流(刘璐等,2021)。西拉木伦河发源于内蒙古克什克腾旗,在哲里木盟与老哈河汇合后形成西辽河,全长约380 km(图1)。河流流向主要为东西向,西段流经浑善达克沙地,东段流经科尔沁沙地,河道弯曲、落差较大(包创等,2013)。由于西拉木伦河流淌于西拉木伦河断裂带之上,很多学者将其视为华北克拉通与兴蒙造山带的分界线(李益龙等,2007韩国卿等,2011)。老哈河发源于河北光头山,自西南向东北流经科尔沁沙地腹地与西拉木伦河汇合,全长约为425 km(图1)。除此之外,沙地南部还发育很多发源于燕山北麓的短命内流河流,如教来河、孟克河等。

  • 图1 东亚影像示意图(a);科尔沁沙地高程DEM图(b),展示取样点位置及主要城市盛行风向

  • Fig.1 Satellite image map of the East Asia, showing the location of the study area (a) ; DEM map of the Horqin sandy land (b) , demonstrating the sampling site and the prevailing wind direction in the surrounding major cities

  • 西拉木伦河河漫滩样品(XL、XL2)和科尔沁沙地内部样品(HD)分别引自包创等(2013)Stevens et al.(2010);风频玫瑰数据引自https://www.meteoblue.com/

  • The XL, XL2 and HD sample site locations are after Bao Chuang et al. (2013) and Stevens et al. (2010) , respectively; the wind rose data from https://www.meteoblue.com/

  • 科尔沁沙地北部为中亚造山带东缘的大兴安岭,南部为华北克拉通北缘的燕山造山带。研究区域内部发育多条断裂带和缝合带,北部发育蒙古-鄂霍茨克闭合线、南部发育西拉木伦-长春缝合带。东北部的基底岩石主要为古太古代至古元古代,上覆中元古代至新元古代的未变质火山、沉积地层和未变质的显生宙盖层(谢静等,2012)。华北克拉通自~1.85 Ga拼合以来一直保持稳定的构造和较厚的岩石圈,然而中生代以来经历了强烈的活化作用变得不稳定(Zhu Ruixiang et al.,2012)。

  • 2 样品采集与实验方法

  • 2.1 样品采集

  • 为了约束科尔沁沙地的不同空间位置的物源,我们在沙地东南部(Q1)、中部(Q2)、西部(Q3)的活动风成沙丘、西部半固定风成沙丘(Q4)以及东北部固定风成沙丘(Q5)共取5个地表沙样品。为了避免样品污染,取样时刮开表面5 cm沙样,且每件样品不少于5 kg。

  • 2.2 实验方法

  • 为探讨科尔沁沙地风成沙锆石U-Pb年龄特征是否受到粒度分选的影响,通过干筛法将样品分为<63 μm和>63 μm两个粒度组分,分别进行锆石U-Pb测年分析。标准矿物分选遵循淘洗、重矿物分离和磁选的顺序,在双目显微镜下根据所选样品的颜色、形状、磨圆度和透明度等光学和物理性质提纯锆石颗粒。随机选择150颗锆石并将其安装在环氧树脂靶中进行抛光,以露出一半颗粒进行下一步分析。最后,利用透射、反射光显微照片和阴极发光(cathodoluminescence,CL)图像表征锆石颗粒的内部特征,作为激光打点目标的参考(图2)。所有样品的选点位置优先考虑锆石边缘以兼顾变质重结晶作用对锆石年龄的潜在影响(图2)。此外,为了识别碎屑锆石颗粒成因,将粗、细组分碎屑锆石共10个样品进行了扫描电镜分析以观察其表面特征。

  • 使用Analytik Jena AG PQMS030 elite ICP-MS仪器(德国)和准分子193 nm激光剥蚀系统(NewWave,NWR193)进行分析。直径30 μm和20 μm的激光光斑分别用于粒径>63 μm和<63 μm的锆石颗粒,频率为8 Hz。实验过程中以氦气作为剥蚀物质的载气,用人工合成硅酸盐玻璃标准参考物质NIST SRM610进行仪器最佳化,使仪器达到最高的灵敏度、最小的氧化物产率、最低的背景值和稳定的信号。用于仪器校准的NIST SRM 610的浓度值参考 Pearce et al.(1997)Yuan Honglin et al.(2010)给出的详细校准过程。每隔五个样品分析两个Plesovice(Sláma et al.,2008)和Qinghu(Li Xianhua et al.,2013)标样,分别用作U-Pb测年和监测仪器的外部标准。所有锆石U-Pb测年实验均在诚谱检测技术(廊坊)有限公司完成。

  • 每个样品分析150颗锆石,其中同位素比值和浓度使用Glitter 4.0软件分析,每个年龄数据误差在1σ内。对于年龄<1000 Ma和>1000 Ma的样品分别选择206Pb/238U和207Pb/206Pb作为最终年龄,且谐和度超出90%~110%的锆石颗粒被舍弃。

  • 碎屑锆石的谐和图使用Isoplot 4.15制作,核密度估计图(kernel density estimation,KDE)和多维标度统计图解(multidimensional scaling,MDS)基于R语言软件的Provenance软件包绘制完成(Vermeesch et al.,2016)。基于Matlab软件的逆向蒙特卡罗模型用于定量重建科尔沁沙地的物源混合比例(Sundell and Saylor,2017)。

  • 3 结果

  • 本研究从科尔沁沙地不同部位选取5个样品(共计1500颗碎屑锆石)进行U-Pb测年分析(图1),其中产生谐和年龄的锆石颗粒共1479颗(图3),样品测年结果见附表1。绝大多数锆石在CL图中表现出明显的振荡环带结构,且Th/U比值>0.1(图4),代表其岩浆成因(林旭等,2020张晓等,2022)。此外,CL图象显示,部分早前寒武纪锆石存在重结晶和变质增生边等具有变质作用叠加改造的结构特征(图2),表明早前寒武纪锆石潜在的变质来源。锆石形态主要为浑圆状、短柱状、长柱状和扁柱状,且表面普遍存在水溶蚀痕迹、碟形坑、V形坑和新月形撞击坑等特征(图5)。

  • 整体上看(图6),科尔沁沙地样品的碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在中生代至晚古生代和古元古代,与前人沙地中部样品(HD,n=54)的锆石年龄分布特征总体上较为一致,但古元古代年龄峰值的位置和高度存在一定的差异(图6),表明锆石分析数量不足会受到采样偏差影响,从而影响对物源的解释。具体而言,370~200 Ma的主要年龄区间和200~100 Ma和600~400 Ma的次要年龄区间存在于所有样品中,尽管不同样品中的峰的形态略有不同(图6)。~1.8 Ga和~2.5 Ga的次级年龄峰值也出现在所有样本中,这与华北克拉通东北部基岩的年龄特征相匹配,但与中亚造山带东南部基岩的年龄形成对比(图6)。不同粒径样品的碎屑锆石年龄特征总体上一致,但仍存在细微差异。例如,600~400 Ma、1.8 Ga和2.5 Ga的年龄峰在细粒级中更突出(图6)。此外,Q1样品的粗粒级组分和Q2样品的细粒级组分拥有更多1600~600 Ma的锆石(图6),这是中亚造山带的典型特征。

  • 图2 科尔沁沙地代表性样品CL图像(红色圆圈代表激光分析位置)

  • Fig.2 Cathodoluminescence images of selected zircons from the Horqin sandy land (circles indicate analytical sites)

  • 图3 科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石U-Pb谐和图(a~j)

  • Fig.3 U-Pb concordia diagrams (a~j) for detrital zircon grains of the Horqin sandy land

  • 图4 科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石年龄Th/U比值图解(a,<63 μm; b,>63 μm)

  • Fig.4 Diagram of zircon age Th/U ratio of the Horqin sandy land (a, <63 μm; b, >63 μm)

  • 图5 扫描电镜下锆石表面典型微结构(红色线段比例尺长度为100 μm)

  • Fig.5 The typical surface micro-textures of zircon under SEM (red line segment scale bar is 100 μm)

  • 对比收集的中亚造山带和华北克拉通碎屑锆石年龄分布图和KDE曲线可以明显看出,二者年龄特征存在较大差异(图6)。中亚造山带的碎屑锆石年龄主要集中于古生代至中生代(541~100 Ma),峰值年龄约为130 Ma、270 Ma、480 Ma。其中,270 Ma、480 Ma的锆石年龄峰值与科尔沁沙地样品中Q1~Q4样品的中生代、古生代年龄较为一致,而130 Ma年龄峰值与Q5(<63 μm)的中生代白垩纪年龄峰值接近。华北克拉通的碎屑锆石年龄除了集中于中生代和古生代之外,更多地显示前寒武纪年龄,两个突出的年龄峰值为1800 Ma、2500 Ma,这是中亚造山带锆石年龄所缺失的,也与华北克拉通东北部基底年龄(2.7~2.5 Ga)、燕山褶皱带岩浆锆石年龄(2.6~2.4 Ga、1.9~1.7 Ga、390~110 Ma)相对应(谢静等,2007)。

  • 基于逆向蒙特卡罗模型对科尔沁沙地物源的定量重建结果表明(表1,图7),中亚造山带东南缘与华北克拉通北部对所有样品的物源贡献并不完全一致,而是存在空间异质性,这为我们进行源-汇物源重建提供了重要的思路。Q1样品呈现出明显区别于其他样品的定量重建结果,粗粒度组分(>63 μm)中华北克拉通和中亚造山带占比分别为75.8%和24.2%。细粒度组分(<63 μm)中中亚造山带的占比有所上升(47.6%;表1)。然而,Q2样品的中亚造山带贡献显著高于华北克拉通,在细颗粒组分中尤为明显(表1)。Q3~Q5样品中中亚造山带的物源贡献略高于华北克拉通,且粗、细粒度组分的贡献差别不明显。值得注意的是,定量结果中极低的V值(0.103~0.216)和标准偏差(0.067~0.105)保证了重建结果的可靠性(图7;Sundell and Saylor,2017)。

  • 图6 科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石KDE图解(a~n)

  • Fig.6 KDE plots for detrital zircon grains of the Horqin sandy land (a~n)

  • 西拉木伦河河漫滩样品和科尔沁沙地内部样品(HD)分别引自包创等,2013Stevens et al.,2010;中亚造山带东南部火成岩锆石年龄数据引自陈斌等,20012009石玉若等,2004; Shi Yuruo et al.,2010葛文春等,2005李益龙等,20082009Zhang Xiaohui et al.,2008Demoux et al.,2009Liu Fu et al.,2009Li Dapeng et al.,2011;华北克拉通东北部火成岩锆石年龄数据引自郭敬辉等,1999Miao Laicheng et al.,2002; Zhang Suanghong et al.,2007a2007b2009Zhong Changting et al.,2007; Wan Yusheng et al.,2008; Grant et al.,2009; Li Huaikun et al.,2011b; Wang Wei et al.,2011; Liu Jian et al.,2012; Zou Dongya et al.,2022

  • The Xilamulun River and HD sample site locations are after Bao Chuang et al., 2013 and Stevens et al., 2010, respectively; igneous zircons age data in southeastern CAOB from Chen Bin et al., 2001, 2009; Shi Yuruo et al., 2004, 2010; Ge Wenchun et al., 2005; Li Yilong et al., 2008, 2009; Zhang Xiaohui et al., 2008; Demoux et al., 2009; Liu Fu et al., 2009; Li Dapeng et al., 2011; igneous zircons age data in northeastern NCC from Guo Jinghui et al., 1999; Miao Laicheng et al., 2002; Zhang Suanghong et al., 2007a, 2007b, 2009; Zhong Changting et al., 2007; Wan Yusheng et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2009; Li Huaikun et al., 2011b; Wang Wei et al., 2011; Liu Jian et al., 2012; Zou Dongya et al., 2022

  • 表1 科尔沁沙地定量物源混合贡献比例重建结果

  • Table1 Results of quantitative reconstruction of provenance in the Horqin sandy land based on inverse Monte Carlo modeling

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 科尔沁沙地的物源及形成机制

  • 目前对于科尔沁沙地的物源仍存在较大争议。谢静等(2012)曾通过对科尔沁沙地末次冰期和全新世沙地样品进行锆石U-Pb测年和Hf同位素的测定,认为科尔沁沙地的物源主要来自于华北克拉通东北部和中亚造山带东部,并推测二者对科尔沁沙地的物源贡献比例各占一半。Chen Bo et al.(2022)利用地球化学元素对科尔沁沙地<75 μm的沙地样品进行分析并认为其主要来自于中亚造山带东部的大兴安岭。然而,张瀚之等(2013)依据科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石形态认为物源主要来自燕山造山带。因此,科尔沁沙地的物源尚无准确定论。

  • 碎屑锆石的形态特征作为反映母岩特征的重要指标,常被用于追溯沙漠/沙地物源(Pupin et al.,1980张瀚之等,2013)。前人研究发现,科尔沁沙地较为常见的扁柱状锆石是来源于沙地南缘燕山造山带的显生宙浅海相沉积岩的判别特征(张瀚之等,2013)。本研究中CL图显示科尔沁沙地锆石形态多为短柱状、浑圆状和扁柱状(图2),这说明其物源可能兼具中亚造山带南段的碱性或基性花岗岩和华北克拉通北部的浅海相沉积岩特征(刘显凡和卢秋霞,1997)。此外,部分早前寒武纪的碎屑锆石具有变质作用叠加改造的结构特征,结合华北克拉通~2.5 Ga和1.95~1.8 Ga强烈的构造热事件,这一特征也表明华北克拉通变质结晶基底是科尔沁沙地重要的潜在源区。

  • 锆石颗粒具有硬度大、化学性质稳定等特征,各种地质营力作用下的搬运和沉积过程在其表面形成的微观形态特征可以得到良好保存,因此利用扫描电镜分析锆石表面结构特征可以很好地推断沉积物的沉积形成环境与搬运演化历史(万渝生等,2021b)。扫描电镜结果表明科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石颗粒表面呈现清晰的V形坑、溶蚀坑、贝壳状断口、蜂窝状溶蚀等水蚀特征和碟形撞击坑坑、新月形撞击坑等典型风蚀特征(图5)。因此,通过观察科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石形态特征并结合前人研究,我们推测科尔沁沙地的物源由中亚造山带南段花岗岩和华北克拉通北部燕山造山带的浅海相沉积岩的碎屑物质经风与河流搬运而来,且可能存在一定程度的风化与沉积再循环。

  • 基于大量火成岩锆石U-Pb年龄的汇编结果显示(图6),中亚造山带东部的锆石U-Pb年龄主要集中在533~110 Ma之间,几乎没有前寒武纪的锆石(Yang Jinhui et al.,2006)。华北克拉通东北部岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄的峰值主要分布在2600~2400 Ma、1900~1700 Ma 和390~100 Ma(谢静等,2012)。对比科尔沁沙地的锆石U-Pb年龄数据集可以看出(图6),所有沙地样品都展示出相似的锆石年龄谱特征,且与两大源区的主要年龄分布相接近,因此,仅依靠目视对比无法准确判别物源及定量的混合贡献比例。

  • 逆向蒙特卡罗模型的定量结果显示(表1),科尔沁沙地物源均以中亚造山带贡献占主导(50.5%~61.3%)。起源于中亚造山带的西拉木伦河横贯沙地西部和北部,裸露的河床与洪泛平原为其提供了丰富的沙物质来源(Chen Bo et al.,2022;图1)。位于西拉木伦河横向摆动范围内的沙地西部和北部受河流长期搬运和沉积作用影响,导致了中亚造山带为主导的物源贡献(表1)。此外,沙地中、西部的主导风向以西风和西北风为主(图1),为中亚造山带的粉尘搬运至下风向地区提供了充足的动力条件。值得注意的是,沙地东南部的样品显示出由华北克拉通占主导的独特物源特征(52.4%~75.8%),MDS图中也显示东南部样品与华北克拉通较强的亲缘性(图8)。由于沙地东南部在地理位置上远离中亚造山带,且主要接受发源自燕山造山带的养畜牧河的河流物质输送。此外,沙地东部西南风不支持中亚造山带的直接输送,导致华北克拉通占绝对优势的物源贡献。

  • 图7 基于逆向蒙特卡罗模型的科尔沁沙地定量物源判别结果(a~j)

  • Fig.7 Model results of the Horqin sandy land using the inverse Monte Carlo modeling (a~j)

  • 作为沙地/沙漠物源研究的热点议题,越来越多的研究证实中国北方沙漠存在显著的空间异质性(Rittner et al.,2016杨利荣等,2017;Zhang Hui C G et al.,2022)。然而,前人研究中对科尔沁沙地的物源空间异质性并没有进行深入探讨(谢静等,2012)。通过对比锆石年龄谱及MDS判别图可以看出(图6,图8),沙地西部和东北部样品的碎屑锆石年龄组成几乎一致,而沙地东南部则表现出独特的年龄谱特征,如更显著的~1.8 Ga年龄峰值。河流在沙地/沙漠形成演化过程中发挥了至关重要的作用,沙地西部和北部受到西拉木伦河的均匀混合作用,导致了极其相似的锆石年龄组成和物源贡献比例。然而,沙地东南部由于接收大量发源于燕山造山带的近源河流输送,导致其呈现出显著的华北克拉通年龄特征。

  • 图8 科尔沁沙地及其潜在源区的MDS判别结果

  • Fig.8 Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots for the Horqin sandy land and potential source areas

  • 最近研究表明,搬运-沉积过程中的粒度分选会对锆石U-Pb测年结果产生重要影响,从而影响对物源贡献的解释(Cantine et al.,2021)。然而,另一种观点认为锆石年龄谱只受源区特征影响,似乎与粒度无关(Leary et al.,2020)。前人对中国西部沙漠物源研究发现,由于粗细颗粒的风力搬运机制存在差异,因此不能直接假设沉积物不同粒级组分具有相同物源。在物源定量重建结果中,科尔沁沙地样品粗、细粒度组分的物源贡献基本一致(表1),表明基本不受粒度分选的影响。上述结果表明沙地物质在西拉木伦河的搬运和沉积作用下,粗、细粒度组分已经得到充分的混合,来自不同物源的锆石颗粒被均匀的分配到不同粒级组分中,因此粗、细粒度组分的锆石年龄相似。然而,沙地东南部的粗、细粒度组分物源贡献差异显著(表1),在粗粒度组分中华北克拉通占比更高(~75.8%),细粒度组分中明显下降(~52.4%)。由于沙地东南部发源于华北克拉通的短小河流输沙较少,且由西北风转向后的西南风搬运距离较短,粗颗粒物质搬运距离有限,无法得到充分混合,导致沙地东南部受到显著的粒度分选影响。因此,只有经历长距离搬运和充分混合,才能避免粒度分选对碎屑锆石年龄的影响。然而,搬运过程对碎屑锆石边缘的磨损也会造成粒度不断变小,并可能丢失锆石增生边的变质源信息。对本研究而言,科尔沁沙地的再循环程度较低,且选取的锆石颗粒较细,加上锆石本身硬度较高,受到搬运磨蚀的影响较小。此外,我们选点策略优先选择锆石边缘带,很大程度上避免了对变质增生边的忽视。在这种情况下,若存在增生边缘的部分磨损,锆石年龄可能会因分析点范围既包含岩浆年龄又包含变质年龄而导致最终年龄结果的不谐和。然而,我们研究中低于4%的不谐和率(最大不谐和颗粒为6颗)证明测得的U-Pb年龄相对接近锆石的原始形成年龄。更重要的是,不考虑变质增生边磨损的影响,如果碎屑锆石来自同一物源区,粒度分选将不会影响样品的年龄分布模式。然而,沙地东南部样品的年龄模式显然受到粒度分选的影响(粗、细组分物源差异显著),表明粗、细组分的碎屑锆石不是来自同一物源区,而是来自不同源区的不充分混合。

  • 4.2 碎屑锆石揭示的构造-岩浆事件

  • 锆石作为一种抗风化、抗磨蚀的矿物,常见于耐风化和热液蚀变的中性、长英质火成岩中,为侵蚀矿物中记录的岩浆事件提供了宝贵见解。本研究中绝大多数碎屑锆石为岩浆成因,且主要反映了大兴安岭南部、华北克拉通东北缘和燕山造山带源岩的充分混合,因此,基于大量分析的锆石数据和大数据汇编的U-Pb年龄为揭示研究区的构造-岩浆事件,为论证不同年代的岩浆-热力作用过程及岩石圈动力演化机制提供了宝贵机会。

  • 4.2.1 早前寒武纪华北克拉通的演化与Columbia超大陆的裂解

  • 早前寒武纪为地球大陆的快速生长阶段,70%的大陆地壳在太古宇阶段就已经形成(Condie,19941998),而华北克拉通作为世界上古老的克拉通之一,经历了复杂的多阶段构造演化(赵宗溥,1993翟明国,20012013Kusky et al.,2007a2007bWan Yusheng et al.,20082015万渝生,2017),最早可以追溯到4.0~3.8 Ga(万渝生等,200120202021a2021b)。目前,鞍山地区首次报道3.8 Ga岩石(糜棱岩化奥长花岗岩)地点为白家坟杂岩(Liu Dunyi et al.,1992万渝生等,2015),此后仅在鞍本(鞍山—本溪)、冀东和信阳三个地区发现始太古代(>3.6 Ga)岩石(Liu Dunyi et al.,2008Nutman et al.,2011Zhang Hongfu et al.,2014Wan Yusheng et al.,2015)。古太古代至新太古代(3.6~2.6 Ga),大陆生长以板底垫托或地幔翻转活动为主,引起大规模岩浆活动和变质作用,使TTG岩石开始于华北克拉通多地被发现(万渝生等,200720122017Wan Yusheng et al.,2015),但在中太古代前主要存在于Wan Yusheng et al.(2015)划分的东部、南部和中部三个古陆块中。

  • 新太古代以来,华北克拉通三期主要的地质构造事件分别为2.9~2.7 Ga广泛的陆壳增生、2.5 Ga大量构造与变质-岩浆事件为标志的克拉通化和1.8 Ga克拉通的最终形成(沈其韩等,1999翟明国和卞爱国,2000Zhao Guochun et al.,20012005Kusky and Li Jianghai,2003Kröner et al.,2005Kusky et al.,2007a2007b耿元生等,2010翟明国,2010Geng Yuansheng et al.,2012第五春荣等,2012胡波等,2013)。然而,对于华北克拉通形成演化的一些基本问题还未完全解决,其中的两个核心问题在于形成方式与时间。传统观点有陆核生长(马杏垣,1963姜春潮,1986)与微陆块拼合(白瑾等,1993翟明国和卞爱国,2000Wan Yusheng et al.,20152019Wang Xi et al.,2022)的模式,近年来有相关学者提出板块碰撞说,但关于板块的划分、碰撞拼合时间仍存在争议(Zhao Guochun et al.,2001Kusky and Li Jianghai,2003;Kusky et al.,2007;Wang Xi et al.,2022)。Zhai Mingguo and Santosh(2011)曾提出,华北克拉通由7个微小陆块于~2.5 Ga沿新太古代花岗岩-绿岩带焊接而成(图9),而另一种模式认为其是在晚古元古代由5个微陆块碰撞拼合而成(Wu Jiashan et al.,1998)。新太古代晚期,陆壳增生强烈且构造热事件强烈发育,这暗示构造机制已经发生重大转变,板块构造可能开始起作用(万渝生等,20152017)。基于此,Wan Yusheng et al.(2015)根据古岩石和锆石分布,认为在~2.6 Ga前存在三个古陆块并提出多岛弧模型,即三个古陆块(可能还有尚未发现陆块)由于俯冲/碰撞合并形成表壳岩和侵入岩,最终在新太古代末拼合成华北克拉通(图9)。此外,还有学者表明在新太古代晚期,东、西陆块沿中央造山带发生碰撞,形成统一的基底(图9;Kusky and Li Jianghai,2003),或是先形成五台岛弧,而后弧后盆地闭合,东部陆块连接岛弧并继续俯冲并在~1.8 Ga完成拼合(图9;耿元生等,20022010Kröner et al.,2005)。但由于后者无法解释内部大量基性火山岩和地质历史时期~0.7 Ga的长寿大洋,因此耿元生等(20022010)认为地幔柱底侵的构造热才是导致该时期克拉通化的根本机制。

  • 华北克拉通在太古宇最主要的两次地壳生长与岩浆活动发生在2.8~2.7 Ga、2.5 Ga,且最主要的岩浆热事件发生在2.5 Ga(图9;Kröner et al.,2005Zhao Guochun et al.,2005刘富等,2009第五春荣等,20122020)。由于基于Nd、Hf同位素的模式年龄精度有限,混合年轻物质后并不能像锆石U-Pb那样很好地反映地壳生长、岩浆活动的真实年龄,因此很多学者认为2.7 Ga的模式只是一种参考(Geng Yuansheng et al.,2012第五春荣等,2012)。沈其韩等(2005)对于中国早前寒武纪地质演化研究发现华北克拉通最强的岩浆热事件发生在2.55~2.50 Ga,甚至有观点认为这是华北克拉通区别于其他古老大陆的特殊性所在(Windley,1995刘富等,2009)。科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石明显的2.5 Ga年龄峰值清晰地记录了该时期的岩浆活动的高峰(图9),也证实了华北克拉通2.5 Ga的岩浆构造事件的广泛存在。此外,前人大量的研究资料显示该时期锆石εHft)值为正值,接近同时期亏损地幔值,且同时期广泛分布TTG片麻岩与花岗-绿岩带(图9;刘富等,2009Geng Yuansheng et al.,2012第五春荣等,2012),因此可以推断2.5 Ga的锆石峰值年龄记录的岩浆作用为重要的地壳生长事件,并使其克拉通化。

  • 国际地层委员会把2.05~1.8 Ga划分为造山系,该时期全球不同地区发育多期碰撞-造山运动,也是形成Columbia超大陆最主要的造山作用(耿元生,2019),地质资料表明华北克拉通在该时期存在大量拉伸裂谷-盆地-俯冲-碰撞的构造演化历史(翟明国,20112013)。科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石U-Pb记录的1.85 Ga左右的岩浆事件与Columbia超大陆形成时间一致(图9),既反映了吕梁运动时期的陆内裂解事件,也体现了西部陆快与东部陆块的碰撞拼合并固结形成今天华北克拉通统一的结晶基底(Zhao Guochun et al.,20012005Kusky and Li Jianghai,2003),响应了Columbia超大陆的聚合。

  • 耿元生等(2019)曾提出,在1.8~1.6 Ga,不论是沉积事件还是岩浆事件,基本都与超大陆的裂解有关(图9),并未显示造山作用与大陆固结。另外,虽然学术界对于华北克拉通在Columbia 超大陆裂解中的响应时间存在争议(赵太平等,2004Hou Guiting et al.,2008胡波等,2013),但克拉通内部广泛分布的放射状镁铁质岩墙主要形成于1.78 Ga左右(王冲等,2016耿元生等,2019),这也与克拉通南缘熊耳群火山岩相对应(柳晓艳等,2011赵太平等,2015)。因此,大量沉积、岩浆事件表明1.78 Ga左右Columbia 超大陆已经开始裂解并持续发育到1.3 Ga时期(翟明国等,2014耿元生等,2019)。因此,科尔沁沙地锆石在1.7 Ga的年龄峰值所体现的岩浆记录与超大陆初始裂解时期大量造山后-非造山阶段的岩浆活动时代一致,可能是对Columbia超大陆初始裂解的响应(图9),该时期产生的大量火成岩为古元古代晚期大陆裂解过程中的产物。

  • 图9 科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱及中亚造山带东部(a)和华北克拉通(b)的构造事件时间表

  • Fig.9 Diagrams of the U-Pb ages for the Horqin sandy land and sketch timeline of tectonic events for the eastern CAOB (a) and the NCC (b)

  • 中亚造山带东部构造事件引自Wang Fei et al.,2006; Zhang Jiheng et al.,2008; Wilde et al.,2015; Li Shan et al.,2017; Zhu Rixiang et al.,2017; Tang Zongyuan et al.,2018; Qin Yachao et al.,2021;华北克拉通构造事件引自翟明国和卞爱国,2000; Kusky et al.,2001; Li Jianghai et al.,2002; Kusky and Li Jianghai,2003; 赵太平等,2004; Kröner et al.,2005; Hou Guiting et al.,2008; 耿元生等,2010,2019; Zhai Mingguo and Santosh,2011; 胡波等,2013; Wan Yusheng et al.,2015,2019; 万渝生等,2017; Wang Xi et al.,2022

  • The tectonic events of eastern CAOB are after Wang Fei et al., 2006; Zhang Jiheng et al., 2008; Wilde et al., 2015; Li Shan et al., 2017; Zhu Rixiang et al., 2017; Tang Zongyuan et al., 2018; Qin Yachao et al., 2021; the tectonic events of the NCC are after Zhai Mingguo and Bian Aiguo, 2000; Kusky et al., 2001; Li Jianghai et al., 2002; Kusky and Li Jianghai, 2003; Zhao Taiping et al., 2004; Kröner et al., 2005; Hou Guiting et al., 2008; Geng Yuansheng et al., 2010, 2019; Zhai Mingguo and Santosh, 2011; Hu Bo et al., 2013; Wan Yusheng et al., 2015, 2017, 2019; Wang Xi et al., 2022

  • 碎屑锆石每个峰值年龄均代表物源区在对应时期发生过一定规模的岩浆与构造事件(孔令耀等,2022),本研究基于Large-N汇总的科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石年龄峰值在早前寒武纪主要集中于2.5 Ga、1.85 Ga、1.7 Ga,响应了华北克拉通两期主要的构造岩浆事件以及Columbia 超大陆的形成与裂解。

  • 4.2.2 古生代以来东北地区的构造-岩浆演化

  • 自古生代以来,中国东北一直处于古亚洲洋、蒙古-鄂霍次克海和古太平洋三个构造域之间复杂的相互作用之下,发生了地壳增生、拼合、隆升和剥蚀等一系列构造事件(Pang Yumao et al.,2020)。这一时期的大兴安岭和燕山造山带明确记录了这一系列构造-岩浆事件,并可以进一步阐明其地质动力学背景。本研究中科尔沁沙地锆石在该时期主要存在500~400 Ma、300~250 Ma、130~110 Ma三个主要的年龄峰值,分别响应了不同地质历史时期的构造事件(图9)。

  • 早古生代时期(500~400 Ma),锆石年龄出现了平缓的峰值增长,这记录了该时期存在持续广泛的岩浆活动,形成大片岩浆岩(图9)。这与古亚洲洋的俯冲和额尔古纳地块、兴安地块和松嫩地块与西伯利亚克拉通的融合有关(Li Shan et al.,2017)。

  • 晚二叠纪至三叠纪,古亚洲洋向东俯冲并最终沿西拉木伦-长春缝合带呈剪刀式闭合,从西到东与华北克拉通碰撞。此时东北亚以板块内部造山运动为主并在大兴安岭中南段地区产生大量岩浆岩(Wilde,2015)。位于大兴安岭南缘的科尔沁沙地锆石出现300~250 Ma的峰值年龄是对这一时期岩浆构造事件的强烈响应(图9)。

  • 早侏罗纪后,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋向南俯冲,最终沿蒙古-鄂霍次克缝合带呈剪刀状闭合并触发大量岩浆事件(图9)。此后,古太平洋板块开始向西俯冲,且中国东部侏罗纪—白垩纪的燕山运动导致中生代侵入岩、小型火山岩和陆地硅片硅质碎屑和火山碎屑岩广泛暴露(Qin Yachao et al.,2021)。这种区域扩展构造背景导致大兴安岭地区岩石圈变薄和岩浆底侵,引发了中生代晚期的大规模岩浆活动(Wang Fei et al.,2006)。此外,白垩纪中期(~125 Ma),古太平洋板块在地幔过渡带停滞脱水,导致大规模岩石圈变薄、华北克拉通东部完全被破坏(Zhu Rixiang et al.,2017),进一步引发大规模岩浆事件(图9)。然而,由于大兴安岭南部在空间上远离古太平洋和蒙古洋板块俯冲的位置,因此科尔沁沙地锆石受其影响有限。

  • 进入早白垩纪晚期,东北陆边缘岩浆作用的空间范围逐渐向东收缩,太平洋板块开始逐渐回退,地壳弧后延伸、岩石圈减薄,导致上地幔顶部软流层在此时期发生了大规模岩浆活动,这也与科尔沁沙地锆石~130 Ma左右的年龄峰值相对应(图9;Zhang Jiheng et al.,2008Tang Zongyuan et al.,2018)。晚白垩世以后,中国东北主要受古太平洋板块向西俯冲的影响,但这种影响仅限于大兴安岭的北部和中部地区,南部地区的影响较小。

  • 综上,科尔沁地区的古生代—中生代(500~100 Ma)锆石年龄峰值是古亚洲洋、蒙古-鄂霍次克海和古太平洋控制下的俯冲碰撞、区域扩展和岩浆活动的产物,是对大兴安岭南部和华北克拉通北部构造热事件的综合响应。

  • 5 结论

  • 在本研究中,我们对科尔沁沙地五个不同区域的地表风成沙的粗、细粒度组分(<63 μm和>63 μm)进行碎屑锆石U-Pb测年,利用逆向蒙特卡罗模型对结果进行定量物源重建并结合MDS图进行验证,具体结果如下:

  • (1)通过对比科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱,几乎所有的样品都表现出极为相似的年龄特征,且仅基于目视对比的定性角度无法准确判别沙地不同区域的物源是来源于中亚造山带或华北克拉通。然而,逆向蒙特卡罗模型的定量重建结果显示,整体上表现出中亚造山带占主导的物源贡献。然而,沙地东南部则表现为以华北克拉通为主导的独特物源特征。

  • (2)科尔沁沙地的锆石U-Pb年龄特征存在一定的空间异质性。沙地西部和北部由于受到西拉木伦河河流的均质化作用,表现出极为相似的锆石年龄特征。然而,沙地东南部样品主要受起源自燕山造山带河流的近源输送,且主导风向为西南风,导致华北克拉通占主导的独特年龄特征。

  • (3)科尔沁沙地不同粒度组分的锆石U-Pb年龄特征十分相似,表明经过长距离搬运并得到充分混合的条件下,锆石U-Pb年龄组成基本不受粒度分选的影响。然而,由于沙地东南部主要源自近源短小河流的搬运,且由西北风转西南风后的搬运距离较短,导致粗—细颗粒组分在较短的搬运过程中无法得到充分混合,导致锆石U-Pb年龄组成的粒度分选。

  • (4)科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄在2.5 Ga、1.85~1.7 Ga出现的年龄峰值可能与华北克拉通在地壳生长、碰撞、拼合及最后克拉通化过程中的两期构造-岩浆事件相关,同时后者也响应了Columbia超大陆的聚合与裂解。

  • (5)东北地区古生代以来在古亚洲洋的俯冲闭合、蒙古-鄂霍次克海俯冲碰撞和古太平洋的俯冲、回退的区域构造背景下,触发多期构造-热事件并产生大量岩浆活动,这在科尔沁沙地500~100 Ma的碎屑锆石年龄峰值中得到忠实记录。

  • 致谢:诚挚感谢审稿专家提出的宝贵意见和建议。碎屑锆石年龄和扫描电镜分析得到了诚谱检测技术(廊坊)有限公司李鹏、张雁子、刘铭平和王根涛的大力支持。硕士研究生赵延卓参与了锆石U-Pb测年的实验处理,硕士研究生赵慧莹、时蕴琳、高宏宇、宋莹、符锦霞、张鑫茹和刘俊贺参加了实验室样品处理工作,在此一并表示感谢!

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202404090?st=article_issue

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