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作者简介:

贾承造,男,1948年生。博士,中国科学院院士,主要从事构造地质学、石油地质学研究和油气勘探工作。E-mail:jiacz@petrochina.com.cn。

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    摘要

    超深层是指现今或曾经埋藏深度超过6000 m的沉积地层。中国海相超深层时代老,热演化程度高,经历的构造运动多,独特的构造-沉积和生烃环境,决定了海相超深层油气藏形成与分布的复杂性,成烃-成储-成藏规律明显不同于中浅地层,勘探的难度也远远大于国外中新生代克拉通盆地。经过半个多世纪的探索,近年来中国海相超深层油气勘探在中西部盆地取得一系列重大突破,显著提升了超深层领域油气资源的战略地位。与此同时,中国海相超深层油气地质理论也取得重大进展,形成了以重大地质转折期构造活动控制超深层油气地质要素发育、深埋高温环境导致多途径天然气生成、沉积-构造作用控制超深层油气储集空间形成与保持、超深层温压系统控制油气藏相态演化和多期成藏、多层系分布等为核心的理论认识,极大地发展了国外学者基于中新生代海相地层提出的油气生成与成藏模式,拓展了海相油气资源形成和分布的时空界限。

    Abstract

    Ultra-deep strata refer to stratigraphic formations that are presently or were once buried at depths over 6 km. The ultra-deep strata of marine formations in China are generally characterized by old age and high maturation, and had experienced numerous tectonic movements. Their unique tectonic, sedimentation and hydrocarbon generation settings determined the complexity of the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs in ultra-deep marine strata. The mechanisms of hydrocarbon generation, reservoir formation and accumulation are quite distinct from that of relatively shallow strata, and the exploration is far more challenging than that of the Meso-Cenozoic craton basins abroad. After more than 50 years of exploration, a series of great breakthroughs have been made in ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in central and western China basins, which have significantly elevated the strategic significance of ultra-deep resources. Highlights of the great progress has also been made in our theoretical understandings on ultra-deep geology in China include: ① tectonic activities during major geological transition period controlled the development of geological factors in ultra-deep reservoirs; ② deep-burial at high temperatures led to multiple natural gas generation pathways; ③ sedimentary and tectonic processes determined the formation and preservation of ultra-deep reservoirs; ④ temperature and pressure in ultra-deep petroleum system controlled the petroleum phase evolution, multi-stage accumulation and multi-layer distribution of hydrocarbon in reservoirs, etc. These insights have significantly improved the model of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation previously proposed by foreign scholars based on Meso-Cenozoic marine strata, and greatly expanded the temporal and spatial boundaries for the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon resources in deep marine strata.

  • 超深层油气勘探是中国深地探测的重要组成部分,也是保障我国能源供应安全的重要途径。中国和国际钻井工程将4500~6000 m的目的层定义为深层,大于6000 m为超深层。美国是最早进行超深层油气勘探的国家,20世纪70年代已在滨墨西哥盆地、阿纳达科盆地、特拉华和瓦尔维德盆地的超深层获得大量油气发现。截至2009年,全球已发现6000 m以下的超深层油气田(藏)共计149个(Zou Caineng et al.,2014b),主要位于美国和俄罗斯,少数在拉美、西欧和中东地区。最近十多年来,全球超深层油气勘探发现进入快速增长期,6000 m以下层系的石油探明储量占新增石油探明储量的13%,新增天然气探明储量占比达到21%,其中68 个油气藏的深度超过8000 m(赵喆,2019)。

  • 中国超深层油气勘探始于1976年四川盆地的女基井,完钻井深为6011 m。1978年在老关庙气田钻成关基井,钻井深度首度突破7000 m,并在二叠系茅口组(7153.5~7175.0 m)发现了日产4.88×104 m3的工业天然气流,是中国首次发现的超深层天然气藏(戴金星等,2018)。在随后的20年内,中国石油和中国石化相继在四川盆地、塔里木盆地钻成数十口超深井,虽然未取得重大油气勘探突破,但为认识盆地深部地质特点提供了宝贵资料,为之后超深层大油气田的勘探积累了知识和经验。

  • 本世纪以来,中国超深层油气勘探进入快速发展阶段。尤其是近十多年来,海相超深层油气勘探连续取得重大突破,在塔里木、四川等盆地6500~8000 m的地层陆续获得油气大发现,揭示中国超深层巨大的油气资源前景。其中,2016年塔里木盆地顺北、富满地区工业油气勘探深度突破8000 m(杨海军等,2020),是当时世界范围内陆上石油规模勘探开发最深的区域,超出了传统石油地质理论普遍认知的液态原油存在的深度下限;塔北和塔中奥陶系发现的超深层油气储量也分别超过20×108 t和15×108 t油气当量。迄今,塔里木盆地完钻井深大于6000 m的超深层井达470余口,占总钻井数的84%(杨学文等,2021)。四川盆地震旦系—三叠系深层—超深层天然气探明地质储量接近2×1012m3,形成了多层系立体富气特点,其经历的最大埋深超过8000 m,最高地层温度达到230℃,超过传统认识提出的“死亡线”,经典石油地质理论无法解释如此大规模高—过成熟天然气的形成机理及分布规律。超深层油气的重大发现,支撑了中国天然气工业的大发展和原油产量的稳中有升,成为中国乃至世界油气勘探史上的重要里程碑。

  • 中国克拉通盆地的超深层主要为前寒武系—下古生界海相层系,发育多套烃源岩、经历多期重大构造旋回和多阶段油气生成、调整与聚集。近年来,国内学者从不同角度分析超深层油气形成的有利条件,在成烃、成储、成藏机制和油气富集规律等方面的研究取得了一系列新认识和重要理论进展(金之钧,2014邹才能等,2014a赵文智等,2014贾承造和庞雄奇,2015杜金虎等,2015张水昌等,2017Zhang Shuichang et al.,2018马永生等,2020李阳等,2020)。然而,中国沉积盆地超深层油气勘探程度仍然较低,理论认识仍待进一步深化。盆地深部独特的构造演化,是超深层不同类型油气藏形成的地质基础,但构造演化与有效成藏的相关性仍缺乏系统性认识;我国两大海相克拉通盆地热体制存在明显差异,深埋过程中普遍经历了大火山岩省等热事件,它们很可能影响或控制了超深层生烃和油气演化过程,从而导致存在复合生烃机理和多途径供烃过程(张水昌等,2021);盆地深部储层发育机制一直存在“浅成深保”、“深埋溶蚀”和“相带控储”等主要认识(马永生等,2007a沈安江等,2016何治亮等,2021),但近年来围绕基底走滑断裂的“断溶体”和深层膏盐岩的“滑脱构造”油气成藏机制成为研究热点(何海清等,2021马永生等,2022);塔里木盆地超深层油气藏以正常压力系统的轻质油和凝析气藏为主,而四川盆地超深层则整体呈现弱超压与局部超压气藏并存的特征,两大克拉通盆地超深层的油气资源类型和油气藏相态如此迥异,指示它们的油气成藏过程和分布规律的重大不同。

  • 针对上述问题,本文以四川和塔里木盆地海相超深层油气藏为例,系统讨论了超大陆聚散对我国中西部含油气盆地的形成演化和成藏地质要素发育的控制作用,探讨了深埋高温环境下原油裂解和有机-无机复合生气作用,揭示了表生环境和沉积-构造作用对超深层油气储集空间形成与保持的联控机制,提出超深层温压系统控制了油气藏相态演化和多期成藏、多层系分布等新认识,初步形成了中国海相超深层石油地质理论体系,有望更好地指导未来超深层油气勘探。

  • 1 中国海相超深层油气藏类型与复杂流体性质

  • 我国超深层油气的规模储量和工业产区主要分布在四川和塔里木盆地震旦系—下古生界,整体呈现多层系复式油气聚集的特征,但两大克拉通盆地超深层油气的富集层位、油气藏类型和物理化学性质差别明显。四川盆地超深层蕴含丰富的海相天然气资源,截至2020年,共在震旦系灯影组至三叠系飞仙关组的7个层系(图1a)中发现了规模超过12×1012m3的天然气地质储量。与四川盆地超深层富含天然气不同,塔里木盆地超深层则蕴含了地质储量近30×108 t的液态原油,是我国唯一具有海相液态原油工业产能的盆地,并且油气类型复杂多样(图1b)。我国两大克拉通盆地超深层油气资源类型的差异性,反映出四川盆地和塔里木盆地经历了不同的油气生成、成藏过程与构造演化历史。

  • 1.1 塔里木盆地超深层油气资源类型与物理化学性质

  • 迄今,已在塔里木盆地寒武系—白垩系的8个层系中获得商业价值的油气发现,含油气层组多达17个。其中海相超深层油气藏基本上集中在奥陶系,主要分布在塔北隆起、满西富满—顺北地区和塔中隆起(图1b),呈现出稠油、正常油、轻质油、凝析油和干气等多种复杂油气类型共存、有序聚集的特点(图2),且整体属于常压系统。稠油主要分布在塔北轮南—塔河深层的奥陶系潜山区,储层埋深5400~7000 m,油藏温度范围为120~140℃,原油密度普遍大于0.90 g/cm3,最高达到1.14 g/cm3,黏度最高达200×104 mPa·s。正常原油聚集在塔北古隆起及其周缘,原油密度范围0.82~0.90 g/cm3,包括轮古、哈拉哈塘等奥陶系油气藏,埋深达到6500~7500 m,地层温度130~150℃,气油比主体范围100~400(v/v)。在塔中隆起东部临近满加尔凹陷生烃中心的斜坡区,聚集了8×108 t油当量的凝析气藏,主要储层仍是奥陶系多层组的碳酸盐岩,地层埋深5500~7200 m,气油比普遍超过2500(v/v),最高近25000(v/v)。与世界上典型凝析气藏相比,塔里木盆地深层—超深层凝析气藏具有时代老、埋深大,地层压力高(60~70 MPa),凝析油密度重(0.78~0.88 g/cm3),含蜡量高(1.2%~12.9%)等特征。近几年随着勘探深度增加,在满加尔凹陷西部斜坡区发现了顺北-富满十亿吨级的轻质油资源,原油密度主体小于0.82 g/cm3,这与全球范围典型热成因凝析油/轻质油的密度(<0.8 g/cm3)相近。这类轻质油是目前在我国克拉通盆地超深层发现的热成熟度最高的液态原油(张水昌等,2021)。

  • 图1 四川盆地(a)与塔里木盆地(b)地层格架与超深层油气藏富集层位

  • Fig.1 The stratigraphic framework and distributions of ultra-deep reservoirs of the Sichuan basin (a) and the Tarim basin (b)

  • 图2 塔里木盆地海相原油密度分布

  • Fig.2 Density distribution of marine crude oils in the Tarim basin

  • 基于生物标志化合物和同位素分析,塔里木盆地海相原油主要来源于寒武系和奥陶系烃源岩(梁狄刚等,2000; Zhang Shuichang et al.,2000; Li Sumei et al.,2010; Yu Shuang et al.,2012)。随着台盆区海相油气勘探不断向深层拓展,油气勘探层位延伸至中下奥陶统和寒武系,油气藏埋深大多超过7000 m,根据生物标记化合物的油源参数指示,深层油气具有明显的寒武系—奥陶系混源特征,并且随着埋深增加,寒武系烃源岩对油气贡献逐渐增加(Zhang Shuichang et al.,2015; Cai Chunfang et al.,2016; 包建平等,2018)。塔里木克拉通深层海相油气藏的主要成藏期为加里东晚期、海西期和喜马拉雅期(张水昌等,2004赵孟军等,2007陈红汉等,2014)。其中海西期是现今发现的工业油藏的主要成藏期(张水昌等,20042011a),喜马拉雅期前陆挠曲变形和深埋过程使早期形成的油藏经历了一系列地质-地球化学变化,受高成熟原油裂解作用、构造升降作用、油气混合和运移分馏作用等多种因素的影响,导致原油的物理-化学性质产生了很大变化,形成了多种性质的油气有序聚集在古隆起及斜坡部位(苏劲等,2010; Zhang Shuichang et al.,2011d),成为塔里木盆地超深层油气分布的一大特点。

  • 1.2 四川盆地高过成熟天然气类型

  • 迄今发现的四川盆地超深层全部是天然气藏,主要分布在川中古隆起及北斜坡、川中北部元坝和龙岗、川东北普光以及川西等地区,整体具有圈闭类型多样、层位多、相态单一、压力系统复杂等特征。川中古隆起及北斜坡地区震旦系—寒武系气藏产层现今深度在5500~6500 m之间,地温梯度24~30℃/km,气藏中部温度137~163℃;上部寒武系发育超压(压力系数为1.53~1.70),而下部灯影组普遍常压(压力系数为1.07~1.13),目前已累计探明天然气储量1.07×1012m3。川西地区中二叠统栖霞组—茅口组气藏现今埋深5000~7500 m,地温梯度18~24℃/km,气藏中部温度154~168℃,压力系数为1.5~1.7左右。普光、元坝、龙岗等二叠系长兴组—三叠系飞仙关组台缘带礁滩相气藏现今埋深5000~7000 m,地温梯度较川中地区偏低,18~26℃/km,气藏中部温度120~133℃,气藏以常压为主,压力系数一般不超过1.2,累计探明储量约0.67×1012m3郭旭升等,2020)。

  • 四川盆地超深层天然气主要为原油裂解成因(邹才能等,2014a; 魏国齐等,2015Zhang Shuichang et al.,2018; Zhao Wenzhi et al.,2019b),根据甲烷碳同位素计算得到的等效镜质组反射率(RoE)普遍大于2.5%(Zhang Shuichang et al.,2018),显示为过成熟特征。天然气以烃类气体为主,干燥系数普遍高于0.95;非烃气体含量差异较大,如震旦系天然气与寒武系天然气相比,具有较高的CO2、N2、H2S和He等非烃气体含量;川东地区二叠系长兴组—三叠系飞仙关组天然气中具有高含量的H2S与CO2等酸性气体,被认为是白云岩储层中液态原油经历硫酸盐热化学还原反应(TSR)所致(马永生,2007; Hao Fang et al.,2008);中等程度的TSR作用可能有利于原油裂解成气(张水昌等,2011a)。超深层天然气的甲烷碳同位素组成在不同地区、不同层系具有较大的差异(图3),这主要受控于热演化和TSR作用程度。如川中高磨地区灯影组、龙王庙组天然气δ13C1的分布范围为-34.1‰~-31.7‰,明显重于塔里木盆地古城—顺南地区的原油裂解气(-38‰~-34‰),更重于塔北-塔中古隆起上原油的伴生气(-40‰~-50‰),反映了四川盆地经历了更高的热演化程度;而川东地区长兴组和飞仙关组δ13C1值分别为-34.4‰~-27.8‰和-33.8‰~-28.5‰,这种更重的同位素组成则是热演化和TSR共同作用的结果(Cai Chunfang et al.,2004; 张水昌等,2007; He Kun et al.,2020)。

  • 2 重大地质转折期构造活动控制超深层油气地质要素发育

  • 中国海相超深层油气主要分布在新元古界—下古生界,对应于罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解期和冈瓦纳大陆聚合期。超大陆周期性聚散导致的特提斯、古亚洲构造域动力学演化及其相关洋盆的形成与消亡起着决定性作用,不仅决定了中国陆块的构造与古地理格局,也控制了中国海相超深层油气形成、保持与调整改造(图4)。

  • 图3 四川盆地超深层不同层系天然气藏甲烷碳同位素组成

  • Fig.3 Carbon isotopic composition of CH4 in the ultra-deep nature gas reservoirs in the Sichuan basin

  • 图4 中国超深层油气系统形成与演化

  • Fig.4 The formation and evolution of ultra-deep petroleum system in China

  • 2.1 超大陆裂解作用控制超深层古裂陷发育与源-储配置

  • 新元古代,罗迪尼亚超大陆的持续裂解作用导致中国古老陆块发生伸展,形成规模巨大的新元古代裂陷,控制最早期盆地的分布,并拉开了中国海相克拉通盆地演化的序幕。在华南发育湘桂、康滇、扬子北缘等裂陷,在塔里木发育塔北、塔南等裂陷(管树巍等,2017; 赵文智等,2019a)。新元古代晚期—早寒武世,华南和塔里木陆块随着原特提斯洋、古亚洲洋的张开,发育被动陆缘(Zhao Guochun et al.,2018),并受伸展控制形成晚震旦世—早寒武世德阳-安岳(邹才能等,2014a; 魏国齐等,2022)、早寒武世塔北(管树巍等,2019)等克拉通内裂陷盆地。在裂陷内部发育下寒武统优质烃源岩,裂陷边缘和古隆起高部位发育碳酸盐岩丘滩和颗粒滩,构成优越的源-储配置(图5),是超深层最重要的油气系统之一。

  • 二叠纪,受控于古特提斯洋分支勉略洋被动陆缘(Zhao Guochun et al.,2018)和峨眉山大火成岩省(LIPs)事件(又称“峨眉地裂运动”)(徐义刚等,2013)引起的伸展,华南陆块在上扬子北部形成以“开江-梁平海槽”为代表的多个克拉通内裂陷,发育二叠系—下三叠统优质烃源岩和台缘礁滩储层(马新华等,2019),为四川盆地超深层第二套油气系统形成奠定了基础。

  • 图5 塔里木盆地(a)与四川盆地(b)南华纪—寒武纪主要区域构造运动与源储发育层系

  • Fig.5 Main regional tectonic movements and source-reservoirs from Nanhuanian to Cambrian in the Tarim basin (a) and the Sichuan basin (b)

  • 2.2 超大陆聚合作用控制古隆坳格局与优质源-储形成

  • 新元古代晚期开始,冈瓦纳大陆发生聚合,但华南、塔里木等陆块并未参与早期冈瓦纳大陆聚合进程,而是随着原特提斯洋的消减闭合,在中奥陶世末期加入冈瓦纳大陆(Zhao Guochun et al.,2018)。原特提斯洋闭合引起的晚奥陶世—志留纪持续碰撞汇聚作用使得华南和塔里木陆块形成隆坳相间格局,其中大规模坳陷为华南志留系龙马溪组优质烃源岩的发育提供有利场所,强烈隆升剥蚀造成塔里木奥陶系与志留系之间角度不整合的广泛分布以及大面积岩溶储层的形成。

  • 受控于盘古超大陆聚合作用,古特提斯洋消减闭合使包括塔里木和华南在内的东亚块体逐步加入到盘古超大陆之中(Zhao Guochun et al.,2018)。其中,华南陆块在晚三叠世随着北部勉略洋的闭合,与华北陆块发生碰撞,最终加入盘古超大陆。塔里木地块随着南部古特提斯洋和北部古亚洲洋的聚敛闭合,边缘基本上长期隆升剥蚀,并在中—晚二叠世由海相沉积转变为陆相沉积。总体来说,二叠纪—三叠纪古特提斯洋、古亚洲洋的消减闭合改变了四川和塔里木等盆地构造-沉积格局,进入陆内演化与陆相沉积为主阶段。

  • 2.3 多期走滑断裂活动控制超深层油气输导和储层改造

  • 在周缘洋盆的多旋回消减闭合与盆地基底结构非均一性共同控制下,四川和塔里木盆地超深层普遍发育克拉通内走滑断裂(图6)。这些克拉通内走滑断层虽然具有位移小和断距小的特点,但显著控制了超深层碳酸盐岩储层的发育与油气的富集,其巨大的油气资源潜力已被近年来的勘探开发实践所证实(焦方正,2017; 贾承造等,2021; 焦方正等,2021)。受控于原特提斯洋消减闭合与基底差异结构,四川盆地川中走滑断层形成于早加里东期,并在加里东晚期、海西期发生多期继承性活动,具有沟通源储、改善储层和聚气高产作用,构成“三元控藏、复式聚集”的震旦系—二叠系“断控型”成藏系统(焦方正等,2021);塔里木走滑断层形成于加里东中期,加里东晚期—海西早期、海西晚期、燕山期—喜马拉雅早期部分断层重新活化(贾承造等,2021)。上述研究不仅丰富和完善了中国小陆块、多旋回盆地克拉通内走滑断层理论,更拓展了超深层油气勘探领域。

  • 2.4 新特提斯动力过程控制超深层温度场变化和油气资源类型

  • 中—新生代,新特提斯洋向北消减闭合导致欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞会聚,形成“环青藏高原”巨型盆山体系(贾承造,2009)。随着青藏高原隆升和向外推挤,冲断作用不断向盆地扩展形成前陆冲断带和挠曲,对周缘盆地的现今定型及古老海相地层的深埋和超深层油气的调整改造起到了决定性作用。受控于环青藏高原巨型盆山体系分段差异构造演化,四川盆地和塔里木盆地表现出不同的前陆发育时限及深埋过程。其中,塔里木主要发育新生代中晚期前陆盆地并发生深埋过程(任战利等,2020),新生界厚度巨大;而四川盆地主要发育侏罗纪—白垩纪前陆盆地并持续深埋,晚白垩世(~100 Ma)以来整体隆升(任战利等,2020),新生代前陆盆地不发育,沉积地层大面积缺失。构造的隆升和沉降控制了地层的埋藏史和所经历的温度,进而决定了古老深层的热演化进程和油气的资源类型。塔里木盆地和四川盆地不同的埋藏历史导致两个盆地表现出成藏历史的差异和油气性质的不同(图7),前者晚期深埋和低地温场使超深层以油为主,油气并存,晚期深埋过程对油气藏改造强烈;后者早期深埋和高地温场使古油藏完全裂解成气,超深层以天然气资源为主,晚期抬升导致气藏发生一定程度的调整。

  • 3 深埋高温环境导致多途径天然气生成

  • 超深层深埋环境、高温和复杂流体条件导致油气成因复杂多样。除了有机质本身热演化生烃以外,早期生成的原油还存在二次裂解。同时,高温条件和复杂无机流体-围岩环境导致油气藏中存在广泛的有机-无机作用,深刻影响甚至控制油气的生成和保持。温压场、流体场耦合作用下的原油热稳定性和多途径生气过程,控制了克拉通盆地超深层油气资源类型和规模资源下限。

  • 3.1 原油裂解是超深层主要生气途径

  • 干酪根形成的液态烃或原油可作为晚期生气的重要母质来源。源内液态烃和古油藏中的原油的热裂解是高—过成熟页岩气藏和深层常规气藏的主要生气途径,比如四川盆地志留系页岩气、川中寒武系—震旦系深层碳酸盐岩天然气藏(Dai Jinxing et al.,2014; 魏国齐等,2015Feng Ziqi et al.,2016Zhang Shuichang et al.,2018)。原油的热稳定性很大程度上决定了深层—超深层的油气相态和资源类型。早期基于中浅层油气勘探建立的生烃模式认为,在Ro>1.3%进入湿气阶段,Ro>2.0%或温度大于190℃时液态烃基本完全裂解,古油藏消失。但近年来超深层的油气勘探发现了越来越多的高温油藏或凝析油藏(赵贤正等,2011孙龙德等,2013),预示液态烃保存的温度可能高于传统认知。这主要是由于原油的热稳定性和热裂解动力学特征很大程度上受控于其组成特征(Schenk et al.,1997Hill et al.,2003; Behar et al.,2008; 何坤等,2011张水昌等,2013a2021)。超深层古油藏在经历长期高温深埋作用下,重组分不断向轻组分转化,经历凝析油气藏到湿气藏,再到干气藏的演化过程。基于模拟实验的原油热裂解动力学研究,揭示液态烃大量裂解的温度可达190~220℃(图8)(张水昌等,2021)。这为我们重新认识超深层古油藏稳定保存和原油裂解气规模生成的深度下限提供了重要的理论依据。

  • 图6 塔里木盆地(a)和四川盆地(b)超深层断裂系统分布

  • Fig.6 The distribution of ultra-deep fault system in the Tarim basin (a) and the Sichuan basin (b)

  • 图7 塔里木盆地(左)和四川盆地(右)地温梯度和埋藏史曲线

  • Fig.7 The geothermal gradient and burial history curves in the Tarim basin (left) and the Sichuan basin (right)

  • (a)—塔里木盆地顺北5井下寒武统玉尔吐斯组地温梯度;(b)—四川盆地角探1井下寒武统沧浪铺组地温梯度;(c)—塔里木盆地顺北5井玉尔吐斯组埋藏史;(d)—四川盆地高石6井筇竹寺组埋藏史

  • (a) —the geothermal gradient in the Tarim basin; (b) —the geothermal gradient in the Sichuan basin; (c) —the burial history in the Sichuan basin; (d) —the burial history in the Tarim basin

  • 图8 原油组分裂解转化成气模式

  • Fig.8 Gas generation model for the cracking of oil components

  • 受深部岩石圈结构和热导率影响,不同盆地的地温梯度存在明显差异,进而导致超深层油气类型截然不同。部分古生代盆地(如塔里木盆地、滨里海的South Caspian盆地)的地温梯度仅12~22℃/km,6000 m以下埋深可能还处于“生油窗”温度范围(80~150℃)内(任战利等,2020)。如前所述,塔里木盆地下古生界处于长期慢速埋深环境,喜马拉雅期印度板块碰撞由南向北挤压,造成天山快速隆升和库车前陆盆地发育,上覆地层的重力负荷剧增,寒武系快速沉降深埋可超过万米(图7)。但独特的“低温高压”特征,使得万米埋深的地层温度甚至不超过190℃,低于液态烃大量裂解的温度(190~220℃)(图8),这造成塔里木盆地8000 m以深仍能保存大量液态烃(包括黑油、正常原油和凝析油气)。同时,盆地超深层的超压环境对液态烃的热裂解也能起到一定的抑制作用,有利于深部油藏保存。塔里木盆地古油藏完全转化为气藏的深度可达10000 m,预示该深度以下的超深层仍具有潜在的规模原油裂解气资源。

  • 不同于塔里木盆地,四川盆地超深层温-压场表现为“高温高压”特征,地温梯度平均可达~26℃/km(任战利等,2020)。晚三叠世开始的持续碰撞汇聚,导致盆地下古生界—震旦系在侏罗纪—白垩纪快速深埋达到7000~10000 m(图7),对应地层温度(220~300℃)远高于原油完全裂解温度,早期古油藏发生大规模原位裂解,形成干气藏。同时,该时期的快速升温,使得超深层原油裂解持续时间短、生气速率高,从而形成超压聚集的古油藏裂解气,比如川中安岳气田龙王庙组天然气。晚白垩世以来的构造抬升导致川中震旦系超压气藏(比如安岳气田和威远气田灯影组气藏)转变为常压气藏。此外,硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)也是四川盆地超深层原油大规模裂解生气并高效聚集(如普光气田)的重要途径之一。TSR作用可降低原油裂解温度20~30℃(图9),促进高含H2S的油型裂解气快速生成(张水昌等,2021)。

  • 3.2 超深层高温加氢作用促进天然气生成

  • 超深层独特的高温条件可提高无机矿物和流体的反应活性,影响油气的生成和演化(Lewan,1997)。高温下无机介质参与的生烃演化过程是岩石圈中一种重要的有机-无机作用。实际上,有机质的生烃潜力受控于氢含量。在超深层高演化阶段,有机质本身的氢含量或氢逸度较低,地层环境中外源氢对生烃的潜在贡献显得尤为重要。高温条件和深部断裂使得超深层存在多种高反应活性的富氢流体,比如岩石中的水(孔隙水、矿物结构水和深部来源热水流体等)、水-岩反应或深部来源的H2。模拟实验揭示,富氢流体在高温条件下可作为有机质生烃的重要外部氢源(金之钧等,2002)。在超深层高温条件下,水或水源H2可通过与有机质的加氢反应,快速参与有机质或烃类的裂解生气,提高天然气产率(Seewald,2003)。模拟实验和同位素分馏模型计算发现,富氢流体-有机质的加氢生气作用对超深层天然气的贡献量可达20%~30%(Zhang Shuichang et al.,2018; 张水昌等,2021)。这种外部氢源参与的加氢作用,使得有机成因天然气生气下限可延伸至Ro=3.5%(图9)。在更深部的超基性岩体中,蛇纹石化来源或幔源的H2在250~300℃温度条件,可与无机碳发生费托反应生成无机气,从而作为超深层一种潜在的生气途径(戴金星等,2008; Zhang Shuichang et al.,2013b)。

  • 图9 深层—超深层多途径生烃演化模式与典型油气藏成因

  • Fig.9 The multi-path hydrocarbon generation model and the origin of typical oil/gas reservoirs in the deep-ultra deep formations

  • 因此,超深层的构造埋深过程、温压场和特殊化学作用决定了油气赋存深度和资源类型。机理研究揭示,超深层存在多途径生气特征(图9)。超深层的高温条件会提高深部流体的反应活性,促进水-岩-有机质的加氢生气作用,从而影响天然气的生成。深部无机流体参与的有机-无机作用已成为当前学术界关注的前缘科学问题,也是深部岩石圈中普遍存在的一种重要的化学过程。原油较高的热稳定性和深部富氢流体参与的加氢生气作用,导致天然气生成的温度和成熟度下限明显下延,预示我国克拉通盆地超深层具有大规模油气资源。

  • 4 沉积-构造作用控制超深层油气储集空间的形成与保持

  • 深部地质作用不仅导致热演化程度的不断升高,也会形成高静岩压力,导致储层强烈压实和致密化。在超深层生气能力和油气保存能力不断突破传统认知的情况下,规模储集体的发育就成为了超深层大油气田形成的关键控制因素。中国海相超深层大油气田均为碳酸盐岩储层,充分体现了碳酸盐岩成因和储集性能保持的重要性。

  • 4.1 地球表层环境和微生物活动控制碳酸盐岩发育

  • 越来越多的证据表明,碳酸盐岩(如灰岩和白云岩)的初始沉积过程大多与地质历史时期的微生物活动有关。由微生物参与或诱导的碳酸盐沉积常在野外形成壮观的山脉,并在前寒武纪到显生宙地层中分布十分广泛。碳酸盐岩沉积的全球数据表明,地史时期共有五个主要的微生物-后生生物过渡期(MMT):埃迪卡拉末期、寒武纪、晚奥陶世、晚泥盆世和晚二叠世(图10)(Chen Zhongqiang et al.,2019)。除晚泥盆世沉积在中国发育有限,其余四个都已成为当前中国海相超深层油气碳酸盐岩储层的主要发育期。其中,寒武纪MMT中的几乎所有微生物介导的沉积结构在二叠纪末大规模灭绝后的早—中三叠世MMT中再次出现,表明这两个MMT之间具有高度相似性(Chen Zhongqiang et al.,2019),也指示了地球表层环境变化和微生物作用对超深层优质储层发育的“源头”控制作用。微生物岩发育在潮间、潮下带;偶至潮下带下部环境,沉积中—小型叠层石礁状建造、鲕粒灰岩和纹层白云岩,不仅能够形成原生孔隙/孔洞,而且微生物胞外物质调节孔隙水化学环境有助于后生溶蚀改造作用(何治亮等,2020a),因此微生物对白云石前驱体(起源)的形成和后期的有序化调整(改造)起着重要的促进作用。

  • 图10 新元古代至现今五次MMT时期微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征及对重要的极端气候、环境、生物事件的响应(据Chen Zhongqiang et al.,2019

  • Fig.10 Sedimentary characteristics of microbial carbonate rock during the five MMT periods from Neoproterozoic to present and the implication for the important extreme climatic, environmental and biological events (after Chen Zhongqiang et al., 2019)

  • 4.2 沉积相控制规模碳酸盐岩储层发育

  • 台缘礁滩和丘滩相碳酸盐岩早已被证明是具巨大潜力的储集岩类型,四川与塔里木盆地超深层油气赋存空间也主要是白云岩储层(图11)。嗜盐古菌和硫酸盐还原菌诱导的低温白云石沉淀已被实验证实,前寒武纪末期(如灯影组)也具有微生物诱导白云岩大规模沉淀的古海洋条件(Chang Biao et al.,2020)。白云岩具有比灰岩更强的抗压实、压溶能力,能够在深埋过程中更好地保持原生孔隙,这是超深层油气能够充注到前寒武纪白云岩储层中并长期保存的关键。

  • 近年来发现的安岳气田和川西气田探明储量超万亿立方米,其储集空间主要是震旦系灯影组和寒武系龙王庙组微生物白云岩中发育的原生微生物格架孔。受罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解影响,四川和塔里木盆地进入裂陷发育阶段(杜金虎等,2016; 魏国齐等,2022),形成塔东满加尔、四川德阳-安岳和万源-达州等克拉通内裂陷,发育奇格布拉克组和灯影组的台缘丘滩体优质储层,台内储层质量则明显变差。经筇竹寺组“填平补齐”后(汪泽成等,2014; 魏国齐等,2015),四川盆地寒武系龙王庙组高能颗粒滩相沉积规模明显变大,为安岳大气田形成奠定了优质储层;塔里木盆地则逐渐演变成“东盆西台”的构造沉积格局(He Dengfa et al.,2007; 焦方正等,2018),优质储层主要发育在寒武系肖尔布拉克组和吾松格尔组的台缘丘滩体白云岩。

  • 4.3 表生岩溶改善碳酸盐岩储层孔隙度和孔隙结构

  • 沉积环境控制了储集层的原生孔隙发育,而岩溶作用则是形成大规模次生孔隙的关键要素。全球超过80%的已发现超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏储层成因与岩溶有关(马新华等,2021),进一步凸显了岩溶改造对优质碳酸盐岩储层的重要性。四川盆地震旦系白云岩储层和塔里木盆地奥陶系灰岩储层都叠加了明显的岩溶作用。构造抬升或海平面下降形成不同级次和成因类型的层序界面,使碳酸盐岩储层遭受(准)同生或表生期大气淡水淋滤作用或白云岩化,能够大大改善孔隙度和孔隙结构。川西、川东北地区超深层的中二叠统栖霞组和茅口组、上二叠统长兴组、下三叠统飞仙关组都是受礁滩相控制的储集层,在准同生期-浅埋藏阶段普遍发生了渗透回流白云岩化作用,形成厚白云岩储层。

  • 图11 四川与塔里木盆地超深层白云岩储层主要类型与有利沉积相带

  • Fig.11 Main types and favorable sedimentary facies of ultra-deep dolomite reservoirs in the Sichuan basin and the Tarim basin

  • (a)—灰泥丘凝块岩;(b)—叠层石;(c)—生物礁;(d)—鲕粒灰岩、粒内溶孔;(e)—瘤状灰岩;(f)—颗粒白云岩、粒间溶孔;(g)—生物格架岩;(h)—砂屑岩

  • (a) —lime-mud mound agglomerate; (b) —stromatolite; (c) —bioreefs; (d) —oolitic limestone, dissolution pores in grains; (e) —nodular limestone; (f) —granular dolomite, intergranular dissolved pores; (g) —organic lattice; (h) —arenite

  • 4.4 深部断裂活动和油气充注进一步改善和保护储层

  • 构造作用对形成超深层优质碳酸盐岩储层具有重要的改善作用,尤其是大幅提高渗透率。近年来在塔里木盆地超深层发现的顺北油田,原油探明储量达10×108 t,储层分布具有明显断控特征,其储集空间主要受控于大型走滑断裂形成和活化过程中的破裂作用和围岩损伤作用,在后期深循环淡水主导的流体环境中得以扩溶并长期保存(邹才能等,2005; 沈安江等,2022)。深部断裂活动带来的热液流体,也可对碳酸盐岩储层再次进行溶蚀改造和白云岩化,使储层规模进一步扩大并长期保持(邹才能等,2008)。另外,同一油气系统内的生烃作用和油气充注对碳酸盐岩孔隙具有极其重要的保护作用,不仅降低了物理压实和化学压实程度,还通过有机酸、CO2、H2S等酸性流体对岩石的溶解作用,进一步改善储层空间和连通性。

  • 因此,超深层碳酸盐岩储层发育受沉积环境和后期改造的共同控制,但差异构造背景导致两者贡献比例不同,进而形成不同的储集成因类型(图12)。总的来说,构造控制的早期沉积环境和深部断裂体系是超深层规模储集体发育的基础,并通过一系列岩石-流体相互作用持续性改造,得到长期保持。

  • 5 温压系统控制超深层油气藏形成和演化

  • 油气藏形成和演化与盆地的温压系统密切相关。随埋深增大,地层温度的升高不但使烃源岩有效生烃,也会使早期聚集成藏的原油发生裂解,烃源灶及其产物类型随之发生改变,由源岩变为古油藏;由以生油为主变为以生气为主,压力的变化也同样影响着油气的性质。并且原油的裂解成气作用一定会导致超压的形成(Barker,1990; Tian Hui et al.,2008),这对超深层气藏的保持十分重要。另外,盆地超深层压力系统的变化,尤其是在遇到断裂作用发生时,压力的降低会导致在相同温度条件下油气藏中烃类流体的液相和气相的转化,也是油气藏相态的重要影响因素(Zhang Shuichang et al.,2011d)。

  • 图12 四川盆地超深层震旦系—寒武系储层形成机制与演化过程

  • Fig.12 The formation mechanism and the evolution process of ultra-deep Sinian-Cambrian reservoirs in the Sichuan basin

  • 5.1 烃源灶演化与海相油气生成

  • 四川盆地主要经历了新元古代—寒武纪和三叠纪—早白垩世两次长时间的沉积埋藏过程(图13),早期深埋由于地层温度未达到100℃,寒武系烃源岩生油量有限。之后的抬升使生烃作用停止,直到二叠纪—三叠纪才大量生成液态烃。侏罗纪末至早白垩世,四川盆地整体以沉降为主,早期形成的油藏在高温作用下发生裂解,生成大量天然气(图13)。高产气区广泛出现的储层沥青,证实四川盆地存在古油藏原地裂解成气的成藏过程。古油藏裂解成气是四川盆地富气的关键。喜马拉雅期构造运动导致盆地区域性抬升,尽管气藏遭受了一定程度的改造和破坏(杜金虎等,2015; 徐昉昊等,2018; 谢增业等,2021a),但足够的气源仍使大量的天然气得以聚集并保存,形成了大面积、高丰度的震旦系—寒武系大型天然气区。

  • 图13 四川盆地震旦系—寒武系天然气成藏演化关键地质事件

  • Fig.13 Critical geological events of Sinian-Cambrian gas accumulation and evolution in the Sichuan basin

  • 与四川盆地有所不同,塔里木盆地沉积埋藏具有上下(下古生界和新生界)厚、中间(上古生界和中生界)相对较薄的特点,导致凹陷区寒武系和中下奥陶统烃源岩在加里东晚期即达到生油窗阶段,完成了大量生烃过程。目前凹陷区烃源岩的等效热成熟度Ro达到2.4%以上,主要以原油裂解气为主(图14)。而斜坡区的烃源岩埋深普遍比凹陷区烃源岩的埋深浅2000 m以上,整个古生代一直处于“生油窗”之中(RoE范围0.6%~1.2%),是古隆起液态原油的主要来源。喜马拉雅期,库车前陆的形成造成塔北隆起快速深埋,但由于地温梯度较低,深埋过程并未导致古隆起和围斜地区油藏发生大规模裂解,深层油质变轻(如顺北53-2H井8874.4 m的原油的密度只有0.75 g/cm3);在埋藏较深的斜坡区可能存在古油藏的裂解,在轮古东和塔中隆起东端的古城地区发现了裂解型天然气。从天然气的组成也可以看出,高干燥系数的天然气主要围绕烃源灶近距离富集,面向源灶方向的天然气的干燥系数普遍大于0.99,往隆起斜坡区方向逐渐过渡到轻质油/挥发性油,伴生天然气的干燥系数范围在0.8~0.95之间。

  • 图14 塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系油气成藏演化关键地质事件

  • Fig.14 Critical geological events of Cambrian-Ordovician hydrocarbon accumulation and evolution in the Tarim basin

  • 5.2 超深层压力系统与油气高效保存

  • 深埋作用与区域盖层下超压系统有利于超深层天然气的富集和高产。四川盆地是一个典型的超压盆地,从上到下发育多套超压系统。高-磨地区的现今压力系统,被下侏罗统泥岩、嘉陵江组膏岩、上二叠统泥岩和下寒武统泥岩分隔成五个压力单元(Liu Yifeng et al.,2016);上三叠统须家河组、下三叠统嘉陵江组和下寒武统龙王庙组现今发育超压、强超压;而震旦系灯影组现今处于正常压力状态(图15)。四川盆地的超压成因机制主要有生烃增压、欠压实作用、盆地边缘的构造挤压作用(Hao Fang et al.,2008; Tian Hui et al.,2008; Liu Wen et al.,2018),寒武系超压天然气藏形成的主要机制是筇竹寺组生烃增压(邱楠生等,2018)。根据天然气包裹体捕获的成藏期最小压力,可以恢复压力演化史。筇竹寺组在晚二叠世达到生油门限,早侏罗世大量生油并成藏,压力开始累积,形成弱超压,主生油期的压力系数为1.1~1.5;中侏罗世末期至早白垩世初期,油藏开始大量裂解成气,生烃增压达到145 MPa以上,天然气不断聚集,形成异常高压,压力系数平均达2.2(刘雯,2018)。龙王庙组储层为台内颗粒滩成因的砂屑云岩,在平面上呈朵状分布,滩与滩之间以致密岩(泥云岩)分割,相互不连通,导致顶底板和侧向封隔层封盖性好,突破压力高。天然气过量充注,无法突破顶底板和侧向封隔层,压力无法释放,形成异常高压,并保存至今。灯影组气藏为常压可能是由于天然气由台缘带向台内运移,含气面积扩大,气水界面下降,气藏体积扩大,形成现今的常压气藏(郭泽清等,2022)。

  • 6 中西部盆地两大超深层油气成藏体系与分布规律

  • 前已述及,我国中西部盆地超深层油气藏经历了多期构造演化及高温高压过程,主要划分为早期成藏、晚期调整-改造-定型等多个成藏阶段,油气性质、类型和分布与中浅层和深层相比具有鲜明的特点。基于上述超深层油气成藏特征和主控因素的时空演化,克拉通盆地超深层油气藏可划分为近源相控型古油藏裂解和远源构造型油气聚集-调整两类成藏体系(表1)。

  • 图15 川西南—川中—川西北超压体系发育特征与天然气聚集地质剖面

  • Fig.15 The accumulation and overpressure characteristics of gases reservoirs in the Southwest, Central and Northwest Sichuan basin

  • 表1 中国海相克拉通盆地超深层油气成藏和富集主控因素

  • Table1 Main controlling factors of ultra-deep hydrocarbon accumulation in China marine cratonic basins

  • 6.1 近源相控型油气成藏体系

  • 近源古隆起/斜坡成藏体系的主要特点是:紧邻源灶,源储对接,近距离运移,岩性圈闭高效聚集,源、储、藏三位一体;古油藏原地裂解成气,多封盖超压系统控制天然气富集,大面积广布式成藏;古隆起构造稳定并保存至今。最典型的实例如四川盆地安岳气田和蓬莱气区。

  • 全球海相碳酸盐岩油气主要富集在台地边缘的礁、丘、滩相,不仅由于高能相带发育具有基质孔隙的规模性储层,而且毗邻有利于烃源岩沉积的陆棚斜坡相,是高效的碳酸盐岩成藏组合类型(何治亮等,20172020b)。我国的克拉通油气成藏也符合这个基本规律,例如塔里木盆地轮探1井寒武系肖尔布拉克组台缘滩相、四川盆地元坝二叠系长兴组为代表的“棚生缘储”型近缘成藏(郭旭升等,2020)。尤其是四川盆地震旦系至寒武系,裂陷内烃源岩与两侧边缘礁滩紧邻的源储组合(邹才能等,2014a杜金虎等,2015;魏国齐等2015),形成了川中高-磨地区“侧向成藏”的大气田富集模式。同时在克拉通内裂陷与广海连通方向,沉积了厚度和范围更大的陡山沱组和筇竹寺组烃源岩,有利于形成烃源岩与灯影组和上寒武统储层“叠合密接”型源储组合类型,使川中北斜坡蓬莱地区台地丘滩相更高效成藏。不论是裂陷边缘部位还是古隆斜坡区域,四川盆地大型天然气藏整体表现为“相控源储、近源成藏”的特点。川中超深层近源古油藏自晚二叠世—三叠纪大规模形成(图16a)之后,经历了印支期长达100 Ma的持续埋藏过程,地层温度从90℃上升至230℃,超过了原油裂解温度门限,过高的温度使早期油藏被完全降解,造成盆地超深层天然气富集(图16c),伴随着大量固体沥青的出现。

  • 6.2 远源构造型油气成藏体系

  • 远源构造型油气成藏体系的主要特点是:源储异位,断裂输导,较长距离运移,区域封盖,断溶常压系统控藏;多期调整、多层运聚,晚期保存。这类油藏以满加尔西部和塔北的斜坡区奥陶系为代表。

  • 塔里木盆地超深层顺北-富满十亿吨级轻质油田,主要富集在中下奥陶统一间房组至鹰山组台地相“断溶型”储层。克拉通盆地超深层经历了漫长的地质历史和多期构造变革,主要发生加里东期高陡走滑、海西期花状构造和喜马拉雅期雁列断层,形成了超长延伸的NE向走滑体系和X型共轭断裂系统(邬光辉等,2012贾承造等,2021),不仅有效改造了台地相的表生岩溶和顺层岩溶,而且沟通了深部源灶以及多套不整合和内幕储层(图16d),为油气的远源运聚和异地成藏提供了有利条件(焦方正等,2021),将克拉通盆地油气高效富集的范围从台地边缘拓展至广阔台地。

  • 远源构造型成藏系统形成的主控因素可以概括为:构造差异演化造就隆坳相间格局,导致源储盖异位发育,远源成藏;断裂型输导和岩溶储层决定多期调整和多层系聚集,流体连通形成常压油气藏;晚喜马拉雅期快速深埋,古油藏尚未规模裂解,多相态油气并存。由此推论,克拉通盆地超深层除了台缘高能相储层,也发育多期岩溶与多阶段构造裂缝叠加型储层,沟通油气源并改造储集体孔渗性,最终形成沉积-构造耦合控制的复合成藏体系,将极大地扩展克拉通盆地油气藏的勘探潜力、层系和分布范围。

  • 图16 中国海相克拉通盆地超深层沉积-构造体系控制油气运聚和相态类型

  • Fig.16 Hydrocarbon migration, accumulation and phase types controlled by ultra-deep sedimentary and tectonic system in China marine cratonic basins

  • 6.3 跨构造期成藏与超深层油气分布

  • 海相超深层油气藏的形成常常跨越多个构造期,这是中国特有的地质特征决定的。四川盆地震旦系经历了多期烃类的充注过程,高-磨地区油气大致的成藏时期,基本上可划分为三个阶段(图17):一是大规模原油生成阶段,主要发生在三叠纪—中侏罗世;二是原油发生裂解的阶段,主要在中侏罗世—早白垩世;三是气藏的调整与定型阶段,主要发生在喜马拉雅期(谢增业等,2021b)。

  • 塔里木盆地多套烃源岩在不同埋深、不同地区的差异生烃过程,不仅形成了大量混源油的聚集,而且还导致了晚期大量裂解气的充注,在不同覆盖区和叠加区形成油气性质复杂和类型多样的油气藏(张水昌等,2011b2011c)。通过塔北和塔中隆起两大富油气区的油气成藏演化剖面可以看出,晚海西期斜坡区寒武系—奥陶系烃源岩生成大量液态原油,塔北和塔中古隆起成为油藏有利聚集区,塔北古隆起由于埋深相对较浅,汇聚了更多的原油充注,在高部位由于油藏保存条件变差,部分油气藏遭受破坏形成稠油藏和残余沥青(图18)。

  • 图17 四川盆地威远-安岳气田震旦系—寒武系气藏形成期和相态演化

  • Fig.17 The accumulation period and the phase evolution of Sinian and Cambrian gas reservoirs in the Weiyuan-Anyue gasfields of the Sichuan basin

  • (a)—震旦纪—奥陶纪烃源岩未成熟;(b)—志留纪—中侏罗世古油藏形成;(c)—晚侏罗世—白垩纪原油裂解;(d)—现今气藏剖面

  • (a) —immature source rocks during Sinian-Ordovician; (b) —accumulation of paleo oil reservoirs from Silurian to Middle Jurassic; (c) —oil cracking in Late Jurassic-Cretaceous; (d) —present reservoir profile

  • 晚喜马拉雅期以来(23 Ma),库车前陆的形成造成塔北地区石炭系以上地层整体向南翘倾,古隆起斜坡区逐渐成为现今塔北的隆起部位,早期形成的油藏发生调整,甚至在不同层系再聚集成藏(赵靖舟等,2002赵孟军等,2007)。同时由于埋藏速率快,油藏并未发生明显的裂解作用,因此塔北隆起的深层仍然保持液态油藏(图18a)。而凹陷区烃源岩早已达到过成熟的演化阶段,早期形成液态烃和残余沥青成为凹陷区晚期裂解生气的主要气源灶,裂解天然气近源聚集,通过北东向断裂向浅层和临近的塔中隆起运移成藏,最终形成了隆起和斜坡部位裂解气和凝析气藏富集的油气分布格局。

  • 7 结论

  • 中国海相超深层油气地质理论源于四川和塔里木两个盆地的油气勘探实践,主要内涵包括:重大地质转折期的构造活动控制超深层油气地质要素形成、超深层地质作用控制液态烃裂解程度和油气资源类型、沉积与表生岩溶和深部断裂作用控制超深层规模储层发育、深埋环境下的温压系统和构造活动导致油气多期多层系成藏。海相超深层油气地质理论的提出和发展,推动了石油工业向深地领域进军,并不断取得重大勘探发现。基于该理论认识和勘探发现,预测超深层油气资源规模大大超出前期认识。长期持续的勘探开发,将对中国乃至世界能源格局产生重要影响,有可能会带来非常规油气之后的又一次油气资源革命。

  • 图18 塔里木盆地南北向复杂类型油气成藏演化地质剖面(据Zhang Shuichang et al.,2022修改)

  • Fig.18 The N-S geological evolution profile of hydrocarbons accumulation in the Tarim basin (modified from Zhang Shuichang et al., 2022)

  • (a)—现今塔里木盆地南北向油气藏分布及预测;(b)—晚海西期塔里木盆地南北向油气成藏剖面

  • (a) —distribution and prediction of N-S hydrocarbon reservoirs at present; (b) —accumulation profile of N-S hydrocarbon reservoirs in late Hercynian

  • 超深层油气资源勘探难度大、开发方式复杂、技术研发投入大、开采成本高,已经成为制约其大规模开发的一个瓶颈。海相超深层油气地质理论的再创新和再发展,有必要在研究全球板块构造和区域盆地演化的基础上,从地球系统演变到油气系统形成,再到油气藏形成,开展全链条的多学科交叉融合研究,全面认识油气形成背后的动力机制和地质要素。

  • 超深层油气勘探需要重点关注三个方面的地质问题:

  • (1)随着高温高压环境有机-无机复合生烃机理研究的不断深入,盆地超深层油气形成途径有可能突破干酪根生油理论的限制。基于超深层多途径复合成烃机理研究,进一步明确各种深成油气资源的成藏规律,建立相应的地质储量评价方法,对实现盆地超深层多种成因类型油气藏的规模发现至关重要。

  • (2)古老地层源储沉积相、不整合面风化类型、侵蚀强度等因素的时空耦合作用,是盆地深部碳酸盐岩能否高效成藏的关键,未来的研究需要通过高精度定年、构造-沉积数值模拟、地质过程的化学示踪和定量评价等技术手段,在地球系统的框架下揭示盆地深部有效储层发育和保持的作用机理。

  • (3)早期古油藏的富集规律对于深埋期油气的分布具有重要控制作用,但是超深层地质结构复杂,初始的源储配置和成藏历史重构难度大,通过高密度三维地震和光纤测井提高地球物理资料的品质,深化盆地构造和地层格架的地质认识,恢复关键构造期的成藏样式,将有助于追溯古油藏深埋过程的动态演化,有效预测超深层油气的分布。

  • 致谢:在成文过程中,苏劲、姜林、任荣、何坤、王华建等给予了许多帮助,在此表示感谢!

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