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与超大陆裂解形成的大洋岩石圈不同,边缘海形成过程常受到周缘板块相互作用的影响,动力机制复杂、演化模式独特,其洋陆转换模式(Sun Zhen et al.,2019; Mohn et al.,2022)、洋盆生命演化周期、形态和发育规模与大洋岩石圈不同(Wang Pinxian et al.,2019)。西太平洋分布全球75%的边缘海,其中南海发育规模最大。南海演化历史完整、构造类型丰富、沉积记录完整,是研究特提斯构造域与太平洋构造域相互作用的关键区域,也是认识海洋-大陆岩石圈板块相互关系的重要窗口,其成因和演化模式一直是地球科学关注的热点(Zhou Di et al.,1995; 李家彪,2011;汪品先,2012;林间等,2019)。早期研究发现,南海是在华南陆缘晚中生代—早新生代伸展张裂背景上,发生岩石圈破裂并开始海底扩张(33.0~31.0 Ma)、洋脊跃迁(25.0~23.6 Ma)后沿着北西—南东方向扩张,于早中新世末(16.0~15.0 Ma)停止海底扩张(Briais et al.,1993; Li Chunfeng et al.,2014),并形成了西北次海盆、东部次海盆和西南次海盆三个洋壳性质的海盆(姚伯初,1996)。
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西南次海盆位于南海渐进式海底扩张西南端(Huchon et al.,2001; 张洁等,2011;李家彪等,2012),海盆扩张时间为23.6~16.0 Ma(Briais et al.,1993; Li Chunfeng et al.,2014),是一个由西南向东北呈“V”字型的海盆,长达780 km,面积为11500 km2,水深在3000~4850 m之间(图1)。海盆西北侧为中-西沙群岛陆坡区,东南侧为南沙群岛陆坡区,东侧经中南-礼乐断裂与东部次海盆相接,西南段逐渐由洋陆过渡性质地壳转为夭折裂谷(Li Lu et al.,2014; Luo Pan et al.,2021)。根据地形地貌、磁异常条带和构造走向,西南次海盆沿扩张方向可划分为东北段、中段和西南段三段(张洁等,2011; Yu Junhui et al.,2018)。其中,中段具有慢速扩张(Li Chunfeng et al.,2015)、残留扩张脊发育中央裂谷和同扩张正断层等构造主导型的海底扩张特点(于俊辉等,2017)。因此,西南次海盆可以作为研究西太平洋边缘海陆缘张破裂过程、慢速海底扩张模式和渐进式海底扩张的理想地区,也是未来我国实施大洋莫霍面钻探计划的重要目标之一。
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图1 南海西南次海盆地质与地球物理调查研究概况图
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Fig.1 Geological and geophysical survey overview in the Southwest sub-basin of the South China Sea
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白色实线为深反射多道地震剖面(Ding Weiwei et al.,2016; Song Taoran et al.,2019; Luo Pan et al.,2021; Zhang Jialing et al.,2021);白色圆圈为已发表的OBS测线,沿着OBS测线方向上的红色实线为多道地震(丘学林等,2011; Pichot et al.,2014; 于俊辉等,2017; Huang Haibo et al.,2019; Li Yuhan et al.,2021);红色三角形为西南次海盆和南沙地块拖网站位(Tu Kan et al.,1992;邱燕等,2008;Yan Quanshu et al.,2014; Xiao Ming et al.,2019);红色圆圈为IODP349航次钻井位置(Li Chunfeng et al.,2014a);红色粗虚线为中南-礼乐断裂(徐子英等,2019);紫色范围为重力反演洋壳厚度小于5 km的区域(Gozzard et al.,2019);黄色虚线表征残留扩张脊分段结构(张洁等,2011; Yu Junhui et al.,2018)
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The white lines are2D long cable seismic profiles acquired in different years (Ding Weiwei et al., 2016; Song Taoran et al., 2019; Luo Pan et al., 2021; Zhang Jialing et al., 2021) ; white dots represent active OBS locations that part of them are along red lines mark the multichannel seismic profiles (Qiu Xuelin et al., 2011; Pichot et al., 2014; Yu Junhui et al., 2017; Huang Haibo et al., 2019; Li Yuhan et al., 2021) ; the red triangles denote the dredge samples collected from the seamounts in the Southwest sub-basin and Nansha block (Tu Kan et al., 1992; Qiu Yan et al., 2008; Yan Quanshu et al., 2014; Xiao Ming et al., 2019) , whereas the red dots indicate IODP Expeditions 349 drill sites; dashed red lines are the interpreted Zhongnan fault zone (Xu Ziying et al., 2019) ; the purple shadow polygon is the thin oceanic crust less than 5 km from gravity inversion (Gozzard et al., 2019) ; the relict ridges are sketched and segmented by yellow dashed lines (Zhang Jie et al., 2011; Yu Junhui et al., 2018)
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为揭示西南次海盆共轭陆缘结构、洋陆转换过程、慢速扩张洋壳增生模式及海盆演化机制,自二十世纪八十年代以来,国内科学家们在西南次海盆相继开展了一些包括拖网取样、IODP钻探、多道反射地震(MCS)、重力、磁力、主动源海底地震仪(OBS)等综合地质-地球物理调查(图1)。目前,已在共轭陆缘地壳结构、洋中脊和离轴洋壳区深部结构与海底扩张动力学机制、扩张后岩浆活动与深部过程等方面取得重要进展。
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1 西南次海盆深部结构探测及主要进展
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1.1 共轭陆缘地壳结构探测
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在共轭陆缘地壳结构方面,已公开的多道地震剖面清晰揭示了共轭陆缘两侧断裂构造、基底结构和沉积充填特征,而反映深部地壳结构的有效信息较少或缺失。跨西南次海盆共轭陆缘的深反射地震显示,海盆区与两侧陆缘呈现断崖式接触(Ding Weiwei et al.,2016; Lü Chunchun et al.,2016; Song Taoran et al.,2019; Chang et al.,2022)。邱宁等(2019)、汪俊等(2019)通过反射剖面局部Moho反射信息,开展重震联合正演模拟,他们发现西南次海盆两侧陆缘呈现向洋盆地壳不断减薄、莫霍面快速抬升的现象,但在洋陆转换带区域反映深部结构信息的反射普遍成像较差,模拟结果具有多解性。断裂特征上,西南次海盆两侧陆缘以不同规模的拆离断层或铲式正断层为界,发育多个地堑、半地堑,裂陷期沉积层厚度呈现出往洋盆方向不断减薄的现象(Ding Weiwei et al.,2016; Luo Pan et al.,2021)。通过多道地震解释和地壳伸展因子计算,前人研究发现西南次海盆两侧陆缘岩石圈减薄方式呈现纵向随深度伸展模式(Savva et al.,2013; Ding Weiwei et al.,2016;邱宁等,2019)。对于洋陆转换结构方面,过NH973-1多道地震显示,南海西南次海盆洋陆边界南侧存在受拆离断层控制的同张裂生长地层(Song Taoran and Li Chunfeng,2015;Ding Weiwei et al.,2016),裂陷期地层厚度较大,沿断层往洋盆方向减薄(图2)。Ding Weiwei et al.(2016)通过IODP 349航次钻探结果与多道反射地震剖面进行相关解释,推断西南次海盆洋陆过渡带可能存在蛇纹石化的地幔出露(图3)。然而,重处理的局部地震剖面上可见下上新统(T3—T2)的同侵位等厚变形(图3),可能是扩张后岩浆底侵作用造成上覆地层的同时隆升。因此该构造是大量张裂后岩浆作用造成的,还是与张破裂过程有关的岩浆作用(Chang et al.,2022)或地幔剥露形成的,仍需要更高精度的地球物理证据。
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基于多道地震浅层约束,Chang et al.(2016)和李凯等(2019)分别对西南次海盆南侧太平岛区域(L1测线)和跨西南次海盆西南段到南沙地块的L2测线进行重震联合反演(位置见图1),结果发现南部陆坡区和洋陆过渡带的下地壳存在高密度体。其中,在洋陆过渡带下地壳高密度体指示西南次海盆西南段岩石圈破裂过程可能存在岩浆底侵(李凯等,2019)。
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为进一步揭示西南次海盆共轭陆缘地壳结构,科学家们运用主动源海底地震探测技术(OBS)在西南次海盆开展了4个航次探测(丘学林等,2011;Pichot et al.,2014; Huang Haibo et al.,2019; Li Yuhan et al.,2021a)。丘学林等(2011)对位于南沙地块太平岛西南侧跨过中央裂谷至西南次海盆中段的OBS973-1测线进行正演分析,其速度结构显示南沙地块地壳厚度约20 km,具减薄的陆壳性质,其地壳厚度和莫霍面埋深往北侧洋盆区迅速减小,且未见下地壳高速层(图4b)。在多道地震浅部层位约束下,Yu Zhiteng et al.(2017)将OBS973-3在西南次海盆中段北侧的两个OBS台站和OBS973-1测线的数据共同处理。他们正演的速度结构显示由陆坡向洋盆区域地壳厚度迅速减薄,莫霍面剧烈抬升,洋陆转换带(COT)较窄,在洋陆过渡带存在较薄的下地壳高速层(Vp大于7.3 km/s)(图4a)。Pichot et al.(2014)对CFT-OBS2011测线OBS速度正演,结果显示陆坡区至洋陆过渡带发育厚度约0~2 km,不连续的下地壳高速体(图4c)。Huang Haibo et al.(2019)在多道和单道地震层位解释约束下,结合重力模拟对OBS973-1和OBS973-3联合开展正演计算,认为共轭陆缘两侧速度结构特征类似,但上下地壳厚度呈现明显差异,洋陆转换带的宽度南侧大于北侧,表明西南次海盆非对称伸展-破裂过程。Li Yuhan et al.(2021a)对西南次海盆东北段到中沙地块的OBS2017-2测线进行走时正反演分析,获得的纵波速度结构显示陆缘地壳结构由中沙地块的27~26 km在60~70 km范围内快速减薄,并过渡为洋壳,洋陆转换带约40 km(图4d),表明较快的洋陆转换过程。Li Yuhan et al.(2021b)对该测线反演横波速度结构的基础上,计算了纵横比速度比,发现洋陆转换带区域基底以下浅部的Vp/Vs值小于1.9,认为西南次海盆东北段张破裂过程中未发生地幔剥露。
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图2 过西南次海盆西南段洋壳、洋陆过渡带到南沙地块NH973-1测线及解释剖面 (据Ding Weiwei et al.,2016修改,位置见图1)
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Fig.2 Interpreted seismic profile NH973-1 across the south off-axis oceanic crust in the southwest segment, ocean-continental transition zone, and Nansha block slope of the Southwest sub-basin (modified after Ding Weiwei et al., 2016; profile location as shown in Fig.1)
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图3 过西南次海盆西南段洋陆过渡带 NH973-1测线及解释剖面(剖面范围见图2)
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Fig.3 Interpreted seismic profile NH973-1 across ocean-continental transition zone of the Southwest sub-basin (the location of the section is indicated in Fig.2)
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通过上述分析,可以发现从西南次海盆东北段至西南段陆缘两侧地壳结构整体表现由厚度约20 km以上快速减薄至约12 km(图4),呈现较窄的洋陆过渡带,陆坡至洋盆区域主要由不同尺度和规模的向海倾斜的铲式正断层和拆离断层构造(Ding Weiwei et al.,2016; Luo Pan et al.,2021; 邱燕等,2021)。另外,OBS探测结果显示西南次海盆两侧陆缘地壳具有比东部次海盆较大上下地壳厚度比,并在陆缘和洋陆过渡带区域发育规模和厚度较小的下地壳高速体(孙珍等,2021)。西南次海盆东北段洋陆过渡带的纵横速度比指示张破裂过程未发生地幔剥露(Li Yuhan et al.,2021b),并且在洋陆过渡带未见岩浆底侵高速层,表明东北段岩石圈破裂模式可能为少岩浆型。中段和西南段的多道地震显示可能发育与同扩张相关的地幔剥露,但存在一定多解性,且同测线的OBS探测由于间距大、分辨率低,尚未从速度结构提供可靠的证据。其次,Luo Pan et al.(2021)和Chang et al.(2022)结合中段和西南段洋陆过渡带局部地震反射结构和Moho反射,提出西南次海盆中段和西南段洋陆过渡带地壳结构表现为底侵岩浆和喷发岩浆夹减薄地壳,认为其破裂过程可能类似南海东部的多岩浆型“三明治”模式(Ding Weiwei et al.,2019; Nirrengarten et al.,2019; Sun Zhen et al.,2019)。
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图4 过西南次海盆不同构造位置OBS测线地壳速度结构与下地壳高速体分布
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Fig.4 The crustal structure and high velocity lower crust in the profile collected from velocity models along different OBS lines in the Southwest sub-basin
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(a)—中-西沙地块-西南次海盆OBS速度结构,OBS973-1和OBS973-3组成(Yu Zhiteng et al.,2017);(b)—西南次海盆-南沙地块OBS973-1的速度结构(丘学林等,2011);(c)—2011-CFT剖面跨西南次海盆650 km的OBS速度结构(Pichot et al.,2014); (d)—OBS2017-2剖面中沙地块-西南次海盆东北段的速度结构(Li Yuhan et al.,2021a);(e)—中-西沙地块-西南次海盆反射OBS速度结构,OBS973-1和OBS973-3组成(Yu Junhui et al.,2018)
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(a) —the crustal structure of the OBS973-1 and OBS973-3 across the Zhong-xisha block and Southwest sub-basin collected from Yu Zhiteng et al. (2017) ; (b) —the crustal structure of the OBS973-1 across the Nansha margin and southwest segments of the Southwest sub-basin (Qiu Xuelin et al., 2011) ; (c) —interpreted seismic refraction profile of the2011-CFT across the Southwest sub-basin (Pichot et al., 2014) ; (d) —the crustal velocity structure of the OBS2017-2 across the Zhongsha block and northeast segments of the Southwest sub-basin (Li Yuhan et al., 2021a) ; (e) —the final inversion velocity model of the OBS973-1 and OBS973-3 collected from Yu Junhui et al. (2018)
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因此,西南次海盆随东北向西南渐进式扩张过程,虽然共轭陆缘都表现出莫霍面的快速抬升、较窄的洋陆转换结构,不存在或少量存在较薄的下地壳底侵高速体,但在陆缘盆地结构、发育规模、构造样式和断裂特征方面沿扩张方向不断发生了变化,且洋陆过渡带结构存在多解性,从而使得西南次海盆洋陆转换过程尚存争议。
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1.2 洋壳结构探测与海底扩张动力学机制研究
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1.2.1 海盆基底结构和构造变形特征
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多波束地形和多道地震资料显示,西南次海盆基底起伏较大,深大断裂发育(Li Jiabiao et al.,2012; Ding Weiwei et al.,2016)。Li Jiabiao et al.(2012)对西南次海盆的地壳浅部构造和海盆沉积层结构进行了综合对比分析,识别出大量的基底断块、大型深凹陷和深大断裂,提出该海盆扩张具有明显的构造主导型的特点。Ding Weiwei et al.(2016)的解释结果发现海盆区中段比东北段发育更多的同扩张断层。丁航航等(2019)认为西南次海盆从北东到西南基底类型不同,其东北段扩张时间更长(23.6~16.0 Ma),有大量岩浆供应并周期性喷发,海盆存在两种基底类型,分别是岩浆作用形成的平坦基底和构造伸展形成的断块基底。中段海底扩张发生较晚(19.6~16.0 Ma),岩浆作用较弱,洋壳形成过程中更多表现裂谷作用的特征,基底以构造伸展为主导的断块类型。于俊辉等(2017)对过中段残留扩张中心NH973-1测线地震重处理发现中央裂谷内沉积厚度较大,在中央裂谷两侧发育多条高角度正断层和铲式正断层,提出西南次海盆中段洋中脊具有构造主导型海底扩张的特点。由于沉积层较厚,地形地貌显示中央裂谷终止在中段西南段,但重磁资料分析显示(李细兵等,2013),往西南段延伸,中央裂谷依然存在,且走向被3条转换断层错断,走向发生小幅度变化。Luo Pan et al.(2021)对过西南段2条多道地震和重磁资料分析,发现中央裂谷发育铲式正断层,沉积基底由掀斜断块和相对平坦基底组成,裂谷两侧到洋陆过渡带可能为原洋洋壳组成。
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由此可见,西南次海盆由东北向西南渐进式过程中,早期岩浆活动比晚期强烈,晚期扩张构造作用强烈,中央裂谷性质由残留扩张脊往西南段初始扩张洋壳和大陆裂谷转变,表明着离轴地壳结构和性质在时空上可能发生改变。
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1.2.2 洋壳和上地幔结构及物质组成
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重力反演是研究地壳结构和莫霍面空间起伏变化的重要手段。近年来,科学家们以深地震探测获得的地壳和沉积层为约束,重新开展重力反演以不断提高南海莫霍面埋深和地壳厚度的精度。不同约束条件和反演方法得到的莫霍面埋深和地壳厚度均显示,西南次海盆中段洋中脊南侧离轴洋壳区地幔埋藏最浅,地壳厚度较薄(Braitenberg et al.,2006; Wu Zhaocai et al.,2016; Gozzard et al.,2019; Nguyen et al.,2020)。Braitenberg et al.(2006)和 Gozzard et al.(2019)通过卫星重力数据反演计算显示西南次海盆南侧洋壳区域最薄洋壳厚度约为1~4 km,对应的Moho面埋深相对较浅,约9 km(图5)。以西南次海盆IODP钻井(U1433)岩石物理数据为参考,结合少量二维地震对沉积层进行约束,Nguyen et al.(2020)运用三维Parker重力反演方法计算了西南次海盆地壳厚度和Moho面埋深(图5),其结果也显示西南次海盆中段扩张脊南侧地壳厚度最薄,约小于4 km。
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以上反演结果均显示西南次海盆扩张脊南侧地壳厚度较北侧小。自由空间重力异常显示(图6),西南次海盆南侧离轴洋壳区重力值相对北侧离轴洋壳区高,大于20 mGal的范围相对分布更广。地形地貌图上(图1),离轴洋壳区均发育北东走向线性构造,为同扩张时期形成的断块,这表明离轴洋壳结构不存在明显受扩张后岩浆形成的大规模海山的影响。在慢速到超慢速海底扩张时,由于岩浆供给的差异,构造作用下往往发育拆离断层,使得下降盘密度较大的地幔物质抬升,发生地幔剥露或地幔蛇纹石化,并形成大洋核杂岩或较薄的洋壳之下发育蛇纹石化橄榄岩,而另一侧往往具有较大的地壳厚度。随着海底扩张,形成了离轴洋壳区两侧形成地壳厚度不均一、重力异常明显差异的现象(Blackman et al.,2008)。但从图6重力异常叠加的磁异常条带图上,离轴洋壳南侧区域面积较大,在20~16 Ma期间形成的离轴洋壳,这与慢速—超慢速海底扩张形成的局部重力异常变化较大的大洋核杂岩和薄洋壳特征不同。丁航航等(2021)根据全球公开重力数据,在洋盆区多道地震解释沉积层和公开全球沉积层厚度约束下,计算了南海海盆的剩余地幔布格重力异常(RMBA)和反演的地壳厚度,其结果显示西南次海盆南侧较北侧具有较大的RMBA,地壳厚度南侧约6~7.5 km,较北侧离轴洋壳区厚,但其扩张后岩浆活动弱,南北差异小。因此,西南次海盆中段深部南北不对称的影响因素尚需穿过该区域的OBS探测,以获得离轴洋壳区洋壳结构的差异,进而分析RMBA南北差异与地幔温度和孔隙的关系,揭示其深部动力成因。
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科学家们在南海西南次海盆进行了五个航次主动源 OBS 广角折射地震探测,揭示了南海西南次海盆离轴洋壳区和残留洋中脊地壳结构。Zhang Jie et al.(2016)对位于东北段OBS2011-3D-T1剖面进行OBS速度正演模拟,发现残留扩张脊拆离断层发育,两侧离轴洋壳结构具有明显的不对称性,北侧离轴洋壳厚度4~5 km,南侧离轴洋壳厚度为6~7 km(Zhang Jie et al.,2016),推测是扩张期和扩张后岩浆供给量随时间和空间变化造成了地壳厚度的差异(Ding Weiwei and Li Jiabiao,2016)。在残留扩张脊下部,他们的结果显示存在一个厚度0~2 km,宽约15 km的上地幔低速带,可能是同扩张时形成的蛇纹石化地幔或裂后岩浆残留的部分熔融体(Zhang Jie et al.,2016)。Li Yuhan et al.(2021b)对过西南次海盆东北段洋陆过渡带到北侧离轴洋壳的主动源OBS2017-2速度反演,结果发现初始洋壳区Vp/Vs比值处于1.7~1.9之间。通过岩性成分对比,他们估计初始洋壳的厚度在2.6~4.5 km之间,且下地壳可能缺失。结合纵波速度>7.0 km/s的高速体范围,Li Yuhan et al.(2021b)指出初始洋壳的下伏地幔蛇纹石化程度较轻微,指示了西南次海盆东北段海底扩张早期阶段存在不充足的岩浆供应。
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图5 重力反演西南次海盆地壳厚度图(a)和Moho面埋深图(b)(据Nguyen et al.,2020)
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Fig.5 Map of crustal thickness (a) and Moho depth (b) of the Southwest sub-basin inverted from gravity anomalies (after Nguyen et al., 2020)
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过西南次海盆中段3个航次的OBS探测也获得了离轴洋壳区和洋中脊的地壳结构信息。丘学林等(2011)走时正演拟合获得的速度结构,显示西南段离轴洋壳区莫霍面埋深约11 km,地壳厚度为5~6 km,与快速海底扩张形成的结构相对均一的洋壳结构类似(图4b)。Yu Zhiteng et al.(2017)和Huang Haibo et al.(2019)联合了OBS973-3在西南次海盆中段北侧的两个OBS资料对OBS973-1测线重新处理。他们正演获得类似的速度洋壳结构与丘学林等(2011)结果相似,显示西南次海盆为正常洋壳,厚度5.1~5.8 km(图4a)。Huang Haibo et al.(2019)在多道和单道地震层位约束下,结合重力模拟对OBS973-1和OBS973-3联合开展正演计算,结果显示西南次海盆中段,地壳厚度正常,约5~7 km。此外,他们的结果均显示残留扩张脊中央裂谷区地壳厚度较小,约4.5 km,但不同的是Yu Zhiteng et al.(2017)正演的速度结构显示残留扩张脊下部存在厚度约0.5 km的高速异常(图4a)。位于西南次海盆中段的CFT-OBS2011测线,在洋盆区仅成功回收了3台OBS,其速度结构正演结果显示地壳厚度与快速海底扩张的洋壳厚度相当,约5~7 km(Pichot et al.,2014; 汪俊等,2019)。然而,Yu Junhui et al. (2018)结合重处理多道地震Moho反射和OBS973-1速度反演结果,发现西南次海盆中段离轴洋壳大部分区域地壳厚度平均为5 km,但存在厚度仅为1.5~3.6 km洋壳(图4e),并在反射Moho面之下的上地幔速度普遍小于8.0 km/s,推测可能是由海水沿深断裂下渗与地幔岩石接触发生蛇纹石化作用导致的。
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图6 西南次海盆自由空间重力异常图(重力数据源自Sandwell et al.,2014; 磁异常条带解释引自Briais et al.,1993)
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Fig.6 Free-air gravity anomalysurrounding the Southwest sub-basin (gravity data from Sandwell et al., 2014; magnetic anomaly data from Briais et al., 1993)
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与重力反演相比,OBS探测获得地壳结构和厚度分布更为精细可靠。通过东北至西南段OBS探测分析对比可以发现,残留扩张脊与离轴洋壳地壳结构差异不大,可能存在规模较小的上地幔速度异常(Zhang Jie et al.,2016; Yu Zhiteng et al.,2017),速度正演模拟得到的离轴洋壳区地壳结构相对均一,平均厚度约5~6 km,且南北两侧未见明显厚度差异,但OBS反演与联合多道地震Moho面联合分析发现了更为精细的地壳结构,其东北部初始洋壳、中段北侧离轴洋壳和西南段南侧离轴洋壳可能发育小于4 km的薄洋壳,且存在下地壳缺失,上地幔蛇纹石化的现象(Yu Junhui et al.,2018; Li Yuhan et al.,2021b)。通常认为洋中脊断层发生拆离作用时,水通过拆离断层到达上地幔处使地幔橄榄岩发生蛇纹石化使地震波速和密度显著降低,导致壳幔过渡带增厚,洋壳底部与地幔顶部之间波阻抗下降,莫霍面反射减弱。P波速度可以揭示地壳的界面信息和结构特征,但仅凭P波速度判断岩性会存在较大误差。一般来说,结晶洋壳P波速从海底约4.1 km/s增加至洋壳底部约7.1 km/s,地幔橄榄岩随蛇纹石化程度升高,其波速由8 km/s逐渐线性下降至约4.9 km/s(Carlson and Miller,1997; Christensen,2004),两者存在交叉部分。因此,需要更多岩性参数支持西南次海盆地幔蛇纹石化模型解释。
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1.2.3 西南次海盆岩石地球化学与海底扩张动力学
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IODP349航次在东部次海盆和西南次海盆残留扩张脊侧翼均钻遇了扩张末期洋壳性质的玄武岩(Li Chunfeng et al.,2014)。其中,西南次海盆U1433和U1434站位钻遇了基底玄武岩,主要为斜斑玄武岩,其微量元素成分显示为富集型洋中脊玄武岩。Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb 同位素组成显示印度洋型地幔域特征,并具少量大陆下地壳的成分信息(Zhang Guoliang et al.,2018)。Yang Fan et al.(2019)通过对玄武岩岩样品主、微量元素成分特征分析,发现西南次海盆地幔源区熔融区间相对较小,岩浆熔融程度相对较低,表明洋中脊的岩浆供给率相对较小,岩浆经历了较复杂的演化,与全球慢速扩张洋中脊的特点一致。结合IODP钻探地球化学分析结果、地球物理探测的地壳厚度,Zhang Xubo et al.(2021)通过热力学模拟与地幔熔融理论分析,建立了南海地幔温度、成分及其演化过程的定量化统一模型,结果显示东部次海盆与西南次海盆地幔温度基本一致,地幔组分控制了两个海盆岩石地球化学的差异。西南次海盆由于扩张历史短,岩石圈破裂和海底扩张过程中地幔混染了约2%~5%的大陆下地壳成分,从而使得两个海盆地幔源区呈现差异。邱燕等(2008)通过拖网在西南次海盆长龙海山西北侧的海山(残留扩张脊)水深约4000 m的3yDG站位获得了块状花岗闪长岩(图1),但未论述该岩石的地球化学和年代学分析结果。西南次海盆水深图显示,该海山与扩张后分布在中央裂谷内和海盆的近椭圆状,近E—W走向的海山不同(Sun Zhen et al.,2019),其长轴呈NE—SW走向,大致与西南次海盆残留扩张脊平行,可能为中央裂谷裂谷肩的一部分,但南海及周缘发现的花岗闪长岩基本为晚中生代火山弧成因,属于陆壳性质。因此,残留扩张脊的构造属性及其在海底扩张中的作用尚需要更深入的岩石地球化学性质进行佐证。
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1.3 扩张后岩浆活动与深部过程
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与西太平洋广泛分布的海山类似,南海裂后(含同扩张及扩张后)海盆区的岩浆活动强烈,主要沿残留扩张脊和中南-礼乐断裂分布,表明岩浆活动易发生在地壳薄弱的板块边界(Zhang Jie et al.,2016,2020;Song Xiaoxiao et al.,2017;Zhao Yanghui et al.,2019)。地球化学分析表明,南海残留扩张脊海山主要为洋岛或拉班玄武岩,通常与不同深度的部分熔融有关。与东部次海盆相比,西南次海盆扩张后岩浆作用较弱,沿残留扩张脊发育的海山仅在与东部次海盆衔接处大量发育,向西南逐渐减少。西南次海盆沿洋中脊轴向分布的海山主要包括:北岳海山、龙南海山、龙北海山、中南海山和龙门海山(图1)。这些海山对研究扩张后南海深部动力过程具有重要意义。
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位于东北段的中南海山及毗邻东部次海盆的珍贝海山和涨中海山的玄武岩年龄为9~7 Ma(40Ar/39Ar法),岩石地球化学性质均属OIB碱性玄武岩(王贤觉等,1984;鄢全树等,2008),与海底扩张后南海周缘大量岩浆活动的规律一致(Xu Yigang et al.,2012; Yan Quanshu et al.,2014),表明西南次海盆东北段裂后期岩浆活动强烈,岩浆供应量较充足。Zhang Jie et al.(2020)通过对过龙南海山三维主动源OBS开展走时正反演,发现龙南海山是一个以喷发为主的海山,喷发与侵入体积比例为3∶1。通过与全球相同规模和起源的海山结构对比,建立两种解释海山结构差异的演化模型,分析对比发现岩浆供应量和时间差异控制了海山的喷发和侵入比以及地壳增厚的形成。中南海山的速度结构显示,海山内部缺乏侵入核,指示其起源与热点/地幔柱无直接的联系(Zhang Jie et al.,2020)。
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在西南次海盆中段中央裂谷西南侧存在一个方圆20 km、高约1500 m龙门海山(图1)。过该海山地震剖面揭示其内部呈杂乱反射(图7b),与南海海盆区其他高密度体、高重力异常的玄武岩海山不同,龙门海山对应异常低的自由空气重力异常(图7a)。二维重力模型正演拟合结果显示,龙门海山及其下方的地壳密度仅为2.4 g/cm3(Wang Yanlin et al.,2017;汪俊等,2019)。结合较薄的地壳厚度(<5.0 km),他们推测龙门海山可能是地幔蛇纹岩化形成的蛇纹石泥火山。西南次海盆东北段和中段岩浆岩物质成分不同表明可能存在深部动力学机制差异,但需要更多的地球物理和地球化学证据支持。
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2 面临的关键科学问题
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通过对深部结构探测进展和地质条件分析发现,西南次海盆复杂构造条件(大量同扩张断块和扩张后岩浆活动)和早期主动源OBS测线分布不均、台站间距过大等影响,使得获取的深部构造信息分辨率低。另外由于缺乏岩石学证据约束,从而造成科学家们对西南次海盆深部结构、龙门海山性质和海盆动力成因等研究认识存在不同见解,仍面临以下三方面关键科学问题。
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图7 过西南次海盆中段洋中脊龙门海山自由空间重力异常(a)和地震剖面(b)
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Fig.7 Free air gravity (a) and seismic profile (b) across the relict ridge and Longmen seamount in the Southwest sub-basin
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2.1 西南次海盆洋陆过渡带精细结构与张破裂机制
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通过对西南次海盆多道地震和OBS速度结构的分析,发现自东北段向西南段共轭陆缘西南次海盆两侧陆缘盆地规模较小,上下地壳厚度比较大,下地壳高速体厚度薄或缺失,高速层分布不连续(丘学林等,2011; Pichot et al.,2014; Ding Weiwei et al.,2016; Huang Haibo et al.,2019),局部区域发现上地幔低速体,但范围有限(Sun Zhen et al.,2019)。另外,发现两侧洋陆转换带均较窄,可能在10~20 km范围内完成了由陆壳向洋壳的转换,并且陆缘两侧的盆地结构、发育规模、构造样式和断裂特征方面沿走向不断发生了变化(图4)。东北段洋陆过渡带未发现地幔剥露(Li Yuhan et al.,2021a)和岩浆底侵高速层,为陆缘破裂模式呈现少岩浆型特征,而中段和西南段洋陆过渡带存在地幔剥露的贫岩浆型(Ding Weiwei et al.,2016)和多岩浆型(Luo Pan et al.,2021; Chang et al.,2022)两种多解的陆缘结构模式,从而使得西南次海盆洋陆转换模式和岩石圈张破裂机制存在争议,也是目前存在的关键科学问题之一。
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2.2 西南次海盆中段地壳结构与上地幔构造属性
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西南次海盆中段残留扩张脊发育中央裂谷,具有构造主导的慢速海底扩张特征,但是由于不同地球物理探测方法和精度的制约,使得对其地壳-上地幔结构和动力成因的争议较大,属于正常洋壳还是非正常洋壳,是否存在蛇纹石化异常地幔?空间分布如何?这涉及到对岩浆作用和构造伸展作用的具体阶段和表现形式,时间上海盆渐进式扩张过程中洋壳性质如何转化?由于缺乏关键构造位置可靠深部地球物理信息,人们对西南次海盆的形成演化过程及动力学机制还缺乏有说服力的认识和证据,尤其是南部离轴洋壳区高重力异常成因?是否存在薄地壳和异常地幔发育的机制?这些是西南次海盆中段亟需解决的关键科学问题。
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2.3 西南次海盆龙门海山年龄与性质
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厘定海山岩石的年龄与性质并确定其基本构造属性是从海山形成的角度理解南海形成与演化过程的关键,海山岩石样品的岩石物理参数也可为深部结构综合地球物理正反演提供约束。前期研究表明,龙门海山具有低密度异常的特征,并获取了疑似蛇纹石化橄榄岩的火山泥岩(Wang Yanlin et al.,2017;汪俊等,2019),该火山是揭露南海上地幔物质组成的关键研究对象。但龙门海山岩石性质与地幔成因机制缺乏直接的岩石学证据。如果为蛇纹岩化地幔橄榄岩,则将为理解西南次海盆的海底扩张机制提供约束,研究地幔橄榄岩蛇纹岩化过程中的水岩反应也将为深入理解水圈岩石圈相互作用提供参考。
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3 结论与展望
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为了研究西南次海盆共轭陆缘破裂模式和海底扩张动力机制,本文在调研国内外西南次海盆深部结构探测研究进展的基础上,系统分析和整理了共轭陆缘、洋陆转换带、离轴洋壳和残留扩张脊的断裂活动、沉积基底构造、地壳结构和岩浆活动特征,并对深部结构和动力机制存在的科学问题进行了系统梳理,取得了以下认识和研究建议:
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(1)西南次海盆共轭陆缘表现出陆缘盆地结构、发育规模、构造样式和断裂特征方面沿扩张方向不断发生了变化,由陆缘向洋盆方向莫霍面的快速抬升、较窄的洋陆转换结构,上下地壳厚度比较大,下地壳高速体厚度薄或缺失、分布不连续。但西南次海盆中段和西南段洋陆转换结构普遍不清楚,陆缘张破裂模式存在多解性,建议在洋陆过渡带区域部署高密度主动源OBS(台站间距小于5 km),以获取可靠的地壳和上地幔结构的纵、横波信息,并通过多参数联合反演解析洋陆转换深部构造-岩浆特征,结合动力学数值模拟探讨西南次海盆陆缘张破裂模式。
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(2)重力揭示洋壳结构具有明显的非对称性,扩张脊南侧离轴洋壳相对北侧具有高重力异常、薄洋壳和较高的剩余地幔布格重力异常,其构造机制尚不清楚。由于地质条件复杂,台站间距较大,不同航次主动源OBS探测结果获取的地壳结构具有多解性,中段洋中脊和离轴洋壳是否发育蛇纹石化异常地幔尚存争议。建议在南北两侧重力异常差异较大离轴洋壳区部署跨陆缘和洋盆的深反射地震和主动源OBS,局部部署高密度OBS台站,以获取西南次海盆中段共轭陆缘、离轴洋壳和洋中脊精细地壳和上地幔结构的空间变化,结合纵横波速度信息和综合地球联合反演参数,分析大洋岩石圈热结构特征,探讨慢速扩张洋壳结构和上地幔物质组成差异的深部动力学成因。
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(3)西南次海盆扩张后海山主要沿残留扩张脊发育。不同海山之间在地球物理特征、深部结构和岩石地球化学成分上可能存在差异,表明海底扩张后海盆深部复杂的动力系统和空间不均一性。与其他海山不同,龙门海山具有明显低重力异常特征,是否为蛇纹石化橄榄岩的泥火山尚需要进行岩石学取样和精细深部结构的地球物理证据。
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摘要
西南次海盆位于南海渐进式扩张的西南端,共轭陆缘结构和残留扩张脊保留完整,是研究南海深部结构和动力学机制的关键区域。前期研究发现,西南次海盆洋陆过渡带较窄、同扩张断层发育、地震反射莫霍面不清晰、具有慢速扩张等特征。然而,由于不同探测方法获取的地壳结构具有多解性,使得西南次海盆洋陆转换过程、慢速扩张洋壳结构与增生模式以及龙门海山岩石性质与地幔成因机制等基础科学问题尚存争议。为此本文建议在西南次海盆开展地质取样获取海山岩石样品,确定其年龄与性质,分析扩张后海山形成的深部动力过程;并对关键构造部署高精度的地震反射/折射联合探测,结合岩石物理分析,对西南次海盆进行构造成像和物质组成参数正反演,以实现壳幔尺度的地震学透视,为探索西南次海盆洋陆转换过程和洋壳增生模式提供重要的证据,以丰富和完善南海的动力学演化模式。
Abstract
The Southwest sub-basin, located at the southwest propagating spreading tip of the South China Sea, features an intact conjugated continental margin and a central rift valley. The sub-basin is a key area for studying the deep structure and dynamic mechanisms of the South China Sea. Previous studies have found that the Southwest sub-basin has a narrow ocean-continent transition and is characterized by slow seafloor spreading rate with numerous syn-spreading faults and ambiguous Moho reflections. However, due to different crustal structures being acquired by diverse investigative techniques, the basic scientific issues such as the rift to drift transition pattern, the slow-spreading oceanic crust structure and accretionary process, the rock properties of Longmen seamounts and the genetic mechanism of mantle are still controversial. Geological sampling and a coincident deep seismic reflection/refraction experiment in the SCS's Southwest sub-basin are required to address these problems. To understand the seamount's deep dynamic process, take geological rock samples from the seamount and analyse their age and attributes. Additionally, to obtain the fine crustal structures, high-precision seismic reflection/refraction exploration is carried out in combination with petrophysical analysis, structural imaging, and forward inversion of material composition parameters to achieve crust-mantle scale seismological perspective. These studies will enrich and enhance knowledge about the procedure of continental oceanic transition and the pattern of oceanic crust accretion in the Southwest sub-basin.
