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作者简介:

杨世文,男,1985年生。博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事岩浆-热液矿床成矿理论等方面的科研与教学工作。E-mail:yangsw@ecut.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    赣南兴国县隆坪大型萤石矿床位于大余-南城深大断裂西侧兴国-宁都萤石成矿带内,呈板状、似层状、脉状产于永丰复式岩体外接触带北东向硅化破碎带中。本文划分了兴国县隆坪萤石矿床的成矿阶段,通过流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼成分分析和H-O同位素研究,讨论了该矿床成矿流体性质、来源、演化与成矿模式。根据矿物穿插关系和矿相学特征,将隆坪萤石矿床划分为3个成矿阶段,即成矿早阶段(萤石-石英阶段)、成矿主阶段(石英-萤石阶段)和成矿晚阶段(萤石-方解石阶段)。流体包裹体类型主要为富液相两相包裹体,均一温度变化范围在111~374℃之间,盐度变化于0.53%~3.55%NaCleq之间 ,密度变化于0.58~1.02 g/cm3之间。包裹体成分以H2O为主。总体而言,成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度、中低密度的NaCl-H2O体系,但成矿早阶段存在高温、相对高盐度的流体端元(温度大于300℃,盐度为2.0%~2.7%NaCleq),推断永丰复式岩体晚阶段岩浆热液参与早阶段萤石成矿作用,提供F的来源和热源。隆坪萤石矿床流体包裹体中的δDV-SMOW和δ18OV-SMOW值均较低,分别为-66.8‰~-53.1‰(平均值为-59.5‰)和-5.9‰~-3.3‰ (平均值为-4.6‰),成矿流体主要来源于大气降水和地热水。成矿早阶段萤石沉淀机制主要为岩浆热液和大气降水混合与水-岩反应,而流体冷却作用是成矿主阶段和晚阶段萤石沉淀的主要机制。隆坪萤石矿床属断裂控矿、中低温热液裂隙充填型萤石矿床。

    Abstract

    The Longping large-scale fluorite deposit in Xingguo county, southern Jiangxi Province, is located in the Xingguo-Ningdu fluorite metallogenic belt on the west side of Dayu-Nancheng deep fault. Fluorite ore bodie are primarily in the silicified fracture zone of the outer contact zone of the Yongfeng complex in the form of plate, stratoid and vein. This paper divides the ore-forming stages of the deposit, and discusses the nature, source, evolution and ore-forming model of the ore-forming fluid of the deposit through the study of fluid inclusions and H-O isotopes. According to the interpenetrating relationship of minerals and the characteristics of mineralogy, the Longping fluorite deposit is divided into early ore-forming stage (fluorite-quartz stage), main ore-forming stage (quartz-fluorite stage) and late ore-forming stage (fluorite-calcite stage). The types of inclusions are mainly liquid rich two-phase inclusions. Fluid inclusions in the fluorite and quartz show homogenization temperatures (111~374℃), salinities (0.53%~3.55% NaCleq), and densities (0.58~1.02 g/cm3). Raman spectroscopy showed that the fluid phase is dominated by wate. Generally, the ore-forming fluid belongs to NaCl-H2O fluid system, which is characterized by medium-low temperature, medium-low salinity and medium-low density. However, there exists fluid end-elements with high temperature and relatively high salinity in the early stage of mineralization (temperature higher than 300℃, salinity 2.0%~2.7%NaCleq). It is inferred that the magmatic hydrothermal fluids in the late stage of the Yongfeng complex participate in the early ore-forming stage and provides the heat and the source of F. The δDV-SMOW values of the fluid inclusions in the Longping fluorite ranged between -66.8‰ and -53.1‰ (average value is -59.5‰), while the δ18OV-SMOW values ranged from 5.9‰ to -3.3‰ (average value is -4.6‰). Collectively, the ore-forming fluid is dominated by meteoric water and geothermal water. Both the mixing magmatic hydrothermal fluid with meteoric water and water-rock reaction are the likely mechanisms of fluorite precipitation in early ore-forming stage, while fluid cooling is the main mechanism of fluorite precipitation in the main and late ore-forming stage. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Longping fluorite deposit is a fault-controlled, medium-low-temperature hydrothermal, fracture-filling type deposit.

  • 萤石是我国的战略性新兴矿产,也是欧美等发达国家要重点保障的关键性矿种,广泛应用于新能源、新材料等新兴产业及国防、军事、核工业、化工、冶金、建材等领域(方贵聪等,2020; Zou Hao et al.,20202022; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022)。赣南地区萤石矿产资源丰富,是我国重要的萤石矿聚集区,也是环太平洋萤石成矿带的重要组成部分(徐有华,2008; 方贵聪等,20142020; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022),享有“萤石王国”美称。总体上,赣南萤石矿床含矿围岩分两种,一种产于上白垩统红盆地层中,形成于晚白垩世(徐有华,2008; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022),成矿年龄与赋矿围岩成岩年龄时差较大,成矿时代明显年轻于赋矿围岩成岩时代(Yang Shiwen et al.,2022)。该类萤石矿床以瑞金谢坊萤石矿床为代表,多与现代地热和铀矿伴生(杨世文,2019),主要包括瑞金谢坊大型萤石矿床(杨明生等,2014; 杨瑞栋等,2017)、石城楂山里大型萤石矿床(庄贤贵等,2017)、会昌筠门岭大型萤石矿床(徐有华,2008)和宁都同达中型萤石矿床(江西省地质调查研究院,2012; 杨瑞栋等,2017; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022)。另一种主要产于燕山期晚侏罗世黑云母花岗岩与南华纪—震旦纪地层的外接触带中(徐有华,2008; 杨瑞栋等,2013; 李灯平等,2015; 侯珊珊等,2016; 杨世文等,2019a)或燕山期晚侏罗世黑云母花岗岩内部(文化川,1993a1993b; 李灯平等,2015; 侯珊珊等,2016; 游超等,2022),形成于晚侏罗世,成矿年龄与含矿岩浆岩成岩年龄一致(杨世文等,2019a)。该类萤石矿床以永丰南坑大型萤石矿床为代表,主要包括永丰南坑大型萤石矿床(文化川,1993a1993b)、兴国隆坪大型萤石矿床(徐有华,2008; 杨瑞栋等,2013; 杨世文等,2019a)、兴国城岗中型萤石矿床(江西省地质调查研究院,2012; 徐有华,2008; 侯珊珊等,2016)。前人对产出于红盆地层中萤石矿床的地质特征、成矿时代、矿床成因开展了研究(徐有华,2008; 杨明生等,2014; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022),认为成矿流体来源于大气降水(徐有华,2008; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022),属于古地热成矿系统(Yang Shiwen et al.,2022)。然而,产出于外接触带或岩体内部萤石矿床成因研究较为薄弱,仅部分学者针对赣南南坑萤石矿床开展了萤石地球化学(杨世文等,2019a; 游超等,2022)和少量流体包裹体方面研究(文化川等,19921993a1993b),缺乏该类萤石矿床成因的系统研究。

  • 为更好理解赣南产出于外接触带或岩体内部的萤石矿床的成矿流体特征、来源及成矿模式,本文选取兴国县隆坪萤石矿床作为研究对象,在详细的地质调查基础上,划分成矿阶段,系统开展流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼成分分析及H-O同位素研究,探讨了其成矿流体性质、来源、矿床成因及成矿过程,并建立了成矿模型,以期为该区萤石矿床勘查提供理论依据。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 赣南地区处于华夏地块腹地(图1a),大地构造位置处于南岭东段与武夷山南段的交汇复合部位(丰成友等,2011)。隆坪萤石矿区位于赣州市兴国县隆坪乡附近,位于大余-南城深大断裂西侧兴国-宁都萤石成矿带内(图1b; 杨世文,2019)。兴国-宁都萤石成矿带内出露地层简单,主要以新元古界—寒武系浅变质岩系为基底,强烈挤压形成兴国-赣县复式背斜。上覆泥盆系、石炭系海相碎屑沉积。中部为兴国断陷红盆。岩浆岩形成时代为加里东期至燕山期,以燕山期为主。代表性岩体包括永丰复式岩体、东固岩体和江背岩体。永丰复式岩体主要由早阶段永丰岩体和晚阶段隆市岩体组成,隆市岩体侵入到永丰岩体中(杨世文等,2019a2019b)。永丰岩体位于该复式岩体的外围,构成永丰复式岩体的主体部分。岩性以中粗粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩为主,以普遍含斑晶为特征。隆市岩体位于该复式岩体的中心部位,岩性以细粒、中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩为主,偶含斑晶。杨世文等(2019b)获得永丰岩体和隆市岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄分别为155 Ma和157~154 Ma,形成于晚侏罗世,具有铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。断裂发育,主要有NNE向,少数为NE向和NW向。大余-南城深大断裂通过该区,由一系列逆冲断层组成,控制上古生界及中生界地层的分布和花岗岩的侵入。NE向隆坪-永丰断裂是隆坪萤石矿的重要控矿构造。

  • 2 矿床地质特征

  • 隆坪萤石矿区出露地层为震旦系坝里组变粉砂岩、变细砂岩,是萤石矿的主要赋矿地层(图2)。断裂构造以F1、F2和F3断裂为主,均呈硅化破碎带产出。断裂F1为矿区内规模最大的北东向断裂,贯穿全区,呈北东 40°~45°方向延伸,长2200 m,宽1.06~12.8 m,以硅化破碎带形式产出(图2)。F2呈东西向,带内为硅化角砾充填,角砾成分以变粉砂岩为主,大小不一,棱角分明,硅质、铁质胶结,未见萤石矿化。F3分布于矿区南西角,长170 m,宽1.5 m,带内为硅化角砾充填,角砾成分为硅化变粉砂岩、硅质等,未见萤石矿化。矿区东南侧出露中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,为永丰复式岩体的一部分,局部成为萤石矿脉的围岩,岩石呈肉红色,似斑状结构,主要矿物组成为斜长石、钾长石、石英和黑云母。永丰复式岩体主要由早阶段永丰岩体和晚阶段隆市岩体组成,隆市岩体侵入到永丰岩体中。永丰岩体位于该复式岩体的外围,构成永丰复式岩体的主体部分。岩性以中粗粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩为主,以普遍含斑晶为特征。隆市岩体位于该复式岩体的中心部位。岩性以细粒、中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩为主,偶含斑晶。

  • 2.1 矿体

  • 隆坪萤石矿床是赣南已探明大型的单一萤石矿床(杨瑞栋等,2013),矿体大多呈板状、似层状、脉状,产于永丰复式岩体外接触带震旦系坝里组变粉砂岩、变细砂岩的NE向硅化破碎带中(杨世文等,2019a),主要受断裂构造控制。由Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个主矿体及旁侧次要矿体组成(图2)。其中,Ⅰ号矿体产于F1硅化破碎带南西段,矿体形态为板状体、大扁豆体,呈北东40°~45°方向延伸,长800 m,矿体厚1.00~22.17 m,平均厚度 15 m,矿体呈上厚下薄、中间局部膨胀; Ⅱ号矿体产于 F1 硅化破碎带北东段(图2),呈似层状、扁豆状产出,走向长600 m,矿体厚1.05~19.31 m,平均6.10 m。围岩蚀变以硅化为主,其次为高岭土化、黄铁矿化。

  • 图1 华南地区构造简图与研究区位置(a,修改自 Zou Hao et al.,2022)和赣南兴国-宁都成矿带地质简图(b,修改自Yang Shiwen et al.,2022

  • Fig.1 Schematic tectonic map of South China and the location of the study area (a, modified after Zou Hao et al., 2022) and sketch map of Xingguo-Ningdu metallogenenic belt of south Jiangxi Province (b, modified after Yang Shiwen et al., 2022)

  • 2.2 矿石

  • 矿石类型主要为石英-萤石型(图3a~c)和萤石-石英型(图3d、e),少量萤石-碳酸盐型(图3f)。矿石矿物以萤石为主,脉石矿物有石英、方解石、云母和长石,其中石英和萤石含量占95%以上。萤石颜色以浅绿—绿色为主,少量白色、紫色、紫红色,偶见烟灰色。白色萤石经常和绿色萤石伴生,呈条带状构造(图3d)。手标本中可以看出,红色、紫红色早于绿色萤石,白色萤石与绿色萤石同时结晶,烟灰色萤石最晚结晶。

  • 矿石结构以半自形—他形粒状结构为主(图3c、e),他形细晶结构、半自形—他形粒状结构。矿石构造以块状构造(图3e)、条带状(图3d)为主,少量为细脉状(图3c)、角砾状(图3b)构造。

  • 萤石主要以三种形式产出,一种为萤石与石英共生,以石英为主(图3a、c; 图4a、b),多产出于构造角砾状岩和硅化破碎带石英脉中。萤石,呈他形粒状。石英,呈他形粒状,多呈脉状充填于裂隙之中,围绕萤石呈梳状生长。另外一种以萤石为主,伴生少量石英(图3d、e)。萤石多以他形粒状、集合体块状、条带状产出,穿插于第一种萤石和石英中(图4a、b)或沿梳状石英生长(图4c、d),为隆坪萤石矿床萤石的主要产出形式。第三种萤石伴生于方解石中,为灰白色细晶萤石(图3f),呈薄层状产出。

  • 2.3 成矿阶段

  • 根据矿石野外和镜下特征,结构构造、矿物组合以及矿体内各矿化脉体的穿插关系,将隆坪萤石矿划分为3个成矿阶段,即,① 成矿早阶段:萤石-石英脉阶段(图3b、c),以石英为主,伴生萤石; ② 成矿主阶段:石英-萤石脉阶段(图3d、e),以萤石为主,伴生石英,为该矿床的主体; ③ 成矿晚阶段:萤石-方解石脉阶段(图3f)。

  • 3 样品特征及分析方法

  • 本文在隆坪萤石矿区平硐、探槽和井下共采集19件新鲜矿石样品,包括8件成矿早阶段绿色细晶块状萤石、绿色细晶块状萤石-石英脉和紫色细晶块状萤石-石英脉(图3),7件主阶段绿色中粗粒块状、条带状萤石和白色中粗粒块状萤石及4件晚阶段绿色细晶萤石-石英脉和石英脉。流体包裹体片的制备在北京中兴美科科技有限公司完成。萤石流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温在中国地质大学(北京)地球化学实验室完成。所用仪器为英国产Linkam THMSG-600型冷热台及德国ZEISS公司的偏光显微镜。测温范围为-196~+600℃,冷冻和加热可控速率范围为0.1~130℃/min,精确度为±0.1℃。流体包裹体测试过程中,升温或降温速度控制在5~20℃/min,相变点附近速度控制在0.5~1℃/min。流体包裹体激光拉曼成分分析在南京大学地球科学与工程学院可视化在线观测热液实验室完成。实验仪器为LabRAM HR800型高分辨率激光拉曼光谱仪。物镜规格为长工作距离100倍,激光波长为532.11 nm,样品表面激光功率约为 9.5 mW。光栅规格为每毫米1800刻线光栅,光谱分辨率约为1.0 cm-1。应用PeakFit v4.0(AISN Software Inc.)对光谱进行洛伦兹-高斯拟合。萤石流体包裹体H-O同位素分析在核工业北京地质研究院完成。萤石包裹体H-O同位素分析所用仪器分别为Finnigan MAT-253型和MAT-251型质谱仪。氧同位素分析采用BrF5法; 氢同位素分析采用爆裂法取水、锌法制氢,爆裂温度为550℃。氢、氧同位素分析精度分别为±2‰和±0.2‰,分析结果均以SMOW为标准。

  • 图2 隆坪萤石矿床地质略图(据徐有华,2008修改)

  • Fig.2 Geological sketch of Longping fluorite deposit (modified after Xu Youhua, 2008)

  • 4 分析结果

  • 4.1 显微岩相学特征

  • 萤石和石英是较易生长流体包裹体的矿物。显微镜下观察发现,隆坪萤石矿区萤石和石英样品中包裹体具有个体较小、数量多、边界明显的特点。包裹体分布较均匀,多为孤立状,部分成带分布,为原生包裹体。另外,局部可见少量包裹体沿裂隙展布,定向性较明显,为次生包裹体。原生包裹体类型主要为富液相两相包裹体(图5),没有观察到富含CO2包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体。原生包裹体显微测温结果见表1。

  • 根据室温下原生包裹体的类型和相态特征,采用卢焕章等(2004)提出的流体包裹体分类方案,将隆坪萤石矿床萤石和石英中的流体包裹体分为以下三种类型。

  • 第Ⅰ类为纯气相包裹体,该类包裹体全部由气体组成,主要是在成矿较早阶段流体温度很高的情况下捕获的。该类包裹体数量较少,个体中等,长轴多为5~10 μm,多为不规则状(图5c),呈黑色、暗灰色,所占比例约为5%。产于成矿早阶段萤石中,与富液相的气液两相包裹体相伴产出(图5c)。

  • 第Ⅱ类为富液相的气液两相包裹体(图5a~d、g~y),气液比集中在5%~20%,长轴多集中在10~20 μm,形态大部分为三角形(图5i、k)、四边形(图6g、m、s)和不规则状(图5a、b、c、u、v),少量为椭圆状(图5e、x)。气相多为水蒸气,通常呈无色透明。液相多为黑色及暗灰色。加热后均一到液相,是最主要的一类包裹体,所占比例达90%。在成矿各个阶段均可见,一般呈孤立分布。

  • 第Ⅲ类为纯液相包裹体,全部为单一液相组成,主要为盐水溶液,该类包裹体数量较少,所占比例约5%。个体较小,长轴多为5~10 μm。产于晚阶段萤石中,与富液相的气液两相包裹体相伴产出(图5r)。

  • 表1 隆坪萤石矿床萤石和石英原生包裹体显微测温结果

  • Table1 Microscopic thermometric results of the fluorite and quartz inclusions in the Longping fluorite deposit

  • 注:包裹体显微测温在中国地质大学(北京)地球化学实验室完成; 盐度据卢焕章等,2004计算; 密度据Bodnar et al.,1984计算; V-L—气体-液体。

  • 图3 隆坪萤石矿床萤石特征

  • Fig.3 Sample characteristics of the Longping fluorite deposit

  • (a)—Ⅱ号矿体150 m中段矿体围岩坝里组变余钙质砂岩及萤石矿化硅化破碎带;(b)—构造角砾岩中早阶段紫色萤石矿;(c)—硅化破碎带中发育的早阶段绿色、紫色萤石-石英脉;(d)—Ⅱ号矿体150 m中段主阶段绿色和白色萤石矿体;(e)—Ⅱ号矿体150 m中段主阶段绿色和白色萤石矿体及石英脉;(f)—晚阶段方解石和灰白色细晶萤石,萤石呈薄层状,围岩为灰绿色变质岩屑砂岩

  • (a) —Metamorphic calcareous sandstone and fluorite-mineralized-silicified-fracture zone of Bali Formation wallrock of 150 m middle section of No.Ⅱ ore body; (b) —purple fluorite of the early ore-forming stage in the tectonic breccia; (c) —green and purple fluorite-quartz veins of the early ore-forming stage in the silicified fracture zone; (d) —green and white fluorite of the main ore-forming stage in the 150 m middle section of No.Ⅱ ore body; (e) —green and white fluorite and quartz veins of the main ore-forming stage in the 150 m middle section of No.Ⅱ ore body; (f) —calcite and gray white fine-grained fluorite in the late ore-forming stage, fluorite is thin-layer, and wallrock is gray green metamorphic lithic sandstone

  • 4.2 显微测温

  • 隆坪萤石矿床19件薄片样品共获得Ⅱ类富液相的气液两相包裹体有效数据共计264组,其中成矿早阶段106组数据、成矿主阶段97组数据和成矿晚阶段61组数据,不同成矿阶段流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度直方图见图6。

  • 图4 隆坪萤石矿床主成矿阶段萤石显微照片

  • Fig.4 Fluorite microscope of the main metallogenic stage of the Longping fluorite deposit

  • (a~b)—早阶段萤石与石英伴生,主阶段萤石穿插于早阶段萤石-石英中;(c~d)—早阶段萤石与石英共生,主阶段萤石沿早阶段石英生长; Fl—萤石; Q—石英

  • (a~b) —Fluorite of the early ore-forming stage is associated with quartz, and fluorite the main ore-forming stage is interspersed in the early ore-forming stage fluorite-quartz; (c~d) —fluorite of the early ore-forming stage coexists with quartz, and fluorite of the main ore-forming grows along the quartz in the early ore-forming stage; Fl—fluorite; Q—quartz

  • 成矿早阶段包裹体均一温度变化范围在140~374℃,平均为196℃。从包裹体均一温度直方图中可以看出,包裹体均一温度主要集中在140~180℃温度区间,峰值出现在150~170℃(图6a)。

  • 但具有高温度范围的出现,特别在310~320℃和340~350℃两个温度区间。成矿主阶段包裹体均一温度变化范围在135~275℃之间,平均为168℃,包裹体均一温度主要集中在140~180℃之间(图6c),峰值分别出现在150~170℃之间。成矿晚阶段包裹体均一温度变化范围在111~196℃之间,平均为152℃,包裹体均一温度主要集中在130~160℃之间(图6e),峰值分别出现在140~150℃。

  • 结合冰点温度及下文激光拉曼成分分析,隆坪萤石矿区成矿流体包裹体属于NaCl-H2O体系。根据包裹体的盐度和密度的计算公式(Bodnar et al.,1984; 卢焕章等,2004),计算隆坪萤石矿床流体盐度和密度,结果见表1。成矿早阶段包裹体盐度为1.23%~3.39%NaCleq,平均为1.91%NaCleq,主要分布在1.8%~2.0%NaCleq之间(图6b); 密度主要变化范围为0.58~1.02 g/cm3,平均为0.91 g/cm3。成矿主阶段包裹体盐度为0.88%~3.55%NaCleq,平均为2.06%NaCleq,主要分布在1.4%~2.6 %NaCleq(图6d); 密度为0.70~0.94 g/cm3,平均为0.90 g/cm3。成矿晚阶段包裹体盐度为0.53%~2.90%NaCleq,平均为1.64%NaCleq之间,主要分布在1.2%~1.8%NaCleq之间(图6f); 密度变化范围为0.89~1.02 g/cm3,平均为0.94 g/cm3

  • 4.3 流体包裹体成分

  • 萤石包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析结果(图7)显示,隆坪萤石矿床的各阶段成矿流体气液相两相包裹体成分均以H2O为主(宽泛的包络峰),未检测到CO2、CH4、N2等气体,与镜下未观察到富含CO2包裹体的结果一致。

  • 图5 隆坪萤石矿床中原生流体包裹体特征

  • Fig.5 Characteristics of primary fluid inclusions in the Longping fluorite deposit

  • (a~j)—成矿早阶段流体包裹体;(k~t)—成矿主阶段流体包裹体;(u~y)—成矿晚阶段流体包裹体; L—液体; V—气体; Fl—萤石; Q—石英

  • (a~j) —Fluid inclusions of the early ore-forming stage; (k~t) —fluid inclusions of the main ore-forming stage; (u~y) —fluid inclusions of the late ore-forming stage; L—liquid; V—vapor; Fl—fluorite; Q—quartz

  • 4.4 H-O同位素特征

  • 萤石矿物中基本不含H和O,且包裹体中CO2甚微,排除了包裹体捕获后与寄主矿物之间存在氢氧同位素交换的可能,因此萤石包裹体的H-O同位素的组成可近似视为成矿流体的H-O同位素组成。隆坪萤石矿床成矿主阶段萤石中流体包裹体的H-O同位素组成结果显示(表2),隆坪萤石中的δDV-SMOW值和δ18OV-SMOW值均较低,分别为-66.8‰~-53.1‰(平均值为-59.5‰)和为-5.9‰~-3.3‰(平均值为-4.6‰)。

  • 表2 隆坪萤石矿床H-O同位素组成结果表

  • Table2 H and O isotopic composition of the Longping fluorite deposit

  • 5 讨论

  • 5.1 成矿流体性质

  • 隆坪萤石矿床成矿早阶段成矿流体温度变化范围在140~374℃之间,平均为196℃,主要集中在140~180℃温度区间,但具有高温度范围的出现,特别在310~320℃和340~350℃两个温度区间(图6a、b)。盐度主要分布在1.23%~3.39%NaCleq,平均为1.91%NaCleq。密度主要变化范围为0.58~1.02 g/cm3,平均为0.91 g/cm3。成矿早阶段成矿流体属于中高温、中低盐度、低密度流体,但存在高温、相对高盐度的流体端元(温度大于300℃,盐度2.0%~2.7%NaCleq)。成矿主阶段流体包裹体均一温度主要集中在140~180℃之间,平均168℃。盐度主要分布在1.22%~3.85%NaCleq,平均为2.06%NaCleq。密度变化范围为0.70~0.94 g/cm3,平均为0.90 g/cm3。成矿主阶段成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度、低密度流体。成矿晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度主要集中在130~196℃之间,平均为152℃。盐度主要分布在1.2%~1.8%NaCleq,平均为1.64%NaCleq。密度变化范围为0.89~1.02 g/cm3,平均为0.94 g/cm3。成矿晚阶段成矿流体属于低温、中低盐度、中密度流体。总体而言,隆坪萤石矿床成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度、中低密度的NaCl-H2O体系。随着成矿作用的进行,从早阶段到主阶段,成矿流体温度降低、流体盐度和密度变化不明显。而晚阶段成矿温度进一步降低、流体密度增大,盐度降低。

  • 图6 隆坪萤石矿床流体包裹体均一温度(a、c、e)和盐度直方图(b、d、f)

  • Fig.6 Homogenization temperature (a, c, e) and salinity histograms (b, d, f) of fluid inclusions in Longping fluorite deposit

  • 5.2 成矿流体来源

  • 赣南震旦系变质岩地层含有较高的Ca含量,尤其是其中的凝灰岩、变余凝灰质砂岩极可能为萤石成矿提供了Ca的来源(徐有华,2008; 侯珊珊等,2016; 杨世文,2019; 方贵聪等,2020)。赣南各地层中F元素丰度明显偏低,为502×10-6~737×10-6於崇文等,1987),地层为萤石成矿提供F的可能性很小(方贵聪等,2020; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022)。杨世文等(2019a)获得了隆坪萤石矿床萤石Sm-Nd 等时线年龄为158±3 Ma,与永丰复式岩体的成岩时代基本一致,表明萤石成矿作用与岩浆活动关系密切。方贵聪等(2014)对南岭东段北部花岗岩的萤石成矿专属性进行了研究,产萤石花岗岩主要为黑云母花岗岩,黑云母主要铁质黑云母,黑云母中F含量通常大于1%,而非产萤石花岗岩的黑云母主要为铁白云母和铁叶云母,F含量通常小于1%。隆市岩体中的黑云母落在铁质黑云母与铁叶云母过渡区域,F含量除个别样品外,均大于1%,岩浆分异晚阶段热液富含F等挥发分(杨世文等,2019a)。因此,隆市岩体岩浆分异晚阶段热液可能为萤石成矿提供了F来源。隆坪萤石矿床萤石具微弱Eu负异常地球化学特征,暗示成矿流体可能经历了相对较高的温度(>250℃)(杨世文等,2019a)。通常认为岩浆出熔流体的整体盐度一般在2%~10%NaCleq之间(Hedenquist et al.,1994),高盐度流体的形成可以由具有整体岩浆水组成的岩浆流体在上升过程中,通过流体的相分离演化而来。隆坪萤石矿床成矿早阶段高温、相对高盐度的流体端元(温度大于300℃,盐度2.0%~2.7%NaCleq)的发现,进一步暗示永丰复式岩体晚阶段岩浆热液参与早阶段萤石成矿作用,提供F的来源和热源。

  • 图7 隆坪萤石矿床流体包裹体激光拉曼光谱图

  • Fig.7 Laser Raman spectra of fluid inclusions of the Longping fluorite deposit

  • 中低温、低盐度的流体端元具有普遍低的均一温度(主要位于150~250℃)和盐度值(主要位于1.2%~2.0%NaCleq),表明成矿流体为一种低温-低盐度的含矿热水溶液。这种低盐度中低温溶液只有在有大量大气降水加入的情况下才有可能形成,或者成矿流体本身就是被加热了的大气降水(马承安,1990)。隆坪萤石矿床成矿主阶段3组萤石包裹体δD及δ18O数据落在大气降水线附近,2组数据落入地热水区域(图8),远离岩浆水和变质水,表明主阶段成矿流体应主要来源于大气降水和地热水(加热的大气降水)。以往H-O同位素研究表明,赣南地区兴国隆坪、宁都同达、永丰南坑、瑞金谢坊萤石矿床和赣东北上饶地区怀玉山萤石矿床成矿流体同样主要来源于大气降水(图8; 黄时胜,1989; 曹俊臣,1994; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022)。

  • 图8 隆坪萤石矿床δDV-SMOW18OH2O 关系图(底图据Taylor,1974修改)

  • Fig.8 δDV-SMOW18OH2O diagram (modified after Taylor, 1974) of the Longping fluorite deposit

  • 谢坊、怀玉山萤石矿床H-O同位素数据来源于曹俊臣(1994); 南坑萤石矿床H-O同位素数据来源于黄时胜(1989); 同达萤石矿床H-O同位素数据来源于Yang Shiwen et al.(2022)

  • Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data for the Xiefang and Huaiyushan fluorite deposit are from Cao Junchen (1994) , for the Nankeng fluorite deposit are from Huang Shisheng (1989) , for the Tongda fluorite deposit are from Yang Shiwen et al. (2022)

  • 5.3 成矿模式

  • 已有研究表明,萤石发生沉淀的主要机制包括成矿流体温度和压力降低、流体混合及不混溶作用和富F流体与围岩水-岩反应(Richardson and Holland,1979; Deloule,1982; Richardson and Pinckney,1984; Constantopoulos,1988; 马承安等,1990; 彭建堂等,2002; 徐有华,2008; 许东青,2009; 许东青等,2009; 曾昭法等,2013; 张寿庭等,2014; 叶锡芳等,2014; 王吉平等,2015; Pei Qiuming et al.,2017; Yang Shiwen et al.,2022)。在流体包裹体盐度-均一温度协变图(图9)中,隆坪萤石矿床成矿早阶段的流体盐度与均一温度演化趋势与趋势线B相似,主要表现为随着温度逐渐降低,盐度呈现出逐渐变低的趋势,存在线性关系,表明成矿早阶段存在两种流体的混合作用,高温、相对高盐度的岩浆流体和低温、低盐度的大气降水来源流体的混合,萤石沉淀机制主要为岩浆热液和大气降水混合与水-岩反应。随着成矿作用的进行,从成矿主阶段到成矿晚阶段,成矿流体温度逐渐降低、盐度和密度变化不明显,其流体演化趋势与趋势线C一致,表明成矿主阶段和晚阶段的沉淀机制主要为流体冷却作用。

  • 图9 隆坪萤石矿床流体包裹体盐度-均一温度协变图

  • Fig.9 Salinity vs homogeneous temperature diagram of fluid inclusions in the Longping fluorite deposit

  • A—不同盐度流体等温混溶; B—与较低温低盐度流体混溶; C—冷却; D—沸腾; 趋势线据张明玉等(2018)

  • A—Isothermal miscibility of fluids with different salinity; B—miscible with low temperature and low salinity fluids; C—cooling; D—boiling; the trend line is from Zhang Mingyu et al. (2018)

  • 综上所述,根据萤石矿床地质特征、成矿时代、萤石稀土元素特征、流体包裹体、萤石H-O同位素等多方面的证据,建立了隆坪萤石矿床成矿模式图(图10)。晚侏罗世赣南地区处于板内拉张环境(王吉平等,2014; 丰成友等,2015; 舒徐洁等,2018; 杨世文等,2019b),可能与古太平洋板块的交错俯冲和相关的板块下沉、板块后退或弧后伸展过程有关(Zhou Xinmin and Li Wuxian,2000; Zhou Xinmin et al.,2006; Li Zhengxiang and Li Xianhua,2007; He Zhenyu and Xu Xisheng,2012)。晚侏罗世永丰复式岩体富F岩浆热液沿大余-南城深大断裂运移,在运移过程中,与相对“冷”的大气降水相遇,并加热大气降水。在近地表浅部,富F流体与围岩发生水-岩反应,不断汲取围岩中Ca元素,富集沉淀形成早阶段形成少量萤石矿体(杨世文等,2019a)。当温度、压力进一步降低,pH值升高时(王吉平等,20142015; 杨世文等,2019a),矿液在有利空间(破碎带、裂隙)富集沉淀,形成主阶段和晚阶段萤石矿体。矿区内萤石严格受断裂及硅化破碎带控制,显示充填型的特点。结合成矿温度,综合分析认为隆坪萤石矿床属于中低温热液裂隙充填型矿床。

  • 图10 赣南隆坪萤石矿床成矿模型

  • Fig.10 Ore-forming model of the Longping fluorite deposit in southern Jiangxi Province

  • 6 结论

  • (1)隆坪萤石矿床包裹体类型主要为富液相两相包裹体,包裹体成分以H2O为主。总体而言,成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度、中低密度的NaCl-H2O体系。但成矿早阶段存在高温、相对高盐度的流体端元(温度大于300℃,盐度2.0%~2.7%NaCleq),永丰复式岩体晚阶段岩浆热液参与早阶段萤石成矿作用,提供F的来源和热源。

  • (2)隆坪萤石矿床成矿主阶段流体中的δDV-SMOW值和δ18OV-SMOW值均较低,分别为-66.8‰~-53.1‰(平均值为-59.5‰)和-5.9‰~-3.3 ‰(平均值为-4.6‰),成矿主阶段成矿流体应主要来源于大气降水和地热水。

  • (3)隆坪萤石矿床成矿早阶段萤石沉淀机制主要为岩浆热液和大气降水混合与水-岩反应,流体冷却作用是成矿主阶段和晚阶段萤石沉淀的主要机制。该矿床属断裂控矿、中低温热液裂隙充填型萤石矿床。

  • 注释

  • ❶ 江西省地质调查研究院.2012. 江西省萤石矿产资源潜力评价报告. 江西省地质调查研究院内部报告.

  • 参考文献

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    • Cao Junchen. 1994. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic characteristics of fluorite gas-liquid inclusions in hydrothermal vein fluorite deposits. Geology and Prospecting, 30(4): 28~29 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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