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作者简介:

吕方,男,1996年生。硕士研究生,构造地质学专业。E-mail:lvfang19@mails.ucas.ac.cn。

通讯作者:

辛宇佳,男,1988年生。助理研究员,主要从事岩石地球化学研究。E-mail:xyjasd123@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    本文对海南岛广泛出露的中-酸性花岗质岩体和中—高级变质岩开展了系统的岩石学、年代学、地球化学及Lu-Hf同位素研究,识别出270~259 Ma和242 Ma两期岩浆事件和251~248 Ma变质-深熔事件。270~259 Ma岩浆岩包括花岗(石英)闪长岩和含石榴子石花岗岩。花岗(石英)闪长岩为准铝质I型花岗岩,锆石εHf(t)值变化较大,Mg#和CaO/Na2O比值较高,Rb/Sr比值较低,起源于玄武质下地壳,并存在少量幔源岩浆的混入;含石榴子石花岗岩为典型的强过铝质S型花岗岩,锆石εHf(t)值为负,CaO/Na2O比值较高,源岩主要为壳源贫黏土的碎屑岩。它们均富集LREEs(轻稀土元素)和LILEs(大离子亲石元素),明显亏损HFSEs(高场强元素),显示出与洋壳俯冲相关的岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征,形成于大陆弧背景下。251~248 Ma变质-深熔事件与区域上广泛分布的壳源S型花岗岩和韧性剪切变形同期,推测为一期弧-陆碰撞造山事件。242 Ma花岗岩为A2型花岗岩,具正的锆石εHf(t)值,其源岩为新生的玄武质下地壳物质,标志造山已进入伸展垮塌阶段。海南岛在二叠纪末期到三叠纪初期完成了由洋壳俯冲向弧-陆碰撞造山的转换,该时期构造演化主要受古特提斯构造域控制。

    Abstract

    This paper presents a combined petrologic, geochemical and geochronological study and Lu-Hf isotopic analysis of granitic plutons and metamorphic rocks in Hainan Island. Two-stage (270~259 Ma and 242 Ma) magmatic events and a 251~248 Ma tectonothermal event are identified. The 270~259 Ma magmatic rocks include quartz diorites, granodiorites and garnet-bearing granites. Quartz diorites and granodiorites are metaluminous I-type granitoids with variable zircon εHf(t) values, high Mg# and CaO/Na2O ratios, and low Rb/Sr ratios. They are interpreted to form by partial melting of basaltic lower crust with minor involvement of mantle-derived melts. The garnet-bearing granites are strongly peraluminous S-type granites. They display negative zircon εHf(t) values and high CaO/Na2O ratios, indicating a crustal clay-poor, plagioclase-rich, psammitic source. All 270~259 Ma magmatic rocks are enriched in LREEs and LILEs, and depleted in HFSEs, sharing the common features of arc-related magmatic rocks. They are interpreted to be formed in the continental arc setting associated with the subduction of oceanic plate. The 251~248 Ma tectonothermal event, combined with coeval crust-derived S-type granites and ductile shearing deformation, is interpreted to be caused by arc-continent collision. The ~242 Ma granites are A2-type granites with positive zircon εHf(t) values. They were generated by partial melting of juvenile basaltic crustal material at high-temperature conditions in the post-orogenic setting. During late Permian to early Triassic, the Hainan Island experienced a tectonic transition from oceanic subduction to arc-continent collision, which was closely associated with the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.

  • 东南亚地区由华南地块、印支地块、滇缅-马苏地块等众多地块拼合而成(图1),是世界上构造最复杂的区域之一(Metcalfe,1996)。晚古生代至早中生代,东南亚地区夹持于古特提斯构造域和古太平洋构造域之间,经历了复杂的洋壳俯冲、岛弧-弧后盆地形成、演化与关闭以及块体增生与拼合等地质过程(Yang Shufeng,1989; Hsü et al.,1990; Metcalfe et al.,20062011)。海南岛位于华南、印支地块和太平洋板块的交汇处,其中部和西部地区出露大面积二叠纪—三叠纪中-酸性岩浆岩(谢才富等,2005,2006; Li et al.,2006; 唐立梅等,2010; Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a2017b; Shen Linwei et al.,2018; Zhou Yang et al.,2020),并伴随有同期中—高级变质作用及韧性剪切变形(Zhang Feifei et al.,2011; Zhou Yang et al.,2020),是了解和认识东南亚二叠纪—三叠纪洋壳俯冲、块体增生及拼合等构造演化过程的重要窗口(Li Xianhua et al.,2006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b; Xu Deru et al.,2017; He Huiying et al.,2018a2018b)。

  • 前人对海南岛广泛出露的二叠纪—三叠纪岩体、韧性剪切带、中—高级变质火山-沉积岩开展了大量的研究(谢才富等,20052006a; Li Xianhua et al.,2006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b; Xu Deru et al.,200720082017; 唐立梅等,2010; 陈新跃等,2011; Zhang Feifei et al.,2011; Tang Limei et al.,2013; Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a2017b; Shen Linwei et al.,2018; 吕昭英等,2019; Zhou Yang et al.,2020),关于它们的成因及动力学机制提出了两种不同的地球动力学模型:一部分学者认为海南岛二叠纪发育大陆弧花岗岩(如272~262 Ma五指山岩体; Li Xianhua et al.,2006; 温淑女等,2013; Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a2017b; He Huiying et al.,2018a),而三叠纪发育WNW—ESE向韧性剪切变形并伴随有后碰撞伸展相关的A型花岗岩(如235~233 Ma小妹岩体; Zhou Yang et al.,2020),表明二叠纪—三叠纪,海南岛完成了由洋壳俯冲向碰撞造山的转换,三叠纪韧性剪切带向西可与260~242 Ma松马-哀牢山变质-变形带相连(图1; Maluski et al.,2005; Faure et al.,20162017; He Huiying et al.,2018a2018b; Wang Yuejun et al.,2018),海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪构造演化主要受古特提斯构造域控制; 另一部分学者认为海南岛弧岩浆作用自中二叠世一直持续到三叠纪(Shen Linwei et al.,2018; Dilek et al.,2021),且同期深成岩体沿NE—SW向白沙断裂带展布(Li Xianhua et al.,2006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b),认为海南岛自古生代至中生代,隶属于古太平洋构造域(Li Xianhua et al.,20022006; Li Zhengxiang et al.,2007; Shen Linwei et al.,2018; Dilek et al.,2021)。由前人的研究成果可知,海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪俯冲-碰撞作用的转换时间以及地球动力学背景尚存在争议。

  • 图1 东南亚大地构造地质简图(修改自Li Jianhua et al.,2012

  • Fig.1 Simplified geological map of Southeast Asia (modified after Li Jianhua et al., 2012)

  • 海南岛的中部和西部地区出露有大量的二叠纪—三叠纪中-酸性岩体,如尖峰岭、石碌、黄竹岭花岗岩体和五指山中酸性岩墙群等,北部发育同期中—高级变质岩,如木兰头黑云斜长片麻岩体和小澳港斜长角闪岩墙,是研究海南岛中二叠世—三叠纪构造演化及动力学背景的关键区域。本文对海南岛出露的中-酸性岩体和中—高级变质岩开展了系统的岩石学、同位素年代学和地球化学等方面研究,分别确定了岩浆和变质作用的发生时代,探讨了不同时代岩浆岩的岩石学成因及大地构造意义,为厘定海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪构造演化及其动力学背景提供了新的约束。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 海南岛为一陆缘型岛屿,与华南大陆以琼州海峡相隔,主要出露前寒武纪结晶基底、古生代沉积盖层、晚古生代—中生代深成岩体和火山岩。前寒武纪结晶基底出露于海南岛西部,主要包括中元古代抱板杂岩、新元古代石碌群和石灰顶组。抱板杂岩主要由中—高级变质的片麻岩、片岩、石英岩、变粒岩及侵入其内的同期片麻状花岗岩和变基性岩组成,沉积时代为1.46~1.43 Ga(马大铨等,1997; Li Zhengxiang et al.,2008; Yao Weihua et al.,2017; Xu Yajun et al.,2020)。新元古代(~1.0 Ga)石碌群和石灰顶组主要由绿片岩相变质的石英岩、石英片岩、石英砂岩和粉砂岩等组成(Li Xianhua et al.,2002,2008; Xu Deru et al.,201320142015; Yao Weihua et al.,2017; Zou Shaohao et al.,2017; Zhang Limin et al.,201820192020)。古生代沉积地层主要包括寒武纪—二叠纪砂岩、粉砂岩、板岩夹少量变火山岩和灰岩。

  • 显生宙以来,海南岛主要经历了奥陶纪、石炭纪—三叠纪和侏罗纪—白垩纪三期构造-岩浆热事件的叠加改造。奥陶纪角闪岩相变质事件为最近在抱板群中识别出来的一期构造-热事件,其峰期P-T条件为0.86~0.91 GPa、650~715℃,峰期变质时代为~462 Ma,该期事件可能与East Gondwana超大陆北缘的增生造山事件有关(Zhang Hangchuan et al.,2022)。石炭纪—三叠纪构造-岩浆事件为一期俯冲-碰撞造山事件。石炭纪—二叠纪,海南岛主要发育与俯冲相关的高压变质榴辉岩、中-基性火山岩及中-酸性深成侵入岩等(图2)。榴辉岩主要出露于木兰头地区,原岩为超基性岩-基性岩(具MORB特征),峰期P-T条件为1.70~1.82 GPa、820~860℃,峰期变质时代集中在310~300 Ma(Liu Xiaochun et al.,2021); 俯冲相关岩浆岩主要包括邦溪—晨星一带出露的333~328 Ma弧后型变玄武岩和变安山岩(Xu Deru et al.,2008; 陈新跃等,2013; He Huiying et al.,2018a2018b; Li Shuobo et al.,2018)以及五指山—乐东一带出露的270~260 Ma大陆弧花岗岩,如五指山岩体(272~262 Ma; Li Xianhua et al.,2006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b)和志仲岩体(272 Ma; 温淑女等,2013)等。二叠纪末期—三叠纪,海南岛发生弧-陆碰撞造山事件,导致前寒武结晶基底和古生代地层发生大规模褶皱变形,并伴随有强烈的韧性剪切变形和混合岩化作用。同时,在万宁和三亚地区,还发育有245~220 Ma后碰撞伸展相关的A型花岗岩(唐立梅等,2010; 周佐民等,2011; Zhou Yang et al.,2020)。

  • 图2 海南岛地质简图及采样位置(修改自海南省区域地质志,2012)

  • Fig.2 Sketch map of Hainan Island and sampling locations (modified from Regional Geology of Hainan Province, 2012)

  • 已发表年龄数据引自:(1)—Ding Shijiang et al.,2005;(2)—Li Xianhua et al.,2006;(3)—谢才富等,2005;(4)—谢才富等,2006a;(5)—Xie Caifu et al.,2006b;(6)—唐立梅等,2010;(7)—陈新跃等,2011;(8)—Zhang Feifei et al.,2011;(9)—陈新跃等,2013;(10)—Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a;(11)—He Huiying et al.,2018a;(12)—He Huiying et al.,2018b;(13)—Shen Linwei et al.,2018;(14)—王超等,2019;(15)—Zhou Yang et al.,2020;(16)—Liu Xiaochun et al.,2021

  • Published age data are from: (1) —Ding Shijiang et al., 2005; (2) —Li Xianhua et al., 2006; (3) —Xie Caifu et al., 2005; (4) —Xie Caifu et al., 2006a; (5) —Xie Caifu et al., 2006b; (6) —Tang Limei et al., 2010; (7) —Chen Xinyue et al., 2011; (8) —Zhang Feifei et al., 2011; (9) —Chen Xinyue et al., 2013; (10) —Yan Quanshu et al., 2017a; (11) —He Huiying et al., 2018a; (12) —He Huiying et al., 2018b; (13) —Shen Linwei et al., 2018; (14) —Wang Chao et al., 2019; (15) —Zhou Yang et al., 2020; (16) —Liu Xiaochun et al., 2021

  • 侏罗纪—白垩纪,海南岛发生强烈的地壳伸展断陷,在白沙断裂带附近及三亚等地区,形成伸展断陷盆地(图2; 李孙雄等,2012; Dilek et al.,2021),并伴随有大规模的岩浆活动,形成了大量火山岩及花岗质岩体(173~93 Ma),如六罗村组火山岩(102 Ma; 周云等,2015)、屯昌岩体和天涯海角岩体等(108 Ma; 陈沐龙等,2014)。

  • 2 样品采集及岩石特征

  • 本研究主要对海南岛中部和北部出露的花岗岩、(花岗)闪长岩及变质火山-沉积岩进行了系统地采样,共采集样品22个,其中花岗岩样品10个,闪长岩样品6个,变质火山-沉积岩样品5个(表1)。

  • 花岗岩样品主要采集于海南岛的黄竹岭、石碌和五指山等地区,岩性分别为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和含石榴子石花岗岩。正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩具中—粗粒花岗结构,块状构造,未变形,主要由石英(20%~40%)、斜长石(10%~35%)、钾长石(25%~40%)、黑云母(5%~10%)(图3a、b)等矿物组成; 含石榴子石花岗岩具片麻状构造,其矿物组合主要包括石英(26%~37%)、斜长石(35%~40%)、钾长石(15%~20%)、黑云母(5%~10%)、石榴子石(5%)(图3c、d)。

  • (花岗)闪长岩样品采自琼中县五指山区域(具体采样位置见图2),岩性为石英闪长岩或花岗闪长岩,花岗闪长岩具片麻状构造(图3e),主要矿物组合为石英(20%~25%)、斜长石(40%~45%)、钾长石(10%~15%)、黑云母(5%~10%)、角闪石(<5%)、钛铁矿(3%)(图3f); 石英闪长岩主要矿物包括斜长石(35%~45%)、角闪石(25%~40%)、石英(5%~15%)、黑云母(5%~8%)。

  • 表1 海南岛岩浆岩和变质岩样品采样位置、岩石类型及矿物组合、同位素年龄结果汇总表

  • Table1 Summary of locations, rock types and mineral assemblages, and zircon and monazite U-Pb dating results of magmatic and meta-sedimentary samples from Hainan Island

  • 注:*为独居石U-Pb年龄,其他年龄为锆石U-Pb年龄。

  • 图3 海南岛中-酸性侵入岩和变质岩野外照片及镜下照片(正交偏光)

  • Fig.3 Representative field photographs and photomicrographs (cross-polarized) of intermediate to felsic intrusions and metamorphic rocks in Hainan Island

  • (a)、(b)—未变形黑云母二长花岗岩;(c)、(d)—含石榴子石花岗岩;(e)、(f)—片麻状花岗闪长岩;(g)、(h)—强面理化斜长角闪岩;(i)—闪长岩内暗色包体;(j)—黑云斜长片麻岩; Bt—黑云母; Di—透辉石; Grt—石榴子石; Hb—角闪石; Kfs—钾长石; Mus—白云母; Pl—斜长石; Qtz—石英; Sil—矽线石

  • (a) , (b) —undeformed biotite monzogranite; (c) , (d) —garnet-bearing granite; (e) , (f) —gneissic granodiorite; (g) , (h) —foliated amphibolites; (i) —dark magmatic enclaves within the diorites; (j) —biotite-plagioclase gneisses; Bt—biotite; Di—diopside; Grt—garnet; Hb—hornblende; Kfs—K-feldspar; Mus—muscovite; Pl—plagioclase; Qtz—quartz; Sil—sillimanite

  • 变质火山-沉积岩样品主要采集于木兰头和东寨港等地区,岩性分别为强面理化长英质浅色体、斜长角闪岩和黑云斜长片麻岩。长英质浅色体矿物组合为石英(50%~55%)、斜长石(35%~40%)、钾长石(5%~10%)、黑云母(5%); 斜长角闪岩主要由角闪石(40%~45%)、斜长石(40%)、透辉石(10%~15%)、石英(10%)组成(图3g、h); 黑云斜长片麻岩为滨海钻孔样(具体采样位置见图2),矿物组合主要包括石英(25%~30%)、斜长石(55%~60%)、黑云母(10%~15%)、矽线石(10%)、白云母(5%)等(图3j)。变质火山岩-沉积岩面理及片麻理走向皆为WNW—ESE,倾向为SSW。

  • 3 测试方法

  • 锆石和独居石等单矿物分选工作在河北省廊坊市宇能科技有限公司完成。选取新鲜的原岩样品,将其粉碎成粉末,并使其全部能够通过80目筛网。将粉末淘洗,从而得到重砂。用磁选法从重砂样品中挑选出含量较高的试样,并在双目镜下挑选出晶形完整、透明度较高的锆石、独居石颗粒。制靶、阴极发光(CL)和背向散射电子(BSE)照相工作在北京锆年领航科技有限公司完成。根据锆石、独居石的透明度、大小不同将其分组,用双面胶将其粘制到玻璃板上,然后灌注环氧树脂,制成扁平圆柱状样品靶,矿物颗粒呈线型在靶上定向排列,待环氧树脂凝固变硬后,再进行打磨和剖光操作,一般打磨掉颗粒三分之一,使锆石和独居石中心部位暴露,然后在靶表面镀碳,拍摄锆石的阴极发光(CL)和背向散射电子(BSE)图像,以方便观测锆石和独居石的形态学特征。

  • 锆石和独居石U-Pb同位素测定分别在中国地质科学院地质力学研究所自然资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室和武汉上谱科技有限公司,利用激光烧蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)完成。地质力学研究所自然资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室所用激光剥蚀系统和四极杆等离子质谱仪型号分别为GeoLa HD 193 nm和Agilent 7900 ICP-MS系统; 武汉上谱科技有限公司所用激光剥蚀系统和四极杆等离子质谱仪型号分别为COMPexPro 102 ArF193 nm和Agilent 7700e ICP-MS系统。激光剥蚀过程中采用氦气作为载气、氩气作为补偿气以调节灵敏度(Hu Zhaochu et al.,20082012)。激光束斑直径分别为32 μm(锆石)和16 μm(独居石),剥蚀频率为10 Hz,每个测试点时间分辨分析数据包括空白信号(20~30 s),样品信号(50 s)。锆石U、Th和Pb含量以SRM610作为外标进行计算,锆石U-Th-Pb同位素比值以91500作为外标进行校正,独居石则以44069作为外标进行校正(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2010)。数据分析采用软件ICPMSDataCal(Liu Yongsheng et al.,20082010)。锆石U-Pb谐和图(交点年龄)和加权平均年龄采用ISOPLOT3.0(Ludwig,2003)软件计算完成。

  • 锆石Hf同位素测试在湖北省武汉市上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。选取已进行锆石U-Pb同位素测试分析的颗粒进行测试,测点位置与前者测点位置尽可能接近,或选取在该颗粒同一环带的对称位置、颗粒较大的锆石进行测试。所用仪器型号为MC-ICP-MS(Neptune Plus),激光剥蚀的束斑直径为50 μm,剥蚀频率10 Hz,采用GJ-1作为外标计算Hf同位素比值,具体实验流程参见Griffin et al.(2000,2002)和耿建珍等(2011)

  • 全岩主微量元素测试在中国科学院地球化学研究所完成。主量元素测试使用ARL Perform'X 4200型X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF),误差≤0.5%。微量元素测试仪器为PlasmaQuant MS Elite型等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS),大部分微量元素分析误差<5%,铂族元素误差<10%。详细测试方法参见何红蓼等(2002)

  • 4 测定结果

  • 4.1 锆石U-Pb同位素

  • 本文对海南岛中部和北部出露的中-酸性侵入岩和变质火山岩等14件样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测定,其中花岗岩样品7个、闪长岩样品3个、长英质浅色体样品2个、斜长角闪岩样品2个。样品的锆石阴极发光(CL)图像见图4a~m,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄谐和图见图5a~m,锆石U-Th-Pb同位素测试结果列于附表1。

  • 4.1.1 片麻状石英闪长岩

  • 石英闪长岩样品的锆石多为无色、透明,呈半自形—自形长柱状,长轴为150~220 μm,长宽比约为1.2∶1~2.5∶1。在阴极发光图像(CL)中,见锆石具清晰的振荡环带,部分锆石具核-边结构(图4a~c)。本文共对三个样品(HND112-5、HND111-2和HND111-3)进行了79点的锆石U-Pb同位素定年分析,其中,核部测点5个,边部测点74个。核部锆石Th含量为348×10-6~1444×10-6,U含量为472×10-6~2070×10-6,Th/U比值为0.17~1.24,为岩浆结晶成因锆石,其年龄介于1502±47~293±4 Ma之间,代表了捕获或继承锆石年龄。边部锆石Th含量为191×10-6~3029×10-6,U含量为304×10-6~4171×10-6,Th/U比值为0.15~1.14,为岩浆结晶成因锆石。在U-Pb谐和年龄图中,所有边部测点年龄均谐和。三个样品的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为267±1 Ma(MSWD=0.3,n=21),270±1 Ma(MSWD= 0.5,n=27)和270±1 Ma(MSWD=0.7,n=26)(图5a~c),这些年龄代表了闪长岩样品的结晶年龄。

  • 图4 海南岛岩浆岩和变质岩样品中代表性锆石阴极发光(CL)图像(a)~(m)及独居石背散射电子(BSE)图像(n)~(o)

  • Fig.4 Representative zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images (a) ~ (m) and monazite backscattered electron (BSE) images (n) ~ (o) of magmatic and meta-sedimentary samples from Hainan Island

  • 4.1.2 花岗岩

  • 二长花岗岩样品内锆石呈自形长柱状,长轴140~220 μm,长宽比约为1.4∶1~3∶1。在阴极发光图像(CL)中,锆石具清晰的振荡环带,核-边结构明显(图4d~f)。本文对三个样品(HND01-1、HND19-1和HND31-1)进行了65个点的锆石U-Pb定年分析,锆石Th和U含量变化较大,分别为114×10-6~7543×10-6和298×10-6~10847×10-6,Th/U值为0.10~2.49,指示锆石均为岩浆结晶成因。所有分析点年龄的谐和度都大于95%,它们的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为267±1 Ma(MSWD=0.7,n=24)、261±2 Ma(MSWD=0.6,n=27)和262±2 Ma(MSWD=0.7,n=14)(图5d~f),代表了二长花岗岩样品的结晶年龄。

  • 图5 海南岛岩浆岩和变质岩样品锆石(a)~(m)和独居石(n)~(o)LA-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和图

  • Fig.5 U-Pb concordia diagrams of zircons (a) ~ (m) and monazites (n) ~ (o) from magmatic and meta-sedimentary samples in Hainan Island

  • 含石榴子石花岗岩样品的锆石为半自形柱状,多已发生破裂,长轴120~180 μm,长宽比约为1∶1~3∶1。在CL图像中,核-边结构清晰(图4g~i)。本文对3个样品(HND106-2、HND106-3和HND35-1)进行91个点的锆石U-Pb定年分析。其中,核部测点12个,其Th含量为83×10-6~3027×10-6,U含量为281×10-6~3508×10-6,Th/U 值为0.11~1.72,年龄介于1529±49~296±4 Ma之间,代表了捕获或继承锆石年龄。锆石边部测点79个,Th含量介于38×10-6~5490×10-6之间,U含量为546×10-6~8523×10-6,Th/U值介于0.01~2.23之间,虽然部分锆石边部测点的Th/U比值较低,但锆石Th和U含量高,且锆石普遍发育振荡环带,指示锆石为岩浆结晶成因。所有边部锆石分析点的年龄均谐和,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为272±1 Ma、272±1 Ma和259±1 Ma(图5g~i),代表了样品的结晶年龄。

  • 正长花岗岩样品的锆石为自形柱状—长柱状,长轴150~300 μm,长宽比为1.5∶1~3∶1。在CL图像中见锆石具清晰、紧密的振荡环带,为典型的岩浆锆石(图4m)。本文对样品HND39-2进行26个点的锆石U-Pb定年分析,其Th和U含量分别为291×10-6~3608×10-6和317×10-6~5514×10-6,Th/U值为0.57~1.47,指示锆石为岩浆结晶成因。所有分析点年龄均谐和,它们的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为242±2 Ma(MSWD=0.3,n=26)(图5m),代表了样品的结晶年龄。

  • 4.1.3 变质火山岩

  • 采集于木兰头地区的长英质浅色体样品(HND50-6和HND50-8)和斜长角闪岩样品(HND50-4)内锆石形态相似,为浑圆状,粒径为120~170 μm,长宽比接近1∶1。在CL图像中,锆石不发育振荡环带,部分锆石颗粒具核-边结构(图4j~l)。本文共对两个样品127颗锆石的边部进行了U-Pb定年分析,这些边部锆石的Th含量为67×10-6~1303×10-6,U含量为269×10-6~5643×10-6,Th/U比值为0.01~1.29,大多>0.1,样品的所有分析点年龄均谐和,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄介于250±1~248±1 Ma之间(图5j~l)。尽管这些边部锆石的Th/U比值较高,但锆石不发育振荡环带,显示出变质成因锆石的特征。前人研究表明,高级变质过程中,独居石、褐帘石等富Th矿物的分解,会释放Th元素进入变质流体,从而使得结晶的变质锆石Th/U比值升高(Kinny,1986; Grant et al.,2009; Wan Yusheng et al.,2009)。因此,我们推测这些边部锆石均为变质成因锆石,其年龄代表原岩发生变质作用的时代。

  • 4.2 独居石U-Pb同位素

  • 本文对2个黑云斜长片麻岩样品(ZK3-1-1和ZK3-1-4)进行了LA-ICP-MS独居石U-Pb同位素定年分析。样品的独居石背散射电子(BSE)图像见图4n~o,独居石U-Pb年龄谐和图见图5n~o,独居石U-Th-Pb同位素测试结果见附表2。

  • 黑云斜长片麻岩样品内独居石为无色、半透明、自形—他形粒状或短柱状。粒径为130~200 μm。在背散射电子图像(BSE)中见独居石无环带结构,部分颗粒表面出现细微的裂隙,边部熔蚀呈港湾状(图4n~o)。本文对2个样品的独居石进行了63个点的定年分析,其Th和U含量分别为1521×10-6~68338×10-6和1902×10-6~31080×10-6,Th/U比值为0.21~15.53。所有分析点年龄均谐和,它们的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为251±1 Ma(MSWD=0.4,n=32)和251±1 Ma(MSWD=0.3,n=31)(图5n~o)。样品独居石强烈富集LREEs,相对亏损HREEs,与变质成因独居石特征相符(Williams et al.,2007),因此,我们将获得的独居石年龄解释为黑云斜长片麻岩发生变质作用的时代。

  • 4.3 锆石Hf同位素

  • 在锆石U-Pb同位素定年的基础上,本文选取了5个已经获得年龄样品的锆石进行91个点的Lu-Hf同位素分析,包括3个闪长岩样品(HND111-2、HND111-3和HND112-5),1个二长花岗岩样品(HND19-1),1个正长花岗岩样品(HND39-2)。锆石εHft)值及二阶段模式年龄采用样品结晶年龄计算,锆石Lu-Hf同位素测试数据见附表3。

  • 闪长岩样品(270~267 Ma)锆石的(176Hf/177Hf)i介于0.282414~0.282628之间,对应的εHft)值为-6.7~+0.9,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化区间为1722~1462 Ma。在εHft)值与锆石结晶年龄图解中(图6),这些分析结果大部分落在球粒陨石演化线之下,少量分布在球粒陨石演化线之上,表明其源岩主要为古老的地壳物质,并可能存在新生地壳物质加入。

  • 二长花岗岩样品(~261 Ma)锆石的(176Hf/177Hf)i比值较为均一,介于0.282360~0.282447之间,对应的εHft)值为-8.9~-5.8,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化区间为1849~1655 Ma。在εHft)值与锆石结晶年龄图解中(图6),样品点皆落在球粒陨石演化线之下,表明其源岩为古老的地壳物质。

  • 图6 海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆岩锆石εHft)-t图解(数据引自温淑女等,2013; He Huiying et al.,2018a; Shen Linwei et al.,2018

  • Fig.6 εHf (t) -t diagram of zircons from the Permian to Triassic magmatic rocks in Hainan Island (published data are from Wen Shunü et al., 2013; He Huiying et al., 2018a; Shen Linwei et al., 2018)

  • 正长花岗岩样品(~242 Ma)的(176Hf/177Hf)i值介于0.282686~0.282724之间,较为均一,对应的εHft)值介于+2.2~+3.6之间,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化区间为1129~1043 Ma。在εHft)值与锆石结晶年龄图解中(图6),这些分析结果皆落在球粒陨石演化线之上,表明其为新生地壳物质重熔的产物。

  • 4.4 全岩地球化学

  • 本文分别对海南岛晚二叠世(270~259 Ma)(花岗)闪长岩及花岗岩和三叠纪(242 Ma)花岗岩样品进行了全岩主量、微量元素及稀土元素分析,测试结果见附表4和图7~9。

  • 4.4.1 晚二叠世石英闪长岩

  • 晚二叠世石英闪长岩样品SiO2和K2O+Na2O含量分别为58.44%~60.25%和5.86%~6.69%,在TAS图解中,落入亚碱性区域内(图7a)。Al2O3含量为15.90%~17.82%(图8a),A/CNK值介于1.02~1.07之间,显示偏铝质岩石特征(图7b)。K2O含量为3.05%~3.89%,属高钾钙碱性系列岩石(图8b)。

  • 石英闪长岩稀土总量介于140.31×10-6~327.80×10-6之间(附表4),轻、重稀土元素分馏较弱(LREE/HREE=2.05~3.37,(La/Yb)N=3.92~6.59),球粒陨石标准化配分曲线为斜率较缓的右倾型曲线(图9a)。δEu值介于0.65~0.75之间,具轻微Eu负异常(图9a)。在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中(图9b),石英闪长岩富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb,而亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P。根据Waston et al.(1983)提出的Zr饱和温度经验公式,计算得到样品Zr饱和温度(TZr)介于808~815℃之间。

  • 图7 海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆岩TAS图解(a,据Middemost,1994)和A/CNK-A/NK图解(b,据Miniar et al.,1989

  • Fig.7 TAS diagram (a, after Middemost, 1994) and A/CNK-A/NK diagram (b, after Miniar et al., 1989) of Permian-Triassic magmatic rocks in Hainan Island

  • 前人发表数据引自谢才富等,20052006a; Li Xianhua et al.,2006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b; 唐立梅等,2010; Tang Limei et al.,2013; 周佐民等,2011; Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a2017b; Shen Linwei et al.,2018; 王超等,2019; Zhou Yang et al.,2020

  • Published data are from Xie Caifu et al., 2005, 2006a, 2006b; Li Xianhua et al., 2006; Tang Limei et al., 2010, 2013; Zhou Zuomin et al., 2011; Yan Quanshu et al., 2017a, 2017b; Shen Linwei et al., 2018; Wang Chao et al., 2019; Zhou Yang et al., 2020

  • 图8 海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆岩Harker图解(b,修改自Peccerillo et al.,1976

  • Fig.8 Harker diagrams (b, modified after Peccerillo et al., 1976) of the Permian to Triassic magmatic rocks in Hainan Island

  • 前人发表数据引自谢才富等,20052006a; Li Xianhua et al.,2006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b; 唐立梅等,2010; Tang Limei et al.,2013; 周佐民等,2011; Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a2017b; Shen Linwei et al.,2018; 王超等,2019; Zhou Yang et al.,2020

  • Published data are from Xie Caifu et al., 2005, 2006a, 2006b; Li Xianhua et al., 2006; Tang Limei et al., 2010, 2013; Zhou Zuomin et al., 2011; Yan Quanshu et al., 2017a, 2017b; Shen Linwei et al., 2018; Wang Chao et al., 2019; Zhou Yang et al., 2020

  • 图9 海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆岩稀土元素配分模式图(a)及微量元素蛛网图(b)(球粒陨石标准化值和原始地幔标准化值引自Sun et al.,1989

  • Fig.9 Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams (b) of the Permian to Triassic magmatic rocks in Hainan Island (chondrite and primitive mantle normalizing values are from Sun et al., 1989)

  • 前人发表数据引自Li Xianhua et al.,2006; 周佐民等,2011; Shen Linwei et al.,2018

  • The published data are from Li Xianhua et al., 2006; Zhou Zuomin et al., 2011; Shen Linwei et al., 2018

  • 4.4.2 晚二叠世花岗闪长岩

  • 晚二叠世花岗闪长岩样品的SiO2(66.07%~70.71%)和K2O+Na2O含量(5.09%~5.38%)中等,在TAS图解中,落入亚碱性区域(图7a)。K2O含量中等(2.12%~2.33%),属高钾钙碱性系列岩石(图8b)。Al2O3含量中等(13.40%~16.29%; 图8a),A/CNK值为1.02~1.09,具偏铝质岩石特征(图7b)。

  • 花岗闪长岩稀土总量为229.0×10-6~292.2×10-6,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,LREE/HREE为6.81~8.99,(La/Yb)N值为11.45~21.75。δEu值为0.62~0.67,具中等铕的负异常。球粒陨石标准化配分模式图呈右倾“V” 型曲线(图9a)。在微量元素蛛网图中(图9b),花岗闪长岩富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb元素,明显亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti元素。样品TZr介于814~816℃之间。

  • 4.4.3 晚二叠世花岗岩

  • 晚二叠世花岗岩体样品SiO2含量中等(70.08%~73.92%),碱含量(K2O+Na2O=7.08%~8.67%)较高,在TAS图解中落于亚碱性区域(图7a)。K2O含量较高(3.95%~5.21%),属高钾钙碱性系列岩石(图8b)。Al2O3含量中等(13.20%~15.58%; 图8a),A/CNK值变化范围较大,介于1.04~1.13之间,具准铝质-弱过铝质岩石特征(图7b)。样品TFeO/MgO=2.07~2.79,与I&S型花岗质岩石TFeO/MgO比值(I型≈2.27,S型≈2.38)相似(Whalen et al.,1987)。

  • 晚二叠世花岗岩稀土总量介于118.8×10-6~239.1×10-6之间,轻、重稀土分馏程度中等偏弱,LREE/HREE为3.18~7.15,(La/Yb)N介于5.73~16.31之间。δEu值介于0.37~0.52之间,具明显Eu负异常。在球粒陨石标准化曲线图上(图9a),稀土分布模式为右倾的“V”字型曲线。在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中(图9b),晚二叠世花岗岩富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb元素,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti元素,具壳源岩浆特征。样品10000×Ga/Al值介于1.77~2.32之间,Zr+Nb+Y+Ce值介于212.8×10-6~275.2×10-6之间,落于I&S型花岗岩区域(Whalen et al.,1987)。据Watson et al.(1983) Zr饱和温度(TZr)经验公式,计算得到样品的TZr介于812~825℃之间。

  • 4.4.4 三叠纪花岗岩

  • 三叠纪花岗岩SiO2(70.6%~71.3%)和K2O+Na2O(8.68%~9.31%)含量较高,在TAS图解中,落于亚碱性区域内(图7a)。K2O含量(5.76%~6.12%)高,属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石(图8b)。Al2O3含量(12.83%~12.96%)较低,A/CNK值较小(0.88~0.94),显示为准铝质岩石(图7b)。样品TFeO/MgO比值较高(5.38~6.22),与S型和I型花岗岩TFeO/MgO比值差异较大(均值分别为2.38和2.27),接近A型花岗质岩石TFeO/MgO比值(4.16~35.3)(Whalen et al.,1987)。

  • 稀土元素含量高(∑REE=543.6×10-6~584.7×10-6; 图9a),LREE/HREE为8.71~9.44,(La/Yb)N值为22.15~29.17,轻、重稀土元素分馏十分明显,δEu值介于0.21~0.31之间,显示出明显的Eu负异常(图9a)。球粒陨石标准化配分曲线图中可见(图9a),稀土分布模式为右倾的“V”字型曲线。在微量元素蛛网图中(图9b),可见三叠纪花岗岩富集Rb、Th、K、Pb,明显亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P和Ti,与壳源岩浆相似,并具有较高的Zr饱和温度(859~874℃)(Watson et al.,1983)。

  • 5 讨论

  • 5.1 海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪中-酸性侵入岩岩石学成因

  • 5.1.1 晚二叠世石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩

  • 晚二叠世石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩样品含角闪石(图3f),未见富铝矿物(如石榴子石、堇青石等),A/CNK值(1.02~1.09)较低(< 1.1),显示出I型花岗岩特征(Chappell et al.,2001)。实验岩石学研究表明,偏铝质熔体(A/CNK<1.1)中,P元素溶解度相对较低,且常发生含Th和Y矿物(如独居石)的分离结晶作用,因此,Ⅰ型花岗岩的P2O5与SiO2含量通常呈负相关关系(Chappell,1999),而Th、Y与Rb则呈正相关关系(Chappell et al.,1992)。海南岛晚二叠世石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩样品的P2O5与SiO2呈负相关关系(图8c),而Th、Y与Rb呈正相关关系(图10a、b),显示出I型花岗岩特征。所有上述岩石学和地球化学特征表明,海南岛晚二叠世石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩为典型的Ⅰ型花岗质岩石。

  • 图10 海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆岩Rb-Th图(a,据Chappell et al.,1992)、Rb-Y图(b,据Chappell et al.,1992)、 ACF图(c,据White et al.,1977)、Rb/Sr-Rb/Ba图(d,据Sylvester,1998)、摩尔CaO/(MgO+TFeO)-摩尔Al2O3/(MgO+TFeO)图(e,据Altherr et al.,2000)和Al2O3/TiO2-CaO/Na2O图(f,据Sylvester,1998

  • Fig.10 Diagrams of Rb-Th (a, after Chappell et al., 1992) , Rb-Y (b, after Chappell et al., 1992) , ACF (c, after White et al., 1977) , Rb/Sr-Rb/Ba (d, after Sylvester, 1998) , molar CaO/ (MgO+TFeO) -molar Al2O3/ (MgO+TFeO) (e, after Altherr et al., 2000) and Al2O3/TiO2-CaO/Na2O (f, after Sylvester, 1998) of Permian-Triassic magmatic rocks in Hainan Island

  • Pl—斜长石; Ms—白云母; Crd—堇青石; Grt—石榴子石; Bt—黑云母; Amp—角闪石

  • Pl—plagioclase; Ms—muscovite; Crd—cordierite; Grt—garnet; Bt—biotit; Amp—amphibole

  • 偏铝质Ⅰ型花岗质岩石的成因模型主要包括:① 地壳内变玄武质岩石部分熔融(Salters et al.,1991; Rapper et al.,1995; 吴福元等,2007; 张旗等,2008); ② 壳源和幔源岩浆混合(Collins et al.,2008; 朱弟成等,2009); ③ 镁铁质岩浆结晶分异(Cawthorn et al.,1976; Wyborn et al.,2001)。海南岛晚二叠世(~270 Ma)石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩SiO2含量(58.3%~70.7%)和分异指数(DI)较低(58.1~73.9),且区域上不存在同时期的镁铁质岩浆活动,因此,其不可能为镁铁质岩浆结晶分异的产物。石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩样品的锆石εHft)值多为负(图6),富集Rb、Pb、Th、U和K等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P和Ti等高场强元素(图9a、b),具较低的Nb/Y(0.56~1.88,平均值为1.13)和Rb/Y(3.29~17.02,平均值为7.92)比值,且其La/Nb比值(1.10~2.18)接近下地壳La/Nb平均值(1.6; Depolo et al.,2000),说明其源岩为下地壳岩石(Boztuğet al.,2007)。样品具有较高的CaO/Na2O比值(1.03~1.85,>0.5)和较低的Rb/Sr比值(0.19~1.27),暗示其源岩可能为贫黏土碎屑岩或玄武岩(图10d、f),前者部分熔融形成强过铝质熔体,后者形成偏铝质-弱过铝质熔体(Sylvester,1998; 马乐天等,2010)。石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩样品均为偏铝质(A/CNK=1.02~1.09),表明其源岩主要为玄武质岩石。在CMF-AMF源区判别图解中(图10e),样品皆落入玄武岩部分熔融区域内,也进一步证实这一结论。

  • Mg#值是判别幔源物质是否参与壳源岩浆成岩的重要标志之一,实验岩石学证实,基性下地壳部分熔融产生熔体的Mg#值一般小于40,但当幔源熔体混入时,其Mg#值会显著升高(Rapp et al.,1995; Smithies,2000)。石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩MgO含量(1.87%~3.14%)和Mg#值较高(40~53),暗示存在少量幔源岩浆的混入。同时,部分石英闪长岩锆石εHft)值为正(+0.2~+0.9)(图6),野外也可见岩浆混合成因的暗色包体(图3i; Vernon,1984; Perugini et al.,2003),也进一步证实存在少量幔源岩浆的混入。

  • 综上所述,海南岛晚二叠世石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩为典型的I型花岗岩,其原始岩浆主要起源于玄武质下地壳,并存在少量幔源岩浆的混入,幔源岩浆在岩体形成过程中提供了热源并贡献了少量物质。

  • 5.1.2 晚二叠世花岗岩

  • 晚二叠世花岗岩为过铝质-强过铝质岩石(A/CNK=1.04~1.13,平均为1.1)(图7b),部分花岗岩样品中含石榴子石(图3d),CIPW标准矿物计算出现刚玉分子(0.46%~1.58%之间,平均为1.07%),略富K(K2O/Na2O=1.17~1.70),富集LREE、Rb、Th、U、Pb和K,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr和Ti(图9a、b),且具负的锆石εHft)值(-8.9~-5.8)(图6)。上述岩石和地球化学特征表明,晚二叠世花岗岩为典型的壳源S型花岗岩。在ACF判别图解中(图10c),样品也均落入S型花岗岩区域内。晚二叠世花岗样品具较高的CaO/Na2O比值(0.43~0.75,明显>0.3),暗示其源区可能为贫黏土的碎屑岩(图10f)。在Rb/Ba-Rb/Sr和AMF-CMF源岩判别图解中(图10d、e),样品也均落入碎屑岩或杂砂岩区域内。

  • 综上所述,海南岛晚二叠世花岗岩为典型的S型花岗岩,其源岩主要为壳源贫黏土的碎屑岩。

  • 5.1.3 三叠纪花岗岩

  • 三叠纪花岗岩样品具较高的TFeO/MgO比值(5.38~6.22)、10000×Ga/Al比值(3.10~3.37)、Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量(513.3×10-6~536.3×10-6)和Zr饱和温度(859~874℃),这些特征均与A型花岗岩特征相类似(Whalen et al.,1987; King et al.,19972001; Frost et al.,2001)。在10000×Ga/Al-TFeO/MgO、10000×Ga/Al-Nb、(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-(K2O+Na2O)/CaO和(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-TFeO/MgO判别图解中(图11a~d),三叠纪花岗岩样品皆落入A型花岗岩区域内。尽管高分异的I型花岗岩也会显示出A型花岗岩相类似的地球化学特征(King et al.,2001),但三叠纪花岗岩样品的SiO2含量(70.6%~71.3%)偏低且变化不明显,且具有很高的Ba含量(977×10-6~1031×10-6),明显区别于高度演化的I型花岗岩(通常SiO2>75%,Ba<100×10-6; King et al.,2001; 张舒等,2009),因此,三叠纪花岗岩应为A型花岗岩。

  • 关于A型花岗岩的成因,有四种较为流行的岩石学成因模型:① 幔源碱性玄武岩的结晶分异; ② 干的地壳岩石高温熔融; ③ 壳-幔混合作用; ④ 幔源基性岩部分熔融四种(Collins et al.,1982; Whalen et al.,1987; Frost et al.,19972011; Frost et al.,1999; Kemp et al.,2003; Dall'Agnol et al.,2007)。海南岛三叠纪A型花岗岩SiO2含量低(70.62%~71.32%),明显区别于结晶分异形成的A型花岗岩的SiO2含量(SiO2>75%),且在屯昌地区,未出露同时期基性岩体,因此,其不可能由碱性玄武岩结晶分异而成。花岗岩MgO含量(0.46%~0.49%)和Mg#(22.4~25.1)较低,岩体中缺少暗色包体和针状磷灰石等岩浆混合证据,表明其并非壳-幔岩浆混合产物。三叠纪A型花岗岩为准铝质岩石(A/CNK=0.88~0.94),其锆石εHft)值为正(图6),Mg#值介于22.4~25.1之间,与基性下地壳部分熔融产物相似(Martin et al.,2005)。这些特征表明,其源岩可能为新生的玄武质下地壳物质,而非古老的地壳岩石。在Rb/Ba-Rb/Sr和AMF-CMF源岩判别图解中(图10d、e),样品也均落入或靠近玄武质岩石衍生熔体区域,进一步证实这一结论。

  • 图11 海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆岩10000×Ga/Al-(K2O+Na2O)图(a)、10000×Ga/Al-Nb图(b),(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-(NaO+K2O)/CaO图(c)、(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-TFeO/MgO图(d)和A型花岗岩分类判别图(e)、(f)

  • Fig.11 Diagrams of 10000×Ga/Al- (K2O+Na2O) (a) , 10000×Ga/Al-Nb (b) , (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y) - (NaO+K2O) /CaO (c) , (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y) -TFeO/MgO (d) and classification diagrams of A-type granites (e) and (f) of Permian-Triassic magmatic rocks in Hainan Island

  • (a)~(d)引自Whalen et al.,1987;(e)、(f)引自Eby,1992; FG—高分异花岗岩; OGT—未分异花岗岩; A1—非造山环境花岗岩; A2—后碰撞造山花岗岩;(已发表数据引自谢才富等,20052006a; Li Xianhua et al.,2006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b; 唐立梅等,2010; Tang Limei et al.,2013; 周佐民等,2011; Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a2017b; Shen Linwei et al.,2018; 王超等,2019; Zhou Yang et al.,2020

  • (a) ~ (d) are modified after Whalen et al., 1987; (e) , (f) are modified after Eby, 1992; FG—highly differentiated granites; OGT—undifferentiated granites; A1—anorogenic granites; A2—post-orogenic granites; published data are from Xie Caifu et al., 2005, 2006a, 2006b; Li Xianhua et al., 2006; Tang Limei et al., 2010, 2013; Zhou Zuomin et al., 2011; Yan Quanshu et al., 2017a, 2017b; Shen Linwei et al., 2018; Wang Chao et al., 2019; Zhou Yang et al., 2020

  • 综上所述,海南岛三叠纪花岗岩为典型的A型花岗岩,其源岩为新生的玄武质下地壳物质,部分熔融温度较高,地幔岩浆很可能为花岗岩的形成提供了热源。三叠纪A型花岗岩源岩为新生的玄武质下地壳物质,而二叠纪岩浆岩起源于古老玄武质下地壳,并存在少量幔源岩浆的混入。二者源岩存在明显差异,暗示海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆岩的动力学背景可能存在差异。

  • 5.2 对海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪大地构造背景的约束

  • 本文在海南岛中部和西部识别出晚二叠世钙碱性-高钾钙碱性I型和S型花岗岩,它们均富集LREE和Rb、Th、U、K、Pb等大离子亲石元素元素(LILEs),明显亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSEs),显示出与洋壳俯冲相关的岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。在Rb-Y+Yb和Rb-Hf-Ta构造判别图解中(图12a、b),晚二叠世花岗质样品也大都落入火山弧花岗岩区域内。大洋板片俯冲消减过程中,玄武质洋壳及上覆沉积物会发生变质脱水形成流体,流体交代上伏地幔楔诱发其发生部分熔融形成基性岩浆,高热的基性岩浆底侵至下地壳底部相继诱发镁铁质下地壳岩石和中-上地壳沉积物发生部分熔融形成I型和S型花岗岩。因此,我们推测海南岛晚二叠世钙碱性-高钾钙碱性I型和S型花岗岩均形成于俯冲相关的大陆弧背景下。区域上,340~254 Ma火山-侵入岩普遍发育(图2),主要包括玄武岩、安山岩、镁铁质侵入岩、辉长闪长岩、I型花岗岩等,这些岩石普遍富集LILEs,亏损HFSEs(图9a、b),并具有富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成(图6),形成于俯冲相关的大陆弧环境(图12a、b; Li Xianhua et al.,20022006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b; Xu Deru et al.,2008; 陈新跃等,2011; 温淑女等,2013; He Huiying et al.,2018a; Zhou Yang et al.,2020)。更重要的是,Liu Xiaochun et al.(2021)在海南岛最北部木兰头地区发现310~300 Ma的高压变质榴辉岩,源岩为MORB,其形成与洋壳俯冲作用有关。综合上述所有的变质、岩浆等方面的证据,我们推测在石炭纪到二叠纪,海南岛处于洋壳俯冲相关的大陆弧背景下。

  • 图12 海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆岩Rb-(Y+Yb)图解(a,据Pearce,1996)和Rb/30-3Ta-Hf图解(b,据Harris et al.,1986

  • Fig.12 Rb- (Y+Yb) diagram (a, after Pearce, 1996) and Rb/30-3Ta-Hf diagram (b, after Harris et al., 1986) of Permian-Triassic magmatic rocks in Hainan Island

  • VAG—火山弧花岗岩; Syn-COLG—同碰撞花岗岩; ORG—洋脊花岗岩; WPG—板内花岗岩; 已发表数据引自谢才富等,20052006a; Li Xianhua et al.,2006; Xie Caifu et al.,2006b; 唐立梅等,2010; Tang Limei et al.,2013; 周佐民等,2011; Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a2017b; Shen Linwei et al.,2018; 王超等,2019; Zhou Yang et al.,2020

  • VAG—volcanic arc granite; Syn-COLG—syn-collision granite; ORG—ocean ridge granite; WPG—within-plate granite; the published data are from Xie Caifu et al., 2005, 2006a, 2006b; Li Xianhua et al., 2006; Tang Limei et al., 2010, 2013; Zhou Zuomin et al., 2011; Yan Quanshu et al., 2017a, 2017b; Shen Linwei et al., 2018; Wang Chao et al., 2019; Zhou Yang et al., 2020

  • 海南岛中部俯冲相关中-酸性侵入岩具片麻状构造(图3e),同时,在海南岛北部,出露有强烈面理化的斜长角闪岩和含矽线石黑云斜长片麻岩,并伴随有不同程度的混合岩化作用(图3g~j),它们的片麻理走向均为WNW—ESE,暗示其可能遭受了同一期构造-热事件的叠加改造。本文获得的变质成因锆石和独居石U-Pb定年结果将该期构造-热事件的时代限定在251~248 Ma。区域上,同期(254~248 Ma)花岗岩广泛分布(图2),它们大都为强过铝质S型花岗岩,具有负的全岩εNdt)和锆石εHft)值(图6),是陆壳重熔的产物(王超等,2019; Zhou et al.,2020)。同时,Zhang Feifei et al.(2011)在海南岛公爱和五指山和地区识别出了250~240 Ma的WNW—ESE走向右行逆冲(顶部向NNE)韧性剪切带。这些变质-变形-岩浆等证据共同表明,在早三叠世,海南岛地壳岩石发生强烈褶皱变形和中—高级变质作用(高维等,2022),同时伴随有韧性剪切变形和混合岩化作用,因此,我们推测海南岛早三叠世构造-热事件为一期弧-陆碰撞造山事件。

  • 另外,本文在黄竹岭地区识别出了~242 Ma的A型花岗岩,这些花岗岩具较高的Rb/Nb和Y/Nb比值,显示出A2型花岗岩地球化学特征(图11e、f),表明其形成于后造山伸展垮塌背景下(Eby,1992)。除本文识别出的A型花岗岩之外,同时期伸展相关岩浆岩,如碱性岩、A型花岗岩、高分异花岗岩、双峰式火山岩等,在海南岛广泛分布(图2),这些伸展相关岩浆岩的结晶时代集中在244~231 Ma(如谢才富等,2005; Tang Limei et al.,2013; Yan Quanshu et al.,2017a2017b; Zhou Yang et al.,2020),表明自244~231 Ma以来,造山已经开始进入伸展垮塌阶段。

  • 综上所述,石炭纪—二叠纪(340~254 Ma),海南岛处于洋壳俯冲相关的大陆弧背景下,发育大量俯冲相关的中-酸性侵入岩和火山岩; 二叠纪末期—三叠纪(254~220 Ma),海南岛发生弧-陆碰撞造山事件,地壳岩石发生强烈褶皱及韧性剪切变形、中-高级变质作用和深熔作用,并伴随有壳源岩浆活动。这表明,海南岛晚古生代以来的弧岩浆活动在三叠纪即以停止,而且海南岛三叠纪区域构造面理和糜棱面理走向WNW—ESE,与古太平洋构造域中生代俯冲相关岩浆岩的时间连续性及NE—SW的展布特征相悖(如Li Xianhua et al.,20022006),暗示海南岛该时期构造演化可能并非由古太平洋构造域控制。值得注意的是,金沙江-哀牢山-松马缝合带同样发育石炭纪—二叠纪(300~260 Ma)弧岩浆岩和二叠纪末期—三叠纪(260~230 Ma)麻粒岩相变质作用和韧性剪切变形(Fan Weiming et al.,2010; Roger et al.,2012; Kamvong et al.,2014; Tran et al.,2014; Zaw et al.,2014; Shi Meifeng et al.,2015; Wang Yuejun et al.,2016; Hieu et al.,2017),且变质-变形岩石区域构造面理、糜棱面理走向均为WNW—ESE向(LePiRiver et al.,1997; Maluski et al.,2005; Nakano et al.,2010; Wang Yuejun et al.,2018),与海南岛三叠纪区域构造面理和糜棱面理相一致。鉴于这种空间和时间的一致性,我们推测,海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪构造演化可能受古特提斯构造域控制。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)中-酸性侵入岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,海南岛存在两期岩浆事件: 270~259 Ma和~242 Ma; 变火山-沉积岩中变质成因锆石和独居石U-Pb定年结果则揭示出海南岛遭受251~248 Ma变质-深熔事件的叠加改造。

  • (2)270~259 Ma岩浆岩包括花岗(石英)闪长岩和含石榴子石花岗岩:花岗(石英)闪长岩为准铝质I型花岗岩,锆石εHft)值变化较大,Mg#和CaO/Na2O比值较高,Rb/Sr比值较低,起源于玄武质下地壳,并存在少量幔源岩浆的混入; 含石榴子石花岗岩为典型的强过铝质S型花岗岩,锆石εHft)值为负,CaO/Na2O比值较高,源岩主要为壳源贫黏土的碎屑岩。它们均富集LREEs和LILEs,明显亏损HFSEs,显示出与洋壳俯冲相关的岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征,形成于大陆弧背景下。

  • (3)251~248 Ma变质-深熔事件与区域上广泛分布的壳源S型花岗岩和韧性剪切变形同期,推测其为一期弧-陆碰撞造山事件。~242 Ma花岗岩为A2型花岗岩,具正的锆石εHft)值,其源岩为新生的玄武质下地壳物质,部分熔融温度较高,地幔岩浆很可能提供了热源,形成于后造山伸展垮塌背景下。

  • (4)海南岛在二叠纪末期到三叠纪初期完成了由洋壳俯冲向弧-陆碰撞造山的转换,三叠纪区域构造面理和糜棱面理走向与金沙江-哀牢山-松马缝合带同期中—高压变质岩和韧性剪切变形相一致,海南岛二叠纪—三叠纪构造演化可能受古特提斯构造域控制。

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1~4)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=202301096&flag=1

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