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作者简介:

施辉,男,1983年生。副研究员,主要从事油气地质及成藏机理相关研究工作。E-mail:shui@mail.cgs.gov.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    柴达木盆地北缘东段欧南凹陷上石炭统克鲁克组海陆交互混积型储层中获得良好油气发现,但该层段内烃源岩海陆混合型生物有机质组分及类型、生烃差异性等基础性问题的认识尚不清楚。选择尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面克鲁克组烃源岩开展有机地球化学、XRD、岩石薄片、SEM等分析测试,研究了岩性及组分、丰度质量及类型、可溶有机质族组分及生烃母质等,结果表明:克鲁克组烃源岩残余有机质丰度总体较高,原始生烃能力强,处于高成熟演化阶段,残留腐殖型(Ⅲ型)为主的干酪根,可溶有机质主要来源于海洋低等水生生物有机质母质(Ⅱ型),反映出海陆两相混源生物有机质的特征,海相有机质在前次生烃过程中对生烃量的贡献相对高于陆源生物。大量放射虫等浮游硅质生物是克鲁克组烃源岩海相有机质的主要组分,是海相干酪根的主力生烃物质;晚石炭世,欧南凹陷南部古陆和北部海槽分别向凹陷提供陆相高等植物和海洋低等水生生物或富硅上升流,海相有机质的富集与硅质生物活动直接相关。该研究认识为探索石炭系有机质富集机制和优质烃源岩分布规律提供了参考依据,也对区域性油气勘探部署具有指导意义。

    Abstract

    Although some hydrocarbon has been discovered in the C2k transitional reservoirs in the east of northern Qaidam basin, there remain fundamental unanswered questions about the C2k source rocks with mixed terrestrial and marine organic matter, i.e., component and type of organic matter and discrepant hydrocarbon generation. Successive C2k source rock samples were collected from the Baishugou outcrop located in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain for organic geochemistry, XRD, thin section, SEM analyses. The results indicate that the abundance of organic matter in source rocks is high, suggesting an excellent original productivity. Organic matter was already in the high-maturity thermal evolution stage and has primarily remained with humic kerogens, but the dissolved organic matter from the samples are hydrocarbon generation products of lower marine aquatic organisms, which represent mixed characteristics of marine and terrestrial organic matter. The contribution of marine OMs to hydrocarbon generation was higher than that of terrestrial organisms during the latest generation. Biogenic silica consists of remains of siliceous radiolarian organisms that were the main hydrocarbon generation material of marine kerogens. The archicontinent to the south, and the ocean trough to the north of the Ounan depression respectively provided terrestrial and marine OMs or silicon-rich upwelling, and the enrichment of marine OMs is related to the siliceous biological activity in the late Carboniferous. This study is of guiding significance for exploring the mechanism of organic matter enrichment in the Carboniferous and regional oil and gas exploration.

  • 柴达木盆地位于青藏高原北部,为祁连山、昆仑山和阿尔金山所限,呈东西长850 km、南北宽150~300 km的近似菱形,面积约为12.1×104 km2,是我国西北地区重要的含油气盆地之一,中—新生界为产油气主力层位(蔚远江等,2019)。近年的研究证实(马寅生等,2012; 魏小洁等,2018; 李宗星等,2019; 刘成林等,2020),古生界—下三叠统是一套海相或海-陆过渡相沉积,其中石炭系残余地层分布广泛且变质作用的破坏程度相对有限,油气资源潜力较大,有望成为盆地“增储上产”的含油气新层系。目前,部署在柴达木盆地北缘东段欧南凹陷及周缘的CY2、QDD1、QDC1等钻井均在上石炭统克鲁克组(C2k)获得较好的油气发现和含油气性测试结果(李宗星等,2019),克鲁克组成为盆地石炭系油气调查与勘探的重点关注层位。

  • 据统计(杨超等,2010; 杨元元等,2016; 李军亮等,2016; 刘成林等,2016),欧南凹陷克鲁克组埋深适中(<4500 m),暗色泥页岩厚度具有一定规模性(约20~100 m),总有机碳含量(TOC)在0.28%~21.16%之间(平均2.3%),生烃潜量(S1+S2)约为0.01~2.44 mg/g(均值0.35 mg/g),氯仿沥青“A”值分布在0.0017%~0.0866%之间(均值0.0075%); 有机质类型以腐殖型(Ⅲ型)为主,处于成熟—高成熟演化阶段,总体生烃条件良好,被广泛认为是一套潜在的烃源岩层系和良好的页岩气储层。迄今,研究区石炭系烃源岩方面研究工作主要集中在质量评价和资源潜力等方面,虽然也从沉积体系和岩相等宏观层面讨论了石炭纪陆表海页岩沉积模式(张跃等,2016),但对海陆混合型生物有机质组分、来源类型、生烃过程等微观机理性问题的探讨还相对缺乏,如是否发育海相生物有机质类型及其对生烃的贡献等,仍然悬而未决。

  • 泥页岩中生物有机质类型及生烃特征决定了烃源岩生排烃能力和对甲烷气体的吸附能力,是确定优质烃源岩发育机制和预测有效烃源岩分布的关键基础问题(杨智等,2021)。鉴于柴北缘东段石炭系钻井稀少且取芯有限的现状,本文选取克鲁克组出露较完整的尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面开展连续性取样,通过有机地球化学(包括总有机碳、岩石热解、干酪根镜检、有机质元素、族组分C-O同位素、镜质组反射率、氯仿沥青、有机物色质谱等)、全岩及黏土矿物X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试方法重点研究了克鲁克组烃源岩质量、干酪根类型和抽提可溶有机质生烃母质,分析了克鲁克组海陆混合型生物有机质组成和生烃特征,为探索石炭系有机质富集机制和区域性油气勘探提供依据。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 柴达木盆地北缘东段地区自北向南依次发育南祁连宗务隆构造带、德令哈凹陷、欧龙布鲁克凸起、欧南凹陷、埃姆尼克凸起、霍布逊凹陷和昆仑山构造带(图1a、b),呈现“三隆夹两凹”的构造格局(图2)。上石炭统分为克鲁克组(C2k)与上覆扎布萨尕秀组(C2zh)。C2k与我国北方地区本溪组(C2b)相对应(青海省地质矿产局,1991),属巴什基尔期—莫斯科期(约323.2~307.1 Ma),C2zh可与太原组对比(青海省地质矿产局,1991),对应于晚石炭世卡西莫期与格舍尔期和早二叠世早期的阿瑟尔期,年代约为307.1~295.5 Ma。据最新研究结果(马立成等,2020),石灰沟剖面C2zh砂岩中获得一组碎屑锆石加权平均年龄约为288±2.0 Ma,且在C2zh发现早二叠世科化石,证实C2zh为C2—P1的穿时地层。

  • 大地构造背景研究结果表明(孙娇鹏等,2016; 代昆等,2016; 刘奎等,2020; Sun Jiaopeng et al.,2021):石炭纪时昆南洋持续向北俯冲,大地构造由寒武纪—泥盆纪挤压为主的构造机制向伸展背景变化,柴达木地区在格尔木陆岛以北,总体处于弧后环境; 欧龙布鲁克微地块(欧南凹陷-欧龙布鲁克凸起-德令哈凹陷)发生沉降(图3),而宗务隆构造带形成裂陷海槽,扩张构造活动一直持续到二叠纪中晚期。早石炭世晚期—早二叠世,柴北缘东段地区主要受到宗务隆海槽自北向南海侵超覆影响,发育浅海陆棚-碳酸盐岩台地沉积体系的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩混合沉积物,属典型海陆交互沉积相带(陈世悦等,2016)。

  • 图1 柴达木盆地北缘东段区域(a)、构造纲要(b)和柏树沟露头地质图(c)

  • Fig.1 Location (a) , tectonic division (b) of the east of northern Qaidam basin and the geologic map (c) of Baishugou outcrop

  • 图2 柴达木盆地北缘东段近NS向构造剖面图

  • Fig.2 North-south cross section of the east of northern Qaidam basin

  • 图3 柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭纪大地构造背景及古地理示意简图(据施辉等,2022修改)

  • Fig.3 Schematic diagram showing the Carboniferous tectonic setting and paleogeography in the east of northern Qaidam basin (modified after Shi Hui et al., 2022)

  • 2 剖面岩性组合

  • 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面位于青海省海西蒙古族自治州德令哈市东南方向约45 km处(图1a、b),起点坐标为97.4965°E,36.9467°N。柏树沟剖面主要出露下石炭统怀头他拉组(C1h)和上石炭统C2k、C2zh(图1c),C1h直接超覆于上泥盆统阿木尼克组(D3a)之上,总厚度约250 m,主体岩性为深灰色厚层灰岩(图4)。上石炭统C2k与C1h呈假整合接触,是一套海、陆交互沉积地层(厚度约为320 m,见图5a),下部发育含煤建造,岩性以深灰—灰色泥、页岩(图5b)夹煤层和灰—灰绿色粉—细砂岩(图5c)为主; 中、上部是浅海相碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造,发育灰色厚—巨厚层生物、泥—粉晶灰岩(图5d、e)与灰白—灰黄色砂岩(图5f)互层,间杂深灰色碳质页岩及薄煤层(图5f)。C2zh整合接触于C2k,底部发育厚层状细砾岩,石英砾石含量较高(图5g),向上过渡至浅灰色粗—中粒石英砂岩(图5h)。

  • C2k总体以灰色系砂岩-页岩-灰岩韵律性岩性组合为主(图4),砂岩碎屑颗粒中石英颗粒含量较高,粒度一般较粗,中等磨圆,钙质胶结常见; 页岩中常夹薄煤层或粉砂质泥岩层,含植物碎片化石; 石灰岩单层较厚,硅质结核及燧石条带发育,产丰富的珊瑚、腕足、及瓣鳃类化石(图5e)。

  • 3 烃源岩质量

  • 本次研究在柏树沟剖面共采集了58块烃源岩样品(取样层位见图4),其中4块产自C2zh,54块来自C2k,包括泥页岩样品49块,灰岩样品6块和煤岩样品3块。

  • 3.1 有机质丰度

  • 柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩有机质丰度测试结果显示(表1,图4、图6),剔除煤岩以后泥页岩和石灰岩烃源岩总有机碳含量(TOC)相对较高(0.09%~24.35%,均值3.74%)。氯仿沥青“A”(0.004%~0.42%,平均0.03%)和生烃潜量值(S1+S2,0.02~5.10 mg/g,均值0.87 mg/g)偏低。

  • 图4 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面上石炭统克鲁克组烃源岩丰度柱状图

  • Fig.4 Organic matter abundance column chart of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 一般而言,造成烃源岩可溶有机质含量和生烃潜量值偏低的原因可能与热演化程度高(秦建中等,2005)、风化作用强烈(杨元元等,2016)等因素有关,鉴于石炭系钻井岩芯C2k泥页岩样品(埋深500~3500 m)氯仿沥青“A”和生烃潜量值总体普遍较低却保持较高TOC值(Wang Guocang et al.,2018),如QDD1井C2k烃源岩TOC值(样本数n=39,埋深1500~1650 m)为0.22%~2.37%(均值1.04%),氯仿沥青“A”值分布于0.003%~0.112%之间(均值0.021%),生烃潜量约0.039~1.540 mg/g(均值0.227 mg/g); CY2井C2k烃源岩(n=36,埋深245~1050 m)TOC值在0.29%~14.1%之间(均值3.75%),生烃潜量分布在0.17~15.3 mg/g之间(均值1.878 mg/g)(图6),推测剖面C2k烃源岩贫可溶有机质和低生烃潜量值,应该与有机质的热演化程度偏高直接相关。

  • 由于柴北缘石炭系煤层普遍以夹层形式出现,厚度远小于泥页岩和灰岩地层,其生烃能力和规模相对有限(刘成林等,2020)。C2k泥页岩(TOC均值4.45%)比石灰岩(TOC均值0.51%)更富集有机质(表1),说明泥页岩是该层位的主力烃源岩,其次为灰岩类烃源岩,这与前人的统计结果和认识相一致(杨超等,2010)。

  • 图5 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面上石炭统野外照片

  • Fig.5 Field photographs of the Upper Carboniferous of the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • (a)—柏树沟剖面全貌;(b)—C2k底部薄煤层;(c)—粉—细砂岩;(d)—厚层泥晶灰岩;(e)—生物碎屑灰岩;(f)—C2k顶黑色泥页岩夹薄煤层;(g)—C2zh底部石英质细砾岩;(h)—浅灰色粗—中粒石英砂岩

  • (a) —full view of Baishugou; (b) —thin coal bed at the bottom of C2k; (c) —silty-fine sandstones; (d) —thick micritic limestone; (e) —bioclastic limestone; (f) —black shale interbedded with thin coal at the C2k top; (g) —fine-grained quartz conglomerate at C2zh bottom; (h) —light gray coarse-medium quartz sandstone

  • 表1 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩有机质丰度

  • Table1 Organic matter abundance of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 图6 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩有机质丰度及评价

  • Fig.6 Abundance of organic matter and evaluation of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 根据烃源岩有机质丰度分级评价标准(石油地质勘探专业标准化委员会,2019),仅从TOC指标判断柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩较发育,以“中—好”级别烃源岩为主,但氯仿沥青“A”和生烃潜量值整体偏低,说明柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩具有较大初始生产力,但现今生烃能力和潜力均有限。

  • 3.2 矿物组分

  • 柏树沟剖面C2k泥页岩和石灰岩烃源岩中石英矿物较发育。通过13块C2k烃源岩样品全岩和黏土矿物(XRD)组分的统计(表2),泥页岩(8样次)主要由石英(57.2%)、黏土(29.1%)和方解石(6.4%)组成,含少量长石(斜长石1.7%、钾长石0.8%)、黄铁矿(1.5%)、云母(0.8%)、锐钛矿(0.8%)、白云石(0.6%)和菱铁矿(0.3%)。泥页岩黏土矿物中伊/蒙混层(12.3%)和高岭石(9.0%)含量相对较高,其次是伊利石(5.4%)和绿泥石(5.4%)。

  • 石灰岩(5样次)中方解石含量约54.5%~99.0%(均值86.6%),含0.8%~42.0%(平均12.4%)不等的石英和少量黏土矿物(0.96%)(表2)。石灰岩样品黏土矿物基本以伊/蒙混层为主(0.96%)。矿物组分统计结果表明,泥页岩和石灰岩两类烃源岩样品中均含有较为丰富的石英。

  • 显微镜下观察发现,泥页岩中除了黑—褐色黏土矿物混杂有机质外,还发育大量粒径为2~50 μm的石英颗粒,呈星点状散布于黏土矿物中(图7a),或者呈条带状、准层状定向分布(图7b),这与全岩XRD测试结果相一致,说明烃源岩中石英较普遍。进一步的SEM观察表明,泥页岩中的细小石英颗粒除部分是陆源碎屑石英颗粒外,还发育一些硅质(或石英质)微体生物化石或残骸(图7c、d),如放射虫等,指示泥页岩中部分硅质颗粒成分可能为海相生物成因的生物硅(Biogenic silica,BSi)。

  • 3.3 热演化程度

  • 柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩的镜质组反射率(Ro)测试共获得了27块样品(包括21块泥页岩、3块灰岩和3块煤岩样品)的数据(表3),平均26测试点/样次,每样次标准离差值在0.06%~0.30%之间(平均0.14%),测试结果相对可信(石油地质勘探专业标准化委员会,2012)。样品Ro均值分布于1.14%~1.96%之间(均值1.49%),从C2k顶至底Ro值基本围绕1.30%~1.70%斜率线分布(图8)。煤、泥页岩和灰岩样品Ro值分别为1.26%~1.82%(均值1.62%)、1.14%~1.96%(均值1.50%)和1.21%~1.24%(均值1.22%),呈现Ro值煤>泥页岩>灰岩的一般规律(赵俊峰等,2004)。

  • 表2 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩矿物组分

  • Table2 Mineral components of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 图7 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩镜下照片

  • Fig.7 Photomicrographs of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • (a)、(b)—泥页岩烃源岩样品显微镜下照片,富集石英;(c)、(d)—生物成因石英SEM照片

  • (a) , (b) —microscopic photographs showing the shale or mud source rocks rich with quartz grains; (c) , (d) —SEM photographs showing the biogenic quartz

  • 表3 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩Ro

  • Table3 Vitrinite reflectance values of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 注:据刘祖发等(1999)建立校正经验公式:Ro =1.26×Ro,m+0.21(Ro,m<0.75%); Ro=0.28×Ro,m+1.03(0.75%≤Ro,m≤1.50%); Ro =0.81×Ro,m+0.18(Ro,m>1.50%),其中Ro为换算标准镜质组反射率(%),Ro,m为海相镜质组反射率。

  • 海相和海陆过渡相(混源)烃源岩由于高等植物丰度相对偏低,通常无法利用镜质组反射率有效评价有机质成熟度,海相发育的富氢镜质组或富氢类脂物及沥青浸染正常镜质组影响了对正常镜质组反射率的测量(刘祖发等,1999; Faiz et al.,2021)。C2k干酪根镜质组组分缝隙中可观察到呈固态或液态的运移沥青(图9a、b),造成对镜质组反射率测值的离散程度增大。

  • 图8 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩镜质组反射率均值(Ro

  • Fig.8 Vitrinite reflectance of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 根据刘祖发等(1999)通过人工热模拟实验所建立的海相镜质组反射率与正常镜质组反射率之间的换算公式(刘祖发等,1999),柏树沟剖面C2k泥页岩和灰岩样品的校正Ro值分别为1.42%~1.77%(均值1.49%)和1.37%~1.38%(均值1.37%),与煤岩测定Ro值范围(1.26%~1.82%)和均值(1.62%)的差距较小。另外,欧南凹陷西部地区CY2井埋深约245~1050 m的岩芯样品干酪根Ro值在1.09%~1.53%之间变化,Ro均值为1.39%(Wang Guocang et al.,2018),中部地区QDD1井C2k岩芯样品(埋深1500~1650 m)Ro值约为2.25%(刘奎等,2020)。基于以上钻井岩芯实测Ro数据和柏树沟岩石样本的分析,本文认为该剖面C2k有机质成熟度Ro在1.50%~1.60%之间,说明有机质普遍已经进入高成熟演化阶段,所生成烃类以轻质油(凝析油)—湿气为主。

  • 图9 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩干酪根镜下照片

  • Fig.9 Photomicrographs of C2k kerogen from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • (a)、(b)—镜质体和沥青的反射光和荧光照片;(c)、(d)—镜质体碎片和丝质体的反射光和荧光照片

  • (a) , (b) —reflected light and fluorescence photographs of the vitrinite and bitumen; (c) , (d) —reflected light and fluorescence photographs of the vitrinite fragement and fusinite

  • 4 有机质类型

  • 4.1 干酪根类型

  • 4.1.1 显微组分

  • 镜质组是高等植物木质纤维组织经腐殖和凝胶化作用而形成的有机显微组分(黄第藩等,1982)。显微镜下观察发现C2k烃源岩样品中常见无结构镜质组,呈破碎颗粒状、块状(图9a、b)或条带状沿页岩层理面分布(图9c、d),镜质组孔隙或裂缝中充填有固态原沥青或运移沥青(图9c)。样品中也观察到少量丝质体或半丝质体惰质组分(图9a、b)。惰质组的原始母质是高等植物木质部组织经过丝炭化或凝胶化作用并经受强烈氧化作用而形成(黄第藩等,1982)。C2k烃源岩中丝质体细胞结构保存较差,只保留了部分细胞残迹(图9a)。

  • 根据干酪根镜检结果(表4),柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩干酪根主要残留镜质组,少量惰质组和微量腐泥组分。6块C2k烃源岩样品分离的干酪根中镜质组组分约占82%~100%(平均94.2%),惰质组组分最大值为18%,均值约5.2%,干酪根中只含极少量(约0.6%)腐泥组分(表4),类型指数(TI)全部小于0,数值分布在-72~-79.5之间(均值-75.1)。按照干酪根显微组分鉴定及类型划分标准(石油地质勘探专业标准化委员会,2019),判定该剖面C2k残留以高等植物为生物母质的腐殖型(Ⅲ型)有机质。

  • 表4 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩干酪根显微组分及类型

  • Table4 Maceral composition and kerogen types of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 4.1.2 干酪根有机元素

  • 柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩干酪根以C(75.8%)和O(16.0%)元素为主,其次是H(3.36%)、S(2.91%)和N(2.0%),H/C和O/C比值分布范围分别为0.43~0.63和0.12~0.19,均值分别为0.53和0.16(表5),说明C2k烃源岩残留干酪根具有较低H/C原子比和中等O/C原子比值。

  • 表5 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩干酪根元素及比值

  • Table5 Kerogen elements and ratios of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 根据有机元素干酪根类型图版(van Krevelen图)(Weck et al.,2017),C2k烃源岩样品主要落在Ⅲ型干酪根区域(图10a),反映烃源岩主要残留腐殖型干酪根。一般而言,未熟腐殖型干酪根的O/C原子比值>0.3和H/C原子比值<0.8(石油地质勘探专业标准化委员会,2019),随有机质成熟度的升高,有机质的H/C和O/C原子比均降低,从露头剖面C2k烃源岩样品H/C(平均0.53)和O/C原子比值(平均0.16)来看,干酪根经历过相对较高的热裂解作用。

  • 4.1.3 岩石热解

  • 柏树沟剖面C2k的26块烃源岩样品岩石热解结果显示,岩石热解Tmax(热解峰温)值约为302~605℃(均值513.8℃),测值跨度较大; 由于岩石样品干酪根受运移沥青的侵入(图9a、b),Tmax异常低值(<420℃)的出现与重质可溶有机质的混入有关(张振苓等,2006)。剔除异常低Tmax值,岩石热解峰温值主要分布在500~605℃之间。Tmax随烃源岩成熟度增高而不断升高,可作为判定烃源岩成熟度的指标,根据Tmax与干酪根成熟度大致对应关系(石油地质勘探专业标准化委员会,2019),该剖面C2k烃源岩相应Ro值在1.3%~2.0%之间,反映高成熟热演化阶段。

  • 岩石热解Tmax-HI(氢指数)图版,又名模拟van Krevelen图,是划分干酪根类型的常用方法之一(陈建平等,2016),C2k烃源岩样品点大部分处在Tmax>490℃的相对过高热演化阶段而无法通过图版有效判断干酪根类型(图10b)。

  • 岩石热解的氧指数(OI)与氢指数(HI)图版也能有效判识烃源岩干酪根类型(黄第藩等,1982)。该剖面C2k烃源岩样品热解参数计算的HI值分布在0.09~135.08之间(均值17.37),处于Ⅲ型干酪根HI值范围(<150)(石油地质勘探专业标准化委员会,2019); 其中有5块样品岩石热解获得了S3(热解产生的二氧化碳含量)值,通过氧指数换算进行投点分析,发现所有样点均处于Ⅲ型干酪根区域(图10c)。烃源岩热解生烃量(S2)和TOC图解可以提供干酪根类型、死碳含量(惰性有机碳)、有机质生气/油比率等多种信息(熊德明等,2014)。通过该图解识别出柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩的干酪根也为Ⅲ型(图10d)。

  • 4.2 氯仿沥青“A”母质

  • 本次研究共成功抽提了6块C2k烃源岩样品的氯仿沥青“A”,通过对抽提物族组分组成、族组分C同位素和正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃和甾类等生物标志化合物的综合分析,明确了可溶有机质的生烃母质,并与岩石残留干酪根类型进行了对比。

  • 图10 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩干酪根类型识别图版

  • Fig.10 Kerogen type identification plots of C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 4.2.1 族组分

  • 氯仿沥青“A”的族组分组成与有机质母质相关,也能够反映母质干酪根类型; 相比较而言,富腐泥型有机质的饱和烃与芳烃组分含量比值(饱/芳)较高,非烃和沥青质总含量与总烃(饱和烃+芳烃)的比值相对较低,富腐殖型则相反(马风华等,2019)。柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩样品(6块)抽提氯仿沥青“A”以沥青质(25.17%~99.91%,平均68.18%)为主,其次是芳烃(0~20.66%,平均12.06%)、非烃(0~38.22%,平均10.86%)和饱和烃(0.09%~21.28%,平均8.90%)(图11a)。

  • 烃源岩样品可溶有机质族组分组成中饱/芳比为0.16~1.39,均值为0.67,(非烃+沥青质)/总烃的比值为1.73~28.60,均值为5.72; 根据氯仿沥青“A”族组分划分有机质类型标准(石油地质勘探专业标准化委员会,2019),判断C2k烃源岩样品中可溶有机质的生烃母质为Ⅱ型(腐殖和腐泥混合型)和Ⅲ型干酪根(图11b)。该判别结果说明:尽管C2k烃源岩已经处于高成熟热演化阶段,生成的烃类在高温、水洗等作用下分馏成以沥青质和非烃为主要组分的重质沥青,但饱/芳比、(非烃+沥青质)/总烃比值仍保留了Ⅱ型干酪根生成烃类的族组分结构参数特征,证明可溶有机质也具有海洋水生生物为主体的腐泥型沉积有机质生烃来源。

  • C2k烃源岩样品氯仿沥青“A”的饱和烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质族组分δ13C同位素(PDB标准)分别在-26.9‰~-25.5‰(均值-26.5‰)、-31.3‰~-23.7‰(均值-27.1‰)、-29.8‰~-24.8‰(均值-27.2‰)和-30.6‰~-20.6‰(均值-25.5‰)之间(图12)。一般而言,沉积岩中来源于海相藻类等低等水生生物形成的有机质的碳同位素组成较轻,δ13C值通常小于-28‰,而来源于陆源高等植物的有机质的δ13C值大于-26‰,氯仿沥青“A”中芳烃组分的碳同位素总体继承了母源碳同位素组成特征(Kontorovich et al.,2019)。鉴于可溶有机质不同组分δ13C值处于-31.3‰~-20.6‰分布范围且均值在-27.2‰~-25.5‰之间,芳烃组分δ13C值跨越海陆两相有机质δ13C区间,表明C2k烃源岩可溶有机质总体来源于海陆两相混源的干酪根。

  • 图11 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩氯仿沥青“A”族组分(a)及生烃母质类型解释(b)

  • Fig.11 Group components of chloroform bitumen “A” (a) and the identifying chart of hydrocarbon-generating parent material types (b) in the C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 图12 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩氯仿沥青 “A”族组分δ13C同位素

  • Fig.12 δ13C isotope values of chloroform bitumen “A” group components in the C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 圈、方形和菱形符号分别代表泥页岩、灰岩和煤岩

  • The circle, square and diamond symbols represent mud-shale, limestone and coal samples respectively

  • 单纯从族组分δ13C同位素变化特征看,并没有呈现“δ13C饱和烃<δ13C芳烃<δ13C非烃<δ13C沥青质”这种随极性增大而富集13C的现象,说明碳同位素分馏过程并非受到有机来源及沉积环境这单一因素的影响(张中宁等,2008)。其中,煤系烃源岩生烃母质以高等植物为主,成分相对单一,但出现δ13C饱和烃>δ13C芳烃<δ13C非烃<δ13C沥青质的“倒转”现象,应为热力作用导致生烃产物中轻碳同位素损耗所致(Price,1993)(图12)。泥页岩类烃源岩氯仿沥青“A”的族组分碳同位素变化较杂乱,而碳酸盐岩类烃源岩可溶有机质族组分碳同位素变化特征一致(图12),意味泥页岩类烃源岩中生烃母质海陆两相生物有机质的混源程度最高。

  • 通过饱和烃和芳香烃组分δ13C识别生烃母质类型(Sofer,1984),发现全部样品均落入海相有机质区域(图13a)。利用饱和烃和芳烃组分δ13C同位素值计算“正则变量”(CV):CV=-2.53δ13C饱和烃+2.22δ13C芳香烃-11.65,当CV>0.47反映陆相高蜡生烃母质,反之则为海相低蜡生烃母质(Sofer,1984)。联合使用CV和Pr(姥鲛烷)/Ph(植烷)比值这两个分别反映生物有机质类型与氧化-还原环境的参数能够较准确地判识母质来源(Chung et al.,1992),判识图显示C2k烃源岩样品氯仿沥青“A”的饱和烃及芳烃组分主要来源于海相生物有机质,只不过这些海相生烃母质所形成的沉积氧化-还原环境有所差别而已(图13b)。

  • 4.2.2 生物标志化合物

  • 柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩样品抽提物正构烷烃碳数分布范围为C17~C31,所有样品主峰碳呈双峰型,主峰碳为C19和C23或C24(表6),具有典型混源特征。C22-正构烷烃来源于水生生物(藻类及微生物),而C23+主要来源于高等植物,ΣC22-/ΣC23+值越大,则表明水生生物的贡献越大,反之则高等植物贡献越大(陈建平等,2016)。样品的ΣC22-/ΣC23+值为1.24~4.47(均值2.49),显示碳数小于C22的低—中碳数正构烷烃占优势(图14a、b),C2k烃源岩中可溶有机质与低等水生生物有关。

  • 图13 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩氯仿沥青“A”族组分δ13C同位素解释生烃母质

  • Fig.13 Identifying charts of hydrocarbon-generating parent material types from δ13C isotope of chloroform bitumen “A” group components in the C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 表6 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩可溶有机质抽提物生物标志化合物参数表

  • Table6 Biomark parameters of soluble extract from C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • 鉴于本次研究岩石样品均为野外样品而且处于高热成熟阶段(Ro约1.5%~1.6%),无法排除生物或热降解严重造成高碳数烷烃向低碳数变化引起的ΣC22-/ΣC23+值异常,因此该值所反映生烃母质信息仅作为间接参考依据。

  • 普遍认为C27甾烷来源于低等水生生物和藻类,陆源高等植物是C29甾烷很重要的来源之一(陈建平等,2016)。柏树沟C2k烃源岩有机质抽提物中C27甾烷含量明显大于C29甾烷(图14c),C27-C28-C29甾烷三角图中样品点均处在海相区间,反映可溶有机物的生烃母质中偏海相低等水生生物的贡献比较明显(图15a)。

  • Pr和Ph是较常见的反映古环境生物标志化合物,分别被认为是氧化和还原环境的产物。研究区岩石样品可溶有机质Pr/Ph值约为0.27~3.32(均值1.42),兼具姥鲛烷优势(偏氧化)和植烷优势(偏还原),显示海陆交互沉积环境和海陆两相生物有机质混合来源的特征。经Pr/nC17与Ph/nC18相关关系图划分母质干酪根类型图版(Connan et al.,1986)的分析,可溶有机质抽提物仅1个样品被识别出与偏氧化环境的陆源有机质有关,3个样品落在弱氧化-弱还原环境的海-陆混源生物有机质区域,另有2个样品属还原环境的海相生物有机质,但遭受到明显生物降解作用(图15a)。

  • 5 对油气勘探的启示

  • 近年来针对柴达木盆地北缘东段古生界油气调查及勘探的成果和认识已经证实石炭系有望成为盆地“增储上产”的新含油气层系(李宗星等,2019; 刘成林等,2020),但目前该套层系仍未获得工业油气流的实质性突破,其主要原因在于对石炭系优质/有效烃源岩发育机理及分布规律的认识仍较模糊。据前人研究结果(张跃等,2016; 孙娇鹏等,2017),柴北缘东段在石炭纪沉积时期呈“南山-北海”的盆山格局(图3),充填了海陆交互相沉积物,发育滨岸-碳酸盐岩台地-潮坪-浅海陆棚的陆表海沉积体系。石炭系烃源岩属典型海陆过渡类型,但大量研究结果表明石炭系烃源岩有机质主要为高等植物组成的III型(腐殖型)干酪根(李军亮等,2016),海洋低等水生生物的I型或II型(偏腐泥型)干酪根是否发育及其对生烃量是否有贡献等问题依旧悬而未决。

  • 图14 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩抽提可溶有机质饱和烃色谱图(样品BSG-15)

  • Fig.14 Mass chromatograms of saturated fractions of DOMs in the C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain (sample BSG-15)

  • 明确有机质类型和不同类型干酪根生烃演化是研究油气成藏生烃条件的关键。基于研究区石炭系钻井稀少以及取芯不连续的现状,本次研究为获得柴北缘东段欧南凹陷及周缘上石炭统克鲁克组烃源岩相对全面的有机地化信息,选择了尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面开展了系统性烃源岩采样和分析测试工作,通过对岩性及组分、有机质丰度及类型、可溶有机质生烃母质等方面的研究深入探讨了石炭系海陆混源有机质组成及生烃特征。

  • 研究结果表明:尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k的主力烃源岩岩性为泥页岩,其次是灰岩; 有机质丰度总体较高(TOC均值达3.74%),以“中—好”级别烃源岩为主(图6),原始生烃能力较强。C2k烃源岩整体处于高成熟热演化阶段(Ro平均为1.50%~1.60%,见图8),由于热演化程度高且经历过风化作用,烃源岩的氯仿沥青“A”(均值0.03%)和生烃潜量(S1+S2均值0.87 mg/g)等指标偏低。鉴于研究区2口石炭系钻井岩芯(QDD1井深度1500~1650 m和CY2井深度245~1050 m)的C2k烃源岩样品实测有机质丰度数据中氯仿沥青“A”和生烃潜量总体也偏低,本文认为欧南凹陷及周缘地区C2k烃源岩的现今生烃能力和潜力相对有限。

  • 干酪根镜检、有机元素和岩石热解的测试分析结果综合表明,C2k烃源岩主要残留陆生高等植物腐殖型干酪根(Ⅲ型)(图9、10),但岩石中抽提的氯仿沥青“A”的族组分组成(图11)及其稳定δ13C同位素结构(图12、13)和正构烷烃、甾烷等生物标志化合(图14、15)则表现出较明显的海洋低等水生生物母质(Ⅱ型)生烃产物的特征。以上分析基本能够明确,柴北缘东段欧南凹陷及周缘地区上石炭统克鲁克组烃源岩发育海陆混合型生物有机质,地质历史时期经历过相对充分的生排烃作用,海洋来源的沉积生物有机质因为热裂解所需活化能低而优先发生热解反应并生成液态烃类(何坤等,2014),这也解释了盆地及周缘存在大量油砂露头的现象(刘成林等,2012),同时也说明C2k烃源岩的前次大规模生烃过程中,海洋生物有机质消耗程度较高,对生烃作用的贡献相对大于陆相来源的生物有机质。柴北缘东段野外露头和钻井岩芯C2k烃源岩氯仿沥青“A”含量和生烃潜量普遍偏低(刘奎等,2020),反映生物有机质规模化生烃以后应该经历过一定时期排烃和逸散过程,说明古油气藏存在调整改造的可能性。

  • 图15 尕海南山南坡柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩可溶有机质生物标志化合物解释生烃母质

  • Fig.15 Identifying charts of hydrocarbon-generating parent material types from biomark of soluble extract from C2k source rocks from the Baishugou section in the southern slope of Gahainan Mountain

  • C2k泥/页岩和石灰岩类烃源岩中石英相对较发育,石英组分中除陆源碎屑石英颗粒外还观察到放射虫生物硅(图7)。据研究(臧家业等,2020; 蔡全升等,2020),含硅植物(如硅藻)通过光合作用将CO2转化为颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC),和其他硅质生物一起通过沉降作用转移至海底长期保存,该过程称为“硅泵”作用; BSi供给海洋约50%以上的初级生产力,在边缘海—近岸地区该比例高达75%。我国南方二叠系硅质岩(纯海相)普遍发育,与全球二叠纪硅质沉积事件(Permian Chert Event)有关,BSi的大量发育可能是二叠系含硅质泥页岩中生物有机质富集的重要影响因素(林良彪等,2010; Li Delu et al.,2019)。

  • 根据研究区石炭纪大地构造背景及古地理的成果认识(陈世悦等,2016; Sun Jiaopeng et al.,2021),欧南凹陷处于宗务隆裂陷槽(向北)和柴达木古陆(向南)之间,形成“南山-北海”的古地理格局。南部隆起区(柴达木古陆为主)向研究区供给陆源碎屑和高等植物沉积有机质,而北部海槽通过上升流向欧南凹陷区提供海洋硅质生物残骸或富硅洋流,呈现一种陆相和海相双供给的“混源”生物有机质发育模式(图3)。C2k烃源岩可溶有机质族组分碳同位素组成反映,海洋低等水生生物混入程度表现出“碳酸盐岩>泥页岩>煤岩”的特征(图12),亦即碳酸盐岩中相对富集海洋水生生物来源的有机质,煤岩以陆相高等植物富集为主,而泥页岩中混杂海陆两相生物有机质。不同岩性烃源岩样品的生物标志化合物指标(图13b)显示,碳酸盐岩虽然相对富集容易生成液态烃类的海洋生物有机质,但碳酸盐岩形成总体环境不如煤岩和泥页岩的还原性强,有机质保存条件相对较差。

  • 综上所述,欧南凹陷石炭系具有典型“海陆混源”生物有机质供给特征,海洋低等水生生物对生烃量的贡献相对强于陆相高等植物,而海相有机质的富集与生物硅密切相关。硅质生物群落的活跃与Si输入源、海洋地形、水介质条件、气候温度、生物活动等诸多因素相关(臧家业等,2020),深入探讨柴北缘石炭纪硅质生物繁盛的古地理和环境条件可能是揭开石炭系生物有机质富集机制的重要线索,对认识石炭系优质烃源岩分布规律和区域性油气勘探均具有重大指导意义。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)泥页岩是柏树沟剖面C2k主力烃源岩的岩性类型,C2k烃源岩有机质丰度总体较高,以“中—好”级别为主,原始生烃能力强,但干酪根热演化程度整体处于高成熟阶段,氯仿沥青“A”和生烃潜量等指标偏低,现今生烃能力和潜力较差。

  • (2)柏树沟剖面C2k烃源岩残留腐殖型(Ⅲ型)为主的干酪根,但抽提可溶有机质具有较明显的海洋低等水生生物母质(Ⅱ型)生烃产物特征,说明C2k发育海陆混合型沉积有机质,前次生烃过程中海相有机质对烃类生成的贡献相对较大。

  • (3)结合柴达木盆地北缘东段野外露头和钻井岩芯C2k烃源岩氯仿沥青“A”含量和生烃潜量普遍偏低以及盆地及周缘石炭系广泛发育沥青砂露头等现象,表明烃源岩规模化生烃以后经历过排烃和逸散过程,古油气藏也存在调整改造的可能性。

  • (4)柏树沟剖面C2k泥/页岩和石灰岩类烃源岩中均发育不同程度石英矿物,石英组分中除陆源碎屑石英颗粒外还含有由放射虫硅质生物残骸组成的生物硅; 晚石炭世时期,研究区南部古陆和北部海槽分别向欧南凹陷区输入陆相高等植物和硅质生物有机质或富硅洋流。

  • (5)硅质生物对海洋初级生产力的贡献度大,极有可能是柴达木北缘东部石炭纪海洋沉积生物有机质的主要来源,该认识对探索石炭系有机质富集机制和区域性油气勘探均具有重大指导意义。

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