en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
作者简介:

陈雅祺,女,1999年生。硕士研究生,地质学专业,研究方向为稳定同位素地球化学。E-mail:chenyaqi0216@163.com。

通讯作者:

孙贺,男,1985年生。讲师,研究方向为同位素地球化学。E-mail:sunhe@hfut.edu.cn。

顾海欧,男,1987年生。讲师,研究方向为同位素地球化学。E-mail:haiougu@hfut.edu.cn。

参考文献
Alexander C M O D, Grossman J N, Wang J, Zanda B, Bourot D M, Hewins R H. 2000. The lack of potassium-isotopic fractionation in Bishunpur chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 35(4): 859~868.
参考文献
Alexander C M O D, Grossman J N. 2005. Alkali elemental and potassium isotopic compositions of Semarkona chondrules. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 40(4): 541~556.
参考文献
Barnes I L, Garner E L, Gramlich J W, Machlan L A, Moody J R, Moore L J, Murphy T J, Shields W R. 1973. Isotopic abundance ratios and concentrations of selected elements in some Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 samples. Proceedings of Fourth Lunar Science Conference, 2: 1197~1207.
参考文献
Bourg I C, Richter F M, Christensen J N, Sposito G. 2010. Isotopic mass dependence of metal cation diffusion coefficients in liquid water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(8): 2249~2256.
参考文献
Chen Heng, Tian Zhen, Tuller-Ross B, Korotev R L, Wang Kun. 2019. High-precision potassium isotopic analysis by MC-ICP-MS: An inter-laboratory comparison and refined K atomic weight. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 34(1): 160~171.
参考文献
Chen Heng, Liu Xiaoming, Wang Kun. 2020. Potassium isotope fractionation during chemical weathering of basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 539: 116192.
参考文献
Chen Heng, Saunders N J, Jerram M, Halliday A N. 2021. High-precision potassium isotopic measurements by collision cell equipped MC-ICPMS. Chemical Geology, 578: 120281.
参考文献
Church S E, Tilton G R, Wright J E, Lee-Hu C N. 1976. Volatile element depletion and K-39/K-41 fractionation in lunar soils. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, 7: 423~439.
参考文献
Feldmann I, Jakubowski N, Stuewer D. 1999a. Application of a hexapole collision and reaction cell in ICP-MS Part I: Instrumental aspects and operational optimization. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 365(5): 415~421.
参考文献
Feldmann I, Jakubowski N, Thomas C, Stuewer D. 1999b. Application of a hexapole collision and reaction cell in ICP-MS Part II: Analytical figures of merit and first applications. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 365(5): 422~428.
参考文献
Garner E L, Machlan L A, Barnes I L. 1975. The isotopic composition of lithium, potassium, and rubidium in some Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, and 16 samples. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, 6: 1845~1855.
参考文献
Gramlich J W, Machlan L A, Brletic K A, Kelly W R. 1982. Thermal-ionization isotope-dilution mass spectrometry as a definitive method for determination of potassium in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 28(6): 1309~1313.
参考文献
Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He, Huang Chao, Wang Fangyue, Ge Can. 2021a. Application of a “Continuous-Acquisition-Method” to potassium isotope measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 35(13): e9105.
参考文献
Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He. 2021b. High-precision analysis of potassium isotopes by MC-ICP-MS without collision cell using cool plasma technique in low-resolution mode. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 36(11): 2545~2552.
参考文献
Hobin K, Costas R M, Vanhaecke F. 2021. Robust potassium isotopic analysis of geological and biological samples via multicollector ICP-mass spectrometry using the “extra-high resolution mode”. Analytical Chemistry, 93(25): 8881~8888.
参考文献
Hu Yan, Chen Xinyang, Xu Yingkui, Teng Fangzhen. 2018. High-precision analysis of potassium isotopes by HR-MC-ICPMS. Chemical Geology, 493: 100~108.
参考文献
Huang Chao, Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He, Wang Fangyue, Chen Bin. 2021. High-precision determination of stable potassium and magnesium isotopes utilizing single column separation and multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 181: 106232.
参考文献
Humayun M, Clayton R N. 1995a. Potassium isotope cosmochemistry: Genetic implications of volatile element depletion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(10): 2131~2148.
参考文献
Humayun M, Clayton R N. 1995b. Precise determination of the isotopic composition of potassium: Application to terrestrial rocks and lunar soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(10): 2115~2130.
参考文献
Humayun M, Koeberl C. 2004. Potassium isotopic composition of Australasian tektites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 39(9): 1509~1516.
参考文献
Li Weiqiang, Beard B L, Li Shilei. 2016. Precise measurement of stable potassium isotope ratios using a single focusing collision cell multi-collector ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 31(4): 1023~1029.
参考文献
Li Weiqiang, Kwon K D, Li Shilei, Beard B L. 2017. Potassium isotope fractionation between K-salts and saturated aqueous solutions at room temperature: Laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 214: 1~13.
参考文献
Li Xiaoqiang, Han Guilin, Zhang Qian, Miao Zhuang. 2020. An optimal separation method for high-precision K isotope analysis by using MC-ICP-MS with a dummy bucket. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 35(7): 1330~1339.
参考文献
Li Xiaoqiang, Han Guilin, Liu Man, Liu Jinke, Zhang Qian, Qu Rui. 2022. Potassium and its isotope behaviour during chemical weathering in a tropical catchment affected by evaporite dissolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 316: 105~121.
参考文献
Liu Haiyang, Wang Kun, Sun Weidong, Xiao Yilin, Xue Yingyu, Tuller-Ross B. 2020. Extremely light K in subducted low-T altered oceanic crust: Implications for K recycling in subduction zone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 277: 206~223.
参考文献
Midwood A J, Proe M F, Harthill J J. 2000. Use and analysis by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry of 26Mg and 41K to assess mineral uptake in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ). Analyst (London. 1877. Print), 125(3): 487~492.
参考文献
Morgan L E, Ramos D P S, Davidheiser-Kroll B, Faithfull J, Lloyd N S, Ellam R M, Higgins J A. 2018. High-precision 41K/39K measurements by MC-ICP-MS indicate terrestrial variability of δ41K. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 33(2): 175~186.
参考文献
Moynier F, Hu Yan, Wang Kun, Zhao Ye, Gérard Y, Deng Zhengbin, Moureau J, Li Weiqiang, Simon J I, Teng Fangzhen. 2021. Potassium isotopic composition of various samples using a dual-path collision cell-capable multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, Nu instruments Sapphire. Chemical Geology, 571: 120144.
参考文献
Parendo C A, Jacobsen S B, Wang Kun. 2017. K isotopes as a tracer of seafloor hydrothermal alteration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(8): 1827~1831.
参考文献
Ramos D P S, Morgan L E, Lloyd N S, Higgins J A. 2018. Reverse weathering in marine sediments and the geochemical cycle of potassium in seawater: Insights from the K isotopic composition (41K/39K) of deep-sea pore-fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 236: 99~120.
参考文献
Richter F M, Mendybaev R A, Christensen J N, Ebel D, Gaffney A. 2011. Laboratory experiments bearing on the origin and evolution of olivine-rich chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46(8): 1152~1178.
参考文献
Richter F M, Bruce W E, Chaussidon M, Mendybaev R, Christensen J N, Qiu Lin. 2014. Isotope fractionation of Li and K in silicate liquids by Soret diffusion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 138: 136~145.
参考文献
Teng Fangzhen, Hu Yan, Ma Jinlong, Wei Gangjian, Rudnick R L. 2020. Potassium isotope fractionation during continental weathering and implications for global K isotopic balance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 278: 261~271.
参考文献
Tuller-Ross B, Marty B, Chen Heng, Kelley K A, Lee H, Wang Kun. 2019a. Potassium isotope systematics of oceanic basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 259: 144~154.
参考文献
Tuller-Ross B, Savage P S, Chen Heng, Wang Kun. 2019b. Potassium isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation of basalt to rhyolite. Chemical Geology, 525: 37~45.
参考文献
Wang Kun, Jacobsen S B. 2016. An estimate of the Bulk Silicate Earth potassium isotopic composition based on MC-ICPMS measurements of basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 178: 223~232.
参考文献
Wang Kun, Li Weiqiang, Li Shilei. 2020. Stable potassium isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Earth Science Frontiers, 27(3): 104~122 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Xu Yingkui, Hu Yan, Chen Xinyang, Huang Tianyi, Sletten R S, Zhu Dan, Teng Fangzhen. 2019. Potassium isotopic compositions of international geological reference materials. Chemical Geology, 513: 101~107.
参考文献
Yu Y, Hewins R H, Alexander C M O D, Wang J. 2003. Experimental study of evaporation and isotopic mass fractionation of potassium in silicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(4): 773~786.
参考文献
王昆, 李伟强, 李石磊. 2020. 钾稳定同位素研究综述. 地学前缘, 27(3): 104~122.
目录contents

    摘要

    近年来,得益于多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)的快速发展,钾(K)同位素的分析精度得到显著提升,极大地促进了K同位素地球化学的发展,在示踪大陆风化、壳幔物质循环等方面已经展现出良好的应用前景。目前,样品分离提纯过程繁琐,耗时长,以及ArH+对K的直接干扰导致的分析精度不足依旧是K同位素得到更广泛应用的最大阻碍。在使用盐酸、硝酸以及氢氟酸将样品彻底溶解后,利用装有约2.7 mL AG50W-X8(BioRadTM,200~400目)阳离子交换树脂的定制石英离子交换柱,以及0.5 mol/L 硝酸作为淋洗液可以有效地将地质样品中的K与Na、Ti、Mg、Mn、Al、Ca等主要基体元素一次性分离开来,从而有效分离提纯常见地质样品中的K(高Cr样品除外)。在仪器分析方面,为达到最大程度降低测试过程中的ArH+产率以及提高仪器测试的稳定状态,分别采用了高分辨模式、高分辨加连续采集模式以及低分辨下扣除ArH+干扰模式进行测试,结果表明低分辨模式下测试成本较低,测试稳定时间最长且能达到与高分辨率测试相比拟的分析精度(实验室长期精度~0.08‰)。在此基础上测定了一套中国国家岩石标准物质的K同位素组成,得出的K同位素测量值可以为今后不同实验室间的数据对比给出参考。

    Abstract

    In recent years, with the rapid development of multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), the analytical precision of potassium (K) isotopes has been greatly improved, which in turn has promoted their development as potential geochemical tracers in processes involving continental weathering, crust-mantle interaction, and so on. Until now, the cumbersome and time-consuming process of sample pretreatments and the poor analytical accuracy caused by argon hydrides interference are still the biggest obstacles to the wide application of K isotopes. After completely dissolving the samples with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and hydrofluoric acid, purification of K from major matrix was performed on a customized quartz ion exchange column packed with ~2.7 mL of AG50W-X8 cation exchange resin (BioRad TM,200~400 mesh) using 0.5 mol/L HNO3 as the eluent. This one-step procedure can effectively separate K from Li, Na, Ti, Mg, Mn, Al and Ca, except for Cr, in most of the geological samples. To find the appropriate method for high-precision stable K isotopic measurements, for minimizing the ArH+ yield and improving the stability of the instrument, three methods were compared here (the high-resolution mode, high-resolution mode with continuous acquisition measurement run mode, and the low-resolution mode with a method designed to eliminate ArH+ interference). The low-resolution mode has the advantages of low cost, high stability, and high precision (long-term precision at about 0.08‰ for our laboratory). When used to measure the K isotopic composition of a series of international geological reference materials, the results are consistent with previous values within analytical precision, indicating the reliability of this method. The K isotopic composition of a set of Chinese national rock standard materials is determined here. The measured values of K isotopes can provide a reference for the data comparison between different laboratories in future.

  • 钾(K)是一个水溶性、不相容的金属元素,是主要的造岩元素之一,在地壳中分布较为广泛。K在自然界中有三种同位素,分别为39K(~93.2581%)、 40K(~0.0117%)和41K(~6.7302%),其中39K和40K为稳定同位素,二者之间的相对质量差约为5%,在自然过程中可以产生较大的质量相关分馏(Humayun et al.,1995a; Teng Fangzhen et al.,2020)。早在1995年就有学者尝试利用K同位素来研究行星分异过程中可挥发性元素的亏损(Humayun et al.,1995a1995b),但由于当时的热电离质谱(Barnes et al.,1973; Garner et al.,1975; Church et al.,1976; Gramlich et al.,1982; Midwood et al.,2000)及二次电离质谱(Alexander et al.,2000; Yu et al.,2003; Humayun et al.,2004; Alexander et al.,2005)对K同位素比值的分析精度较差,前者约为1‰,后者最好可达0.5‰,几乎与当时观测到的地球上的K同位素分馏相当。因此,在很长一段时间内K同位素的研究一直没有明显进展。直到2016年,多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)在K同位素分析测试上的广泛应用以及测试技术的不断精进,测试精度得到大幅度提升,目前国际上主流实验室的测试精度在0.06‰~0.10‰(Wang Kun et al.,2016; Li Weiqiang et al.,20162017; Hu Yan et al.,2018; Morgan et al.,2018; Ramos et al.,2018; Gu Hai-Ou et al.,2021a2021b; Huang Chao et al.,2021; Li Xiaoqiang et al.,2022)。

  • 在使用MC-ICP-MS测定同位素比值时,杂质元素会造成不可避免的“基质效应”,因此,高精度的K同位素分析要求必须对样品进行分离提纯。对于K的分离提纯目前国内外实验室主要使用的是AG50W系列的阳离子交换树脂(X8或X12),利用不同的试剂作为淋洗介质将K从样品中洗脱出来(Li Weiqiang et al.,2016; Wang Kun et al.,2016; Hu Yan et al.,2018; Chen Heng et al.,2019; Xu Yingkui et al.,2019; Huang Chao et al.,2021)。Morgan et al.(2018)也曾使用Dionex ICS-5000+液相色谱,以甲磺酸作为洗脱介质来提取样品中的K。虽然分离提纯方案有所不同,在分离模式方面也有单柱分离和多柱分离之分,在淋洗液上也有硝酸、盐酸等不同选择,甚至树脂的粒径也有区别,但最终目的都是尽可能的将样品中的K与基质元素分离开来,并使样品中K的回收率接近100%,以避免分离纯化过程中的同位素分馏。考虑到简化操作步骤以及减少用酸量,本实验室发展了一次性单柱分离K和Mg的方案(Huang Chao et al.,2021),采用AG50W-X8(BioRadTM,200~400目)阳离子交换树脂以及0.5 mol/L HNO3作为淋洗液有效地将地质样品中的K与Li、Na、Ti、Mg、Mn、Al、Ca等基体元素一次性分离开来。

  • 质谱分析测试过程中ArH+的干扰一直是高精度K同位素分析的最大阻碍。从原理上来看,ArH+对K的两种稳定同位素均存在干扰,其中38ArH+39K存在干扰,40ArH+41K+存在干扰,但由于38Ar在自然界中的含量极低,前者可以忽略不计(Hu Yan et al.,2018; Morgan et al.,2018; Xu Yingkui et al.,2019)。从目前的研究来看,有效消除或减弱ArH+对分析结果影响的方法可以大致分为以下几种:一是采用高分辨的分析模式(Hu Yan et al.,2018; Morgan et al.,2018; Li Xiaoqiang et al.,2020; Hobin et al.,2021),该方法的原理是通过提高仪器分辨率识别出40ArH+41K+之间微小的质量差,在此基础上找到不受氢化物干扰的真41K信号; 二是采用冷的等离子技术(Hu Yan et al.,2018; Morgan et al.,2018; Ramos et al.,2018; Chen Heng et al.,2019; Huang Chao et al.,2021),通过降低RF功率来抑制测试过程中ArH+的产生; 三是采用带有碰撞池的MC-ICP-MS(Feldmann et al.,1999a1999b; Bourg et al.,2010; Richter et al.,20112014; Wang Kun et al.,2016; Li Weiqiang et al.,20162017; Parendo et al.,2017; Chen Heng et al.,2021; Moynier et al.,2021),利用碰撞气体消除干扰测试的ArH+离子团,此方法的样品需求量也较低。通过上述方法,近年的研究显示使用高分辨模式与冷的等离子体结合以及使用带有碰撞池的MC-ICP-MS仪器可以将K同位素的分析精度提高到0.06‰~0.10‰(Hu Yan et al.,2018; Li Xiaoqiang et al.,2020; Chen Heng et al.,2021; Moynier et al.,2021; Huang Chao et al.,2021)。但上述方法均存在一些难以克服的缺点,高分辨模式下虽然可以区分出41K的肩峰,但稳定测试区间过窄(仅为0.002 u)(Huang Chao et al.,2021; Gu Hai-Ou et al.,2021a),对环境以及仪器的稳定性要求极高,稍有波动就可能会导致测试失败。此外,高分辨模式下的离子通过率仅为低分辨的~10%,因此需要的样品量也随之增加,对K含量低的样品不够友好。而带碰撞池的MC-ICP-MS虽然可以消除ArH+的影响,但是仪器造价不菲,使用的反应气体价格也较为昂贵,且该模式对浓度匹配的要求相当高(1.5%以内; Chen Heng et al.,2021; Moynier et al.,2021),这具有很高的操作难度。因此,一种使用不带碰撞池的高精度K同位素分析方法的建立有助于K同位素在地质学科的应用和发展。

  • 本文主要介绍本实验室利用MC-ICP-MS(ThermoFisherTM Neptune Plus)对K同位素分析测试方法的探索,从传统的序列运行模式下使用高分辨与冷的等离子体相结合的方法出发,到用连续采集模式替换序列运行模式以提高仪器稳定时长,同时发展了采用低分辨模式与冷的等离子体相结合并准确扣除样品相邻空白酸中的ArH+的方式,探索出了一种稳定高效的、高精度的K同位素测试方法。利用此方法测试的一系列国际标样的K同位素组成结果与前人报道的数据吻合较好,并报道了一套中国国家岩石标准物质的K同位素组成。

  • 1 实验部分

  • 1.1 实验器具和主要试剂

  • 本文所用实验器具和实验试剂的详细信息见表1,其中超纯水电阻率为18.2 MΩ·cm,所用的不同浓度的酸均由纯化后的酸与超纯水配制而成,溶样烧杯、离心管以及接样杯均用纯化酸和超纯水多次洗净后使用。

  • 1.2 实验样品

  • 为检验三种不同测试方案的准确性和数据重现性,本文选取不同的国际和国内标准参考物质作为研究对象进行分析:纯K溶液用于检验仪器测定过程中的稳定性,国际岩石学标样主要用于检验分析方法的精确性和可靠性。此外,本文还对中国国家标准物质(GSR系列)进行了K同位素测试。详细的样品信息见表1,USGS和GSR系列样品均需要通过消解和分离提纯后进行K同位素测试。

  • 表1 实验材料及样品

  • Table1 Experimental materials and samples

  • 1.3 样品处理方法

  • 1.3.1 样品消解

  • 准确称取10 mg样品(至少含2 μg K)于7 mL的PFA溶样烧杯中,加入2 mL 24 mol/L HF和1 mL 16 mol/L HNO3,加盖密封置于加热板上125~135℃反应至少12 h(若存在未消解物,可进行超声操作后继续加热),待样品完全消解后开盖140℃蒸干,加入1.5 mL 12 mol/L HCl以及0.5 mL 16 mol/L HNO3,加盖密封在120℃的加热板上反应12 h,开盖140℃蒸干后加入1 mL 16 mol/L HNO3,待样品完全溶解后开盖140℃蒸干,最后加入0.5 mol/L HNO3定容等待化学提纯。

  • 1.3.2 分离提纯

  • K的分离提纯采用的是本实验室发展的一次性单柱分离K-Mg的方案(Huang Chao et al.,2021),本文仅关注K的分离,具体操作流程如下:上样之前先往组装好的石英离子交换柱分步加入24 mL 6 mol/L HCl以及10 mL 超纯水使树脂再生,随后加入5 mL 0.5 mol/L HNO3平衡树脂,将0.4 mL 用0.5 mol/L HNO3定容的样品加入离子交换柱中,随后按照步骤加入24 mL 0.5 mol/L HNO3洗去杂质离子,最后用Teflon烧杯收集后续24 mL 0.5 mol/L HNO3淋取液,并在收集K溶液前后分别加入和接取1 mL淋洗液以监测回收率(详细流程见表2)。回收率计算公式如下:回收率=(CC ×VC)/(CP ×VP + CC ×VC + CA ×VA)×100%。其中,CCCPCA 分别指的是回收的K溶液、前监测样以及后监测样的浓度(ng/g); VCVPVA 分别指的是回收的K溶液、前监测样以及后监测样的体积(mL)。收集起来的24 mL K溶液置于加热板上90℃蒸干后加入1 mL 2% HNO3等待进行K同位素分析。

  • 表2 单柱分离K的具体流程

  • Table2 Detailed procedures for the K separation using a single column

  • 1.4 标准曲线

  • 采用组装完成的阳离子交换柱,以0.5 mol/L HNO3作为淋洗介质以及美国地质调查局的花岗闪长岩标样GSP-2进行标准曲线标定。在使用6 mol/L HCl以及超纯水再生交换柱中的树脂,且用0.5 mol/L HNO3平衡树脂后,将400 μL溶于0.5 mol/L HNO3中的GSP-2样品加入柱子中,此后用0.5 mol/L HNO3进行淋洗,收集每1 mL淋洗液后在合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院矿床成因与勘查技术研究中心(ODEC)矿物微区实验室的安捷伦7900 Q-ICP-MS上进行元素分析并将结果绘制成标准曲线(图1)。

  • 图1 地质样品GSP-2的淋滤曲线(据Huang Chao et al.,2021部分数据重新绘制)

  • Fig.1 Elution curves of K separation using the geological sample GSP-2 (revised from Huang Chao et al., 2021)

  • 1.5 仪器及工作条件

  • K同位素比值的测定在合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院矿床成因与勘查技术研究中心(ODEC)的电感耦合等离子体质谱实验室完成,仪器型号为ThermoFisherTM Neptune Plus,采用同公司生产的稳定进样系统(SIS),以氩气为载气。仪器主要工作参数如下:RF功率约600 W,冷却气流速约16 L/min,辅助气流速约0.8 L/min,载气流速约1 L/min,测试时每个样品采集1组(block),每组收集40个数据。测试时采用流速为50 μL/min的PFA同心雾化器湿法进样,测试时的质量歧视效应通过样品-标样交叉法(SSB)进行校正,采用当前K同位素国际通用标准NIST3141a作为间插标样,每两个样品间用2% HNO3进行三次充分清洗。分别使用法拉第杯L3和H1接收39K和41K。具体的参数请参照表3。所有K同位素测试结果均用以下方式表示:δ41K=((41K/39K)sample/(41K/39K)NIST 3141a-1)×1000‰。

  • 2 结果与讨论

  • 2.1 K分离提纯的方法及应用范围

  • K的化学分离流程本文参考的是本实验室Huang Chao et al.(2021)开发的单柱一次性分离K-Mg的方案,使用AG50W-X8(BioRadTM,200~400目)阳离子交换树脂以及0.5 mol/L HNO3作为淋洗液,能顺利地将K一次性完全提取出来,绝大多数样品的一次回收率在99%以上。该方法与前人提出的方法相比,大部分样品仅需一次过柱分离,用酸量较小,能够有效降低提纯过程中的流程本底(<10 ng),用此方法提纯K的全程总耗时仅8 h(从树脂再生到树脂清洗),有效提高了实验效率。

  • 从淋滤曲线中可以看出,大部分元素与K分离较好(如Ti、Li、Na、Mg等),但此方法无法完全将Cr和Rb剔除。掺杂实验结果表明,只有当[Cr]/[K]>0.02,[Rb]/[K]>>1时,这两种元素的存在才会对测试结果造成显著的影响(Chen Heng et al.,2019; Huang Chao et al.,2021)。Rb作为一种微量元素,在岩石中含量不高,一般对测试结果影响不大,而自然界中某些岩石或矿物含Cr量较高(如纯橄岩、橄榄石、铬铁矿和尖晶石),针对这些样品在上机测试前应该监测其[Cr]/[K]比值,若超过0.02,可能需要多遍过柱以降低杂质离子的影响。

  • 表3 Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS 在高分辨及低分辨模式下测定K同位素配置及进样系统参数

  • Table3 Instrumental parameters for the measurement of K isotopic composition in the high-resolution and low-resolution modes by the Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS

  • 注:分辨率为5%~95%峰高。

  • 2.2 测定过程中ArH+干扰的消除及校正策略

  • 2.2.1 传统序列运行模式下采用高分辨与冷的等离子体结合的方案

  • 在该模式下首先通过使用冷的等离子体(降低RF功率)达到降低ArH+产率的效果,再通过提高分辨率将测试时41K的信号与40ArH+的干扰信号区分出来,仪器的质量歧视效应用SSB法进行校正。在此模式下,控制仪器运行的程序是仪器系统自带的序列控制程序(SequenceEdit program),每运行一行指令调用(确认)一次杯结构、进样系统等参数,通过识别程序指令来移动自动进样器进行样品采集操作。通过信号强度与相对质量数的图像来确定采集39K和41K信号的区间(在平稳的肩峰内,约0.002 u; 图2),测试过程中1 mg/L的39K的信号可以达到2~3 V,41K的信号可以达到0.17~0.25 V,而 40ArH+信号仅为0.002 V,样品信号强度与干扰峰信号强度之间的比值约70~100,通过高的分辨率和冷的等离子体,可有效避开ArH+的干扰峰及其拖尾,仪器稳定运行期间内分析精度可达0.06‰。但由于可用于有效测量的肩峰非常窄(0.002 u),因此对仪器的稳定性要求很高,测定过程中的温度和磁场变化都可能会引起仪器漂移。本实验室在实际运用此方案进行K同位素测定时,约2~3 h需要重新校准仪器以防止测定峰位置偏离出最佳测定区间。此外,测定过程中需要定时检查数据质量以确认测试峰是否发生偏离。

  • 2.2.2 连续采集模式下采用高分辨与冷的等离子体结合的方案

  • 在使用高分辨测肩峰模式测定K同位素的过程中,很难维持仪器的长时间稳定测量,考虑到测试过程中采用的是传统的序列运行模式,在反复调用参数的过程中容易造成磁场、气流流速等参数的微小变化从而引发峰位置偏离测定区间,导致测试失败(Gu Hai-Ou et al.,2021a)。故在该方法的基础上做了进一步的调整,将原来的序列运行模式修改为连续采集模式,用仪器系统自带的Method程序来控制测试数据的采集,调整测试的组数以及每组的测试次数以达到控制测试时间的效果,在此模式下自动采样器受Process Control Language(PCL)模块的控制,通过在PCL里编写程序指令来控制测试的开始与结束,一旦PCL执行结束,数据采集也随之结束。每次测试仅需在开始时调用一次参数,所有的测试结果以文本形式导出,利用Excel VBA宏代码读取数据进行处理计算,有效降低了仪器在调用参数时产生的误差。此方法与传统序列运行模式相比,样品分析精度不变,仪器的稳定性得到了一定提升(Gu Hai-Ou et al.,2021a)。

  • 2.2.3 传统序列运行模式下采用低分辨与冷的等离子体结合的方案

  • 考虑到高分辨模式下可测试的平稳肩峰范围太小,对仪器和环境稳定性要求过高,本研究尝试在低分辨下用冷的等离子体进行测试。以往低分辨条件下分析K同位素组成的问题在于此模式下40ArH+41K+的信号无法区分,前人一般采用带碰撞池的MC-ICP-MS仪器来消除40ArH+的干扰(Wang Kun et al.,2016; Li Weiqiang et al.,20162017; Parendo et al.,2017; Chen Heng et al.,2021; Moynier et al.,2021),但由于设备及反应气价格昂贵,这种方式无法普及。在调试仪器过程中发现,通过合适的参数配置可以使仪器达到最佳测试状态(主要为射频功率、氩气气流和取样深度,具体参数见表3)。其中射频功率需要降低至极低(~600 W),同时调整载气、冷却气和辅助气的气流与射频功率耦合,使得在纯K溶液中39K信号强度达到极大值。除此之外,在此模式下对应的最佳取样深度也与测定其他同位素体系(如Li、Mg、Fe同位素,取样深度一般为Z=1.5~1.8 mm)时的参数有很大的区别。图3显示的是本实验室在低分辨模式下空白酸40ArH+信号强度和纯K溶液的39K样品信号强度随采样深度变化的情况,从图中可以看出随采样深度的减小,39K信号强度随之升高,在最佳采样深度区间(+1.2~+1.7 mm)内达到最高值,之后随采样深度的继续减小39K信号强度逐渐降低。空白酸中ArH+干扰的信号强度与K溶液中39K信号强度随采样深度的变化趋势相反。所以通过调整进样系统参数中的采样深度可以将ArH+的干扰信号降到最低,低分辨模式下40ArH+信号可低达20~25 mV(相当于高分辨下约2 mV),对于1.5~2 mg/L的K溶液,其信噪比可达80~100以上。并且,仪器在稳定工作状态下40ArH+产率非常稳定,因此可以通过监测样品前后空白酸中的40ArH+值对样品及标样中的干扰信号进行扣除和校正,具体操作流程如下:采用SSB法测试过程中监测并记录样品和标样的前后两个空白酸的本底,通过扣除相邻两个空白酸本底的40ArH+平均值来获得样品和标样中的真41K信号,再用校正后的相应值进行同位素比值的计算即可获得样品真实的同位素比值,整个数据处理过程同样可以通过Excel VBA宏代码自动完成。由于此方案是在低分辨模式下进行,测试的平稳区间更加宽阔(~0.028 u,是高分辨模式下测量区间的14倍; 图2),对仪器以及环境的稳定性要求显著降低,是目前在未配备碰撞池的MC-ICP-MS上相较于高分辨条件下更为实用有效的测试方案。

  • 图2 本实验室高分辨和低分辨模式下K同位素测试区间示意图

  • Fig.2 Peak scans for analyze intervals of K isotopes in high-resolution and low-resolution modes

  • (a)—低分辨模式的稳定测试区间;(b)—高分辨模式下的稳定测试区间; L3—39K的信号强度; H1×12—12倍的41K或41K+40ArH+的信号强度; L3/H1—39K与41K或41K+40ArH+的信号强度的比值; 图中粉色阴影代表不同模式下可稳定测试的区间

  • (a) —flat peak in low resolution mode; (b) —“shoulder” peak in high resolution mode; L3—signal strength of 39K; H1×12—12 times the signal strength of 41K or 41K + 40ArH+; L3/H1—the ratio of 39K to 41K or 41K + 40ArH+ signal strength; the pink shadow in two figures represent the stable test intervals under different modes

  • 图3 低分辨模式下空白酸的干扰信号强度和纯K溶液39K信号强度随采样深度变化图

  • Fig.3 Measured signal intensities of ArH+ in the blank acid and 39K in the pure K solution with different sampling depths under low-resolution mode

  • 2.3 分析方法评价

  • 40ArH+干扰外的其他影响实验精度的因素前人均有过实验报道(Hu Yan et al.,2018; Morgan et al.,2018; Huang Chao et al.,2021),例如样品之间酸度不匹配、浓度不匹配以及杂质元素对实验结果的影响等。因此在稀释样品的过程中使用的是同一批配置的2% HNO3,将40ArH+产率降低至5%以下以及使样品间的浓度匹配控制在10%以内,有效地排除了这些因素的影响。而对于杂质离子,通过前期的分离提纯过程已经完全能达到上机测试的标准,在此不做过多讨论。本文中样品消解和化学提纯过程中产生的全流程本底仅10 ng,由于40ArH+产率要低于5%,一般使用1.5~2 mg/L的K溶液进行测试,最小样品需求量可以低至2 μg。

  • 图4 三种模式下仪器稳定性测试结果(数据引自Gu Hai-Ou et al.,2021a2021b

  • Fig.4 Results of stability tests by three run modes (data from Gu Hai-Ou et al., 2021a, 2021b)

  • (a)—高分辨+序列运行模式下对标样SRM 999c连续3 h测试结果;(b)—图a中前1.5 h的数据结果;(c)—高分辨+连续采集模式下对SRM 999c的3 h连续测试结果;(d)—低分辨+序列运行模式下对SRM 999c的连续测试结果; 图中灰色阴影部分代表0.0‰±0.1‰的区间范围

  • (a) —continuous test results of standard sample SRM 999c for 3 h under high resolution + sequence run mode; (b) —analysis results for the first 1.5 h of SRM 999c in figure a; (c) —continuous test results of SRM 999c in 3 h under high resolution + continuous acquisition method; (d) —continuous test data of SRM 999c under low resolution + sequence operation mode; grey shaded part in each figure represents the range of 0.0‰±0.1‰

  • 为评价不同测试方案的稳定性,使用以上三种模式对纯K溶液进行连续测试。如图4所示,传统序列运行模式下采用高分辨与冷的等离子体结合的方案在测试刚开始的稳定区间内测量值与实际推荐值保持一致,而在1.5 h之后出现大规模波动,稳定性较差,而后两种方案都显现出了较长时间的稳定性。由于以上三种方案中前两种只是在仪器稳定时长上加以优化,在此仅分为高分辨模式和低分辨模式两种方案来讨论测试的长期精度。如图5所示,通过在高分辨和低分辨两种模式下对纯K溶液GSB-K长达6个月的测试后得出前者统计出的δ41K为0.26±0.08‰(2SD,N=128),而后者得出的结果为0.24±0.08‰(2SD,N=90),二者在误差范围内一致,两种模式下的长期精度均可达到0.08‰。从实验结果来看,高精度连续采集模式以及低分辨扣除40ArH+干扰的方式均可以达到较长时间的稳定,而考虑到高分辨模式下采集数据区间过窄,如实验室恒温效果较差,所设定的测定峰位置很容易偏离最佳测定区间,因此综合考虑低分辨模式测试效果更佳,本实验室更倾向于选用低分辨模式作为测定地质样品高精度K同位素组成的常规方案。

  • 2.4 国际和国家标准物质的K同位素组成

  • 本实验室低分辨和高分辨模式下对国际和中国国家岩石学标样进行测量的结果见附表1。低分辨模式下对美国地质调查局的样品的测试结果显示其K同位素组成在0.43‰~0.38‰之间,高分辨模式下同一套样品的K同位素测定值范围为0.52‰~0.35‰,其中SDC-1以及AGV-2的2SD最大,高分辨模式下为0.11‰,低分辨模式下为0.10‰(图6)。所有的测试值(Huang Chao et al.,2021)也都与前人报道的数据(Li Weiqiang et al.,2016; Wang Kun et al.,2016; Morgan et al.,2018; Tuller-Ross et al.,2019a2019b; Xu Yingkun et al.,2019; Chen Heng et al.,20192020; Liu Haiyang et al.,2020; Li Xiaoqiang et al.,2020)在误差范围内一致,表明低分辨模式测量K同位素方法准确性和重现性较好,测试结果可靠。

  • 采用低分辨模式下对中国国家岩石标准物质的K同位素组成的测试结果见图7,由于前人并未对该系列标准物质的K同位素组成进行过报道,在此仅通过多次测量值的重现性和精度来判断数据的质量,除花岗闪长岩和泥质灰岩的测定精度较低以外,其他所有多次测试结果的2SD均在0.08左右,由此判断本文测试结果具有较高的可靠性。其中,岩浆岩K同位素组成较为集中(0.55‰~0.41‰),平均值为0.49‰,与硅酸盐地球(BSE)的K同位素推荐值一致(δ41KBSE:0.43‰±0.17‰; Wang Kun et al.,20162020)。沉积岩中页岩和泥质灰岩的δ41K值分别为0.95‰±0.03‰(n=3)以及0.55‰±0.14‰(n=3),而灰岩的δ41K值最高,为0.17‰±0.06‰(n=2)。沉积岩和岩浆岩的测试结果之间的差别表明,岩浆作用过程中K同位素的分馏程度较小,而沉积岩可能是受到地表过程的作用,K同位素组成变化较大。

  • 图5 不同模式下纯K溶液GSB-K的K同位素长期测定结果(数据引自Gu Hai-Ou et al.,2021a2021b

  • Fig.5 Long-term measurement results of K isotope ratios of pure potassium solution GSB-K in different modes (data from Gu Hai-Ou et al., 2021a, 2021b)

  • (a)—高分辨模式;(b)—低分辨模式; 图中黑色实线及灰色阴影表示平均值及两倍标准差区间,N代表总测试次数

  • (a) —high resolution mode; (b) —low resolution mode; the black solid line and gray shadow in each figure represent the average value and the interval of 2SD; N represents the total test times

  • 图6 高、低分辨模式下对美国地质调查局岩石标样K同位素测量值与前人数据的对比

  • Fig.6 Previous published K isotope data for the USGS rock standards and the measurement results under high-and low-resolution modes in our laboratory

  • 图7 低分辨模式下中国国家标准物质(GSR系列)K同位素测定结果(BSE数据引自Wang Kun et al.,2020

  • Fig.7 Analytical results of K isotopic ratios of Chinese national rock reference standards (GSR Series) in low-resolution mode (recommended value for BSE is from Wang Kun et al., 2020)

  • 3 结论

  • 本方法的全流程的空白本底低(<10 ng),化学分离过程耗时短(~8 h),对样品的需求量也较低(约2 μg K),低分辨模式与冷的等离子体结合并扣除样品前后空白酸中ArH+干扰的方法可以得到稳定且高精度的分析结果,该方法克服了以往使用的高分辨模式测量K同位素肩峰过窄,对环境和仪器稳定性以及浓度匹配程度要求高等问题,是一种稳定的、高效率、高精度的K同位素分析方法,实验室长期精度达到0.08‰,可满足目前地质领域的研究需求。此外,本文报道了用该方法对12个中国国家标准物质的K同位素比值的测试结果,可以为国内K同位素实验室间的数据对比提供依据。

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1)详见 http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202304096?st=article_issue

  • 参考文献

    • Alexander C M O D, Grossman J N, Wang J, Zanda B, Bourot D M, Hewins R H. 2000. The lack of potassium-isotopic fractionation in Bishunpur chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 35(4): 859~868.

    • Alexander C M O D, Grossman J N. 2005. Alkali elemental and potassium isotopic compositions of Semarkona chondrules. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 40(4): 541~556.

    • Barnes I L, Garner E L, Gramlich J W, Machlan L A, Moody J R, Moore L J, Murphy T J, Shields W R. 1973. Isotopic abundance ratios and concentrations of selected elements in some Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 samples. Proceedings of Fourth Lunar Science Conference, 2: 1197~1207.

    • Bourg I C, Richter F M, Christensen J N, Sposito G. 2010. Isotopic mass dependence of metal cation diffusion coefficients in liquid water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(8): 2249~2256.

    • Chen Heng, Tian Zhen, Tuller-Ross B, Korotev R L, Wang Kun. 2019. High-precision potassium isotopic analysis by MC-ICP-MS: An inter-laboratory comparison and refined K atomic weight. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 34(1): 160~171.

    • Chen Heng, Liu Xiaoming, Wang Kun. 2020. Potassium isotope fractionation during chemical weathering of basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 539: 116192.

    • Chen Heng, Saunders N J, Jerram M, Halliday A N. 2021. High-precision potassium isotopic measurements by collision cell equipped MC-ICPMS. Chemical Geology, 578: 120281.

    • Church S E, Tilton G R, Wright J E, Lee-Hu C N. 1976. Volatile element depletion and K-39/K-41 fractionation in lunar soils. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, 7: 423~439.

    • Feldmann I, Jakubowski N, Stuewer D. 1999a. Application of a hexapole collision and reaction cell in ICP-MS Part I: Instrumental aspects and operational optimization. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 365(5): 415~421.

    • Feldmann I, Jakubowski N, Thomas C, Stuewer D. 1999b. Application of a hexapole collision and reaction cell in ICP-MS Part II: Analytical figures of merit and first applications. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 365(5): 422~428.

    • Garner E L, Machlan L A, Barnes I L. 1975. The isotopic composition of lithium, potassium, and rubidium in some Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, and 16 samples. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, 6: 1845~1855.

    • Gramlich J W, Machlan L A, Brletic K A, Kelly W R. 1982. Thermal-ionization isotope-dilution mass spectrometry as a definitive method for determination of potassium in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 28(6): 1309~1313.

    • Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He, Huang Chao, Wang Fangyue, Ge Can. 2021a. Application of a “Continuous-Acquisition-Method” to potassium isotope measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 35(13): e9105.

    • Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He. 2021b. High-precision analysis of potassium isotopes by MC-ICP-MS without collision cell using cool plasma technique in low-resolution mode. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 36(11): 2545~2552.

    • Hobin K, Costas R M, Vanhaecke F. 2021. Robust potassium isotopic analysis of geological and biological samples via multicollector ICP-mass spectrometry using the “extra-high resolution mode”. Analytical Chemistry, 93(25): 8881~8888.

    • Hu Yan, Chen Xinyang, Xu Yingkui, Teng Fangzhen. 2018. High-precision analysis of potassium isotopes by HR-MC-ICPMS. Chemical Geology, 493: 100~108.

    • Huang Chao, Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He, Wang Fangyue, Chen Bin. 2021. High-precision determination of stable potassium and magnesium isotopes utilizing single column separation and multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 181: 106232.

    • Humayun M, Clayton R N. 1995a. Potassium isotope cosmochemistry: Genetic implications of volatile element depletion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(10): 2131~2148.

    • Humayun M, Clayton R N. 1995b. Precise determination of the isotopic composition of potassium: Application to terrestrial rocks and lunar soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(10): 2115~2130.

    • Humayun M, Koeberl C. 2004. Potassium isotopic composition of Australasian tektites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 39(9): 1509~1516.

    • Li Weiqiang, Beard B L, Li Shilei. 2016. Precise measurement of stable potassium isotope ratios using a single focusing collision cell multi-collector ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 31(4): 1023~1029.

    • Li Weiqiang, Kwon K D, Li Shilei, Beard B L. 2017. Potassium isotope fractionation between K-salts and saturated aqueous solutions at room temperature: Laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 214: 1~13.

    • Li Xiaoqiang, Han Guilin, Zhang Qian, Miao Zhuang. 2020. An optimal separation method for high-precision K isotope analysis by using MC-ICP-MS with a dummy bucket. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 35(7): 1330~1339.

    • Li Xiaoqiang, Han Guilin, Liu Man, Liu Jinke, Zhang Qian, Qu Rui. 2022. Potassium and its isotope behaviour during chemical weathering in a tropical catchment affected by evaporite dissolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 316: 105~121.

    • Liu Haiyang, Wang Kun, Sun Weidong, Xiao Yilin, Xue Yingyu, Tuller-Ross B. 2020. Extremely light K in subducted low-T altered oceanic crust: Implications for K recycling in subduction zone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 277: 206~223.

    • Midwood A J, Proe M F, Harthill J J. 2000. Use and analysis by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry of 26Mg and 41K to assess mineral uptake in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ). Analyst (London. 1877. Print), 125(3): 487~492.

    • Morgan L E, Ramos D P S, Davidheiser-Kroll B, Faithfull J, Lloyd N S, Ellam R M, Higgins J A. 2018. High-precision 41K/39K measurements by MC-ICP-MS indicate terrestrial variability of δ41K. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 33(2): 175~186.

    • Moynier F, Hu Yan, Wang Kun, Zhao Ye, Gérard Y, Deng Zhengbin, Moureau J, Li Weiqiang, Simon J I, Teng Fangzhen. 2021. Potassium isotopic composition of various samples using a dual-path collision cell-capable multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, Nu instruments Sapphire. Chemical Geology, 571: 120144.

    • Parendo C A, Jacobsen S B, Wang Kun. 2017. K isotopes as a tracer of seafloor hydrothermal alteration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(8): 1827~1831.

    • Ramos D P S, Morgan L E, Lloyd N S, Higgins J A. 2018. Reverse weathering in marine sediments and the geochemical cycle of potassium in seawater: Insights from the K isotopic composition (41K/39K) of deep-sea pore-fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 236: 99~120.

    • Richter F M, Mendybaev R A, Christensen J N, Ebel D, Gaffney A. 2011. Laboratory experiments bearing on the origin and evolution of olivine-rich chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46(8): 1152~1178.

    • Richter F M, Bruce W E, Chaussidon M, Mendybaev R, Christensen J N, Qiu Lin. 2014. Isotope fractionation of Li and K in silicate liquids by Soret diffusion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 138: 136~145.

    • Teng Fangzhen, Hu Yan, Ma Jinlong, Wei Gangjian, Rudnick R L. 2020. Potassium isotope fractionation during continental weathering and implications for global K isotopic balance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 278: 261~271.

    • Tuller-Ross B, Marty B, Chen Heng, Kelley K A, Lee H, Wang Kun. 2019a. Potassium isotope systematics of oceanic basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 259: 144~154.

    • Tuller-Ross B, Savage P S, Chen Heng, Wang Kun. 2019b. Potassium isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation of basalt to rhyolite. Chemical Geology, 525: 37~45.

    • Wang Kun, Jacobsen S B. 2016. An estimate of the Bulk Silicate Earth potassium isotopic composition based on MC-ICPMS measurements of basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 178: 223~232.

    • Wang Kun, Li Weiqiang, Li Shilei. 2020. Stable potassium isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Earth Science Frontiers, 27(3): 104~122 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Xu Yingkui, Hu Yan, Chen Xinyang, Huang Tianyi, Sletten R S, Zhu Dan, Teng Fangzhen. 2019. Potassium isotopic compositions of international geological reference materials. Chemical Geology, 513: 101~107.

    • Yu Y, Hewins R H, Alexander C M O D, Wang J. 2003. Experimental study of evaporation and isotopic mass fractionation of potassium in silicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(4): 773~786.

    • 王昆, 李伟强, 李石磊. 2020. 钾稳定同位素研究综述. 地学前缘, 27(3): 104~122.

  • 参考文献

    • Alexander C M O D, Grossman J N, Wang J, Zanda B, Bourot D M, Hewins R H. 2000. The lack of potassium-isotopic fractionation in Bishunpur chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 35(4): 859~868.

    • Alexander C M O D, Grossman J N. 2005. Alkali elemental and potassium isotopic compositions of Semarkona chondrules. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 40(4): 541~556.

    • Barnes I L, Garner E L, Gramlich J W, Machlan L A, Moody J R, Moore L J, Murphy T J, Shields W R. 1973. Isotopic abundance ratios and concentrations of selected elements in some Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 samples. Proceedings of Fourth Lunar Science Conference, 2: 1197~1207.

    • Bourg I C, Richter F M, Christensen J N, Sposito G. 2010. Isotopic mass dependence of metal cation diffusion coefficients in liquid water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(8): 2249~2256.

    • Chen Heng, Tian Zhen, Tuller-Ross B, Korotev R L, Wang Kun. 2019. High-precision potassium isotopic analysis by MC-ICP-MS: An inter-laboratory comparison and refined K atomic weight. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 34(1): 160~171.

    • Chen Heng, Liu Xiaoming, Wang Kun. 2020. Potassium isotope fractionation during chemical weathering of basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 539: 116192.

    • Chen Heng, Saunders N J, Jerram M, Halliday A N. 2021. High-precision potassium isotopic measurements by collision cell equipped MC-ICPMS. Chemical Geology, 578: 120281.

    • Church S E, Tilton G R, Wright J E, Lee-Hu C N. 1976. Volatile element depletion and K-39/K-41 fractionation in lunar soils. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, 7: 423~439.

    • Feldmann I, Jakubowski N, Stuewer D. 1999a. Application of a hexapole collision and reaction cell in ICP-MS Part I: Instrumental aspects and operational optimization. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 365(5): 415~421.

    • Feldmann I, Jakubowski N, Thomas C, Stuewer D. 1999b. Application of a hexapole collision and reaction cell in ICP-MS Part II: Analytical figures of merit and first applications. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 365(5): 422~428.

    • Garner E L, Machlan L A, Barnes I L. 1975. The isotopic composition of lithium, potassium, and rubidium in some Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, and 16 samples. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, 6: 1845~1855.

    • Gramlich J W, Machlan L A, Brletic K A, Kelly W R. 1982. Thermal-ionization isotope-dilution mass spectrometry as a definitive method for determination of potassium in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 28(6): 1309~1313.

    • Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He, Huang Chao, Wang Fangyue, Ge Can. 2021a. Application of a “Continuous-Acquisition-Method” to potassium isotope measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 35(13): e9105.

    • Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He. 2021b. High-precision analysis of potassium isotopes by MC-ICP-MS without collision cell using cool plasma technique in low-resolution mode. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 36(11): 2545~2552.

    • Hobin K, Costas R M, Vanhaecke F. 2021. Robust potassium isotopic analysis of geological and biological samples via multicollector ICP-mass spectrometry using the “extra-high resolution mode”. Analytical Chemistry, 93(25): 8881~8888.

    • Hu Yan, Chen Xinyang, Xu Yingkui, Teng Fangzhen. 2018. High-precision analysis of potassium isotopes by HR-MC-ICPMS. Chemical Geology, 493: 100~108.

    • Huang Chao, Gu Hai-Ou, Sun He, Wang Fangyue, Chen Bin. 2021. High-precision determination of stable potassium and magnesium isotopes utilizing single column separation and multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 181: 106232.

    • Humayun M, Clayton R N. 1995a. Potassium isotope cosmochemistry: Genetic implications of volatile element depletion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(10): 2131~2148.

    • Humayun M, Clayton R N. 1995b. Precise determination of the isotopic composition of potassium: Application to terrestrial rocks and lunar soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(10): 2115~2130.

    • Humayun M, Koeberl C. 2004. Potassium isotopic composition of Australasian tektites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 39(9): 1509~1516.

    • Li Weiqiang, Beard B L, Li Shilei. 2016. Precise measurement of stable potassium isotope ratios using a single focusing collision cell multi-collector ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 31(4): 1023~1029.

    • Li Weiqiang, Kwon K D, Li Shilei, Beard B L. 2017. Potassium isotope fractionation between K-salts and saturated aqueous solutions at room temperature: Laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 214: 1~13.

    • Li Xiaoqiang, Han Guilin, Zhang Qian, Miao Zhuang. 2020. An optimal separation method for high-precision K isotope analysis by using MC-ICP-MS with a dummy bucket. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 35(7): 1330~1339.

    • Li Xiaoqiang, Han Guilin, Liu Man, Liu Jinke, Zhang Qian, Qu Rui. 2022. Potassium and its isotope behaviour during chemical weathering in a tropical catchment affected by evaporite dissolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 316: 105~121.

    • Liu Haiyang, Wang Kun, Sun Weidong, Xiao Yilin, Xue Yingyu, Tuller-Ross B. 2020. Extremely light K in subducted low-T altered oceanic crust: Implications for K recycling in subduction zone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 277: 206~223.

    • Midwood A J, Proe M F, Harthill J J. 2000. Use and analysis by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry of 26Mg and 41K to assess mineral uptake in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ). Analyst (London. 1877. Print), 125(3): 487~492.

    • Morgan L E, Ramos D P S, Davidheiser-Kroll B, Faithfull J, Lloyd N S, Ellam R M, Higgins J A. 2018. High-precision 41K/39K measurements by MC-ICP-MS indicate terrestrial variability of δ41K. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 33(2): 175~186.

    • Moynier F, Hu Yan, Wang Kun, Zhao Ye, Gérard Y, Deng Zhengbin, Moureau J, Li Weiqiang, Simon J I, Teng Fangzhen. 2021. Potassium isotopic composition of various samples using a dual-path collision cell-capable multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, Nu instruments Sapphire. Chemical Geology, 571: 120144.

    • Parendo C A, Jacobsen S B, Wang Kun. 2017. K isotopes as a tracer of seafloor hydrothermal alteration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(8): 1827~1831.

    • Ramos D P S, Morgan L E, Lloyd N S, Higgins J A. 2018. Reverse weathering in marine sediments and the geochemical cycle of potassium in seawater: Insights from the K isotopic composition (41K/39K) of deep-sea pore-fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 236: 99~120.

    • Richter F M, Mendybaev R A, Christensen J N, Ebel D, Gaffney A. 2011. Laboratory experiments bearing on the origin and evolution of olivine-rich chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46(8): 1152~1178.

    • Richter F M, Bruce W E, Chaussidon M, Mendybaev R, Christensen J N, Qiu Lin. 2014. Isotope fractionation of Li and K in silicate liquids by Soret diffusion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 138: 136~145.

    • Teng Fangzhen, Hu Yan, Ma Jinlong, Wei Gangjian, Rudnick R L. 2020. Potassium isotope fractionation during continental weathering and implications for global K isotopic balance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 278: 261~271.

    • Tuller-Ross B, Marty B, Chen Heng, Kelley K A, Lee H, Wang Kun. 2019a. Potassium isotope systematics of oceanic basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 259: 144~154.

    • Tuller-Ross B, Savage P S, Chen Heng, Wang Kun. 2019b. Potassium isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation of basalt to rhyolite. Chemical Geology, 525: 37~45.

    • Wang Kun, Jacobsen S B. 2016. An estimate of the Bulk Silicate Earth potassium isotopic composition based on MC-ICPMS measurements of basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 178: 223~232.

    • Wang Kun, Li Weiqiang, Li Shilei. 2020. Stable potassium isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Earth Science Frontiers, 27(3): 104~122 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Xu Yingkui, Hu Yan, Chen Xinyang, Huang Tianyi, Sletten R S, Zhu Dan, Teng Fangzhen. 2019. Potassium isotopic compositions of international geological reference materials. Chemical Geology, 513: 101~107.

    • Yu Y, Hewins R H, Alexander C M O D, Wang J. 2003. Experimental study of evaporation and isotopic mass fractionation of potassium in silicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(4): 773~786.

    • 王昆, 李伟强, 李石磊. 2020. 钾稳定同位素研究综述. 地学前缘, 27(3): 104~122.