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作者简介:

赵勇,男,1983年生。硕士,高级工程师,主要从事区域地质及第四纪地质研究工作。E-mail:zhaoyong3068@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    磁性地层学结合宇宙成因核素、AMS 14C测年为晚新生代可靠的长序地质年代框架建立提供了有效快捷手段。在北京平原东南部钻取的NBT1全取芯钻孔进行了详细的磁性地层学研究,400 m钻孔335 块样品识别出10个正极性和9个负极性时段,记录了布容(Brunhes)、松山(Matuyama)、高斯(Gauss)、吉尔伯特(Gilbert)极性时,孔底进入到4.2 Ma的Gilbert负极性时。以岩性组合、26Al/10Be、AMS 14C年代学为基础,结合测井沉积相分析,判断钻孔上新世晚期地层底界位于319.60 m,第四系下更新统、中更新统、上更新统底界分别位于214.80 m、70.60 m、59.25 m。在上新世约4.2~3.5 Ma发育了6期明显的冲洪积扇的快速沉积过程,第四纪早更新世以曲流河沉积体系为主,中更新世以湖沼沉积为主,夹分支河道沉积,沉积厚度相对较薄,晚更新世以分支河道-湖沼沉积为主,其顶部末次盛冰期浊黄橙色硬质黏土发育。钻孔包含了3个沉积速率较高(>150 m/Ma)的时期,分别为3.58~3.33 Ma、1.945~1.778 Ma和0.126~0.010 Ma,与上新世以来青藏高原隆升扩展及华北地区晚更新世构造活化在时间上具有一致性,揭示了华北地区的沉积构造演化对青藏高原隆升具有一定响应。

    Abstract

    Magnetostratigraphy, combined with cosmogenic and AMS 14C dating, provides an effective method to establish reliable geochronological framework for the late Cenozoic Era. In this paper, the authors present the results of magnetostratigraphic investigations in drill hole NBT1 in southeast of Beijing Plain. In the NBT1 magnetostratigraphy, containing 335 samples collected from the borehole at an interval of 0.2~0.4 m, except for the sand and gravel lay, with reliable ChRMs, 10 normal and 9 reverse magnetozones were identified. The strata recorded the palaeomagnetic Brunhes, Matuyama, Gauss and Gilbert polarity chrons, and the bottom horizon was near 4.2 Ma on the palaeomagnetic polarity column. The analysis of the lithology, 26Al/10Be, AMS 14C, log facies and sedimentary facies for the borehole suggests the strata between 319.00~214.80 m belongs to late Pliocene, and the upper strata of 214.80 m, which is the significant lithologic interface, belongs to Quaternary. At about 4.2~3.5 Ma, six periods of rapid deposition of alluvial and diluvial fans occurred. The Early Pleistocene (214.80~70.60 m) was dominated by a meandering river system. The middle Pleistocene was mainly composed of lacustrine deposits with branched channel deposits, and the sedimentary thickness was relatively thin. The Late Pleistocene was dominated by branched channels-lacustrine deposits, and the top developed hard clay during the Last Glacial Maximum. Given the chronostratigraphic scale, three stages of relatively high sedimentation rate (>150 m/Ma) can be revealed from drill hole NBT1, i.e., 3.58~3.33 Ma, 1.945~1.778 Ma and 0.126~0.010 Ma, respectively. They have good comparability on the time scale with extension and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and Late Pleistocene tectonic activation in North China. It is suggested that the uplift of plateau might also have had a significant impact on sedimentary and tectonic movement for the North China Plain.

  • 北京平原地处太行山东部,燕山南部,华北平原西北部,新生代以来经历了多期构造运动,发育了一系列北东或北北东、北西向为主的两组交叉断裂体系,形成了一系列凹陷和凸起相间的构造格局,如北京凹陷、大兴凸起、廊固凹陷等,沉积了永定河、潮白河、温榆河、拒马河、大石河等几大河流联合地质作用形成的厚层不一的松散沉积物。在不同构造单元内,因沉积环境多变,新生界厚度悬殊,不同沉积单元成为山体抬升遭受分化剥蚀、河流搬运形成 “源到汇”的重要研究内容。北京平原北部及南部个别地区已开展了多个钻孔井下磁性地层学研究,在第四纪年代学上取得了显著进展,如早期(安芷生等,1979; 李长安,19921994; 李龙吟等,19921994)及近年来(袁宝印等,2002; 栾英波等,20082011; 蔡向民等,2010a; 赵勇等,2013201520182019)都有相关报道。第四纪古环境气候演化研究与认识也在逐步推进(周昆叔等,1978; 林景星,1981; 张子斌等,1981; 孔昭宸等,1982; 杨子赓等,1983; 赵希涛等,1984; 魏兰英等,1997; 郭高轩等,2013; Jiang Hanchao et al.,2013; 赵勇等,2013),同时在平原北部开展了新构造运动的沉积响应研究(蔡向民等,2010b; 张磊等,20142016; 周毅等,2016; 张晓亮等,2016; 戚帮申等,2020)。然而在平原东南部新生代钻孔地层研究却显得薄弱,尤其是晚新生代以来其沉积演化复杂,缺少高精度的钻孔地层年代学进展。本次以NBT1钻孔岩芯资料为基础,依据岩石地层、测井数据,配合AMS 14C、26Al/10Be测年,对该孔晚新生代以来开展精细磁性地层和年代学研究,建立了4.2 Ma以来可靠的地层格架,探讨了沉积物记录的晚新生代以来沉积及构造演化,为今后开展区域沉积构造环境研究提供一定依据。

  • 1 研究背景及方法

  • 1.1 研究背景

  • NBT1钻孔(39°46′10″N,116°41′3″E),位于北京通州后坨村东北约600 m,孔口标高18 m,孔深400 m,在构造学上处于大兴凸起东南缘(图1)。岩芯采用油压式XU-1000型钻机钻取,岩芯管直径108 mm,全孔平均取芯率达90%以上,取芯率和岩芯状况满足磁性地层学研究的要求。

  • 图1 区域构造单元划分及北京通州后坨村NBT1钻孔位置图

  • Fig.1 Division of regional main tectonic units and location of borehole NBT1 in Houtuo Village, Tongzhou District, Beijing

  • ①—钻孔位置; ②—断裂及其编号; F1—黄庄-高丽营断裂; F2—顺义断裂; F3—南苑-通县断裂; F4—夏垫断裂; F5—礼贤断裂; F6—河西务断裂; F7—南口-孙河断裂; F8—宝坻断裂

  • ①—borehole location; ②—fault and its number; F1—Huangzuang-Gaoliying fault; F2—Shunyi fault; F3—Nanyuan-Tongxian fault; F4—Xiadian fault; F5—Lixian fault; F6—Hexiwu fault; F7—Nankou-Sunhe fault; F8—Baodi fault

  • 1.2 AMS14C测年

  • 钻孔AMS14C测年样品共4个,分别采自钻孔浅部灰黑色含有机质黏土层,由美国Beta实验室测试完成。

  • 表1 北京通州后坨村钻孔样品AMS14C测年数据

  • Table1 AMS14C dating data from borehole NBT1 in Houtuo Village, Tongzhou District, Beijing

  • 注: 14C半衰期为5568 a。

  • 1.3 26Al/10Be测年

  • 宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be测年样品1个,采自钻孔303~310 m深度砂砾石层混合样品,进一步验证本次研究古地磁年代极性柱的可靠性,提供年龄数据。由中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室年代测试完成。

  • 1.4 古地磁采样与测试

  • 在野外钻探施工现场将岩芯对半劈开,随即标明其顶底方向后,在新鲜面无扰动的岩芯上用2 cm×2 cm×2 cm的无磁立方体塑料盒定向采取,采样间距一般在黏土类细颗粒沉积物控制在4~6个/m,粉砂层一般控制在2~3个/m。中粗砂、砂砾石层不取样,但对其夹有的黏土层视情况进行采集。

  • 测试在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所古地磁实验室完成,测试仪器均置于磁屏蔽屋内的零磁空间(<300 nT)中,使用GSD-2型交变退磁仪,对样品采用交变场退磁,退磁间隔依次为5 mT、7.5 mT、10 mT、12.5 mT、15 mT、20 mT、25 mT、30 mT、35 mT、40 mT、45 mT、50 mT、55 mT、60 mT、70 mT和80 mT。剩磁在2G-760 U-Channel 岩石超导磁力仪上测量。

  • 表2 北京通州后坨村钻孔样品26Al/10Be测年数据

  • Table2 26Al/10Be dating data from borehole NBT1 in Houtuo Village, Tongzhou District, Beijing

  • 数据处理和分析采用古地磁软件(PaleoMag3)进行,大部分样品的剩磁在12~15 mT下就可洗去次生黏滞剩磁分量,以后保持稳定趋向原点,15~80 mT之间为稳定剩磁,代表了原生特征剩磁的方向。代表性样品的剩磁矢量正交投影(图2)显示,大部分样品在交变退磁场为60 mT 时已经退去绝大部分天然剩磁,且退磁方向趋向原点。

  • 退磁过程中剩磁强衰减曲线有以下情况:① 部分样品无法分离出特征剩磁,退磁过程排列混乱; ② 少部分样品在20 mT 以下能够退磁,能分离出特征剩磁,不能用于分析磁性地层; ③ 大部分样品在20~60 mT之间分离出特征剩磁。对于不能得到原生剩磁方向的样品经分析多数是砂质样品,其剩磁强度较弱,还有少部分样品剩磁不稳定方向混乱,不能判断其退磁过程趋势方向,因此对于前两种情况的测试样品数据被舍弃。选择退磁步骤至少3连续的点明显趋向原点的样品,且最大角偏差(MAD)大于15°的样品予以剔除。全孔共测试古地磁样品445块,经数据处理筛选出335件分离出特征剩磁样品数据编绘磁倾角曲线(图3)。

  • 图2 北京通州后坨村NBT1钻孔代表样品的退磁强度衰减曲线及Z矢量图

  • Fig.2 Orthogonal (Zijderveld) vector plots of representative specimens from the NBT1 borehole in Houtuo Village, Tongzhou District, Beijing

  • ○—垂直分量; ●—水平分量; M—剩磁强度; NRM—天然剩磁

  • ○—vertical component; ●—horizontal component; M—remanent magnetization; NRM—natural remanent magnetization

  • 1.5 磁极性序列划分

  • 根据NBT1孔磁倾角的变化特征建立磁极序列,钻孔剖面古地磁极性排列比较规则,用倾角建立磁性柱(施林峰等,2010; Chang Hong et al.,2012),且连续2个样品出现反极性时,定义为一次漂移,暂时不作为确定的极性亚时,留待日后资料丰富后在给予讨论。钻孔自上而下识别出10个正极性时(N1-N10)和9个负极性时(R1-R9)(图3),研究区第四纪沉积物覆盖在新近系之上,第四系厚度达200 m以上,其形成统一的沉积整体,区域上新5孔、ZK12-2、PGZ01、PGZ05、ACX03孔均较好地识别出第四纪主要的极性时和极性亚时(栾英波等,2011; 赵勇等,201320182019; 李瑞杰等,2021),NBT1孔磁极序列(N1-N10)可与标准古地磁极性柱(Cande et al.,1995; Singer et al.,2014)进行对比,并与标准极性年表中(C1n-C3n.1n)有很好的可比性,且本次在钻孔中进行了绝对年龄标定,进一步证实极性柱对比的可靠性,400 m钻孔揭示了4个明显的极性时,即① 0~70.60 m为布容(Brunhes)正极性时,其间夹有几个较薄的负极性漂移; ② 0.60~223.70 m为松山(Matuyama)负极性时,其中88.30~93.25 m为哈拉米洛(Jaramillo)亚时,165.45~191.00 m为奥尔都维亚时; ③ 223.65~319.60 m为高斯(Gauss)正极性时; ④318.00~349.45 m为吉尔伯特(Gilbert)负极性时,其中265.15~266.50 m、272.40~273.40 m可与凯纳(Kaena)和马默思(Mammoth)负极性亚时对应。因钻孔底部的砾石层段未见底,笔者谨慎地将钻孔下部地层进入约4.2 Ma层位。

  • 图3 北京通州后坨村NBT1钻孔磁极性序列、测井曲线综合地层对比

  • Fig.3 Comprehensive stratigraphic correlation of Paleomagnetic polarity sequence and logging curves in borehole NBT1 in Houtuo Village, Tongzhou District, Beijing

  • 1 —正极性; 2—负极性; 3—极性倒转; 4、5—采样及其测年位置; 6—虚拟镜像曲线; 7—测井曲线; 8—混杂堆积层; 9—砂层; 10—湖沼层; 11—曲流河摆动期次; 12—布容正极性时; 13—松山负极性时; 14—高斯正极性时; 15—吉尔伯特负极性时; 16—自然伽玛; 17—自然电位; 18—视电阻率; 19—早更新世; 20—上新世

  • 1 —positive polarity; 2—negative polarity; 3—polarity reversal; 4—sampling position (26Al/10Be) ; 5—sampling position (AMS14C) ; 6—virtual image curve; 7—well-logging curves; 8—debris flow deposits; 9—sand layer; 10—lacustrine layer; 11—swing periods of stream; 12—Brunhes; 13—Matuyama; 14—Gauss; 15—Gilbert; 16—natural gamma; 17—spontaneous potential; 18—apparent resistivity; 19—Early Pleistocene; 20—Pliocene

  • 2 综合地层划分

  • 以钻孔岩芯实物为基础,基于磁性地层结果,依据岩性组合、AMS14C、26Al/10Be测年,结合测井相、沉积构造等综合因素,对钻孔进行了综合地层划分(图2),其中0~214.80 m属于第四系,214.80~318.00 m为上新世晚期地层,318.00~400.00 m为上新世早期地层(图3)。

  • 2.1 全新世地层

  • 位于NBT1孔0~1.50 m。依据钻孔2.70 m深度AMS14C测年为16180±50 a BP,按照沉积速率推算,将钻孔全新世底界划定在1.50 m,该层段岩性上表现为灰色、灰褐色黏质粉砂,局部夹灰褐色黏土,底部为灰褐色粉砂质黏土,以含灰黑色有机质团块为特征,与北方沿海末次冰消期以来气候转暖,淡水湿地开始发育,出现贫营养湖相的沉积作为全新世的开始(王强等,1995)认识可对比。

  • 2.2 晚更新世地层

  • 位于NBT1孔1.50~59.25 m,沉积厚度为57.75 m。据现有认识(高秀林等,1986; 王强等,19992008; Toker et al.,2015),晚更新世的大致开始年代大致相当于古地磁Blake亚时。在周边晚更新世地层出现在约60 m深度一致(赵勇等,2018),在个别地带因下切河谷的存在或断裂影响稍深些。钻孔古地磁结果显示,在58 m上下为Blake极性事件,考虑岩性地质特征,晚更新世底界定于59.25 m处,恰为一沉积冲刷面构造现象界限,表现为灰色细砂对下伏灰色黏土的显著侵蚀,二者接触角度约为45°。该层段可划分为4个沉积单元。

  • U1单元:1.50~13.70 m。依据浅部AMS14C年龄数据,该层处于深海氧同位素阶段2阶段(MIS2)时期,总体为一套棕红色、黄褐色黏土、粉砂质黏土,为末次冰期沉积物体现。在下部7.25~13.70 m为棕红色黏土,局部夹粉砂薄层(层厚<25 cm),11.2~13.0 m黏土层岩芯劈开后在其中间发育有冻融裂隙现象。3.00~7.25 m,主要为土黄色、黄褐色粉细砂层,局部灰黄色砂层中发育明显的锈色,砂层发育水平纹层,推测为末次盛冰期下切河谷的体现(王强,2019); 顶部2.80~3.00 m为棕色含铁锰质结核块状黏土,为暴露失水状态所沉积,与区域上硬质黏土层可进行对比(陈庆强等,1998; 李从先等,1999; 王强等,2009; 李保华等,2010),显示古季风变化也影响到本次研究区,极端气候条件下该区域同样可以形成特殊沉积物。

  • U2单元:13.70~18.00 m。下部为黄褐色细砂,含有灰色黏土团块,上部为灰色黏土,局部发育薄层黏质粉砂,为分支河道-湖沼相沉积,显示了末次冰期前较好的水环境条件。

  • U3单元:18.00~29.90 m。可分为2个由黄褐色砂层-棕红色黏土构成的沉积旋回,下部22.50~29.90 m为第一个沉积旋回,上部棕色黏土局部夹10~20 cm的黄褐色砂层,发育锈色,22.70 m黏土中见有核径2~3 mm的钙质结核; 18.00~22.50 m为第二个沉积旋回,顶部棕色黏土发育白色钙质结核,核径<1 mm。

  • U4单元:29.90~59.25 m。为一套由下向上有深灰色-灰色含有机质黏土、细砂层,主体为分支河道-湖沼相沉积环境。52.35~59.25 m,为深灰色细砂,发育有纹层构造,底部可见显著冲刷面构造。44.80~52.35 m,灰色、深灰色黏土质粉砂、黏土,局部夹薄层砂层,在47.00~48.00 m发育少量白色钙质雏形结核。29.90~44.80 m,以灰色砂层为主,下部夹有20~35 m不等的3层灰色黏土,显示河道-牛轭湖沉积的环境。

  • 2.3 中更新世地层

  • 位于NBT1钻孔59.25~70.60 m,沉积厚度为11.35 m。中更新统依据古地磁B/M界线(70.60 m)确定其底界。59.25~64.45 m灰色细砂-黏质粉砂-黏土的正粒序沉积,底部砂层对下部黏土发生冲刷作用,表明自下而上分支河道流速减缓、水深变浅,逐步向湖沼演化。64.45~70.60 m为灰色、深灰色黏土,见底部黏土对其下部灰色中砂层消减,发育截切构造,显示了沉积水动力条件发生了突变,转为湖沼沉积。总体为湖沼夹分支河道沉积。

  • 2.4 早更新世地层

  • 位于NBT1孔70.60~214.80 m,厚度为144.20 m。依据古地磁M/G界线,其底界应在224.70 m处,但是考虑到以棕红色半固结状的黏土层作为上新统顶部岩石地层标志,其上一般以砂层出现作为第四纪地层开启,符合华北平原岩石地层的总结认识(王强等,2003; 赵勇等,2018),故将钻孔第四纪底界置于钻孔214.80 m,其砂层对其下半固结黏土发生了明显冲刷作用,形成冲刷面构造。而214.80~224.70 m棕红色黏土负极性推测由于在上新世晚期极度湿热气候下沉积物发生了磁性反转?尚有待日后更多的资料进行佐证。

  • 上段(70.60~93.25 m)下部为灰黑色黏土,显示在其下伏黄褐、棕红色黏土沉积后,气候适宜转为富有机质的灰色黏土沉积; 中上部为灰色、灰黑色河道沉积砂层。该段总体为湖沼-河道沉积环境,在88.40 m、92.30 m处可见河道沉积对下部黏土形成的明显侵蚀面,显示了水动力条件的突变。

  • 中-下段(93.25~214.80 m),将钻孔测井曲线各自做其镜像曲线,曲线形态指示的砂层位置一致者即曲流河河道滞留或曲流砂坝沉积环境,按照测井曲线形态解释沉积相的模式,结合钻孔岩性垂向层序变化,显示了早更新世7期曲流河摆动沉积叠加演化(图3a),第①期(200.65~214.80 m)由下向上为一套典型的曲流河道滞留沉积-曲流沙坝-沙坝顶部沉积-洪泛平原沉积体系; 第②期(191.05~200.65 m)由下向上发育曲流沙坝-顶部沉积-洪泛平原沉积; 第③期(160.22~191.05 m)由下向上发育曲流沙坝-沙坝顶部沉积-洪泛平原沉积,顶部发育灰黑色湖沼沉积; 第④、⑤、⑥期(145.80~160.22 m、139.00~145.80 m、117.30~139.00 m)由下向上为曲流沙坝沉积-沙坝顶部沉积-洪泛平原沉积体系; 第⑦期(93.25~117.30 m)由下向上为曲流沙坝-沙坝顶部沉积-洪泛平原沉积体系,其中洪泛平原沉积中部夹深灰色黏土湖沼沉积和小型分支河道沉积。

  • 2.5 上新世晚期地层

  • 依据《中国区域年代地层(地质年代)表说明书》(全国地层委员会,2002),上新世晚期位于古地磁M/G界线之下与Ga/Gi(Gauss/Gilbert)界线之上,年龄为3.60~2.58 Ma,位于钻孔214.80~318.00 m。依据测井曲线形态和岩性垂向变化(图2),底部316.00~318.00 m为灰色近乎湖沼的沉积,为下部冲洪积扇进入该地卸载后,形成还原水体所致,短暂的沉积后,水体变干后发育了上覆棕红色半固结状黏土(311.80~316.00 m),沉积环境所变,在其上(301.00~311.80 m)发育了冲洪积扇堆积(泥包砾),即砾石多数成分以周边山体分化剥蚀的灰岩为主,被泥质沉积物所包裹,表面呈红色、紫色等杂色氧化膜为主,砾石大小混杂,分选性差,随着其水流扩散,能量降低,上部视电阻率曲线表现为齿化-微齿的钟形曲线组合,在垂向上自下而上发育了6期规模大小不一的砂-粉砂(夹黏土)-块状黏土正粒序沉积旋回,二元结构较为明显,其中砂层水平层理发育,与其下伏黏土细颗粒沉积常呈冲刷面构造接触,综合测井曲线和岩性特征,下部为频繁曲流河摆动沉积环境。

  • 2.6 上新世早期地层

  • 古地磁Ga/Gi(Gauss/Gilbert)界线之下至孔底(318.00~400.00 m)为“泥包砾”碎屑混杂堆积,未见底),揭露地层为上新世晚期上部地层,古地磁年代显示,孔底自3.60 Ma以来,依据钻孔岩性、测井曲线特征,发育了5期明显的冲洪积扇沉积,分别为第①期(337.45~400.00 m)由下向上为发育一套“泥包砾”沉积-河道砂层沉积-块状粉砂质黏土沉积; 第②期(337.45~365.75 m)以“泥包砾”沉积为主,上部夹块状半固结黏土、黏质粉砂层; 第③期(349.45~365.75 m)由下向上发育“泥包砾”-河道砂层-块状黏土沉积; 第④、⑤期(333.25~349.45 m、318.00~333.25 m)由下向上为“泥包砾”-块状黏土沉积为主。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 第四系底界厘定

  • (1)岩石地层标志。按照岩石地层划分原则,参照古地磁地层年代框架,将钻孔沉积侵蚀构造面、岩性岩相的突变作为划分岩石地层的依据之一。把本区较明显的冲洪积扇发育沉积体系划为上新世地层,沉积了自下而上由粗到细的水进沉积旋回,在水体较小时,沉积了一套以红色氧化为主的细颗粒地层,出现棕红色半固结状的泥岩为特征,并可见有钙质团块或钙质雏形。第四系底部常为比较稳定的锈黄色砂砾层或含砾砂层,该层对下伏半固结状的棕红色黏土的明显侵蚀作用,形成冲刷面构造,反映了两种不同环境的产物,综合该界面(214.80 m)作为第四系的底界比较合适。

  • (2)测井标志。测井曲线的幅度、形态、波动性和锯齿化程度反映了沉积相的变化(陈钢花等,1996; 金燕等,2002),NBT1钻孔在自然电位在第四系与上新统之间大约以45 mV作为界线(图3),是由于水系的渗滤作用,使第四系的水淡化,为低矿化度,反映了两个不同地质时期的地层界面。在电阻率曲线上,第四系下部沉积物以粗粒为主,砂层发育,每段曲线电阻率值从上到下逐渐抬高,上部低平,中部为锯齿状,下部为高尖峰,上新世晚期地层基本以一套棕红色半固结黏土与砂层互层的韵律结构,每段电阻率曲线从上到下呈现刺刀状高尖峰与低电阻互层,也明显反映出了砂、泥互层特征,二者区别明显。可见,第四系底界在沉积物颜色、岩性、测井相、接触关系上均具有明显的界线,也便于实际工作中的应用。

  • 3.2 冲积扇时代厘定

  • 纵观钻孔上新世地层沉积,发育了6期冲积扇沉积(图3),总体表现为其北部大兴凸起物源区隆升遭受剥蚀,在其斜坡为冲洪积扇发育创造基本条件,在暂时性洪水等因素影响下,形成了大量高密度碎屑混杂堆积,测井上表现为高阻的曲线形态。冲洪积扇发育模式大致可划分为两种类型(图4),即第一种模式为杂色混杂堆积-细颗粒黏土沉积的旋回(A-C模式),第二种模式为杂色混杂堆积-砂层-细颗粒黏土组成的旋回(A-B-C模式),并在测井曲线上有不同的响应。本次对最后一期发育的冲洪积扇层位进行了宇宙成因核素(26Al/10Be)测年,结果为3.56±0.58 Ma,该年龄为北京地区首次获取的上新世地层年龄数据,将对今后研究该时期的沉积、古环境及重要构造事件演化具有重大指示意义。

  • 图4 冲积扇发育模式图

  • Fig.4 Types of developed patterns of alluvial and diluvial fan

  • A—碎屑混杂堆积; B—砂层; C—黏土层; D—电阻率曲线

  • A—mud gravel stratum; B—sand layer; C—clay layer; D—resistivity curve

  • 3.3 沉积速率及构造指示

  • 依据古地磁及年龄测试结果,计算了4.2 Ma以来钻孔地层沉积速率,可划分为6个阶段,其中第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ沉积速率较高(大于150 m/Ma),分别为3.58~3.33 Ma、1.945~1.778 Ma、0.126~0.010 Ma(图5)。

  • 第Ⅰ阶段:埋深318.00~349.45 m,年龄为4.18~3.58 Ma,沉积速率为52.42 m/Ma,以多期冲洪积构成的沉积旋回。在钻孔底部349.45~400.00 m地层年龄在4.29~4.18 Ma之间,其沉积速率大于450 m/Ma,此时大兴凸起东南缘的沉积空间显著增大,揭示了在4.2 Ma左右曾发生了一期快速的构造活动事件,大兴凸起隆升造成大量棕红色泥砾层碎屑物质经快速搬运,出现山前混杂冲洪积扇裙沉积响应,随后逐步进入了第Ⅰ阶段转为快速沉积后地壳相对稳定的沉积期。

  • 第Ⅱ阶段:埋深273.40~318.00 m,年龄为3.58~3.33 Ma,沉积速率为178.40 m/Ma,沉积物底部发育冲洪积沉积,总体以曲流河摆动沉积为主,可见砂层发育明显的锈染现象。该时期在沧县隆起WR-27和黄骅凹陷中Bg10孔中沉积速率分别大于170 m/Ma和130 m/Ma(王淑芳等,1988; 袁桂邦等,2014)。从构造环境角度分析,该阶段华北平原北部发生整体性快速下沉,沉积空间增加,与华北山地唐县面在3.58 Ma开始破坏(易明初等,1991; 吴忱等,1999; 徐杰等,2001)和青藏高原在3.6 Ma左右整体性强烈隆升造成东部的沉降,在时间上具有较好的一致性(李吉均等,197919982001; Harrison et al.,19921995; Thiede et al.,2006; Zheng Dewen et al.,2006; Handy et al.,2007)。

  • 第Ⅲ阶段:埋深191.00~273.40 m,年龄为3.33~1.945 Ma,平均沉积速率约为59.50 m/Ma,为第Ⅱ阶段快速沉积后相对稳定的沉积期。在3.33~3.03 Ma其沉积速率达到钻孔沉积速率最低时期,平均为27.68 m/Ma,与沧县隆起上的BZ2孔可进行区域上的对比(姚政权等,2006),显示了构造相对稳定的环境。

  • 第Ⅳ阶段:埋深164.45~191.00 m,年龄为1.945~1.778 Ma,沉积速率约为158.98 m/Ma,以河流和泛滥平原沉积为主,处于相对快速沉积时期。此时北西向张家口-蓬莱断裂带在1.90 Ma左右发生显著活动(袁桂邦等,2014),此时大兴凸起东南缘受此构造响应,接受了快速沉积。

  • 第Ⅴ阶段:埋深59.20~165.45 m,年龄为1.778~0.126 Ma,平均沉积速率约为64.32 m/Ma,以河流相和泛滥平原沉积为主,发育湖沼沉积。该期沉积速率一次经历了1.778~1.180 Ma、1.18~0.78 Ma、0.780~0.126 Ma3个总体呈现台阶状下降变缓的沉积趋势。其中在1.2 Ma左右,沉积速率一度达到为126.56 m/Ma,推测该时期发生了一期构造活动,导致山区隆升,平原沉降加速,可能与昆黄运动有关(李吉均等,2001)。中更新世(0.780~0.126 Ma)沉积与山区河流阶地演化具有一定耦合关系,即太行山永定河流域晚更新世阶地沉积表现为垂向上沉积厚度较薄,但横向分布较广的特征(图6),体现了地壳构造运动处于相对稳定状态。

  • 第Ⅵ阶段:埋深1.20~59.20 m,年龄为0.126~0.01 Ma,为晚更新世时期,沉积速率为500 m/Ma,为钻孔揭露地层沉积速率最大阶段,主体为河流、湖沼沉积。在北京北部顺义Sh2、Sh3、Sh5孔约60 m 以上晚更新世以来地层中河流作用显著加强,表明平原下沉接受快速沉积,而此时北京西山上升幅度和速度达到了最大值,山体抬升显著加剧(吕金波,1994),相当喜山运动第三幕的第二幕(吴忱等,1999),是北京地区地壳强烈活动的时期或再次活化期。

  • 图5 北京通州后坨村NBT1孔深度-年龄曲线

  • Fig.5 Sedimentation rates as a function of ages of drill hole NBT1 in Houtuo Village, Tongzhou District, Beijing

  • 图6 太行山区永定河流沿河城村东河谷阶地剖面(据吕金波,1994

  • Fig.6 River terrace section east of Yan Hecheng Village, Yongding River basin in Taihang Mountains (after Lü Jinbo, 1994)

  • 1—砂砾; 2—漂砾; 3—黄土与碎石混杂; 4—中细砂; 5—黄土; 6—白云岩; 7—全新世; 8—晚更新世; 9—中更新世; 10—早更新世; 11—断层

  • 1—sand gravel; 2—boulder; 3—loess intermingled with gravel; 4—fine to medium sand; 5—loess; 6—dolomite; 7—Holocene; 8—Late Pleistocene; 9—Medio-Pleistocene; 10—Early Pleistocene; 11—fault

  • 4 结论

  • 系统的磁性地层学结合宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be绝对年龄测定,建立了NBT1孔高分辨率可靠地层年代框架,钻孔底界年龄约为4.2 Ma,上新统上段底界深度为318.00 m,第四系底界深度为214.80 m,中更新统底界70.60 m,上更新统底界59.25 m,全新统底界深度1.50 m。上新世时在山前形成了冲洪积混杂堆积和半固结状红黏土沉积,进入第四纪以曲流河体系为主,接受周边山区的大量物质供给,伴随湖沼沉积。

  • 钻孔记录了4.2 Ma以来3次沉积速率较高(大于150 m/Ma)时段,时代分别为3.58~3.33 Ma、1.945~1.778 Ma、0.126~0.010 Ma。3.58~3.33 Ma时期快速沉积阶段与青藏高原强烈隆起对华北地区产生扩展效应有关,0.126~0.010 Ma时期快速沉积阶段与华北地区晚更新世构造活化事件有关,导致大量沉积物的快速堆积。中更新世沉积速率相对缓慢,反映出华北北部地区基本处于构造相对稳定的背景。

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