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作者简介:

李文坛,男,1995年生。博士生,矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业。E-mail:liwentan2018@163.com。

通讯作者:

张泽明,男,1961年生。研究员,主要从事大陆造山带的变质作用、岩浆作用与构造演化研究。E-mail:zzm2111@sina.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    青藏高原南部的冈底斯岩浆弧形成于中生代新特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲过程中。在冈底斯岩浆弧东段出露的中—高级变质岩代表岩浆弧的中-下地壳组成,是探索大陆地壳形成与演化的窗口。作为这些中—高级变质岩原岩主要组成部分的里龙岩基由晚白垩世辉长岩、闪长岩和花岗岩组成。本文对由里龙岩基上部花岗岩变质形成的片麻岩进行了岩石学与年代学研究,探讨其原岩时代、成因、变质作用条件、时间及构造意义。所研究的片麻岩由斜长石、钾长石、石英、黑云母、绿帘石和白云母组成,含或不含角闪石,SiO2含量为61.94%~74.39%,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.89~1.03,属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质到弱过铝质岩石。这些岩石具有轻稀土元素富集和重稀土元素亏损的配分模式,并表现为富集大离子亲石元素和相对亏损高场强元素的特征。片麻岩中的锆石由继承的岩浆核和变质边组成,岩浆核获得了92~86 Ma的结晶年龄,变质边获得了81~72 Ma的变质年龄,锆石岩浆核具正的εHf(t)值(+10.2~+12.1)。这些片麻岩的变质条件为740~750 ℃和0.5~0.6 GPa。本文和现有研究表明,里龙岩基是形成在晚白垩世新特提斯洋俯冲过程中具有亏损地幔地球化学特征的弧岩浆岩,经历了强烈的结晶分异作用,所研究的花岗岩是残余岩浆结晶产物。笔者认为,晚白垩世早期新特提斯洋中脊俯冲过程中巨量幔源岩浆的增生导致了冈底斯弧发生了显著的新生地壳生长;在晚白垩世晚期残余新特提斯洋岩石圈平缓俯冲过程中的弧地壳强烈缩短加厚使里龙岩基被运移到中下地壳,并发生了中—高级变质和部分熔融。冈底斯岩浆弧新生地壳在大洋岩石圈俯冲晚期经历了明显再造。

    Abstract

    The Gangdese magmatic arc in the south of the Tibet Plateau was formed during the Mesozoic subduction of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Middle-to high-grade metamorphic rocks exposed in the eastern Gangdese magmatic arc represent the middle-lower crust components of the arc, which provide a rare opportunity to study the formation and evolution of continental crust. The Lilong batholith, forming as main part of the middle-high metamorphic rocks, is composed of meta-gabbro, meta-diorite and meta-granite. In this paper, we conducted a petrological and geochronological study for the meta-diorite and meta-granite (orthogneisses) from the upper part of the Lilong batholith in order to reveal their protolith, metamorphic ages and P-T conditions, and tectonic significance. The orthogneisses are mainly composed of plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, biotite, epidote, and with or without amphibole. Their SiO2 contents and alumina saturation indexes (A/CNK) range from 61.94% to 74.39%, and from 0.89 to 1.03, respectively. They show enrichment of LREE and LILE and depletion of HREE and HFSE. The zircon from the orthogneisses consists of magmatic core and metamorphic rim. The zircon core yielded the crystallization age of 92~86 Ma, while the zircon rim yielded the metamorphic age of 81~72 Ma. The εHf(t ) values of zircon magmatic cores range from +10.2 to +12.1. These gneisses underwent metamorphism and partial melting under P-T conditions of 740~750℃ and 0.5~0.6 GPa. By combining available results, we conclude that the Lilong batholith is composed of arc magmatic rocks with geochemical characteristics of the depleted mantle, and the granite studied were the crystallization products of fractionated magma. We suggest that the accretion of voluminous mantle-derived magma during the early Late Cretaceous subduction of the Neo-Tethyan mid-oceanic ridge led to significant juvenile crustal growth of the Gangdese arc. In the latest Late Cretaceous, the flat subduction of the young Neo-Tethyan lithosphere resulted in intense shorting and thickening of the arc crust, and the Lilong batholith was transported to the middle to lower crust, and underwent middle-to high-grade metamorphism and anatexis. Our study indicates that the juvenile crust of the Gangdese magmatic arc experienced significant reworking during the late subduction of oceanic lithosphere.

  • 板块俯冲产生的岩浆弧被认为是后太古宙以来大陆地壳生长的主要位置,通过岩浆弧地壳剖面可以直接研究大陆地壳的组成与生长(Davidson et al.,2006; Miller et al.,2009; Bosch et al.,2011; Brown et al.,2011; Jagoutz et al.,2012)。冈底斯岩浆弧位于青藏高原拉萨地体的南部,形成于中生代新特提斯洋岩石圈北向俯冲导致的安第斯型造山作用和新生代印度-亚洲板块汇聚导致的碰撞造山作用过程中,是典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧(Coulon et al.,1986; Yin An et al.,2000; Chung Sunlin et al.,2005; Mo Xuanxue et al.,2005)。前人对冈底斯岩浆弧进行了大量研究,较好地揭示了其岩浆作用、构造演化和成矿作用(Molnar et al.,1993; Harrison et al.,2000; Yin An et al.,2000; Ding Lin et al.,20032014; Mo Xuanxue et al.,200520062007; Pan Guitang et al.,2006; Dong Guochen et al.,2008; Dong Xin et al.,20092012; Zhu Dicheng et al.,2009201520172019; Searle et al,2011; Guan Qi et al.,2012; Ji Weiqiang et al.,20122016; Zheng Yuanchuan et al.,201220142015; Zhang Zeming et al.,20132014a2014b201520192020; Palin et al.,2014; Hu Xiumian et al.,20152016; Searle,2018)。但是对于冈底斯弧中生代岩浆演化仍存争议(Zhang Zeming et al.,20102014b2020; Guo Liang et al.,20132020; Ma Lin et al.,2013a2013b; Zhu Dicheng et al.,2017; Ma Xuxuan et al.,2021),对冈底斯弧深部组成、变质-深熔过程、地壳的生长与加厚机制的研究还相对薄弱(Zhang Zeming et al.,2014b2020; Dong Xin et al.,2019; Niu Zhixiang et al.,2019; Qin Shengkai,2019; Zhang Chengyuan et al.,2020)。

  • 在冈底斯岩浆弧东段,由于新生代以来大规模的地表抬升和强烈的剥蚀作用,代表岩浆弧中、下地壳组成的中深成侵入岩和中高级变质岩出露到地表,为我们研究冈底斯岩浆弧深部组成和构造演化提供了难得的机会(Dong Xin et al.,200920122019; Zhang Zeming et al.,201020132014b20152020; Guo Liang et al.,20122020; Palin et al.,2014)。冈底斯岩浆弧东段的里龙岩基经历了不同程度的变质作用。本文对岩基中闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗岩变质形成的正片麻岩进行岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究。结合现有资料,笔者探讨了里龙岩基的形成时代与成因,限定了岩基的变质时间与变质条件,以及相关的构造意义。这一成果为建立冈底斯岩浆弧地壳剖面,进一步揭示冈底斯弧晚中生代岩浆作用、变质作用与地壳演化过程提供了重要信息。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 青藏高原自北向南依次为松潘-甘孜地体、羌塘地体、拉萨地体和喜马拉雅造山带,它们之间分别被代表古特提斯、中特提斯和新特提斯洋壳残余的金沙江(JSSZ)、班公湖-怒江(BNSZ)和雅鲁藏布江缝合带(ITSZ)所分隔(图1a; Yin An et al.,2000; Mo Xuanxue et al.,2006; Xu Zhiqin et al.,20062011)。拉萨地体起源于冈瓦纳超大陆,由前寒武纪变质基底、古生代至中生代沉积岩和中、新生代岩浆岩组成,经历了长期且复杂的构造-岩浆-变质-成矿作用过程(Mo Xuanxue et al.,2006; Zhu Dicheng et al.,2011; Zhang Zeming et al.,2014a; Hou Zengqian et al.,2015)。冈底斯岩浆弧位于拉萨地体南部,是一条巨型的构造-岩浆岩带。

  • 位于冈底斯弧东南段的研究区由3个构造单元组成,即北部的冈底斯岩浆弧(拉萨地体东南部)、南部的喜马拉雅带(包括特提斯-喜马拉雅岩系、高喜马拉雅岩系)以及它们之间的雅鲁藏布江缝合带。研究区的冈底斯岩浆弧主要由侏罗纪—白垩纪花岗岩、晚白垩世的辉长岩-花岗岩(里龙岩基)、古新世—始新世的辉长岩和花岗岩、变沉积岩和少量渐新世花岗岩组成(图1b)。这些岩石经历了不同程度和不同时期的变质作用(Zhang Zeming et al.,2020)。里龙岩基是冈底斯岩浆弧东段的重要组成部分,其位于米林和里龙地区(图1b),形成于100~90 Ma的晚白垩世。岩基的东北部主要由辉石岩、辉长岩和苏长岩组成,西南部主要由闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗岩组成。里龙岩基经历了晚白垩世晚期(77~68 Ma)的变质作用,变质程度从东北至西南逐渐降低。岩基的东北部经历了晚白垩世(77~68 Ma)高角闪岩相至高压麻粒岩相的变质作用和部分熔融,相当于岩浆弧的下地壳; 而岩基的西南部经历了角闪岩相至绿片岩相变质作用,代表岩浆弧的中上地壳(Zhang Zeming et al.,200920102014b2020; Guo Liang et al.,20132020; Ma Lin et al.,2013a2013b; Niu Zhixiang et al.,2019; Qin Shengkai.,2019)。

  • 本文所研究的正片麻岩(角闪岩相变质闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗岩)采自里龙岩基西南部(图1b)。这些岩石发育明显的面理,呈条带状构造,由暗色体和浅色体相间组成。暗色体富集角闪石和黑云母,浅色体富集斜长石、钾长石和石英(图2a)。这些岩石可进一步划分为绿帘角闪黑云斜长片麻岩、绿帘黑云二长片麻岩和绿帘二长片麻岩。

  • 2 分析方法

  • 矿物化学成分电子探针分析在中国地质科学院地质研究所国土资源部大陆动力学实验室使用JEOL JXA-8100完成。分析条件是15 kV加速电压,电子束电流为20 nA,电子束斑为5 μm,ZAF校正。

  • 全岩主、微量元素化学成分分析在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。主量元素分析采用X-ray荧光光谱法(Rigaku-3080),分析精度优于0.5%。微量元素采用等离子质谱仪ICP-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry)方法进行测定,含量大于10×10-6的元素测试精度为5%,而小于10×10-6的元素测试精度为10%。

  • 锆石U-Pb同位素定年和微量元素分析在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。测试仪器为LA-ICP-MS,激光剥蚀系统由COMPexPro 102 Arf 193 nm 准分子激光器和MicroLas光学系统组成,ICP-MS型号为Agilent 7700e。相关激光剥蚀系统和ICP-MS仪器的详细操作方法见Zong Keqing et al.(2017)。所选分析点依据锆石的阴极发光图像。锆石激光剥蚀斑束直径为32 μm。在锆石U-Pb同位素定年过程中,外标为91500,内标为GJ-1; 锆石微量元素校正外标采用SRM610,锆石微量元素校正内标元素为Si。样品的同位素比值和微量元素含量数据分析采用ICPMSDataCal(10.0版)软件,详细的仪器操作条件和数据处理方法见Liu Yongsheng et al.(2010)。锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图的绘制和加权平均年龄的计算用Isoplot程序(Ludwig,2003)完成。

  • 图1 青藏高原(a)和冈底斯岩浆弧东部(b)地质简图(据Zhang Zeming et al.,2020修改)

  • Fig.1 Geological map of the Tibet Plateau (a) and the eastern Gangdese magmatic arc (b) (modified after Zhang Zeming et al., 2020)

  • 锆石Hf同位素比值测试在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司利用激光剥蚀多接收杯等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)完成。激光剥蚀系统为Geolas HD,MC-ICP-MS为Neptune Plus。采用单点剥蚀模式,斑束固定为44 μm。详细仪器操作条件和分析方法可参照Hu Zhaochu et al.(2012)。分析数据的离线处理(包括对样品和空白信号的选择、同位素质量分馏校正)采用软件ICPMSDataCal(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2010)完成。

  • 3 岩相学和矿物化学

  • 绿帘角闪黑云斜长片麻岩(样品20-1和20-2)主要矿物为斜长石(43%)、石英(21%)、角闪石(14%)和黑云母(13%),次要矿物为钾长石(6%)和绿帘石(3%)(图2b)。绿帘黑云二长片麻岩(样品20-3和20-5)主要矿物为斜长石(36%)、石英(30%)、钾长石(18%)和黑云母(13%),次要矿物为绿帘石(3%)(图2c)。绿帘二长片麻岩(样品20-4和20-7),主要矿物为斜长石(35%)、石英(31%)、钾长石(30%),次要矿物为绿帘石(3%)和黑云母(1%)(图2d)。镜下观察可见,片麻岩中较小的他形微斜长石、斜长石和石英充填在大的他形斜长石和钾长石空隙之间(图2c、d),较大的钾长石和斜长石具港湾状边,被具有蠕状交生结构的石英和斜长石替代(图2e、f)。这表明片麻岩经历了部分熔融和熔体结晶作用,是长英质混合岩的典型特征(Holness et al.,2008; Sawyer,2008)。

  • 所研究的6个片麻岩中斜长石和角闪石的化学成分分析结果见表1,黑云母、绿帘石和钾长石的分析结果见附表1(http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=202203099& flag=1)。片麻岩中斜长石成分相似,Al2O3含量为23.1%~25.1%,CaO含量为5.3%~6.7%,NaO2含量为7.4%~8.4%,钙长石分子(An)在26%~33%之间,属于更长石—中长石。角闪石出现在绿帘角闪黑云斜长片麻岩中(20-1和20-2),其具有相似的SiO2(41.6%~42.5%)、Al2O3(10.2%~10.9%)、CaO(11.2%~11.4%)、FeO(18.1%~18.8%)、Na2O(1.4%~1.5%)、K2O(1.6%~1.9%)含量,属于钙质角闪石。片麻岩中黑云母具有相似的FeO(15.3%~18.6%)、MgO(10.1%~13.4%)、Al2O3(14.1%~16.1%)和TiO2(1.7%~2.8%)含量。片麻岩中绿帘石化学成分相似,Fe2O3含量为13.4%~15.4 %,CaO含量为23.3%~24.1%。钾长石中Al2O3含量为18.0%~18.4%,K2O含量为15.1%~16.0%,正长石分子(Or)为89%~94%。

  • 表1 里龙岩基片麻岩中矿物化学成分的代表性分析结果(%)

  • Table1 Representative chemical compositions (%) of minerals of the gneiss from the Lilong batholith

  • 注:bd表示低于检测限。

  • 4 全岩地球化学

  • 6个片麻岩具有不同的主量元素成分,其中SiO2含量为61.94%~74.39%,Al2O3含量为14.01%~17.06%,Na2O含量为3.02%~4.33%,K2O含量为2.34%~4.84%,TFeO含量为0.68%~5.37%,MgO含量为0.35%~2.95%,CaO含量为2.05%~5.12%(表2)。铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.89~1.03,属于准铝质—弱过铝质岩石(图3a)。在Middlemost(1994)的岩浆岩化学分类图解中,片麻岩样品落在闪长岩(样品20-1、20-2)、花岗闪长岩(样品20-3、20-5)和花岗岩(样品20-4、20-7)区域。在K2O-SiO2岩浆系列判别图解中,所有片麻岩样品均落在高钾钙碱性系列岩石的区域(图3b)。在SiO2与其他主量元素变异图中(图4),Al2O3、TiO2、MgO、TFeO、CaO与SiO2显示明显的负相关关系,而K2O与SiO2则显示出明显的正相关关系。

  • 图2 里龙岩基正片麻岩野外露头照片(a)、显微照片(b~e)和背散射图像(f)

  • Fig.2 Outcrop photo (a) , photomicrographs (b~e) , and back-scattered-electron image (f) of the orthogneisses from the Lilong batholith

  • (a)—绿帘角闪黑云斜长片麻岩(1)、绿帘黑云二长片麻岩(2)与绿帘二长片麻岩(3)互层产出,均呈条带状构造;(b)—绿帘角闪黑云斜长片麻岩显微照片,单偏光;(c)、(d)—绿帘黑云二长片麻岩和绿帘二长片麻岩,正交偏光;(e)、(f)—片麻岩中较大的钾长石具港湾状边,边部被具有蠕状交生结构的石英和斜长石替代; Ep—绿帘石; Bt—黑云母; Amp—角闪石; Pl—斜长石; Kfs—钾长石; Qz—石英

  • (a) —Outcrop photo of gneissic migmatite, interbedding of epidote-hornblende-biotite-plagioclase gneiss (1) , epidote-biotite monzogneiss (2) and epidote monzogneiss (3) , banded structure; (b) —epidote-hornblende-biotite-plagioclase gneiss, plane light; (c) , (d) —epidote-biotite monzogneiss and epidote monzogneiss, crossed polarized light; (e) , (f) —K-feldspar shows embayment edges and vermicular intergrowth (myrmekite) of quartz and plagioclase; Ep—epidote; Bt—biotite; Amp—hornblende; Pl—plagioclase; Kfs—K-feldspar; Qz—quartz

  • 图3 里龙岩基正片麻岩和石榴子石角闪岩的A/NK-A/CNK(a,据Maniar et al.,1989)和K2O-SiO2图(b,据Rickwood,1989

  • Fig.3 A/NK-A/CNK (a, after Maniar et al., 1989) and K2O-SiO2 (b, after Rickwood et al., 1989) diagrams of the orthogneisses and garnet amphibolites from the Lilong batholith

  • 图4 里龙岩基正片麻岩和石榴子石角闪岩的哈克图解

  • Fig.4 Harker diagrams of the orthogneisses and garnet amphibolites from the Lilong batholith

  • 所研究的片麻岩的Co、Ni、Cr和V含量分别为2×10-6~16×10-6、3×10-6~34×10-6、2×10-6~65×10-6和14×10-6~123×10-6,大离子亲石元素Ba、Rb、Sr含量分别为601×10-6~1816×10-6、46×10-6~63×10-6和545×10-6~775 ×10-6(表2)。这些片麻岩都具有低的稀土总量(5.2×10-6~100×10-6),稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式为轻稀土相对富集、重稀土相对亏损。片麻岩具弱的负(Eu/Eu*=0.9)到明显正的Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=1.3~4.9)(图5a)。在原始地幔标准化的微量元素蛛网图上,表现相对富集Rb、Ba、K、Sr,具有Nb、Ta和Ti的负异常(图5b)。微量元素与SiO2图解(图4)显示,V、Sc与SiO2显示明显的负相关关系,而Ba与SiO2则显示出明显的正相关关系。

  • 图5 里龙岩基正片麻岩和石榴子石角闪岩的球粒陨石标准化稀土模式配分图(a,标准化值据Sun et al.,1989)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b,标准化值据McDonough et al.,1992

  • Fig.5 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a, normalization values after Sun et al., 1989) and primitive mantle-normalized trace elements spidergram (b, normalization values after McDonough et al., 1992) of the orthogneisses and garnet amphibolites from the Lilong batholith

  • 表2 里龙岩基正片麻岩全岩主量(%)和微量元素(×10-6)成分分析结果

  • Table2 Whole rock major (%) and trace element (×10-6) composition of the orthogneisses from the Lilong batholith

  • 续表2

  • 5 变质作用的P-T条件

  • 对于含有钙质角闪石的变质岩石,钙质角闪石中的Al2O3含量和斜长石的基性度与变质程度存在相关性,可以被用来计算岩石的变质温压条件(Liou et al.,1974; Laird,1980)。本文运用角闪石-斜长石温度计(Holland et al.,1994)和角闪石-斜长石-石英压力计(Bhadra et al.,2007)对绿帘角闪黑云斜长片麻岩进行了计算。选取样品中CaO含量最高的斜长石和与之相邻的角闪石成分,样品20-1获得的温度为~750℃,压力为~0.6 GPa,样品20-2获得的温度为~740℃,压力为~0.5 GPa。两个样品获得了类似的变质条件,即740~750℃,0.5~0.6 GPa。

  • 6 锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素分析

  • 5个正片麻岩样品中的锆石具有相似的特点,均为无色透明,自形—半自形短柱状,颗粒长约100~210 μm,长宽比约 1.6∶1~2.5∶1。阴极发光图像显示,锆石具有核-边结构,核部具振荡环带,边部无环带(图6)。片麻岩样品中锆石的LA-ICP-MS定年结果及微量元素分析分别见附表2和附表3(http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=202203099& flag=1)。这些锆石核部具有相对较高的Th/U比值(0.59~2.01)和重稀土元素(Er、Tm、Yb、Lu)总量(530×10-6~1250×10-6,图7),稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线均表现为明显的重稀土富集,Ce正异常,Eu负异常的特点(图8)。样品20-1、20-3、20-4、20-5和20-7的锆石核部分别获得了90~88 Ma、92~81 Ma、88~79 Ma、84~78 Ma和85~77 Ma的206Pb/238U年龄。锆石边部具有相对较低Th/U值(0.04~0.54)和重稀土总量(136×10-6~318×10-6,图7),稀土元素配分模式图上同样显示出亏损轻稀土、富集重稀土、Ce正异常和Eu负异常的特点(图8)。样品20-1、20-3、20-4、20-5和20-7的锆石边部具有相近的206Pb/238U年龄范围,分别为78~72 Ma、80~74 Ma、80~73 Ma、80~77 Ma和80~73 Ma。

  • 对4个片麻岩的锆石核部进行了Hf同位素分析,结果列于表3。从样品20-3、20-4、20-5、20-7获得的176Hf/177Hf值分别为0.283039~0.283060、0.283019~0.283050、0.283010~0.283025和0.283027~0.283040,εHft)值分别为+11.3~+12.1、+10.4~+11.6、+10.2~+10.7和+10.7~+11.2,相对应的Hf二阶段模式年龄(t DM2)分别为428~377 Ma、477~404 Ma、497~465 Ma和459~429 Ma。

  • 图6 里龙岩基正片麻岩代表性锆石的阴极发光图像、分析点位和206Pb/238U年龄(Ma)

  • Fig.6 Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircons, showing the analytical spots and 206Pb/238U ages (in Ma) of theorthogneisses from the Lilong batholith

  • 图7 里龙岩基正片麻岩中锆石重稀土元素(a)和Th/U(b)与206Pb/238U年龄图

  • Fig.7 HREE-age (a) and Th/U-age (b) diagrams of the orthogneisses from the Lilong batholith

  • 表3 里龙岩基正片麻岩锆石Hf同位素结果

  • Table3 Zircon Hf isotopic composition of the orthogneisses from the Lilong batholith

  • 7 讨论

  • 7.1 晚白垩世花岗岩与里龙岩基成因

  • 所研究片麻岩中的锆石具有核边结构,锆石核部具有振荡环带,相对较高的REE含量和Th/U比值,分馏的REE配分模式和显著的Eu负异常。这些特征表明,锆石核是岩浆结晶成因的(Wu Yuanbao et al.,2004)。但是,这些锆石岩浆核的振荡环带较弱(图6),所获得的U-Pb年龄在较大范围内变化。这很可能是由于花岗岩中的锆石在变质作用过程被部分改造,其U-Pb同位素体系被部分重置,使其结晶年龄不同程度变小,较大年龄值最有可能代表其形成年龄(Wu Yuanbao et al.,2004)。因此,我们认为所研究正片麻岩样品中锆石核部获得的92~86 Ma的较老年龄为原岩结晶年龄。

  • 已有研究表明,里龙岩基由东北部的辉长岩已经变质成石榴子石角闪岩,向西南部的闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗岩部分变质成了正片麻岩(Zhang Zeming et al.,2014b2020; Guo Liang et al.,2020)。在这些变质岩中获得的原岩年龄分布在100~86 Ma(Ma Lin et al.,2013a2013b; Zhang Zeming et al.,20102014b2020; Ji Weiqiang et al.,2014; Niu Zhixiang et al.,2019)。本文所研究的正片麻岩采自里龙岩基内部,而且所获得的原岩年龄与里龙岩基中的其他岩石基本一致,表明这些片麻岩的原岩是里龙岩基的一部分。

  • 本文和已有研究成果表明,晚白垩世早期(100~86 Ma)里龙岩基中的各种岩石均显示出钙碱性或高钾钙碱性(图3b)、准铝质到弱过铝质(图3a)的成分特点(Ma Lin et al.,2013a,b; Ji Weiqiang et al.,2014; Zhang Zeming et al.,2014b2020; Guo Liang et al.,2020)。在稀土和微量元素标准化图中,这些岩石均表现为轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta和Ti亏损(图5b),即显示出与俯冲相关弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。本文所研究的正片麻岩和里龙岩基中其他正变质岩石中的岩浆锆石具有与亏损地幔相似的Hf同位素(176Hf/177Hf=0.283010~0.283060)组成,较高的正εHft)值(+8.9~+15.9)(Ma Lin et al.,2013a2013b; Zhang Zeming et al.,2014b)。这些证据表明,里龙岩基可能起源于被俯冲板片流体交代的地幔楔的部分熔融。大体积里龙岩基和同期弧岩浆岩在东冈底斯弧的广泛分布,不仅表明晚白垩世是冈底斯弧重要的岩浆活动期之一,也表明冈底斯岩浆弧经历了显著的新生地壳生长。

  • 图8 里龙岩基正片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图和球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(标准化值据Sun et al.,1989

  • Fig.8 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams and chondrite-normalized REE patterns (normalization values after Sun et al., 1989) of the orthogneisses from the Lilong batholith

  • Zhang Zeming et al.(2014b)的研究表明,里龙岩基的辉长岩-闪长岩-花岗闪长岩是同源岩浆分异结晶的产物,母岩浆总体成分相当于中性岩浆。岩基底部(东北部)的辉长岩是堆晶岩,而岩基上部(西南部)的花岗闪长岩和花岗岩是演化岩浆结晶的产物。将本文与已经发表的里龙岩基中各种岩石的全岩化学成分资料投在哈克图解中可以看出,这些岩石的Al2O3、TiO2、MgO、TFeO、Na2O、CaO、V和Sc含量随着SiO2含量的增加而减小,而K2O和Ba含量随SiO2含量的增加而增加,显示出更明显的同源岩浆结晶分异趋势(图4)。本文研究的正片麻岩(变质闪长-花岗岩)具弱负到明显的正Eu异常,明显富集K、Ba和Sr(图5a、b)。笔者认为这可能是由于母岩浆发生了以角闪石和辉石为主的分离结晶后,残余岩浆结晶形成了所研究的花岗质岩石。这些岩石富集斜长石和钾长石,所以具有高的K、Ba含量和正Eu异常。本文工作进一步证明晚白垩世(100~86 Ma)里龙岩基中的辉长岩-闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-花岗岩是结晶分异作用的产物。

  • 7.2 里龙岩基的晚白垩世变质作用与部分熔融

  • 本文所研究的正片麻岩中的锆石呈自形—半自形,锆石边部区域无环带,其CL强度明显高于核部锆石,在锆石边部与核部之间出现弱CL强度的重结晶前锋(图6)。锆石边部的Th/U与U-Pb年龄有较为明显的正相关关系,且具有比继承的岩浆核更低的Th/U比值(图7b),更低的重稀土元素含量(图7a)。这样的结构和成分特征表明,这些锆石的边部是变质重结晶成因的(Wu Yuanbao et al.,2004)。因此,锆石边部获得的约81~72 Ma的年龄代表片麻岩的变质和深熔作用时间。这一变质年龄与以前的研究结果是一致的。如,Zhang Zeming et al.(2014b)从里龙岩基的变质辉长岩中获得了晚白垩世晚期(77~68 Ma)的变质年龄。Niu Zhixiang et al.(2019)从里龙岩基石榴子石角闪岩(变质辉长岩)中获得了~86 Ma的变质年龄。通过详细的地质填图和年代学研究,Zhang Zeming et al.(2020)进一步揭示出里龙岩基的各种岩石均经历了85~70 Ma的变质作用。

  • Zhang et al.(2014b)研究表明,里龙岩基东北部的辉长岩经历了高压和高温麻粒岩相变质作用和部分熔融,其变质作用温压条件为830~900℃和0.9~1.3 GPa。Niu Zhixiang et al.(2019)Qin Shengkai et al.(2019)对里龙岩基中变质辉长岩和泥质片岩包体的研究表明,这些岩石经历了~1.7 GPa和~820℃的高压麻粒岩相的变质作用和部分熔融。Zhang Zeming et al.(2020)认为里龙岩基东部的高压麻粒岩相变质和深熔岩石是岩浆弧下地壳的重要组成部分。本文所研究的正片麻岩(变质闪长-花岗岩)位于里龙岩基的西南部,其经历了角闪岩相的变质作用和部分熔融,变质作用温压条件为740~750℃,0.5~0.6 GPa。因此,这些角闪岩相变质岩代表岩浆弧的中地壳组成部分。本文和前人研究表明,里龙岩基的变质和熔融程度从东北向西南部逐渐变低,即从高压麻粒岩相过渡为角闪岩相,从下地壳过渡到中地壳。

  • 在冈底斯弧东段分布有晚白垩世晚期(86~70 Ma)的花岗岩,如卧龙岩基(图1b)。而且,这些岩石有低的Mg#值,高Sr/Y和La/Yb比值,正的εNdt)和εHft)值,低的初始(87Sr/86Sr)i,被认为起源于加厚的新生下地壳的部分熔融(Wen Daren et al.,2008; Ji Weiqiang et al.,2014; Tang Yuwei et al.,2020)。本文和前人研究表明,东冈底斯弧的新生中下地壳经历了晚白垩世晚期的高温、高压变质作用和部分熔融,里龙岩基中的辉长岩转变成了混合岩化的石榴子石角闪岩。因此,我们认为由石榴子石角闪岩组成的加厚的新生下地壳的强烈部分熔融,很可能形成了东冈底斯弧晚白垩世晚期(86~70 Ma)的高Sr/Y花岗岩。

  • 7.3 冈底斯弧晚白垩世地壳加厚与构造演化

  • 冈底斯弧具有双倍的正常地壳厚度(Hirn et al.,1984; Molnar,1988; Zhao Wenjin et al.,1993),但对这一巨厚地壳的形成时限和机制仍有不同的认识。有许多学者认为冈底斯弧地壳加厚发生在~60 Ma之后的印度-亚洲大陆碰撞和汇聚期间。如Zhu Dicheng et al.(2017)认为在印度-亚洲大陆碰撞之前,冈底斯岩浆弧具有正常的地壳厚度(~37 km),但在55~45 Ma时期明显加厚至约50~58 km,在约20~10 Ma 达到现今的地壳厚度(~68 km)。另一些研究认为,在碰撞前的晚白垩世时期冈底斯弧的地壳就已经开始加厚。如Ding Lin et al.(2014)通过对冈底斯中部林周盆地早新生代沉积岩氧同位素的研究,认为在印度与亚洲大陆碰撞前冈底斯弧地壳已经具有55 km的厚度,即冈底斯在碰撞前就经历了明显的加厚。Tang Ming et al.(2021)基于对冈底斯弧型岩浆岩中锆石Eu异常研究,提出冈底斯弧在90~70 Ma的晚白垩世具有50~60 km的地壳厚度。本文和已有研究结果表明,冈底斯弧东端经历了晚白垩世(86~70 Ma)的变质作用。而且,里龙岩基根部的变质辉长岩和泥质片岩包体经历了高温高压变质作用,变质压力可达1.5~1.7 GPa(Zhang Zeming et al.,2014b; Niu Zhixiang et al.,2019; Qin Shengkai et al.,2019)。这也表明冈底斯弧在晚白垩世晚期经历了地壳加厚,地壳厚度至少为50 km。

  • 由于冈底斯岩浆弧晚白垩世紫苏花岗岩具有高温、低水活度、钙碱性和埃达克质的特征,并且其围岩经历了同侵入期的高温变质作用,Zhang Zeming et al.(2009,2010,2011)提出在晚白垩世早期冈底斯岩浆弧处于新特提斯洋中脊俯冲的背景下。这种观点得到其他学者后来的研究成果所支持(Guan Qi et al.,2010; Guo Liang et al,2011,2013; Zhu Dicheng et al.,20132019; Meng Fanyi et al.,2014; Zheng Yuanchuan et al.,2014; Kapp et al.,2019)。在洋中脊俯冲过程中,高温的软流圈物质沿板片窗上涌引起俯冲板片和地幔楔发生强烈部分熔融,由此导致了冈底斯岩浆弧的强烈晚白垩世岩浆作用和新生地壳生长。随着洋中脊俯冲的结束,年轻的新特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲。低密度的年轻大洋岩石圈将发生平缓俯冲,冈底斯岩浆弧将处于一个挤压的构造环境(Ding Lin et al.,2003; Chung Sunlin et al.,2005; Ji Weiqiang et al.,2014; Kapp et al.,2019; Xu Zhiqin et al.,2019)。这将导致岩浆弧地壳发生明显的褶皱变形和逆冲推覆,引起强烈的地壳加厚(Stern,2002; Frisch et al.,2011)。由此导致了新形成的里龙岩基被运移到加厚的中下地壳,并发生不同程度的高温变质作用和部分熔融。

  • 8 结论

  • 本文对冈底斯岩浆弧东段里龙岩基中闪长岩-花岗岩变质形成的片麻岩进行了岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究,取得如下结论:

  • (1)所研究的片麻岩由斜长石、钾长石、石英、黑云母、绿帘石和白云母组成,经历了角闪岩相变质作用,变质温、压条件为740~750℃和0.5~0.6 GPa。片麻岩中的锆石岩浆核给出了92~86 Ma的原岩年龄,边部获得了81~72 Ma的变质年龄。所研究的片麻岩原岩具有亏损地幔起源的弧岩浆岩的典型成分特征,为幔源岩浆结晶分异作用的产物。

  • (2)晚白垩世早期,新特提斯洋中脊俯冲过程中巨量幔源岩浆的增生导致冈底斯弧发生了显著的新生地壳生长。晚白垩世晚期,残余新特提斯洋岩石圈平缓俯冲导致了新生地壳的加厚,以及加厚中下地壳的高级变质和部分熔融。

  • 致谢:感谢评审人提出的宝贵意见; 董昕老师和田作林老师在工作中的指导和帮助!

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