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作者简介:

王盟,男,1987年生。博士,副教授,主要从事构造地质学教学与科研工作。E-mail:wangyelei110@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    北天山增生杂岩带是北天山洋最终闭合的产物,对其中的地质体进行详细研究是揭示北天山洋演化过程的关键。北天山增生杂岩带内存在一些花岗质侵入体,然而目前为止,对这些岩体的形成时代及成因研究十分有限。本文对北天山西段的萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析,并探讨其成因及大地构造意义。萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体主要岩石类型均为二长花岗岩,锆石U-Pb年龄分别为303 Ma和298 Ma,为晚石炭世—早二叠世侵入体。两个岩体的锆石均具有非常高的εHf(t)值,分别为9.7~12.1(平均为11.2)和12.1~15.0(平均为13.2),相应的两阶段模式年龄为696~547 Ma和541~357 Ma,表明其源区为新生的地壳物质。两个岩体的样品均具有高硅、富碱、富钾特征,为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩,其较高的CaO/Na2O比值(>0.3)和Al2O3/(MgO+FeOT)mol值暗示其可能源于变质杂砂岩的部分熔融,北天山增生楔中的复理石砂岩为可能的源区岩石。结合区域资料,本文认为萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体形成于同碰撞向后碰撞转换阶段,限定了北天山洋在晚石炭世末闭合。

    Abstract

    The North Tianshan belt was formed during closure of the North Tianshan Ocean. Detailed study on the geological unit within the North Tianshan belt is crucial to reveal tectonic process of the North Tianshan Ocean. There are several granitic plutons intruding into the North Tianshan belt, but detailed studies including geochemistry and geochronology are limited. In this paper, we conducted zircon U-Pb dating, geochemistry and zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses on the Saersala and the Ailuxun plutons in the western part of the North Tianshan belt. These data were used to discuss the petrogenesis and geological setting of the plutons. The Saersala and the Ailuxun plutons are both monzogranites. Their zircon U-Pb ages are 303 Ma and 298 Ma. Zircons from the two plutons all display high positive εHf(t) values, which are 9.7 to 12.1 (average 11.2) for the Saersala pluton and 12.1 to 15.0 (average 13.2) for the Ailuxun pluton. Their two stage model ages are 696~547 Ma and 541~357 Ma, respectively, reflecting juvenile magma sources for the studied plutons. Samples from the two plutons all have high SiO2 and total alkaline contents, and belong to weakly peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline granites. They have high CaO/Na2O values and Al2O3/(MgO+FeOT)mol values, indicating magma sources mainly of meta-greywackes. The flysch sandstones in the North Tianshan belt are potential source rocks for the studied monzogranites. Combine with other geological evidences, we suggest that the Saersala and the Ailuxun plutons were formed during the transition stage from collision to post-collision. The North Tianshan Ocean closed during the end of the Late Carboniferous.

  • 中亚造山带位于西伯利亚、欧洲、卡拉库姆、塔里木和华北克拉通之间(图1a; Windley et al.,1990,2007),是世界上最为典型和最大的显生宙增生型造山带之一(Cawood et al.,2009)。天山造山带位于中亚造山带的最南缘,西起乌兹别克斯坦,向东经新疆中部可延伸到甘肃北山地区,延绵2500余千米,是了解中亚造山带增生造山过程的窗口,长期以来受到地质学家的广泛关注(Allen et al.,1992; Xiao Xuchang et al.,1992; Gao Jun et al.,19982011; Wang Bo et al.,2006200920122018; Zhang Lifei et al.,2007; Zhu Yongfeng et al.,2009; Han Baofu et al.,2010; Dong Yunpeng et al.,2011; Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2013; Feng Wanyi et al.,2019)。

  • 沿西天山北缘依连哈比尔尕山北坡断续出露一条长达300 km的蛇绿混杂岩带,西起艾比湖,经精河、巴音沟向东一直延伸到后峡一带(图1b)。前人对蛇绿岩开展了详细的定年工作,发现北天山蛇绿岩的形成时代主要为晚泥盆世—早石炭世(Xu Xueyi et al.,2006a2006b; Li Chao et al.,2015; Zheng Hao et al.,2019)。温泉地区中奥陶世—早志留世岛弧性质侵入岩的发现,表明北天山洋最早可能从中—晚奥陶世就开始向伊犁地块之下发生俯冲作用(Huang Zongying et al.,2013; Wang Bo et al.,2014)。博罗霍努地区志留系库茹尔组砂岩中存在的大量 510~425 Ma的碎屑锆石,也是伊犁地块北缘曾存在大规模早古生代岩浆作用的证据(Feng Bo et al.,2019)。然而,对于北天山洋闭合的时间,却仍存在不同的观点。根据天山造山带广泛存在的早石炭世与下伏地层之间的不整合接触关系,Xia Linqi et al.(2004)认为天山造山带的碰撞造山作用于早石炭世就已经结束,将广泛分布在天山造山带及邻区的石炭纪—二叠纪火山岩厘定为与地幔柱活动相关的裂谷火山岩(Xia Linqi et al.,2020)。但也有学者通过岩石学和地球化学研究认为伊犁地块北缘晚泥盆世—早石炭世大哈拉军山组火山岩为一套玄武岩、安山岩和流纹岩组合,具有钙碱性特征,同时具有较长的延续时间(>50 Ma),不具有裂谷火山岩(或地幔柱)的特征,而是形成于活动大陆边缘的弧火山岩(Zhu Yongfeng et al.,2009; An Fang et al.,2013; Yu Xinqi et al.,2016)。Li Yongjun et al.(2010)从石炭纪构造岩石组合及接触关系、构造变形特征和古生物的差异等方面入手,提出天山古生代洋盆闭合时间为早石炭世晚期。Han Baofu et al.(2010)引入“钉合岩体”的概念,认为侵入到北天山增生杂岩带中的四棵树岩体具有钉合岩体的性质,其形成时代316 Ma限定了北天山洋闭合的上限。Li Chao et al.(2015)认为俯冲带后撤同样可以在增生杂岩中形成岛弧型岩浆岩,北天山增生杂岩带中中酸性岩浆岩一直持续到299 Ma,可能暗示北天山洋在早二叠世依然存在。

  • 花岗岩发育于造山带演化的整个过程,对其物理性质(岩浆物理特征、岩体、构造)、物质组成(岩石地化和同位素特征)和年代学进行综合研究,对于揭示造山过程具有重要意义,近年来已有学者提出“花岗岩大地构造”的概念(Wang Tao et al.,2019)。增生杂岩形成于大洋俯冲消减过程,但最终就位于陆/陆或弧/陆碰撞阶段,其中发育的花岗岩岩石类型、变形特征和源区性质对于解析洋盆俯冲、闭合过程具有重要意义(Han Baofu et al.,2010; Chen Yichao et al.,2021)。北天山增生杂岩带内就存在一些花岗质岩体,但整体研究程度较低。本文选取北天山增生杂岩带内萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体进行岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素的研究,讨论其岩石成因,并结合区域资料讨论其形成的大地构造环境,为北天山洋的闭合时间提供约束。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 中国西天山造山带位于准噶尔地块和塔里木地块(克拉通)之间,以几条大型区域性断裂为界,西天山可以分为北天山增生杂岩带、伊犁地块、中天山地块和南天山增生杂岩带等四个构造单元(图1b; Gao Jun et al.,1998; Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2013)。

  • 北天山增生杂岩带呈北西西—南东东向延伸,长约 300 km,宽约 30 km,南以 WNW 走向的北天山断裂与伊犁地块相隔,向北逆冲到准噶尔盆地中新生代地层之上(图1c; Gao Jun et al.,1998; Han Baofu et al.,2010)。该增生杂岩带由一套泥盆纪—石炭纪浊积相复理石沉积和代表古大洋岩石圈残片的蛇绿岩单元构成(Wang Bo et al.,2006)。复理石单元主要由灰黑、灰绿色中-细粒凝灰质砂岩、粉砂岩和凝灰岩组成,夹一些硅质岩和火山角砾岩(Gao Jun et al.,1998; Wang Bo et al.,2006),发育典型的鲍马序列,具有浊积成因的特点(Jin Huijuan et al.,1989)。笔者曾对北天山增生杂岩带复理石砂岩进行碎屑锆石年代学分析,表明其主要形成于晚石炭世(Wang Meng et al.,2018)。其中的硅质岩为不纯的泥质硅质岩,主要为热水成因,形成于大陆边缘,与火山活动密切相关(Wang Meng et al.,2021)。蛇绿岩单元主要由蛇纹石化橄榄岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、块状玄武岩和硅质岩组成,可能形成于准噶尔洋的边缘海盆(Wu Jiyi et al.,1989)、石炭纪拉开的“红海型”小洋盆(Xu Xueyi et al.,2006a),或弧前环境(Feng Wanyi et al.,2018Chen Genwen et al.,2020)。Xu Xueyi et al.(2006a,2006b)获得巴音沟蛇绿岩中辉长岩和斜长花岗岩锆石 U-Pb 年龄分别为 344 Ma 和 325 Ma,Li Chao et al.(2015)测得奎屯河蛇绿岩中斜长花岗岩的锆石 U-Pb 年龄为343 Ma,Zheng Hao et al.(2019)测得精河蛇绿岩中的辉长岩形成于381 Ma,结合巴音沟蛇绿岩套上部硅质岩中晚泥盆世—早石炭世放射虫和牙形刺化石资料(肖序常等,1992),指示北天山增生杂岩带中所保留的蛇绿岩主要形成于晚泥盆世—早石炭世。在宁家河—金沟河—玛纳斯河一带还发育一套晚石炭世阿尔巴萨依组火山岩-火山碎屑岩地层。早期新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局(1995)曾将其划分为下二叠统,但近年来精确的锆石U-Pb年代学工作确定该套火山岩主要形成于315~305 Ma之间(Liu Dongdong et al.,2015; Wang Jialin et al.,2018; Bai et al.,2020),应归属于晚石炭世。区域上,北天山晚石炭世火山-沉积岩系与上覆地层一般以断层接触。二叠系从下到上岩性变化较大,但整体表现为由细变粗的沉积序列,沉积环境由海相逐渐转变为陆相,晚二叠世以后则普遍进入陆相演化阶段(Pang Zhichao et al.,2020)。

  • 图1 中亚造山带构造位置图(a)和中国西天山地质简图(b)(据Gao Jun et al.,2009)

  • Fig.1 Simplified tectonic map of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (a) and geological map of the Chinese West Tianshan Orogen (b) (after Gao Jun et al., 2009)

  • 伊犁地块为一西宽东窄的三角形块体,其中间目前被新生代沉积所覆盖。前寒武纪岩石主要在伊犁地块的南北两缘出现,主要为中新元古代变沉积岩和新元古代花岗质片麻岩(Long Xiaoping et al.,2017)。伊犁地块北缘寒武纪—早奥陶世主要为一套稳定的被动大陆边缘沉积,从中奥陶世开始出现可能形成于活动大陆边缘的钙碱性火山岩(Gao Jun et al.,1998)。泥盆系砾岩、砂岩及中酸性火山岩主要出露在阿拉套和博罗霍努地区,而石炭系灰岩、砂岩、页岩和火山岩则在伊犁地块北缘广泛发育,其上被二叠系陆相地层不整合覆盖(Wang Xiangsong et al.,2020)。在温泉地区还发育中晚奥陶世侵入岩,岩石类型包括辉长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二云母花岗岩等,可能为北天山洋早期俯冲的产物(Wang Bo et al.,2012; Huang Zongying et al.,2013)。大量的泥盆系—二叠系花岗岩则在整个伊犁地块北缘广泛出露(图1b)。

  • 北天山增生杂岩带内发育一些晚古生代的侵入岩体,主要形成于石炭纪—二叠纪,一般规模不大。四棵树岩体是其中规模最大的一个,为一形成于晚石炭世的复式岩体(Han Baofu et al.,2010),岩石类型包括石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和花岗斑岩等(Yang Guanghua et al.,2014)。在精河县东南部,还零星出露几个北西—南东向展布的小型花岗质岩体,其中就包括了本文所重点研究的萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体。

  • 2 岩相学特征

  • 萨尔萨拉岩体在平面上呈不规则状展布,分布面积约为25 km2。岩体主体侵入到石炭系浊积岩中(图3a、b),其南北两侧为断层所围限。岩体主体为二长花岗岩,灰白色,中细粒花岗结构,块状构造(图3b),主要矿物组成包括斜长石、碱性长石、石英和黑云母等(图3d)。其中斜长石含量为35%~40%,自形程度较好,呈板条状,部分颗粒发生蚀变,一般发生绢云母化,粒径0.8~2 mm; 碱性长石含量约为30%,自形程度较差,主要为条纹长石和微斜长石,粒径1~3 mm; 石英含量25%~30%,呈他形粒状,一级黄白干涉色,粒度0.5~1.5 mm; 黑云母含量3%~5%,边缘往往发育不透明暗化边,呈片状,片径为0.3~0.5 mm。

  • 艾鲁逊岩体呈近东西向展布,长5~6 km,宽1~2 km,侵入到晚石炭世凝灰质粉砂岩中(图3e)。岩体主体同样为二长花岗岩,风化面呈浅肉红色,新鲜面为灰白色,在局部还可见到一些暗色的微粒包体(图3f)。该岩石粒度差异较大,大的可达3~4 mm,小的一般0.3~0.5 mm,显示为不等粒结构,块状构造。主要由斜长石、钾长石、石英和黑云母等组成。斜长石含量30%~35%,呈板柱状,常被蚀变成绢云母,大的可到2~4 mm,部分小颗粒小于1 mm; 碱性长石含量与斜长石相当,主要为条纹长石,少量微斜长石和正长石,粒径0.5~3 mm; 石英含量25%左右,他形粒状,大部分粒度介于0.2~0.5 mm之间,少量粒径较大,可达3 mm左右; 黑云母含量3%~5%,同样发育暗化边结构,片径0.1~0.3 mm。

  • 图2 北天山西段萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体及周边地区地质图(据Zheng Hao et al.,2019

  • Fig.2 Geological sketch map of the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons from the North Tianshan belt and adjacent areas (after Zheng Hao et al., 2019)

  • 图3 萨尔萨拉和艾鲁逊岩体野外及显微镜下特征

  • Fig.3 Outcrop and microphotographs of the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons

  • (a)—莎尔萨拉岩体侵入北天山增生杂岩带之中;(b)—萨尔萨拉岩体二长花岗岩野外照片;(c)—萨尔萨拉岩体的围岩(千枚岩);(d)—萨尔萨拉岩体二长花岗岩显微照片;(e)—艾鲁逊岩体侵入到北天山增生杂岩带之中;(f)—艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩野外照片;(g)—艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩显微照片; Qtz—石英; Pl—斜长石; Alk—碱性长石; Bi—黑云母

  • (a) —The Saersala pluton intrudes into the North Tianshan accretionary belt; (b) —field photograph of the Saersala monzogranite; (c) —country rock of the Saersala pluton; (d) —micro-photograph of the Saersala monzogranite; (e) —the Ailuxun pluton intrudes into the North Tianshan accretionary belt; (f) —field photograph of the Ailuxun monzogranite; (g) —micro-photograph of the Ailuxun monzogranite; Qtz—quartz; Pl—plagioclase; Alk—alkaline feldspar; Bi—biotite

  • 3 分析方法

  • 3.1 主微量元素分析

  • 样品的主微量元素测试在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成。主量元素分析采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)方法分析完成,XRF溶片法按照国家标准GB/T14506.28—1993执行,元素分析误差小于2.5%,烧失量(LOI)在烘箱中经1000℃高温烘烤90 min后称重获得。稀土和微量元素的分析采用溶液法在Thermo-X7电感耦合等离子体质谱仪上进行。先将粉末样品(500 mg)置于PrllFE坩锅,加入添加剂(1.0 mL高纯HF和1.5 mL高纯HNO3),按照标准测试程序,反复添加、加热、冷却后,最后在离心管中稀释到50 mL; 将所得溶液在电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)上完成测定,分析精度和准确度优于5%~10%。

  • 3.2 锆石U-Pb年代学分析

  • 锆石挑选工作在西安瑞石地质科技有限公司完成。首先将样品粉碎至80~100目,采用常规浮选和磁选后,在双筒目镜下挑选晶型较好、较为纯净的锆石颗粒; 之后将锆石整齐地粘在环氧树脂上,每个样品粘制>200粒锆石; 随后对锆石进行透反射光和阴极发光照相,以观察锆石的内部结构并选取合适的分析位置。

  • 锆石的U-Pb年龄测定工作在天津地质矿产研究所进行,所用仪器为一台配备了193 nm ArF准分子激光器的Neptune型激光烧蚀多接收等离子体质谱仪(LA-MC-ICP-MS)。测试过程中所用的剥蚀斑束为35 μm,以He为载气将剥蚀下来的物质运载到分析仪器。详细分析方法及仪器参数见Li Huaikun et al.(2009)。锆石年龄的测定以TEMORA作为外部标准锆石。元素含量采用美国国家标准技术研究所研制的人工合成硅酸盐玻璃标准物质NIST610为外标、29Si为内标进行校正。207Pb/206Pb、206Pb/238U和207Pb/235U比值的计算采用中国地质大学(武汉)刘勇胜教授研发的ICPMS Data Cal程序,年龄谐和图的制作采用ISOPLOT3.0(Ludwig,2003)程序完成。

  • 3.3 锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析

  • 锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室完成。所用仪器为NU plasma II多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS),配备的激光系统为Geolas HD 193 nm ArF准分子激光器。分析中所选取的斑束直径为40 μm,分析位置位于U-Pb同位素数据分析点的附近。分析采用单点剥蚀模式,激光脉冲频率为8 Hz,激光能量密度为5.3 J/cm2。实验过程中采用He作为载气将剥蚀物质带离剥蚀舱,与Ar混合后传送到MC-ICP-MS进行分析。以国际标准锆石91500作为内标,GJ-1作为监控标样。进行锆石Lu-Hf同位素成分计算过程中,采用176Lu的衰变常数为(1.865×10-11),球粒陨石的176Hf/177Hf = 0.282772,176Lu/177Hf = 0.0332(Scherer et al.,2000)。单阶段的Hf模式年龄计算采用现今亏损地幔的176Hf/177Hf = 0.28325和176Lu/177Hf = 0.0384; 两阶段大陆地壳模式年龄(TDMC)采用176Lu/177Hf=0.015进行计算(Blichert-Toft et al.,1997)。

  • 4 实验结果

  • 4.1 地球化学特征

  • 本次研究从萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体分别采集8件样品进行地球化学分析,结果列于表1。

  • 萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体花岗岩均具有高硅(SiO2含量分别为72.80%~76.12%和71.39%~72.70%),富钾(K2O含量分别为3.72%~4.66%和4.53%~5.14%,K2O/Na2O比值分别为1.06~1.39和1.28~1.54)的特点,全碱含量(Na2O+K2O)分别为7.03%~8.16%和8.06%~8.72%,里特曼指数分别为1.49~2.11和2.25~2.68,属于高钾钙碱性系列(图4a~c)。Al2O3含量分别为12.46%~16.75%和13.67%~14.54%,铝饱和指数A/CNK值为1.01~1.49,基本为弱过铝质(其中萨尔萨拉岩体中1个样品A/CNK值为1.49,属强过铝质)(图4d)。两个岩体的MgO和Fe2O3T的含量均较低(分别为0.28%~0.56%和1.06%~2.73%),但萨尔萨拉岩体Mg#值(42~47)要高于艾鲁逊岩体(24~29)。萨尔萨拉岩体二长花岗岩的稀土总量为79.53×10-6~126.60×10-6,(La/Yb)N =3.17~7.28,(Gd/Yb)N =0.83~1.04,表现为轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损的右倾型稀土配分模式,重稀土较为平坦,没有明显的分异,略微向上翘起(图5a)。艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩具有更高的稀土总量,ΣREE=139.64×10-6~184.77×10-6,同样富集轻稀土相对而亏损重稀土((La/Yb)N =7.55~8.74),同时重稀土内部也存在一定程度的分馏((Gd/Yb)N =1.41~2.02)(图5c)。所有样品均有一定程度的Eu负异常,萨尔萨拉岩体样品的δEu=0.28~0.44,艾鲁逊岩体样品的δEu=0.26~0.41。在微量元素蛛网图上(图5b、d),两个岩体中样品的Rb、U、K和Th等元素表现为正异常,而Ba和Sr表现为负异常,Nb、Ta、Ti强烈亏损。

  • 图4 萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩岩石类型图解TAS图解(a,底图据Middlemost,1994),SiO2 vs. K2O图解(b,底图据Peccerillo et al.,1976),SiO2 vs. K2O/Na2O图解(c),A/CNK vs. A/NK图解(d,底图据Maniar et al.,1989)

  • Fig.4 TAS diagram (a, after Middlemost, 1994) , SiO2 vs. K2O diagram (b, after Peccerillo et al., 1976) , SiO2 vs. K2O/Na2O diagram (c) , A/CNK vs. A/NK diagram (d, after Maniar et al., 1989) of monzogranites from theSaersala and Ailuxun plutons

  • 4.2 锆石U-Pb定年结果

  • 本次研究的样品中分选出的锆石大部分具有较好的晶型,长100~150 μm,宽约50~100 μm,长宽比3∶1~1∶1。阴极发光图像(CL)显示(图6),锆石多数具有较好的岩浆振荡环带,个别锆石显示核边结构(比如图6a中分析点19)。整体上萨尔萨拉岩体中锆石比艾鲁逊岩体中锆石CL偏暗,可能是U含量偏高导致。萨尔萨拉岩体中锆石U和Th含量分别为474×10-6~2534×10-6和84×10-6~797×10-6,Th/U比值为0.17~0.45; 艾鲁逊岩体中锆石U和Th含量分别为143×10-6~524×10-6和45×10-6~162×10-6,Th/U比值为0.25~0.41。上述特征表明,本次研究的锆石均为岩浆锆石。

  • 对萨尔萨拉岩体中的20粒锆石进行U-Pb年代学分析,共获得18个谐和年龄数据(表2)。这18粒锆石的206Pb/238U年龄集中分布在307~296 Ma之间,加权平均年龄值为303±2 Ma(图7a),代表了岩体的结晶年龄。

  • 表1 北天山西段萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩主量(%)和微量(含稀土)(×10-6)分析结果

  • Table1 Major (%) and trace element (×10-6) compositions of the monzogranites from the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons in the western segment of the North Tianshan belt

  • 续表1

  • 图5 萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩稀土(a,c)和微量元素(b,d)图解(标准化数据据Sun et al.,1989)

  • Fig.5 Chondrite-normalized REE and primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagram of monzogranites from the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons (normalization values after Sun et al., 1989)

  • 图6 萨尔萨拉岩体(a)和艾鲁逊岩体(b)二长花岗岩锆石CL图像特征

  • Fig.6 Zircon CL images of monzogranites from the Saersala (a) and Ailuxun (b) plutons

  • 艾鲁逊岩体同样挑选了20粒锆石进行U-Pb年代学测试,其中的1粒锆石的年龄不谐和(表2)。19粒具有谐和年龄的锆石中,其中17粒锆石的年龄比较集中,206Pb/238U年龄分布范围为303~293 Ma,加权平均年龄为298±2 Ma(图7b),应该为岩浆结晶过程中形成的锆石。另外有1粒锆石的年龄偏老,年龄值364 Ma,为捕获锆石; 1粒锆石的年龄偏小,为281 Ma,可能是由于锆石内部发育包体或裂隙导致。

  • 4.3 锆石Lu-Hf同位素结果

  • 从两个样品中分别挑选10粒具谐和年龄、晶型较好且U-Pb年龄分析点位附近无裂隙和包体的锆石进行了Lu-Hf同位素测试,分析结果列于表3。所有176Lu/177Hf比值范围为0.000582~0.002950(仅个别测试数据大于0.002),平均为0.001279,说明放射性成因的Hf含量很低,所测定的176Hf/177Hf比值基本代表了其形成时体系的Hf同位素组成(Wu Fuyuan et al.,2007)。

  • 表2 北天山西段萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分析结果

  • Table2 Zircon U-Pb age data of monzogranites from the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons in the western segment of the North Tianshan belt

  • 图7 萨尔萨拉岩体(a)和艾鲁逊岩体(b)二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图

  • Fig.7 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams of monzogranites from the Saersala (a) and Ailuxun (b) plutons

  • 萨尔萨拉岩体10个分析点的176Hf/177Hf值相对集中,介于0.282865~0.282930之间,采用303 Ma作为锆石结晶年龄计算所得εHft)值为9.7~12.1,平均为11.2(图8a),单阶段模式年龄为550~456 Ma,平均为 492 Ma,两阶段模式年龄为696~547 Ma,平均为602 Ma(图8b)。

  • 艾鲁逊岩体10个分析点的176Hf/177Hf值在0.282938~0.283017之间,采用锆石结晶年龄298 Ma计算获得εHft)值略高于萨尔萨拉岩体,为12.1~15.0,平均为13.2(图8c),单阶段模式年龄为335~453 Ma,平均为409 Ma,两阶段模式年龄为541~357 Ma,平均为473 Ma(图8d)。

  • 5 讨论

  • 5.1 岩石成因

  • 萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩均显示了一定程度的斜长石蚀变现象(图3d、g),但烧失量整体较小(0.60%~1.31%),说明蚀变程度较低,而且主微量元素包括一些强活动性元素(如U、Pb和Rb等)与烧失量之间并无明显的相关性,也说明蚀变作用对元素含量影响不大(Ashwal et al.,2016)。

  • 萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩岩性均相对单一,具有高硅高钾、低MgO和Fe2O3T,以及低的Cr和Ni含量,表明其主要为地壳物质部分熔融的产物。就岩石类型而言,所研究的样品中不含碱性暗色矿物霞石、霓辉石等暗色矿物,说明其不太可能是A型花岗岩。地球化学上,萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩的10000×Ga/Al值分别为1.21~2.34和2.60~2.87,均低于全球A型花岗岩的平均值3.75(Whalen et al.,1987)。利用全岩Zr饱和温度计,计算所得萨尔萨拉岩体二长花岗岩的结晶温度为690~740℃(平均为713℃)、艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩的结晶温度为762~777℃(平均为771℃),也均低于正常的A型花岗岩的结晶温度(一般大于800℃,King et al.,1997)。一般情况下,I型花岗岩的P2O5与SiO2含量呈负相关,而S型花岗岩的P2O5与SiO2含量呈正相关(Wolf et al.,1994)。在SiO2 vs. P2O5图解中(图9),艾鲁逊岩体的样品具有I型花岗岩的趋势,萨尔萨拉岩体样品则表现出S型花岗岩的趋势。然而,在Rb vs. Th和Rb vs. Y判别图解中(图略; Li Xianhua et al.,2007),两个岩体的样品却不能有效地区分为I型花岗岩或S型花岗岩,说明其源区相对复杂,可能为混合源区。

  • 图8 萨尔萨拉岩体(a、b)和艾鲁逊岩体(c、d)二长花岗岩锆石Lu-Hf同位素特征

  • Fig.8 Zircon Lu-Hf isotope characteristics of the Saersala (a, b) and Ailuxun (c, d) plutons

  • 表3 北天山西段萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果

  • Table3 Zircon Lu-Hf isotope data for monzogranites from the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons in the western segment of the North Tianshan belt

  • 图9 萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩主微量元素哈克图解

  • Fig.9 Harker diagrams of the monzogranites from the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons

  • 研究表明过铝质花岗岩中的CaO/Na2O比值受控于源区泥质岩石的含量(Sylvester,1998),一般变砂质岩石为主的源区产生的熔体CaO/Na2O大于0.3,而CaO/Na2O比值小于0.3则暗示源区以变泥质岩石为主。萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体样品的CaO/Na2O大部分大于0.3,表明其源区主要为变砂质岩石(图10a)。相对较低的Rb/Ba和Rb/Sr比值也暗示其源区泥质成分含量相对较低(图10b)。在AFM vs. CFM图解(图10c)和Al2O3/(FeOT+MgO+TiO2)vs. Al2O3+FeOT+MgO+TiO2)图解(图10d)中,几乎所有萨尔萨拉岩体样品均落在了变质杂砂岩部分熔融的区域,而艾鲁逊岩体落在了变质杂砂岩、基性泥质岩和角闪岩部分熔融的重叠区域。萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体的锆石均具有较高的εHft)值(分别为 9.7~12.1和12.1~15.0),Hf模式年龄与锆石结晶年龄比较接近,表明其源区为新生地壳物质。在北天山增生杂岩带存在巨厚的晚泥盆纪—石炭纪复理石沉积,前期研究表明该复理石砂岩源区岩石主要为伊犁地块北缘和北天山泥盆-石炭纪岛弧岩浆岩(Wang Meng et al.,2018),可以作为萨尔萨拉和艾鲁逊岩体的可能岩浆源区。萨尔萨拉岩体二长花岗岩样品的Mg#较高(42~47),反映可能还有少量幔源物质的贡献。

  • 在主量元素和部分微量元素的哈克图解中(图9),大部分元素与SiO2相关性不强,表明岩石成分变化并不是主要由分离结晶作用造成的,而是岩浆源区不均一的结果。然而Al2O3,K2O,Na2O与SiO2呈明显负相关关系,并且所有样品均存在一定程度的Eu负异常,指示源区存在长石类矿物残留或岩浆经历了长石的分离结晶作用。正常情况下随着长石类矿物的分离结晶,δEu会随SiO2的升高而降低。艾鲁逊岩体样品的δEu与SiO2则具有负相关关系,表明存在一定程度的长石的分离结晶,但萨尔萨拉岩体中δEu与SiO2无明显相关性。另外,斜长石同时富集Eu和Sr,斜长石的分离结晶会造成Eu和Sr的负异常; 而钾长石同时富集Eu和Ba,钾长石的分离结晶则造成Eu和Ba的负异常(Hanson,1978)。那么斜长石的分离结晶将会出现Sr和Ba的负相关,钾长石的分离结晶则会导致Sr和Ba的正相关。在Ba/Sr vs. Sr和Sr vs. Ba图解中(图11),萨尔萨拉岩体样品投点比较分散,不能有效判别岩石中微量元素的变化是否由长石类矿物分离结晶作用造成,而艾鲁逊岩体样品则显示存在10%左右的斜长石的分离结晶作用。两个岩体均具有一定程度的轻重稀土元素分异,说明其源区存在角闪石或石榴子石的残余; 重稀土基本保持平坦(萨尔萨拉岩体甚至有微微上翘特征),说明源区残留以角闪石为主,而无石榴子石,因为石榴子石对重稀土有很强的分馏作用。

  • 图10 萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩岩浆源区类型判别图解

  • Fig.10 Source rock type discrimination diagrams for monzogranites from the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons

  • (a)—Al2O3/TiO2 vs. CaO/Na2O图解(据Sylvester,1998);(b)—Rb/Sr vs. Rb/Ba图解(据Sylvester,1998);(c)—AFM(Al2O3/(FeOT+MgO)mol)vs. CFM(CaO/(FeOT+MgO)mol)图解(据Altherr et al.,2000);(d)—Al2O3+FeOT+MgO+TiO2)vs. Al2O3/(FeOT+MgO+TiO2)图解(据Patiño Douce,1999

  • (a) —Al2O3/TiO2 vs. CaO/Na2O diagram (after Sylvester, 1998) ; (b) —Rb/Sr vs. Rb/Ba diagram (after Sylvester, 1998) ; (c) —AFM (Al2O3/ (FeOT+MgO) mol) vs. CFM (CaO/ (FeOT+MgO) mol) diagram (after Altherr et al., 2000) ; (d) — (Al2O3+FeOT+MgO+TiO2) vs. Al2O3/ (FeOT+MgO+TiO2) diagram (after Patiño Douce, 1999)

  • 5.2 大地构造意义

  • 本文所研究的萨尔萨拉和艾鲁逊二长花岗岩形成于晚石炭世—早二叠世,具有高钾钙碱性特征,可能为北天山增生杂岩带内石炭系复理石砂岩部分熔融的产物。岩体未见明显韧性变形现象,侵入到北天山增生杂岩带中,说明其形成于蛇绿混杂带就位之后,可能形成于同碰撞向后碰撞转换阶段。而在R1-R2因子构造环境判别图解中,所研究的北天山两个岩体的样品也均落在了同碰撞区域(图12)。

  • 区域上,晚石炭世—早二叠世是西天山北缘构造演化的一个重要时期,在岩浆作用、沉积作用和构造变形等方面均存在明显差异,可能记录了北天山洋从俯冲到闭合、北天山岛弧与伊犁地块发生弧陆碰撞并逐渐过渡到陆内演化的过程。

  • 伊犁地块北缘发育大规模晚古生代岩浆活动,尤其以泥盆纪—石炭纪岩浆岩居多(An et al.,2017)。著名的下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩以中酸性火山岩为主,夹少量玄武岩,具有富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,而亏损Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等高场强元素特征,为典型的大陆岛弧火山岩,是北天山洋不断向南俯冲的结果(Wang Bo et al.,20062009; Zhu Yongfeng et al.,2009; An Fang et al.,2013; Yu Xinqi et al.,2016)。上石炭统伊什基里克组火山岩则表现出以玄武岩和流纹岩交替出现的“双峰式”特点,形成于区域性伸展环境,可能代表了大陆碰撞之后的伸展阶段(Li Yongjun et al.,2017)。但晚石炭世岩浆岩在地化特征上仍有强烈的弧火山岩的印记,这种“双峰式”岩浆岩的出现也可能是俯冲板片回转或后撤的结果(Tang Gongjian et al.,2014; Wang Xiangsong et al.,2020)。阿拉套地区晚石炭世富Nb玄武岩和埃达克岩的发现,也表明该时期仍处在洋盆俯冲阶段(Wang Qiang et al.,2007)。从二叠纪开始,岩浆岩由钙碱性系列逐渐过渡到钙碱性和碱性系列共存(Wang Bo et al.,2009)。在博乐、尼勒克地区发育早二叠世紫红色-灰色陆相火山-沉积岩,岩性以玄武岩和流纹岩为主,具有“双峰式”组合特征,地球化学特征也显示其形成于板内环境(He et al.,2018)。另外,在伊犁地块西北缘,也陆续报道一些A型花岗岩,如达巴特岩体(289 Ma,Tang Gongjian et al.,2010)、孔吾萨依岩体(301~297 Ma,Yin Jiyuan et al.,2017)、乌拉斯台岩体(294 Ma,Yin Jiyuan et al.,2017)等。

  • 图11 萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩Ba/Sr vs. Sr和Ba vs. Sr图解

  • Fig.11 Ba/Sr vs. Sr and Ba vs. Sr diagrams of monzogranites from the Saersala and Ailuxun plutons

  • 在西天山北缘,二叠纪地层与下覆石炭纪地层普遍存在角度不整合(Wang Bo et al.,2009)。不管是在北天山还是伊犁地块北缘,石炭纪地层均为海相地层,而二叠纪开始逐渐过渡为陆相地层。伊犁地块北缘尼勒克地区下二叠统为一套陆相火山岩、火山碎屑岩夹沉积岩,中上二叠统为一套杂色粗碎屑岩(Song Bo et al.,2018)。而在准噶尔南缘,早中二叠世地层普遍缺失或被埋藏,晚二叠世开始则发育陆相冲积扇-扇三角洲的粗碎屑岩沉积(Pang Zhichao et al.,2020)。

  • 图12 R1-R2构造环境判别图解(底图据Batchelor et al.,1985)

  • Fig.12 R1-R2 tectonic setting discrimination diagram (after Batchelor et al., 1985)

  • 1 —地幔分异产物; 2—板块碰撞前; 3—碰撞后隆起; 4—造山晚期; 5—非造山; 6—同碰撞; 7—造山后

  • 1 —Mantle fractionates; 2—pre-plate collision; 3—post-collision uplift; 4—late-orogenic; 5—anorogenic; 6—syn-collision; 7—post-orogenic

  • 古地磁资料显示,晚石炭世之后伊犁地块、准噶尔地块和西伯利亚地块之间已无明显纬向上的变化(Zhu Xin et al.,2018)。取而代之的是伊犁地块和北天山沿北天山断裂(或称为天山主剪切带)发生的大规模右旋剪切(Laurent-Charvet et al.,2003; Charvet et al.,20072011; Wang Bo et al.,2009)。在夏尔沟一带的北天山剪切带内发现有构造前和同构造的花岗质脉体,通过锆石U-Pb测年发现构造前脉体时代为312 Ma,而同构造花岗质脉体为295 Ma,共同限定北天山断裂右旋剪切的时代为312~295 Ma(He Zhiyuan et al.,2021),而前期研究所获得的斜长石和黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄(290~242 Ma,Laurent-Charvet et al.,2003)可能代表了剪切带的冷却年龄(He Zhiyuan et al.,2021)。在中天山内部和南部,同样发育同时期韧性剪切带(He Zhiyuan et al.,2021),而造山带内这种大型剪切带往往是造山后陆内调整阶段的产物。

  • 以上资料表明,北天山洋于晚石炭世发生闭合,整个西天山北缘在早二叠世已过渡到后碰撞演化阶段,晚二叠世以来则为典型的陆内演化阶段。北天山增生杂岩带内晚石炭世—早二叠世的萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体均形成于同碰撞向后碰撞转换阶段。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为303 Ma和298 Ma,形成于晚石炭世—早二叠世。

  • (2)萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩均具有高的SiO2,高碱特征,为高钾钙碱性花岗岩,具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特征。其较高的CaO/Na2O比值和Al2O3/(MgO+FeOTmol暗示其可能源于变质杂砂岩的部分熔融。萨尔萨拉岩体和艾鲁逊岩体二长花岗岩的εHft)值分别为9.7~12.1和12.1~15.0,表明其源区为年轻的地壳物质,北天山增生楔内的复理石砂岩可能为其岩浆源区。

  • (3)结合区域资料,认为北天山晚石炭世-早二叠世花岗质岩体形成于同碰撞向后碰撞转换的阶段。

  • 致谢:感谢责任编委、编辑及评审专家对本文的修改意见。北京大学陈思宇博士参与野外工作,天津地质矿产研究所肖志斌工程师在锆石U-Pb年龄测试、北京大学张贵宾副教授在Lu-Hf同位素分析过程中提供帮助,一并表示感谢。

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