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作者简介:

胡晓佳,男,1985年生。硕士,高级工程师,从事岩石学、地球化学研究及地质调查工作。E-mail:278558023@qq.com。

通讯作者:

杨泽黎,男,1989年生。硕士,工程师,从事岩石学、地球化学研究及地质调查工作。E-mail:812295251@qq.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带分布于兴蒙造山带南缘,是古亚洲洋与华北板块之间早古生代俯冲作用的岩浆记录,以往工作大多集中在岛弧侵入岩和东段白乃庙群火山岩,岛弧西部包尔汉图群火山岩的研究相对较少。本文对内蒙古达茂旗北部出露较完整的包尔汉图群火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、Lu-Hf同位素组成和岩石地球化学分析,以完善兴蒙造山带早古生代演化的认识。包尔汉图群火山岩为一套中基性—中酸性火山岩系列,其中英安岩获得锆石U-Pb年龄为447.3±2.5 Ma,为晚奥陶世岩浆活动的产物。地球化学组成上,火山岩均富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素(HFSE)和Ti元素,具有较弱的Eu负异常,类似岛弧岩浆岩地球化学特征。岩石学及地球化学分析表明,中基性火山岩为岛弧环境下遭受俯冲板片熔体交代的地幔楔熔融产物,并可能有大洋沉积物的加入;而中酸性火山岩偏低的Nb/U值(1.45~3.63)和明显亏损的锆石εHf(t)值(+2.2~+11.0),显示其源区为俯冲板片流体交代的新生基性下地壳。结合前人资料和新近研究成果,中酸性火山岩亏损的锆石Hf同位素特征和二阶段模式年龄t DMC集中在1637~839 Ma,佐证了包尔汉图岛弧可能存在与华北板块北缘具有亲缘性的前寒武纪陆壳基底,表明早古生代兴蒙造山带南缘属于安第斯型活动大陆边缘,即古亚洲洋以陆缘弧形式向华北北缘俯冲,形成了包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带。

    Abstract

    The Baoerhantu-Bainaimiao arc magmatism occurred along the southern margin of Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt (XMOB) and is considered to have been formed by the Early Paleozoic subduction between Paleo-Asian Ocean and North China Block. It is the key area to reconstruct the tectonic history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). However, most of previous studies focused on the intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks from the Bainaimiao Group in eastern arc with limited attention given to the volcanic rocks from the Baoerhantu Group in western arc. In this study, we present petrological investigations as well as geochronological, geochemical and Hf isotopic data for the volcanic rocks from the Baoerhantu Group in northern Damao Banner, to discover their petrogenesis and envisage the Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of XMOB. The volcanic succession can be classified into the intermediate-basic and intermediate-felsic sequence. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating shows that the age of the dacite is 447.3±2.5 Ma, which means Late Ordovician. Geochemically, all the volcanic rocks are generally enriched in LILE (e.g. Rb, Ba, Th, U) and LREE, depleted in HFSE (e.g. Nb, Ta) and Ti, with weak negative Eu anomalies, which is similar to the island arc or active continental margin magmatite. Petrological and geochemical characteristics suggest that the intermediate-basic rocks were generated in island arc setting and formed by partial melting of a mantle wedge from a lithospheric mantle metasomatized by subducted slab-derived melt, with involvement of sedimentary material in the source. The intermediate-felsic rocks have obviously low Nb/U values(1.45~3.63) and positive zircon εHf(t) values (+2.2~+11.0 ) indicating that the magmas were derived from juvenile basic lower crust and metasomatized by subduction slab fluids. Combined with previous studies and recent research results, the intermediate-felsic rocks have depleted Hf isotopic compositions with two-stage model age (t DMC) of 1637~839 Ma, indicating a Precambrian basement for the Baoerhantu Arc, which has tectonic affinity with the north margin of North China Block. Accordingly, our research demonstrates that the southern margin of XMOB belongs to an active continental margin in early Paleozoic, formed due to the southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean beneath the north margin of North China Block. In the meanwhile, the Baoerhantu-Bainaimiao arc-related magmatic belt was formed.

  • 中亚造山带位于西伯利亚板块与华北板块、塔里木板块之间(图1a),是全球最大的增生造山带之一,以其复杂的构造演化历史及显生宙大规模的地壳增生(Wu Fuyuan et al.,2000; Hong Dawei et al.,20002004; Jahn Borming et al.,2004; Wang Tao et al.,2009)闻名于世。自新元古代大陆裂解形成古亚洲洋以来,中亚造山带经历了长期复杂的地质演化,在区域内形成了大面积分布的岩浆岩,其地质演化历史一直是国际地学界研究的焦点和热点(Khain et al.,2003; Windley et al.,2007; Kröner et al.,2007,2010,2011,2014)。兴蒙造山带位于中亚造山带东南段(图1b),早古生代以来经历了多期次大洋俯冲-增生造山构造事件,记录了古亚洲洋俯冲及西伯利亚和华北板块碰撞拼合的重要信息(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2004; Li Jinyi,2006; Jian Ping et al.,2008; Xu Bei et al.,2015)。兴蒙造山带构造演化已有大量科学研究,多数学者认为古亚洲洋在早古生代经历了南北两侧的双向俯冲(Xu Bei et al.,19972013; Li Yilong et al.,2014; Liu Yongjiang et al.,2017),并形成了相应的两条早古生代俯冲岛弧岩浆岩带(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003; Jian Ping et al.,2008)。北带主要位于苏左旗白音宝力道—锡林浩特一线,主要为一套奥陶纪岛弧侵入岩组合(Chen Bin et al.,20002001; Shi Yuruo et al.,2014; Zhao Ligang et al.,2012; Wang Shuqing et al.,2016; Yang Zeli et al.,20172018)。南带即包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带,东西走向分布于达茂旗巴特敖包—白乃庙—太古生庙—正镶白旗地区,主要为一套奥陶纪—志留纪的岛弧型侵入岩组合和同时期的包尔汉图群、白乃庙群岛弧火山岩,并与北侧的温都尔庙蛇绿混杂岩共同构成了早古生代古亚洲洋向南的俯冲记录(Liu Dunyi et al.,2003; Xu Liquan et al.,2003; Tao Jixiong et al.,2005; Jian Ping et al.,2008; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Tian Jian et al.,2019)。值得注意的是,该地区在构造位置上与传统的板块边界叠加,限定了华北板块与兴蒙造山带南缘的碰撞边界(图1b)。

  • 作为对早古生代俯冲作用的响应,包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带对兴蒙造山带早古生代构造演化有着重要制约作用,近些年一直受到地学研究者的关注(Zhang Wei et al.,2013; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Zhou Zhenhua et al.,2016; Zhou Hai et al.,2018; Chen Yan et al.,2020; Yan Linjie et al.,2020)。前人的研究大多集中在岛弧侵入岩和相关矿床,获得了大量同位素年代学和地球化学数据,而真正代表地层或火山岩本身的年龄数据较少,且大都集中在岛弧东部的白乃庙群(Zhang Wei et al.,2013; Liu Changfeng et al.,2014; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Qian Xiaoyan et al.,2017; Ma Ge et al.,2019; Yang Zeli et al.,2019),对岛弧西部包尔汉图群火山岩的研究相对较少,因而不能全面反映包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧的特征。另一方面,已有研究对于包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧带的成因模式存在明显分歧,部分学者认为岛弧带存在华北板块陆壳基底,是古亚洲洋早古生代以陆缘弧形式,沿温都尔庙蛇绿岩带向华北陆块俯冲形成的产物(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003; Xu Bei et al.,20132015; Zhang Wei et al.,2013; Liu Changfeng et al.,2014; Wu Chen et al.,2016; Liu Yongjiang et al.,2017; Zhang Jinfeng et al.,2018); 另一种观点则认为岛弧带内存在与塔里木或扬子克拉通更具亲缘性的微陆块,南侧的乌德—车根达来地区可能也存在代表“白乃庙洋”的蛇绿岩,早古生代白乃庙洋和古亚洲洋分别从南北两侧向该微陆块俯冲,形成了乌德-车根达来蛇绿岩、温都尔庙蛇绿岩以及包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带(Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Zhou Hai et al.,2018; Chen Yan et al.,2020)。针对以上问题,本次研究选择内蒙古达茂旗北部包尔汉图和查干哈达地区出露较完整的包尔汉图群火山岩(图1c),在岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素组成和全岩地球化学分析基础上,结合区域地质认识,探讨岩石成因及形成的构造背景,完善对包尔汉图岛弧的认识,进而为兴蒙造山带南缘早古生代构造演化模式提供相应约束。

  • 1 区域地质背景及岩石学特征

  • 研究区位于内蒙古达茂旗北部地区,大地构造位置上处于兴蒙造山带南缘包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧带的西段(图1b),岛弧北侧与温都尔庙增生杂岩带相邻,南侧以赤峰-白云鄂博断裂带为界与华北板块相隔,主要由包尔汉图群火山沉积组合及同期侵入岩组成,其上被晚志留统西别河组角度不整合覆盖(图1c)。包尔汉图群由内蒙古区测一队在达茂旗包尔汉图创名,总体为一套海相中基性—中酸性的火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩、陆源碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩沉积建造; 包括布龙山组和哈拉组,二者为整合接触关系。布龙山组形成较早,属下部层位,主要为变质粉砂岩、变粉砂质泥岩、斑点状板岩、硅质板岩、凝灰质粉砂岩夹安山岩、大理岩及变质砂岩,为弧前盆地沉积; 哈拉组形成较晚,下部为发育枕状构造的基性火山岩,中上部为中性—中酸性火山岩,主要为玄武岩、安山岩、英安质凝灰岩、流纹岩夹灰岩、变质砂岩,为岛弧火山-碎屑沉积岩组合。

  • 本次研究的火山岩地层分布在内蒙古达茂旗北部的包尔汉图—查干哈达地区(图1c、图2),主要出露包尔汉图群上部层位哈拉组岩石组合,下部见少量含集块和角砾的蚀变玄武岩(图3c),中上部为大量玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和少量流纹岩相间出露,局部夹极少灰紫色薄层硅泥质岩石。总体来看这套火山岩发育浅变质和后期蚀变作用,断续发育密集构造片理化(图3a~d)。本次沿剖面共采集19件火山岩样品,包括13件中基性的玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩样品,6件中酸性的英安岩、流纹岩样品(图2)。玄武安山岩发育斑状结构,斑晶含量25%~35%,主要为半自形板状斜长石和少量暗色矿物假象,长石强高岭土化、绢云母化,少见绿帘石化,暗色矿物被绿泥石、绿帘石交代呈辉石假象产出; 基质主要由细小的长石及暗色矿物假象组成,具有一定褐铁矿化和次闪石化(图3e、f)。安山岩发育气孔杏仁构造,也为斑状结构,斑晶含量约25%,多为斜长石和少量角闪石,个别样品见辉石斑晶; 基质由蚀变的斜长石、暗色矿物等组成(图3g、h)。英安岩呈青灰色,镜下显示斑状结构,斑晶为自形较好的长石和石英,含量约占10%; 基质主要由长英质及少量黑云母组成,发育轻微蚀变(图3 i、j)。流纹岩呈灰白色,镜下显示斑状结构,斑晶为斜长石和石英,形态不规则,含量较少,为5%~10%,基质为隐晶质或微晶质的长石、石英及少量黑云母(图3k、l)。

  • 图1 研究区构造位置(a,据Liu Yongjiang et al.,2017)、构造单元划分(b,据Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003)及地质简图(c,据Zhang Wei et al.,2008修改)

  • Fig.1 Tectonic location (a, after Liu Yongjiang et al., 2017) , division of tectonic units (b, after Xiao Wenjiao et al., 2003) and geological sketch map (c, modified from Zhang Wei et al., 2008) of the study area

  • 图2 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群哈拉组火山岩剖面及采样点位置

  • Fig.2 The cross-section showing volcanic rocks from Hala Formation of the Baoerhantu Group in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region and sample positions

  • 图3 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群火山岩野外特征及岩相学显微照片

  • Fig.3 Field outcrop and microphotographs of the Baoerhantu Group volcanic rocks in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • (a、b)—火山岩野外露头特征;(c)—含集块、角砾玄武岩;(d)—发育密集构造片理化;(e、f)—玄武安山岩;(g、h)—安山岩;(i、j)—英安岩;(k、l)—流纹岩; Pl—斜长石; Qz—石英; Cpx—辉石

  • (a, b) —Field photo of the volcanic rocks; (c) —agglomeratic-brecciated basalt; (d) —schistosity of the volcanic rocks; (e, f) —basaltic andesite; (g, h) —andesite; (i, j) —dacite; (k, l) —rhyolite; Pl—plagioclase; Qz—quartz; Cpx—clinopyroxene

  • 2 分析方法

  • 将新鲜岩石样品破碎至80目,经水粗淘、强磁分选、电磁分选和酒精细淘之后,在显微镜下手工挑选出锆石,将待测锆石颗粒用环氧树脂制靶,然后磨至锆石颗粒的一半并抛光,并在北京锆年领航科技有限公司的日本电子JSM_6510型扫描电镜上进行阴极发光照相。锆石原位U-Pb年龄测试在天津地质矿产研究所同位素实验室利用激光剥蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP MS)完成,将NEW WAVE 193-FXArF准分子激光器与Thermo Fisher公司的Neptune多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪联接,采用He气作为剥蚀物质载气。锆石U-Pb年龄测定使用的激光束斑直径为35 μm,剥蚀时间为30 s,采用美国国家标准技术研究院研制的人工合成硅酸盐标准参考物质NIST610,并利用澳大利亚锆石标样GEMOC/GJ-1(207Pb/206Pb年龄为608.5±1.5 Ma,Jackson et al.,2004)作为内外标进行同位素分馏校正; 锆石原位微区Hf同位素分析采用与U-Pb年龄测定相同的激光器和质谱仪,激光剥蚀束斑50 μm,剥蚀时间为30 s,采用GJ-1作为外标计算Hf同位素比值,具体仪器配置和实验流程参见Li Huaikun et al.(2010)Geng Jianzhen et al.(2011)Li Guozhan et al.(2019)。对分析数据的离线处理(包括对样品和空白信号的选择、仪器灵敏度漂移校正、元素含量及U-Th-Pb同位素比值和年龄计算)均采用软件ICPMSDataCal9.2(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2010)完成。U-Pb年龄谐和图绘制和年龄统计权重平均计算均采用Isoplot/Ex_ver3(Ludwig,2003)完成。

  • 全岩地球化学元素测试在中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心实验测试室完成。野外采集新鲜无蚀变的岩石样品机械破碎至200目后送实验室分析。主量元素在样品制成熔片后通过X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测试,X射线工作电压为50 kV,电流为50 mA,相对于标准样品的测定值,相对误差在元素丰度>1.0%时为±1%,元素丰度<1.0%时为±10%,FeO采用氢氟酸、硫酸溶样、重铬酸钾滴定容量法测试,分析精度优于2%。微量元素使用ICP-MS测试,样品测定值和推荐值的相对误差小于10%,且绝大多数值在5%以内。

  • 3 分析结果

  • 3.1 锆石U-Pb年龄

  • 本次研究对查干哈达西山地区包尔汉图群哈拉组中的英安岩样品(17NM24)进行了锆石测年,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年分析结果列于表1,代表性锆石颗粒的阴极发光(CL)图像及测定点位和相应的U-Pb年龄谐和图见图4、5。

  • 英安岩锆石呈自形短柱状,长度100~200 μm,长宽比介于1.5~2.5之间,无色透明,包裹体少。阴极发光(CL)图像显示,锆石发育较细密的振荡环带结构(图4),指示典型的岩浆成因。从表1可见,所有15个测点均具有较高的Th、U含量,并且Th/U比值均大于0.1(0.34~0.90),同样指示为典型的岩浆结晶锆石(Wu Yuanbao et al.,2004)。206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U 谐和图上,15个测点成群落在谐和线上或谐和线附近(图5a),206Pb/238U 表面年龄介于455~437 Ma之间,变化范围较小,加权平均值为447.3±2.5 Ma(n =15,MSWD=1.10)(图5b),表明英安岩的形成时代为晚奥陶世。

  • 表1 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群英安岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年分析结果

  • Table1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results of the dacite from the Baoerhantu Group in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • 图4 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群英安岩锆石CL图像及U-Pb测年、Hf同位素分析点位图(实心圆圈为测年,虚线圈为Hf同位素分析)

  • Fig.4 CL images and analysis spots of zircons from the dacite of the Baoerhantu Group in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region (solid circle for U-Pb dating, dash circle for Hf isotopic analysis)

  • 图5 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群英安岩锆石U-Pb测年谐和图(a)和加权平均年龄图(b)

  • Fig.5 Concordia diagram (a) and weighted average age diagram (b) for zircons U-Pb dating of the dacite from the Baoerhantu Group in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • 3.2 锆石原位Hf同位素分析

  • 研究对已做锆石LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb定年的英安岩样品进行了微区原位Hf同位素分析,εHft)值以及二阶段模式年龄采用每颗锆石的206Pb/238U年龄计算,分析结果列于表2。

  • 英安岩样品(17NM24)共计分析了12个测点,所有测点的Hf同位素组成比较一致,176Lu/177Hf比值均小于等于0.002,说明锆石在形成后具有很少的放射性成因Hf的积累(Xu Yigang et al.,2007)。锆石的176Hf/177Hf变化于0.282569~0.282824之间,相应的εHft)值介于+2.2~+11.0之间,二阶段Hf模式年龄t DMC为1637~839 Ma。在tHft)关系图(图6)上,样品落在兴蒙造山带东段区域,表明与兴蒙造山带多数古生代花岗岩一样,具有亏损的Hf同位素组成。

  • 3.3 主量元素特征

  • 包尔汉图群早古生代火山岩的主微量元素分析结果列于表3。从表中数据可以看出,中基性火山岩有三个样品因蚀变影响烧失量较高(7.16%~8.49%),其余样品烧失量均较低(1.06%~3.87%),中酸性火山岩样品烧失量均较低(0.84%~2.94%)。文中地球化学计算和投图时均对主量元素数据进行了烧失量的扣除,以确保岩石样品地球化学特征的准确性。

  • 表2 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群英安岩锆石Hf同位素组成

  • Table2 Hf isotopic compositions for zircons of the dacite from the Baoerhantu Group in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • 图6 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群英安岩锆石tHft)图解(兴蒙造山带东段及燕山褶冲带引自Yang Jinhui et al.,2006; Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2004; Chen Bin et al.,2009

  • Fig.6 tHf (t) plot of the dacite from the Baoerhantu Group in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region (fields of East XMOB and YFTB are from Yang Jinhui et al., 2006; Xiao Wenjiao et al., 2004; Chen Bin et al., 2009)

  • 中基性火山岩样品SiO2含量在45.23%~55.08%之间,铝含量偏高,为14.69%~20.58%; MgO含量为3.03%~6.75%,变化范围较大且含量较高; CaO含量变化较大,在2.46%~11.89%之间,可能与岩石有一定蚀变有关; 全碱及钾含量偏低,K2O含量为0.18%~1.30%,Na2O含量为2.97%~5.82%,K2O/Na2O<1,属钠质岩系。SiO2-K2O图解(图7a)显示中基性火山岩落在低钾拉斑系列—钙碱性系列区域,碱度率值(AR)较低,为1.31~1.77,AR-SiO2图解(图7b)同样显示大部分样品落在钙碱性系列区域。在TAS关系图上样品大部分落在亚碱性的玄武岩/玄武安山岩系列范围内(图8a),另外,在Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2图解中,中基性火山岩投影于安山岩/玄武岩和亚碱性玄武岩分界处(图8b),没有主微量元素的背离。

  • 中酸性火山岩样品富硅(SiO2=63.29%~73.06%),铝含量中等(Al2O3=13.84%~16.15%),镁钙含量相对偏低且变化范围大(MgO=0.72%~2.36%,CaO=0.3%~4.26%),Na2O含量较高(2.02%~4.97%),K2O含量中等(1.24%~2.82%)。SiO2-K2O图解(图7a)显示中酸性火山岩均落在钙碱性系列,碱度率值(AR)较低,为1.83~2.62,AR-SiO2图解(图7b)同样显示样品均落在钙碱性系列区域。中酸性火山岩在TAS图解中落在亚碱性系列,属于流纹岩—英安岩系列(图8a),而在微量元素Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2图解中落于流纹岩和安山岩分界处(图8b),出现一定偏差。

  • 3.4 微量元素特征

  • 表3列出了火山岩样品的微量及稀土元素分析结果,数据显示,在微量元素组成上(图9a),中基性火山岩样品都具有较为一致的微量元素特征,均富集Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,Nb、Ta等高场强元素和Ti元素则明显亏损,Ta/La比值很低,整体配分形式非常类似俯冲相关的岛弧岩浆岩(Stolz et al.,1996)。而在稀土元素方面(图9b),中基性火山岩稀土含量不高,样品的ΣREE变化范围为76.7×10-6~163×10-6; 总体上显示出轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特点,(La/Yb)N=3.19~11.7; 同时,轻稀土分馏程度略高于重稀土,(La/ Sm)N=1.42~3.35,(Gd/Yb)N=1.31~2.19; 存在极弱Eu负异常,δEu=0.81~0.94,结合样品Sr元素也相对富集(图9a)来看,岩浆没有经历明显的斜长石分离结晶,演化程度不高。

  • 表3 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群火山岩主量(%)微量和稀土元素(×10-6)组成及相关地球化学参数

  • Table3 Major (%) , trace and rare earth element (×10-6) contents and related geochemical parameters of the Baoerhantu Group volcanic rocks in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • 续表3

  • 续表3

  • 图7 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群火山岩SiO2-K2O图解(a)(据Le Maitre et al.,1989)及AR-SiO2(b)(据Wright,1969)图解

  • Fig.7 SiO2-K2O (a, after Le Maitre et al., 1989) and AR-SiO2 (b, after Wright, 1969) diagrams of the Baoerhantu Group volcanic rocks in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • 和中基性火山岩相似,中酸性火山岩样品同样具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征,均富集Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,Nb、Ta等高场强元素和Ti元素明显亏损(图9c),暗示其和中基性火山岩具有类似的产出环境。另外在稀土元素配分图解上(图9d),中酸性火山岩样品也显示出稀土总量不高,轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特点,ΣREE=93.6×10-6~143×10-6,(La/Yb)N=3.08~22.1; 不过中酸性火山岩(La/Sm)N=2.32~8.95,(Gd/Yb)N=0.99~2.12,轻稀土分馏显著,重稀土分馏较弱; 此外,存在弱Eu负异常,δEu=0.73~0.96,并且除两个英安岩样品(17NM24-1、2)外,其余样品Sr元素存在不同程度的亏损(图9c),表明岩浆源区可能发生了程度不等的斜长石分离结晶。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 时代

  • 如前所述,包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带为古亚洲洋早古生代向南俯冲的产物,近年来围绕岛弧带的侵入岩和相关矿体开展了较多研究,数据显示侵入岩形成时代为475~420 Ma(Zhang Wei et al.,2013; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Li Junjian et al.,2015; Zhou Zhenhua et al.,2016; Zhou Hai et al.,2018); 火山岩及沉积地层的年龄信息报道则主要集中在岛弧东部的白乃庙群,同位素年龄介于499~430 Ma之间(Zhang Wei et al.,2013; Liu Changfeng et al.,2014; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Qian Xiaoyan et al.,2017; Yang Zeli et al.,2019)。相对而言,岛弧西部包尔汉图群火山岩的同位素年代学研究甚少,且主要集中在包尔汉图群下部层位——布龙山组和哈拉组下部,Zhang Shuanhong et al.(2014)在达茂旗北部包尔汉图组命名地测得英安岩和安山岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为518 Ma和474 Ma,在白云鄂博北部布龙地区获得英安岩锆石U-Pb年龄445 Ma; Wang Chunguang(2019)在白云鄂博北部乌德地区包尔汉图群流纹岩和英安质凝灰岩中均获得483 Ma的锆石U-Pb同位素年龄。本次研究对达茂旗北部查干哈达西山地区包尔汉图群哈拉组中—上层位的英安岩样品开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得同位素年龄为447.3±2.5 Ma,为晚奥陶世。此外,前人根据(火山)碎屑岩中最小碎屑锆石年龄,认为包尔汉图群沉积时代延伸到了432 Ma(Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Chen Yan et al.,2020)。因此,相较于东部的白乃庙群,包尔汉图群起始形成时代更早、时间跨度更大,从寒武纪延伸到早志留世(518~432 Ma)。

  • 图8 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群火山岩(Na2O+K2O)-SiO2及Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y岩石分类图解

  • Fig.8 (Na2O+K2O) -SiO2 and Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y diagrams of the Baoerhantu Group volcanic rocks in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • (a)—(Na2O+K2O)-SiO2关系图(底图据Le Bas et al.,1986);(b)—Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y关系图(底图据Winchester et al.,1976

  • (a) — (Na2O+K2O) -SiO2 plot (after Le Bas et al., 1986) ; (b) —Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y plot (after Winchester et al., 1976)

  • 图9 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群火山岩微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图及稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线

  • Fig.9 Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spidergrams and chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of the Baoerhantu Group volcanic rocks in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • (a)、(b)—中基性火山岩;(c)、(d)—中酸性火山岩; 原始地幔和球粒陨石标准化值据Sun et al.,1989

  • (a) , (b) —intermediate-basic volcanic rocks; (c) , (d) —intermediate-felsic volcanic rocks; the normalized values for primitive mantle and chondrite are from Sun et al., 1989

  • 4.2 岩石成因和构造环境

  • 4.2.1 中基性火山岩

  • 中基性火山岩富集Rb、Sr等大离子亲石元素而亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素,Th、U等不相容元素含量也较高,整体特征与岛弧岩浆岩类似,然而大陆地壳的混染也可能会导致岩浆出现此类消减带信号(Ernst et al.,2005; Xia Linqi et al.,2007)。Nb/U、Nb/La比值是判断混染和岩浆产生构造环境的灵敏指标(Sun et al.,1989; Ma Liang et al.,2014)。研究区中基性火山岩Nb/U比值为1.73~4.51,Nb/La比值为0.16~0.39,均远低于全球MORB、OIB的值(Nb/U=47,Nb/La≈1.0,Hofmann et al.,1988),也低于大陆地壳平均值(Nb/U=6.2,Rudnick et al.,1995; Nb/La≈0.7,Taylor et al.,1985; Gao Shan et al.,1998),而通常遭受到地壳混染的玄武岩Nb/U值一般介于9~40之间(Ge Wenchun et al.,2001),因此单纯的地壳物质混染很难解释中基性火山岩的元素特征。另一方面,中基性火山岩LREE、Nb/U与SiO2之间没有明显相关性,也表明中基性火山岩没有经历明显的地壳混染影响。

  • 本次研究的中基性火山岩主要为玄武安山岩和安山岩类。相较地幔来源的玄武岩而言,安山质岩石来源相对更为复杂,既可起源于幔源岩浆的结晶分异(Grove et al.,2005),也可由下地壳物质部分熔融形成(Borg et al.,1998; Ownby et al.,2011),近些年的研究显示其还可能来源于俯冲板片的熔融(Bourdon et al.,2002; Tang Gongjian et al.,2010)。Mg#值是区分岩浆壳幔来源的良好指标,典型大洋中脊拉斑玄武岩(MORB)的Mg#值约为60,而实验岩石学研究表明,下地壳来源的熔体,无论熔融程度高低,其Mg#值均较低(<40),只有在地幔物质参与成岩时,才能导致熔体的Mg#值大于40(Rapp et al.,1995),而本次研究的中基性岩样品Mg#值在47.30~62.30之间,平均值为55.10,同时其铁含量也普遍较高,表明中基性岩应主要来源于地幔,并非下地壳产物。另一方面,俯冲板片熔融产生的中基性岩通常为高镁安山岩(Manya et al.,2007; Wang Jinfang et al.,2020),而本次研究的中基性岩样品虽然Mg#值较高,但其MgO、Al2O3含量以及TFeO/MgO比值变化较大,多数样品都不符合高镁安山岩定义,因此也不太可能来源于洋壳。综合以上分析,中基性岩应主要来自幔源物质的熔融。

  • 基性火山岩源区一般为软流圈或岩石圈地幔(Zhang Hongfu et al.,2005)。如前所述,研究区中基性火山岩富集LILE,亏损HFSE,稀土配分图上富集轻稀土,不符合源区为软流圈地幔的岩浆地球化学特征,更近似于与俯冲相关的地幔楔岩浆特征(Castro et al.,2010; Castro,2013)。同时在微量元素构造判别图解中,所有样品均落岛弧钙碱性玄武岩和活动大陆边缘区域(图10a、b),表明岩浆岩应形成于岛弧俯冲环境。另一方面,由于俯冲过程中LILE更集中于板片脱水流体中、HFSE则储存于脱水熔融残留的金红石或者钛铁矿之中,从而造成俯冲板片脱水流体具有明显低的Nb/U值(~0.22)(Ryerson et al.,1987; Ayers,1998),因此中基性火山岩样品极低的Nb/U比值(远低于全球MORB、OIB的平均值),也暗示岩浆源区还受到俯冲板片析出流体或熔体交代作用的影响。而在其他地球化学指标上,样品也具有与俯冲交代作用的岛弧岩浆岩相似的特征,比如Th、U等不相容元素较高,Ta/U比值则明显偏低,La/Nb比值(2.58~6.29)高于亏损地幔起源的洋脊玄武岩(1.07,Weaver,1991)等。以上特征表明,研究区早古生代中基性火山岩应为活动大陆边缘环境下遭受俯冲交代的地幔楔熔融产物。

  • 值得注意的是,洋壳俯冲过程带入地幔楔的交代物质除板片流体或熔体外,还可能存在大洋沉积物(Gertisser et al.,2003Elliott,2004; Hermann et al.,2009),因此要全面认识俯冲交代的地质过程还需进一步识别。一般来说大离子亲石元素(LILE; Rb、Ba、Sr、K、U)和LREE在俯冲过程中更容易进入流体,Th、HREE以及其余HSFE元素则流体相对不易迁移,更倾向于进入熔体,故而可以通过不同种类元素比值的变化区分不同熔体及流体组分在交代作用中的贡献(Turner et al.,1997; Zamboni et al.,2016; Li Yilong et al.,2017)。在区分板片熔体/流体的元素判别图中(图11a、b),中基性火山岩元素演化趋势整体与巽他岛弧近似,显示出熔体交代特征,与流体交代趋势明显不同,表明交代物质以板片熔体为主,流体较少。而在Th/Nb-Ba/Th图解中(图11c),样品Th/Nb较高、Ba/Th较低,不仅排除了流体影响,更暗示了大洋沉积物的存在。综上所述,研究区早古生代中基性火山岩主要来源于俯冲板片熔体交代的陆下岩石圈地幔楔熔融,流体交代参与较少,同时还可能有大洋沉积物的加入。

  • 图10 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群火山岩构造判别图解

  • Fig.10 Tectonic discrimination diagrams of the Baoerhantu Group volcanic rocks in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • (a)—Th/Yb-Ta/Yb图解(底图据Gorton et al.,2000);(b)—Th-Ta-Hf图解(底图据Wood,1980);(c)—Ta-Yb图解(底图据Pearce et al.,1984);(d)—Rb-Hf-Ta图解(底图据Harris et al.,1986); A—N-MORB; B—E-MORB及板内拉斑玄武岩; C—板内碱性玄武岩; D—岛弧拉斑玄武岩; E—岛弧钙碱性玄武岩

  • (a) —Th/Yb-Ta/Yb diagram (after Gorton et al., 2000) ; (b) —Th-Ta-Hf diagram (after Wood, 1980) ; (c) —Ta-Yb diagram (after Pearce et al., 1984) ; (d) —Rb-Hf-Ta diagram (after Harris et al., 1986) ; A—N-MORB; B—E-MORB and intraplate tholeiite; C—intraplate alkaline basalt; D—island arc tholeiite; E—island arc calc-alkali basalt

  • 4.2.2 中酸性火山岩

  • 和中基性火山岩类似,研究区中酸性火山岩样品均具有Rb、Th、U 等大离子亲石元素富集、Nb、Ta等高场强元素明显亏损的岛弧岩浆岩地球化学特征。同时在构造判别图解中,中酸性火山岩样品均落入岛弧花岗岩类区域(图10c、d),进一步表明研究区这期早古生代岩浆活动为俯冲相关的岛弧岩浆事件。对于岛弧中酸性岩浆岩,过去多数被认为来源于俯冲过程中地幔楔或其上部陆壳的部分熔融,然而近年来的研究表明,俯冲洋壳熔融也可以形成岛弧中酸性岩浆(Zhang Qi et al.,2004; Deng Jinfu et al.,2015),因而岛弧中酸性火山岩的源区也需进一步判别。

  • 图11 包尔汉图—查干哈达地区包尔汉图群火山岩微量元素演化图解

  • Fig.11 Trace elements evolution diagrams of the Baoerhantu Group volcanic rocks in Baoerhantu-Chaganhada region

  • (a)—La/Nb-Th/Nb图解;(b)—Ba/Nb-Th/Nb图解(底图据Zamboni et al.,2016);(c)—Th/Nb-Ba/Th图解(底图据Elliot,2004);(d)—Y-Sr/Y图解(底图据Defant et al.,1990

  • (a) —La/Nb-Th/Nb diagram; (b) —Ba/Nb-Th/Nb diagram (after Zamboni et al., 2016) ; (c) —Th/Nb-Ba/Th diagram (after Elliot, 2004) ; (d) —Y-Sr/Y diagram (after Defant et al., 1990)

  • 地幔楔熔融通常产生玄武岩或高镁安山岩,很难直接形成中酸性岩浆(Hirose,1997; 徐夕生等,2010); 同时研究区中酸性火山岩具有非常高的SiO2含量(扣除烧失量后为64.74%~73.68%),而实验岩石学表明地幔物质的部分熔融产生的岩浆SiO2含量不会超过65%(Wyllie,1977),因此其并非直接来自地幔物质熔融。幔源岩浆高度分异并同化地壳物质也有可能形成中酸性岩浆(Chen Bin et al.,2005; Sisson et al.,2005),不过研究区中酸性火山岩Eu负异常并不明显,结晶分异不强,因此中酸性火山岩也不太可能来源于幔源基性岩浆的分异。

  • 另一方面,俯冲洋壳部分熔融产生的中酸性岩浆通常具有高Sr低Y等O型埃达克岩地球化学特征(Defant et al.,1990; Li Wuxian et al.,2003; Martin et al.,2005)。如Sr/Y-Y判别图解(图11d)所示,本次研究的中酸性火山岩样品中除两个英安岩样品(17NM24-1、2)落入埃达克岩区域外,其余英安岩和流纹岩样品均落在经典岛弧岩石区域,显示Sr含量较低(32.6×10-6~282×10-6),Y含量较高(14.30×10-6~30.30×10-6),Sr/Y比值较低(1.59~19.70),此外轻重稀土分异程度也不强,(La/Yb)N=3.08~6.61,明显有别于埃达克岩高Sr低Y、轻重稀土强烈分异的特点。两个英安岩样品(17NM24-1、2)显示典型的高Sr(1020×10-6~1040×10-6)低Y(10.3×10-6~10.4×10-6)和高Sr/Y值(98.1~101),轻重稀土分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值(21~22.1),结合较高的SiO2(65.64%~65.7%)、Al2O3(16.22%~16.52%)、Na2O(4.51%~5.01%)含量,Na2O/K2O=1.97~2.83,显示出典型O型埃达克岩地球化学特征(Defant et al.,1990),可能代表了古亚洲洋俯冲板片熔融的产物。

  • 但根据Moyen(2009)研究,高的Sr/Y比值在埃达克岩中可能并不能准确反映熔融深度,而异常高的(Gd/Yb)N值是指示石榴子石在岩浆作用过程中参与的重要指标; 目前研究认为平均大陆下地壳((Gd/Yb)N为1.71)部分熔融时,源区残留石榴子石形成熔体的(Gd/Yb)N值可达5.8(Huang Fang et al.,2010)。然而英安岩样品HREE分馏不明显,(Gd/Yb)N较小,为0.99~2.12,远小于5.8,表明在部分熔融形成岩浆过程中石榴子石不作为残留相存在,这与洋壳板片俯冲至75km以上深度在榴辉岩相条件下部分熔融形成O型埃达克岩(Defant et al.,1990)的定义不相符。另外英安岩锆石二阶段Hf模式年龄t DMC为839~1637 Ma(中、新元古代),也表明岩浆源区并非为早古生代古亚洲洋的俯冲洋壳。此外,前人在研究区发现417 Ma的英云闪长岩和早三叠世(245 Ma)花岗闪长岩均具有类似高Sr/Y值特征的O型埃达克岩地球化学特征(Jian Ping et al.,2008; Zhang Wei et al.,20082010),说明该地区不同时代、不同地质背景的中酸性岩浆岩均可具有高Sr低Y的地球化学特征。因此,英安岩样品(17NM24-1、2)的高Sr/Y值特征更可能是下地壳源区地球化学特征的继承(Moyen,2009; Ma Qiang et al.,2012),并不能代表俯冲洋壳的部分熔融。

  • 同时英安岩锆石εHft)值为+2.2~+11.0,与绝大部分兴蒙造山带古生代岩浆岩类似,显示明显亏损的特点,后者相应的同位素模式年龄多集中于中、新元古代或早古生代,源区被认为是中亚造山带演化过程中形成的新生地壳(Wu Fuyuan et al.,2000; Hong Dawei et al.,2003; Jahn et al.,2004),而实验岩石学研究也证实年轻陆壳物质可以在一定条件下部分熔融产生中酸性岩浆(Sisson et al.,2005)。综合以上成因讨论,包尔汉图群中酸性火山岩与兴蒙造山带此类岩石一样,更可能来源于古亚洲洋俯冲背景下新生基性下地壳物质的部分熔融。

  • 另外值得注意的是,中酸性火山岩的Th/La(0.32~0.68)、La/Nd(0.88~1.68)比值与地壳相应元素的比值接近(Weaver,1991),但Nb/U值为1.45~3.63,明显低于下地壳的估算值(Nb/U≈25; Rudnick et al.,2003),考虑到俯冲板片脱水熔融过程中,LILE集中于脱水流体而HFSE更多存在于残留矿物(金红石或钛铁矿)导致流体Nb/U比值很低(~0.22,Ayers,1998),同时Nb/U比值又很难因部分熔融程度或岩浆分离结晶作用而改变(Xu Yigang et al.,2005),因此,包尔汉图群中酸性火山岩偏低的Nb/U值显示其源区可能还遭受了俯冲板片析出流体交代作用的影响,同时流体的加入也可能会促使源区新生基性下地壳物质发生部分熔融。

  • 4.3 地质意义

  • 包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧位于兴蒙造山带南缘,主要为一套岛弧型侵入岩组合,与同期包尔汉图群、白乃庙群岛弧火山岩共同记录了古亚洲洋早古生代向南俯冲的地质事件(Liu Dunyi et al.,2003; Xu Liquan et al.,2003; Tao Jixiong et al.,2005; Jian Ping et al.,2008; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014),同时研究区上志留统西别河组角度不整合覆盖在包尔汉图群岛弧火山岩之上(图1c),代表了早古生代末期华北北缘俯冲碰撞后的区域伸展背景(Zhang Yunping,et al.,2010)。本次研究获得了包尔汉图群英安岩形成时代为晚奥陶世(447.3±2.5 Ma),结合前人资料,前述讨论认为包尔汉图群形成时代跨度较大,从寒武纪延伸到早志留世(518~432 Ma),代表古亚洲洋在早古生代经历了较长时间的持续俯冲,从而导致了多期次多旋回的喷发作用(Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Chen Yan et al.,2020); 另一方面,相较于岛弧东部白乃庙群的形成时代为499~430 Ma(Zhang Wei et al.,2013; Liu Changfeng et al.,2014; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Qian Xiaoyan et al.,2017; Yang Zeli et al.,2019),西部的包尔汉图群起始形成时代更早,时间跨度更大,反映了早古生代洋盆俯冲时限存在西部早于东部的特点,这也与中亚造山带的整体演化模式一致(Wilde,2015),即早古生代古亚洲洋自西向东逐渐关闭。

  • 此外,包尔汉图群中酸性火山岩的地球化学特征和明显亏损的锆石εHft)值(+2.2~+11.0),显示其源区为新生基性下地壳物质,结合锆石二阶段Hf模式年龄t DMC集中在1637~839 Ma,暗示了岛弧下部存在元古宙陆壳基底。然而就兴蒙造山带南缘而言,除东段的赤峰地区有少量太古宙岩体报道外(Wang Xingan et al.,2016),中西段的包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧带此前一直未有前寒武纪地壳存在的直接证据,相关信息也大都来自早古生代岩浆岩中的捕获锆石、早古生代地层的碎屑锆石以及同位素模式年龄等数据的间接推断(Zhang Wei et al.,2008; Zhang Huafeng et al.,2009; Liu Changfeng et al.,2014; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Wu Chen et al.,2016; Zhou Zhenhua et al.,2016; Chen Yan et al.,2020); 而早期区调填图在岛弧带中识别的少量前寒武纪地质体被证实为南侧华北北缘陆壳的逆冲推覆体、或者实际为古生代地层(Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Wang Shuqing et al.,2020)。在此基础上,不同学者对于包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧带前寒武纪地壳的属性和兴蒙造山带南缘早古生代的构造演化模式也存在不同认识,部分学者认为岛弧带存在华北板块陆壳基底,早古生代古亚洲洋以陆缘弧形式沿温都尔庙蛇绿岩带向华北板块俯冲,包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧带为陆缘弧产物(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003; Xu Bei et al.,20132015; Zhang Wei et al.,2013; Liu Changfeng et al.,2014; Wu Chen et al.,2016; Liu Yongjiang et al.,2017; Zhang Jinfeng et al.,2018); 另一种观点则认为岛弧带内前寒武纪陆壳物质是与塔里木或扬子克拉通更具亲缘性的微陆块,同时指出岛弧带南侧乌德—车根达来地区可能也存在代表“白乃庙洋”的蛇绿岩,早古生代白乃庙洋和古亚洲洋分别从南北两侧向该微陆块俯冲,形成了乌德-车根达来蛇绿岩、温都尔庙蛇绿岩以及包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带(Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Zhou Hai et al.,2018; Chen Yan et al.,2020)。笔者所在研究团队最新的调查研究成果(杨泽黎等,待发表)显示,达茂旗车根达来地区存在一套高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相的变质地层,碎屑锆石U-Pb测年显示其形成年代为中元古代晚期(图1c),可作为包尔汉图岛弧带存在前寒武纪陆壳基底的直接证据; 同时该套地层具有与华北北缘白云鄂博群、化德群、狼山群等地层近似的碎屑锆石组成,表明其代表的陆壳应属华北板块北缘的一部分,碎屑物质则主要来自于华北板块内部不同时代地质体的剥蚀; 另外详细野外调查显示车根达来构造带主要为超基性岩,不存在具有构造分划意义的蛇绿岩组合,更可能为弧后伸展引起的超基性岩侵入陆壳形成。综上所述,本文认为早古生代兴蒙造山带南缘属于安第斯型活动大陆边缘,古亚洲洋以陆缘弧形式沿温都尔庙蛇绿岩带向华北板块俯冲,在华北北缘形成了包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)包尔汉图群火山岩为一套中基性—中酸性火山岩系列,其中英安岩获得锆石U-Pb年龄为447.3±2.5 Ma,为晚奥陶世岩浆活动的产物; 相较于岛弧东部的白乃庙群,西部的包尔汉图群起始形成时代更早,时间跨度更大,暗示了早古生代古亚洲洋自西向东逐渐关闭。

  • (2)岩石地球化学和Hf同位素分析显示,包尔汉图群火山岩均具有大离子亲石元素富集、高场强元素亏损的地球化学特征,是与早古生代俯冲相关的岛弧岩浆事件产物。中基性火山岩为岛弧环境下遭受俯冲板片熔体交代的地幔楔熔融产物,并可能有大洋沉积物的加入; 而中酸性火山岩则来源于俯冲板片流体交代的新生基性下地壳。

  • (3)中酸性火山岩明显亏损的锆石Hf同位素组成和二阶段模式年龄t DMC(1637~839 Ma),佐证了包尔汉图岛弧存在属于华北板块的前寒武纪陆壳基底,表明早古生代兴蒙造山带南缘属于安第斯型活动大陆边缘,古亚洲洋以陆缘弧形式向华北板块俯冲,在华北北缘形成了包尔汉图-白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带。

  • 致谢:孙立新研究员在野外调查和论文写作过程给予悉心指导; 辛后田、李承东两位教授级高工审阅了全稿并提出了许多建设性修改意见; 地球化学和同位素分析测试得到了天津地质调查中心实验室肖志斌、涂家润、刘文刚三位高级工程师的大力帮助; 编委及两位审稿人审阅了全文,提出了宝贵的修改意见,在此一并致以诚挚的谢意。

  • 注释

  • ❶ 李文国主编.1996. 内蒙古自治区岩石地层.

  • ❷ 吉林大学地质调查研究院.2015.1∶250 000苏尼特右旗幅区域地质调查报告.

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