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作者简介:

胡古月,男,1985年生。副研究员,主要从事矿床地球化学研究。E-mail:wanghuguyue@126.com。

通讯作者:

余旭辉,男,1984年生。高级工程师,主要从事区域地质、矿床地质和成矿预测研究。E-mail:yuxuhui@foxmail.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    辽东半岛古元古界辽河群大石桥组三段地层中赋存有全球最大工业储量的菱镁矿矿床。在总结和整理已发表的辽东半岛晶质菱镁矿床地质和地球化学数据的基础上,本次研究进行了Mg和B同位素测试及研究工作,获得以下认识:① 菱镁矿矿体呈北东东走向,产于大石桥组三段,但不同矿床的矿体厚度差异较大 (30~300 m),菱镁矿矿体与顶、底板高镁白云岩之间以断层接触为主,常可见到绿泥石化板岩和碳质千枚岩产于大型菱镁矿矿体的内部韧性剪切面上,说明地层经历了强烈构造形变作用;② 围岩白云岩与晶质菱镁矿矿石的地球化学特征基本一致,均表现为大离子亲石性元素(K、Rb、Ba、Sr等)亏损和氧同位素负漂移(δ18O:-24.9‰~-11.0‰);③在经历构造形变和角闪岩相变质作用后,菱镁矿矿石仍继承有海相蒸发沉积岩的稳定同位素地球化学特征(δ13C:-2.7‰~+1.6‰;δ34S:+15.6‰~+23.7‰;δ26Mg:-1.53‰~-0.49‰;δ11B:+9.8‰~+13.4‰);④ 后期裂控型滑石具有相对较高的δ26Mg值(-0.32‰~-0.15‰),发生滑石矿化的菱镁矿(δ11B:+7.7‰~+8.4‰)和围岩变粒岩(δ11B:+4.3‰)显示较低的δ11B值,这反映了变质热液作用所引发的Mg和B同位素分馏现象。因此,辽东半岛海城-大石桥地区菱镁矿矿床镁质富集的根本原因可能为潟湖相沉积碳酸盐岩经准同生阶段的富镁卤水交代所致,非后期变质热液交代作用的结果。

    Abstract

    The world's largest sparry magnesite deposit belt is located at the third Member of Dashiqiao Formation of Liaohe Group in Liaodong Peninsula. It is still controversy that these deposits were formed by Mg-rich parasyngenetic brines (2.1±0.1 Ga) altered the carbonate precursor to magnesite in an evaporative shallow-marine setting or, epigenetic metamorphic hydrothermal metasomatism (1.85±0.05 Ga). Based on summarizing the geological features and published data, stable isotopes of B and Mg were carried out on the critical geological samples of Haicheng-Dashiqiao magnesite deposit belt. Geological observation and geochemical data shows: ① Though the magnesite deposits are strictly hosted in the third Member of Dashiqiao Formation, the ore thickness shows significant variation among different deposits (30~300 m); The contact relationship between the magnesite ores and its wall rocks of dolomites are mainly performed by faults, with metasomatic magnesite veins constrainted at the margins (5~10 m) of orebodies; the chloritization slates and carbonaceous phyllites are commonly occurred in the ductile share zone of magnesite orebodies, which indicate that the third member of Dashiqiao Formation endured intense tectonic deformation during the late stages; ②Both of the sparry magnesite and dolomite exhibited depleted characteristics of large ion lithophile elements (e.g. K, Rb, Ba, Sr) and "negative shift" of oxygen isotope (δ18O:24.9‰~-11.0‰); As controlled by hydrothermalism, the ∑REE values of carbonates show positive relationship to the content of SiO2; ③Though endured amphibolite facies metamorphism, the magnesite ores inherited the stable isotopic characteristics(δ13C: -2.7‰~+1.6‰; δ34S: +15.6‰~+23.7‰; δ26Mg: -1.53‰~-0.49‰; δ11B: +9.8‰~+15.3‰) of evaporative shallow-marine sediment; ④The fracture-controlling talc ores show relatively heavy magnisium isotopic composition (-0.32‰~-0.15‰), with the light boron isotopic compositions of talc-magnesite(δ11B: +7.7‰~+8.4‰) and leptynite(δ11B: +4.3‰), indicated an isotopic fractionation of hydrothermalism that caused by metamorphism. Therefore, the ore-forming element enrichment of Haicheng-Dashiqiao magnesite deposit belt of Liaodong peninsula is resulted from Mg-rich parasyngenetic brines(2.1±0.1 Ga) altered the carbonate precursor to magnesite in an evaporative shallow-marine setting, rather than epigenetic metamorphic hydrothermal metasomatism.

  • 全球具工业意义的菱镁矿矿床可分为两大类:赋存于前寒武纪镁质碳酸盐岩地层中的晶质菱镁矿矿床和赋存于超镁铁质岩内或与超镁铁质岩中有关的隐晶质菱镁矿矿床(Pohl,1990; Abu-Jaber et al.,1992)。前者晶质菱镁矿矿床成因机制一直存在有后期变质热液交代作用成矿(Velasco et al.,1987; Aharon,1988)与海相蒸发沉积期成矿(Nishihara,1956; Pohl,1990; Vengosh et al.,1992; Abu-Jaber et al.,1992; Schroll,2002; Frank et al.,2003; Tang Haoshu et al.,2013; Misch et al.,2018)的争议。

  • 辽东半岛海城-大石桥地区发育有全球最大规模的菱镁矿成矿带,层状产出于华北克拉通东缘的古元古界辽河群火山-沉积建造之中。该地区的菱镁矿矿床最早被认为是岩浆热液交代成因(Kato,1929),而后,在矿体周缘及内部发现有菱镁矿交代白云岩现象,被认为是变质热液交代成因(Luo Yaoxing et al.,1990)。另一方面,由于菱镁矿矿床中保留有大量原生沉积叠层石及海相沉积特征的稳定同位素证据,也有学者将矿床成因归结为与海相蒸发沉积事件相关(Nishihara,1956; Zhang Qiusheng,1988; Pohl,1990)。潟湖相富镁碳酸盐沉积期后,晚阶段卤水交代形成菱镁矿矿床的成矿模式在本世纪初被提出(Melezhik et al.,2005),并得到众多学者的赞同(Joshi et al.,2009; Zadeh et al.,2015; Krupenin et al.,2017)。近些年,零散的稀土元素地球化学(Jiang Shaoyong et al.,2004)和Mg同位素(Dong Aiguo et al.,2016)研究表明,辽东半岛海城-大石桥地区的菱镁矿矿床也可能形成于蒸发沉积期后的富镁卤水下渗交代碳酸盐岩。本文通过对该地区菱镁矿矿床进行野外地质调查,综合已有的地球化学数据,补充了部分地质样品的Mg和B同位素测试,试图更合理地判别我国辽东半岛地区晶质菱镁矿矿床的成因。

  • 1 地质背景与采样

  • 胶-辽-吉活动带位于华北克拉通东缘,在2.2~1.9 Ga期间沉积了一套火山-沉积地层(Zhao Guochun et al.,2012; Li Zhuang et al.,2017; Xu Wang et al.,2018)。伴随着活动带陆内拉张环境的结束和强烈造山作用,地层记录有一期(1.9~1.8 Ga)绿片岩相—角闪岩相的变质作用(Zhang Qiusheng et al.,1988; Wan Yusheng et al.,2006; Misch et al.,2018; Li Zhuang et al.,2019)及同时期的花岗质岩浆侵位作用(Xu Wang et al.,2018)。胶-辽-吉活动带中的沉积地层包括山东省东部的荆山群和粉子山群,辽宁省东部的辽河群,吉林省南部的集安群和老岭群,以及朝鲜民主主义人民共和国北部的Macheonayeong群(图1),均赋存有菱镁矿矿床。

  • 辽河群出露于胶-辽-吉活动带中部,南北两侧的沉积相不能直接进行横向对比,两者之间以青龙山-枣儿岭断裂为边界(Zhang Qiusheng,1988),被进一步分别命名为南辽河群和北辽河群(张秋生,1984; 姜春潮,1987)。目前,辽河群沉积环境仍处于争议之中,观点包括:陆内裂谷(Zhang Qiusheng,1988; Hu Guyue et al.,2015; Liu et al.,2018),弧陆碰撞(Bai Jin,1993; Faure et al.,2004; Wang Fang et al.,2017; Xu Wang et al.,2018; Li Zhuang et al.,2019),两个不同大陆的边缘沉积相(He Gaoping et al.,1998; Chen Bin et al.,2016)。鉴于国内区域地质和矿产地质调查报告均使用Zhang Qiusheng(1984)提出的辽吉裂谷观点,本次研究依旧沿用裂谷沉积相的观点。

  • 图1 华北克拉通东部陆块内胶辽吉带的位置分布地质图,胶辽吉活动带包括山东省东部的荆山群和粉子山群,辽宁省东部的辽河群,吉林省南部的集安群和老岭群,以及朝鲜国北部的马切纳杨群(据Zhao Guochun et al.,2005修改)

  • Fig.1 Map of the Palaeoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji belt in the Eastern Block of the North China craton showing the distribution of Fenzishan Group and Jingshan Group in eastern Shandong, Liaohe Group in eastern Liaoning, Laoling Group and Ji'an Group in southern Jilin and Macheonayeong Group in North Korea (modified by Zhao Guochun et al., 2005)

  • 北辽河群地层相对清晰,变质程度为绿片岩相—低角闪岩相。按照辽宁省区测队1973年在海城市铧子峪地区建立的北辽河群标准剖面,古元古界北辽河群自下而上分为五个组:浪子山组、里尔峪组、高家峪组、大石桥组和盖县组(图2)。浪子山组与下伏鞍山群结晶基底呈角度不整合接触,岩性为绿泥绢云片岩、千枚岩、二云片岩、二云变粒岩,局部夹大理岩,近底部为石英岩(Li Qiang et al.,2007); 里尔峪组和高家峪组主要由浅粒岩、变粒岩、斜长角闪岩和石英片岩组成; 大石桥组主要由大理岩组成,夹少量云母片岩和碳质板岩; 盖县组主要由变质碎屑岩组成(Chen Bin et al.,2016)。南辽河群底部地层缺失浪子山组,且下部层位经历了高角闪岩相—混合岩化的变质作用而难以对比和划分。区调成果(Jiang Chunchao,1987; Zhang Qiusheng,1988; Chen Rongdu,1990)将南辽河群下部地层(对应于北辽河群里尔峪组和高家峪组)自下而上划分为三部分:底部混合花岗岩,含硼岩系和浊积岩系(图2)。盖县组在南辽河群和北辽河群具有完全可对比性,主体以千枚岩和云母片岩为常见岩石类型,夹杂变质细砂岩和石英岩等。大石桥组则是具有局部可对比性,南辽河群也发育有白云岩地层,但厚度较薄,往往仅有数十米且夹杂云母片岩,发育少量菱镁矿矿化点。长期的野外调查中发现,南辽河群里尔峪组(或称含硼岩系)内部零星发育有低品位菱镁矿矿体,并在很多位置与硼酸盐矿体伴生,如二人沟硼矿床(Hu Guyue et al.,2015b),层位归属于大石桥组亦或是里尔峪组,尚有争议(Zhang Qiusheng,1984; Jiang Chunchao,1987)。

  • 1.2 菱镁矿矿床及采样

  • 辽东半岛大型-超大型晶质菱镁矿矿床均分布于海城-大石桥一带,包括有小圣水寺,青山怀,水泉,铧子峪,金家堡子-下房身和祝家等矿床(图3)。区内变质岩系的片理走向为NEE—SWW向,倾向NNW,倾角40°~70°,某些矿区的岩层发生“倒转”(倾向南),铧子峪存在扭曲构造(Zhang Qiusheng,1984)。区域上,大石桥组地层呈现出扇形构造,两侧的岩层产状相向倾斜,核部为一明显的直立带。扇形构造核部的直立带,往往发生滑石化或出现滑石矿(Zhang Qiusheng,1984)。尽管地层经历有后期强烈的变形作用,菱镁矿矿体仍以层状或似层状严格赋存于大石桥组三段富镁碳酸盐建造之中,显示为层控矿产的基本地质特征,其含矿层由上、中和下三部分组成。下部矿体主要特征是条带状菱镁矿和白云石大理岩互层,夹有白云质千枚岩; 中部矿体品位高,厚度大,为主要工业矿体; 上部矿体常见菱镁矿矿层与白云石大理岩在横向上发生相变(Zhang Qiusheng,1984)。中部矿体主要矿石矿物为菱镁矿(含量87%~97%),次为滑石,透闪石、方柱石、斜绿泥石、石英、菱铁矿、含铁菱镁矿、铁菱镁矿、白云石、铁白云石、菱锰矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿和褐铁矿(Zhang Qiusheng,1988)。

  • 图2 辽河群在辽东裂谷北缘斜坡带和中央凹陷带沉积层序对比图(据Zhang Qiusheng,1984修改)

  • Fig.2 Comparation of sedimentary sequence of Liaohe Group in the northern slope and central depression of Liaoji rift (modified after Zhang Qiusheng, 1984)

  • 1 —条痕状混合花岗岩; 2—变质钠质火山碎屑岩; 3—含矿地层; 4—变质火山碎屑和凝灰岩,大理岩; 5—碳质千枚岩片岩、变粒岩及大理岩; 6—变石英砾岩及石英岩; 7—菱镁矿含矿层; 8—变质长石石英砂岩、斜长角闪岩、方解长英变粒岩、斜长石英片岩、薄层大理岩、钙硅酸盐岩互层(浊积岩系); 9—白云质大理岩; 10—千枚岩、片岩、片麻岩及变粒岩

  • 1 —Streakly migmatized granite; 2—metamorphosed sodium-rich pyroclastic rock; 3—borate-bearing sequence; 4—metamorphosed sodium-rich pyroclastic rock, tuff and marble; 5—carbonaceous phyllite, schist, leptynite and marble; 6—metamorphosed silicarenite and quartzite; 7—magnesite-bearing sequence; 8—metamorphosed feldspar-quartz sandstone, amphibolite, calcite felsic leptynite, plagioclase quartz schist, thin bedded marble, interbedded calc-silicate (tubitites) ; 9—dolomite marble; 10—phyllite, schist, gneiss and leptynite

  • 图3 辽东半岛海城-大石桥菱镁矿成矿带的地质简图(据Tang Haoshu et al.,2013修改)

  • Fig.3 Simplified geological map of the Haicheng-Dashiqiao magnesite ore belt in Liaodong Peninsula (modified after Tang Haoshu et al., 2013)

  • 1 —第四系坡残积物; 2—新元古界钓鱼台组; 3—古元古界盖县组; 4—古元古界大石桥组; 5—古元古界高家峪组; 6—古元古界里尔峪组和“含硼岩系”; 7—古元古代条痕状混合岩; 8—古元古界浪子山组; 9—太古宇条痕状混合岩; 10—太古宙变质岩; 11—燕山期石英二长岩; 12—燕山期伟晶岩; 13—燕山期花岗岩; 14—燕山期二长花岗岩; 15—印支期花岗岩; 16—印支期二长花岗岩; 17—印支期花岗闪长岩; 18—中元古代花岗岩; 19—中元古代二长花岗岩; 20—中元古代花岗闪长岩; 21—古元古代伟晶岩; 22—古元古代辉长岩; 23—太古宙花岗岩; 24—断层; 25—菱镁矿-滑石矿床; 26—县城

  • 1 —Quaternary alluvial sediments; 2—Diaoyutai Formation, Neoproterozoic; 3—Gaixian Formation, Paleoproterozoic; 4—Dashiqiao Formation, Paleoproterozoic; 5—Gaojiayu Formation, Paleoproterozoic; 6—Lieryu Formation and boron-bearing rock series, Palaeoproterozoic; 7—layed migmatite, Paleoproterozoic; 8—Langzishan Formation, Paleoproterozoic; 9—Archaean layed migmatite; 10—Metamorphic rocks, Archaean; 11—Yanshanian quartz monzonite; 12—Yanshanian pegmatite; 13—Yanshanian granite; 14—Yanshanian adamellite; 15—Indosinian granite; 16—Indosinian adamellite; 17—Indosinian granodiorite; 18—Mesoproterozoic granite; 19—Mesoproterozoic adamellite; 20—Meso-Proterozoic granite granodiorite; 21—Paleoproterozoic pegmatite; 22—Paleoproterozoic gabbro; 23—Archaean granite; 24—fault; 25—talc-magnesite deposit; 26—city

  • 海城-大石桥菱镁矿成矿带上的矿床数量众多,其中以铧子峪菱镁矿矿床品位最高,储量最大。由图4可见,铧子峪菱镁矿地层整体上发生倒转,矿体顶板为大石桥组二段,与含矿地层呈断层接触关系。从整个海城-大石桥成矿带的古元古界产状而言,“倒转”地层显示为南倾(如小圣水寺,青山怀等矿床)。但是,铧子峪矿床的赋矿地层可能是处于大型褶皱的核部,并发生有扭曲构造,而呈现出北倾产状下的“倒转”地层(Zhang Qiusheng,1984)。因此,铧子峪菱镁矿矿床的矿体厚度为矿区之最。另外,在铧子峪菱镁矿矿体内可见到晚侏罗世(155±4 Ma)煌斑岩脉侵位,为晚中生代中国东部岩石圈减薄事件的响应(Jiang Yaohui et al.,2005)。

  • 图4 辽东半岛铧子峪菱镁矿矿床地质剖面(a、b)

  • Fig.4 Geological section (a, b) of Huaziyu magnesite deposit in Liaodong Peninsula

  • 1 —石榴十字黑云变粒岩; 2—白云质大理岩; 3—黑云片岩; 4—菱镁矿; 5—第四纪沉积物; 6—煌斑岩脉

  • 1 —Staurolite and garnet-bearing biotitic leptynite; 2—dolomitic marble; 3—biotitic schist; 4—magnesite; 5—Quaternary sediments; 6—lamprophyre

  • 铧子峪菱镁矿矿石类型以晶质菱镁矿型(图5a)为主,滑石-菱镁矿型(图5b)次之,后期滑石化过程导致部分矿石出现高硅现象(图5c)。矿石矿物主要为菱镁矿及少量的水镁石,脉石矿物有白云岩、滑石、石英、绿泥石、黄铁矿、白云母、蛇纹石等。铧子峪菱镁矿矿床矿体分布在上、中和下三部分层位。在下部层位中,仍可找到一些原生沉积变余构造,如普遍产出暗色条纹(图5d)和叠层石(图5e)。铧子峪菱镁矿矿区伴生的滑石矿床,均产于下部层位的白云石大理岩、菱镁矿大理岩之中,矿体形态多呈扁豆状、透镜状和纺锤状。中部层位的矿体中常出现菱镁矿大晶体(直径约10 cm)(图5a)。这些菱镁矿重结晶现象表明:1.9~1.8 Ga时期发生的区域变质(Zhang Qiusheng et al.,1988; Wan Yusheng et al.,2006; Misch et al.,2018; Li Zhuang et al.,2019)可能引发了菱镁矿所在层位可能经历了大规模原地重结晶作用。上部矿体中常夹有较为纯净的(或夹暗色条带的)白云岩(图5f、g),也可见少量菱镁矿脉体交代白云岩的现象。本次研究在铧子峪菱镁矿矿坑中采集了晶质菱镁矿矿石(HZY-1、HZY-2、HZY-3、HZY-6、HZY-8、HZY-11、HZY-13、HZY-15、HZY-19、HZY-20、HZY-22),含暗色条带的菱镁矿矿石(图5d)(HZY-16),白云岩(HZY-18),与滑石伴生的菱镁矿矿石(图5b)(HZY-23、HZY-24)。为确定大石桥组地层所经历的变质程度,在铧子峪菱镁矿区主矿坑北侧,采集了石榴十字黑云变粒岩(HZY-26)。其产状受大石桥组二段控制,因地层整体上发生倒转而位于菱镁矿矿体顶板位置(图4)。石榴黑云变粒岩具有平行于原始层理的片麻理,大量的石榴子石夹杂其中。镜下可观察到石榴黑云变粒岩主要由石英、长石、石榴子石、黑云母等基本矿物构成(图5h)。本次研究对华子峪矿区采集3件滑石样品(HZY-25-A、HZY-25-B、HZY-25-C)。区域上,海城-大石桥菱镁矿成矿区的金家堡子-下房身矿段还发育有全球最大的裂控型滑石矿床,品质较高(图5i)。

  • 2 测试方法

  • 2.1 硼同位素测试

  • 大石桥组二段中的石榴十字黑云变粒岩,大石桥组三段地层中的菱镁矿矿石和白云石夹石的硼元素化学分离在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所自然资源部成矿作用和资源评价重点实验室完成。方法简述如下:用1 mol/L纯化后的HNO3溶解样品粉末,保持溶液略显酸性静置一夜,以使样品充分溶解,离心去除不溶物。收集上清液,取足够测试的溶液用纯化后的3 mol/L氨水调节pH值至10,充分反应后离心,滤液留做下一步交换分离。沉淀物用1 mol/L纯化后的HNO3酸解,超声震荡1 h后过阳离子树脂(0.7 mL Dowex AG50X8),用1 mL 1 mol/L HNO3和1 mL H2O洗脱,收集样品及淋洗液与上一步滤液合并。用纯化后的3 mol/L氨水调节上述过柱液pH值至7,通过硼特效树脂(Amberlite IRA-743)进行硼的分离纯化。分离之后的硼同位素测试分析在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所自然资源部成矿作用和资源评价重点实验室的Neptune型MC-ICP-MS上完成,测试过程中采用NIST SRM 951作为标准物质,进样浓度为50 μg/L,11B的信号为1.4 V左右。仪器工作参数:RF功率1280 W,冷却气16 L/min,辅助气0.8 L/min,载气1.0 L/min。在分析过程中,采用标准-样品交叉法(Standard-Sample-Bracketing,SSB)来校正仪器的质量分馏,标准样品和样品进样溶液浓度相对偏差控制在10%以内(Zhao Yue et al.,2019)。

  • 图5 辽东半岛铧子峪菱镁矿及诚祥滑石矿床的地质特征及镜下照片

  • Fig.5 Geological features and microscopic photographs of Huaziyu magnesite deposit and Chengxiang talc deposit in Liaodong Peninsula

  • (a)—晶质菱镁矿矿石(VII+1线);(b、c)—滑石-菱镁矿矿石及镜下照片(VII+1线);(d)—含黑色条纹菱镁矿矿石(VIII+1线);(e)—大石桥组三段下部层位的叠层石化石(VIII+1线北侧);(f)—大石桥组三段下部层位白云岩(VI+1线北侧);(g)—矿体下部层位中重结晶白云岩(VI+1线北侧);(h)—大石桥组二段石榴十字黑云变粒岩镜下照片(VI+1线北侧);(i)—金家堡子-下房身矿段的高品位滑石矿石(诚祥滑石矿3线140中段); Gt—石榴子石; St—十字石; Qtz—石英; Mag—菱镁矿; Dol—白云岩; Tc—滑石

  • (a) —Crystalline magnesite ore (line VII+1) ; (b, c) —talc-magnesite ore and photo under microscope (line VII+1) ; (d) —ore containing black striated magnesite (line VIII+1) ; (e) —stromatolites in the third Member, lower strata of Dashiqiao Formation (north of line VIII+1) ; (f) —dolomite in the third Member, lower strata of Dashiqiao Formation (north of line VI+1) ; (g) —recrystallized dolomite in lower strata of ore body (north of line VI+1) ; (h) —the photo under microscope of garnet-staurolite-biotite granulite in the second Member of Dashiqiao Formation (north of line VI+1 in Huaziyu deposit) ; (i) —high grade talc ore of Jinjiabuzi-Xiafangshen mining area (line3~140 m in Chengxiang talc deposit) ; Gt—garnet; St—staurolite; Qtz—quartz; Mag—magnesite; Dol— dolomite; Tc—talc

  • δ11B(‰)=[(R SP/R ST)-1]×1000,其中R SP为样品11B/10B比值的测定值,R ST为与样品相邻的两次标样11B/10B比值测定值的平均。测样时每组收集20个数据,共采集2~4组数据。在改进硼在MC-ICP-MS进样系统的记忆效应过程中,清洗的流程简化为用1‰HNO3+0.1‰HF清洗5 min,使得硼的信号强度由标准溶液的1.4 V降低至0.02 V,基本能满足此次研究的硼同位素示踪目的。测试结果列于表1。

  • 2.2 镁同位素测试

  • 3个滑石镁同位素的测试分析工作在中国地质大学(北京)同位素地球化学实验室完成。实验过程中所用的酸(HCl,HNO3,HF)均为实验室内部经过亚沸蒸馏法制备的高纯酸,所用水为经Milli-Q净水系统提纯的高纯水。将1.3 mg200目粉末滑石样品溶于3∶1的浓HF∶浓HNO3中,待完全溶解后蒸干再溶于3∶1的浓HCl∶浓HNO3溶液中,完全溶解后蒸干溶于浓HNO3中进行介质转换,随后蒸干溶于1 mol/L HNO3溶液中以备进行离子交换分离。

  • 表1 辽东半岛铧子峪菱镁矿矿床的硼同位素 MC-ICP-MS测试数据

  • Table1 Boron isotope data by MC-ICP-MS of Huaziyu magnesite deposit in Liaodong Peninsula

  • 注:实验室同批分析的OSIL IAPSO标准海水的平均值为:δ11B=39.6‰±0.3‰(2SD,n =3),故未给出每个样品的测试误差。

  • 镁离子交换分离过程将在装有AG50W-X8树脂处于1 mol/L HNO3环境中的交换柱中进行。在离子交换过程中,大部分会产生基体效应的离子(Na、K、Ti等)均会被第一次16 mL 1 mol/L HNO3洗涤掉,而剩下Mg、Mn、Ca以及一部分的Al残留在树脂中。镁离子将会在之后流过的19 mL 1 mol/L HNO3中被收集起来。以往实验显示,第一次的Mg离子提纯可以有效地去除集体元素,而使Fe/Mg,Ti/Mg,Al/Mg,K/Mg,K/Mg和Na/Mg减少到小于0.05,Ca/Mg降低至小于0.2。这些比例在经过第二次洗涤分离后可以降低至小于0.01。从而,本次研究中进行了两次镁离子交换分离过程。虽然Mn离子在这一过程中并不能定量地从Mg离子中分离掉,但由于Mn离子并不会对镁同位素组成产生明显的基体效应,因而并没有采取从Mg离子中去除Mn离子的操作。

  • 样品的镁同位素分析工作采用样品-标样交叉方法在Thermo-Scientific Neptune MC-ICP-MS上完成测试。应用标样-样品交叉(SSB)法以避免仪器的质量偏差。在分析测试之前,样品和标样分别用3% HNO3配成400×10-9浓度的溶液。另外,本次研究所选用的标准样品分别为来自于美国哥伦比亚的玄武岩样品BCR-2,其实验室内所得平均值为:δ26Mg=-0.19‰±0.06‰(2SD,n =33); 来自美国弗吉尼亚的辉绿岩样品W-2A,其实验室内所得平均值为:δ26Mg=-0.20‰±0.08‰(2SD); 以及加拿大蒙特利尔以西约20英里处的碳酸岩样品COQ-1,其实验室内所得平均值为:δ26Mg=-0.50‰±0.07‰(2SD,n =8)。测试结果列于表2。

  • 表2 辽东半岛铧子峪菱镁矿矿床的镁同位素测试数据

  • Table2 Magnesium isotope data of Huaziyu magnesite deposit in Liaodong Peninsula

  • 3 结果

  • 3.1 硼同位素

  • 由表1可见,铧子峪晶质菱镁矿矿石的δ11B值为9.8‰~13.4‰,平均11.9‰±0.3‰(n =11)。矿体中的低品位矿石和白云岩(HZY-16,HZY-18)的δ11B值为10.2‰~11.3‰,与晶质菱镁矿B同位素地球化学特征相近。与滑石伴生的菱镁矿具有较低的δ11B值(7.7‰~8.4‰),可能与硅质热液交代有关。矿体上盘的大石桥组二段地层中的富硼石榴十字黑云变粒岩的全岩δ11B值为4.3‰。

  • 3.2 镁同位素

  • 本次研究对铧子峪矿区三件滑石样品进行了Mg同位素测试,显示有极高的δ26Mg值(-0.32‰~-0.15‰)(表2)。菱镁矿δ26Mg值(δ26Mg:-1.53‰~-0.49‰)和白云岩(δ26Mg:-1.48‰~-0.88‰)显示相近的Mg同位素组成(Dong Aiguo et al.,2016),而热液成因的滑石矿物Mg同位素组成明显增高,说明菱镁矿与滑石非同期地质过程的产物。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 海相蒸发沉积地层发生原地重结晶的野外地质依据

  • 纵观整个辽东半岛古元古界大石桥组的出露范围及菱镁矿矿床的产出位置,大石桥组分布于营口-草河口东西向复式向形构造之两翼,而大型菱镁矿建造则严格产于复式向形构造的北翼,南翼仅有少量小型菱镁矿矿床。北翼矿带规模宏大,严格产出在大石桥组三段,为典型的沉积层控非金属矿床(Zhang Qiusheng,1984)。不同菱镁矿矿床的矿体厚度变化较大(30~300 m)(Zhang Qiusheng et al.,1988),说明镁质初始富集过程存在不均一,与原生沉积成矿的产出特征不一致,交代作用在菱镁矿成矿过程中作用显著。不过,镁质富集成矿的交代作用是发生在初始沉积阶段的卤水交代阶段(Jiang Shaoyong et al.,2004; Dong Aiguo et al.,2016),亦或者是在晚期(1.85±0.05 Ga)碳酸盐岩地层发生变质重结晶过程中,变质热液导致的镁质迁移富集(Luo Yaoxing et al.,1990)依然尚存争议。

  • 从矿体特征和矿石组构上看,矿体内部的韧性剪切带中往往夹持有砂、板岩(图6a、b),并已普遍发生蛇纹石化和滑石化(图6c)。赋矿地层尽管与上、下层位的白云岩及变粒岩地层呈断层接触关系,但在赋矿的高镁白云岩地层内部也可见到泥质夹层。此种泥质岩在宏观表象上与矿体产状一致,如在地层发生整体倒转的金家堡子菱镁矿矿床,泥质组分构成的条带状构造整体为北倾,与矿体上盘的大石桥组三段中的富镁大理岩地层走向也大体一致(图6d)。因此,后期角闪岩相变质作用可能使地层发生了大规模的重结晶作用(图6e),但其中的组分依然保留在近原地,并未发生物质的长距离迁移作用。在青山怀菱镁矿矿床的矿体下部层位,小规模的菱镁矿矿脉和白云石脉侵入到了白云岩地层之中(图6f、h),但此种脉状菱镁矿矿石的出露规模极为有限,仅仅在矿体下盘5~10 m的范围内有分布,且脉体宽度一般不超过1 m(图6f)。因此,尽管变质作用形成的碳酸盐岩重结晶作用很强烈,构造作用也使得大石桥组地层发生韧性剪切,但野外并未观察到大规模的镁质迁移现象。当然,与变质作用相关的硅质热液与菱镁矿矿石发生了反应,并在韧性剪切带中形成了大型滑石矿床(Misch et al.,2018)。因此,从菱镁矿矿床的野外产出情况上看,大石桥组三段地层确实经历后期的构造形变作用(姜春潮,1987; Wang Huichu et al.,20112018; Jiang Chunchao et al.,2014; Liu Fulai et al.,2015),但此种构造及可能同期发生的变质作用可能并未引发早期沉积物的大规模迁移和流动,菱镁矿矿石的镁质更有可能是来自于近原地,未经历过长距离的迁移。

  • 图6 海城-大石桥地区菱镁矿矿床的野外照片

  • Fig.6 Field photographs of the magnesite deposits in Haicheng-Dashiqiao area

  • (a)—祝家菱镁矿矿床中的绿泥石化碳质板岩(12线北侧);(b)—祝家菱镁矿矿床碳质板岩的手标本照片(12线北侧);(c)—祝家菱镁矿矿床中的泥质岩夹层(12线北侧);(d)—金家堡子菱镁矿矿床泥质岩夹层分布在重结晶菱镁矿矿石之中(0线中段);(e、f)—青山怀菱镁矿矿床矿体底板处形成的菱镁矿矿脉交代白云岩(EVI60线北侧); Serp—蛇纹石; Chl—绿泥石; Qtz—石英; Mag—菱镁矿; Dol—白云岩

  • (a) —Chloridized carbonaceous slate in Zhujia magnesite deposit (north of line12) ; (b) —sample photo of carbonaceous slate in Zhujia magnesite deposit (north of line12) ; (c) —argillaceous rock interlayer in Zhujia magnesite deposit (north of line12) ; (d) —argillaceous rock intercalation is distributed among recrystallized magnesite ores in Jinjiabaozi magnesite deposit (middle of line 0) ; (e, f) —the metasomatic dolomite formed at the floor of the ore body in Qingshanhuai magnesite deposit (north of line EVI60) ; Serp—serpentine; Chl—chlorite; Qtz—quartz; Mag—magnesite; Dol—dolomite

  • 4.2 海相蒸发沉积地层原地重结晶的地球化学证据

  • 4.2.1 元素地球化学

  • 主量元素方面,辽东地区晶质菱镁矿矿石显示富镁(MgO)为45.39%~47.05%和贫钙(CaO)为0.31%~1.11%特征,镁和钙含量之间呈反相关关系(张秋生,1984; Chen Congxi et al.,2003; Jiang Shaoyong et al.,2004; Tang Haoshu et al.,2009; Hu Guyue et al.,2015b; Dong Aiguo et al.,2016)。在滑石内部及其与菱镁矿的接触边缘,形成了较多的石英,导致与滑石伴生的菱镁矿显示高硅(SiO2为5.70%~7.78%)特征(表3)。因此,菱镁矿矿床经历了后期变质热液作用,并形成了诸多超大型滑石矿床,但这可能并非菱镁矿矿床镁质发生富集的根本原因。

  • 菱镁矿矿石和白云岩的ΣREE变化较大,但总体呈平坦的稀土元素配分模式(图7a),为典型海相沉积物的地球化学特征(Hu et al.,1988)。少部分样品ΣREE急剧增高是伴随着SiO2含量的增高,两者之间存在正相关关系(图7b)。菱镁矿矿石和白云岩的稀土元素总含量随着硅质的变化而变化,而与是否发生矿化关系不大。因此,稀土元素的变化极有可能是后期变质作用引发的,并同时引发高硅质样品的负Eu异常。由于海相碳酸盐中一般稀土元素含量较低,因此,极易被后期进入的,含有较高稀土含量的热液流体发生水岩作用所影响(中国科学院地球化学研究所,1988)。但在海城-大石桥菱镁矿矿集区,此种高稀土含量的高硅碳酸盐岩在大石桥组三段中分布较为局限,也表明热液作用的影响较为有限。

  • 表3 辽东半岛铧子峪菱镁矿矿床的矿石和含矿围岩主量元素和微量元素组成(据Hu Guyue et al.,2015b

  • Table3 Composition of major and trace element data for the ores and host rocks of Huaziyu magnesite deposit in Liaodong Peninsula (after Hu Guyue et al., 2015b)

  • 注:主量元素含量%,微量元素和稀土元素含量10-6; 空白处为含量低于检出限。

  • 图7 大石桥组三段地层碳酸盐岩的页岩标准化稀土元素配分图(数据来自Dong Aiguo et al.,2016; Hu Guyue et al.,2015b; Tang Haoshu et al.,2009; PAAS数据来自Pourmand et al.,2012

  • Fig.7 Shale normalized rare-earth element partitioning map of carbonatite in the third member of Dashiqiao Formation (the data is derived from Dong Aiguo et al., 2016; Hu Guyue et al., 2015b; Tang Haoshu et al., 2009; the data of PAAS is derived from Pourmand et al., 2012)

  • 表4 辽东半岛菱镁矿矿床的碳同位素测试数据

  • Table4 Carbon isotope data of magnesite deposit in Liaodong Peninsula

  • 4.2.2 稳定同位素(C-O-S-B)地球化学

  • 大石桥组二段地层中十字石和石榴子石等特征变质矿物的出现表明:菱镁矿矿床所在的大石桥组曾发生角闪岩相变质作用。此种变质作用使得菱镁矿及其围岩白云岩的δ18OV-PDB为-24.9‰~-7.9‰(Zhang Qiusheng,1988; Chen Congxi et al.,2003; Tang Haoshu et al.,2013),显著低于海相沉积碳酸盐岩建造的氧同位素组成。但是,碳同位素是否发生了显著的下降依然缺乏证据,因为碳酸盐岩建造发生碳同位素负漂移的变质作用均是由脱碳反应的动力学分馏作用引发(Bottinga,1968),而由大量白云岩和菱镁矿组成的大石桥组三段中明显缺乏脱碳反应形成的金云母,镁橄榄石,透闪石和方解石等矿物。在碳同位素组成方面,大石桥组三段及其中赋存的菱镁矿矿石的变化范围较宽,δ13CV-PDB值为-4.5‰~4.4‰(表4)。其中,大型层状矿体中心部位的晶质菱镁矿矿石δ13CV-PDB值集中在0.3‰~1.6‰(表4),位于海相沉积碳酸盐岩范围内,并显示有微弱的碳同位素正异常,被解释为 “大氧化”事件的印记(Tang Haoshu et al.,2013)。由于正常海相沉积碳酸盐岩的δ13CV-PDB值介于0.3‰~3.5‰之间(Veizer et al.,1976; Melezhik et al.,2005),菱镁矿的碳同位素微弱正异常可能是因为蒸发沉积作用所致(Stiller et al.,1985)。矿体底板中脉状菱镁矿矿石的δ13CV-PDB值为-2.7‰(Tang Haoshu et al.,2013),围岩中的高硅白云岩和滑石-菱镁矿也普遍显示偏低的碳同位素组成(Misch et al.,2018)。因此,虽然海城-大石桥地区菱镁矿矿床中局部变质热液流体交代导致菱镁矿δ13CV-PDB值下降(Tang Haoshu et al.,2013; Misch et al.,2018),但整体上菱镁矿矿石显示的微弱碳同位素正异常(表4)表明变质热液作用所影响的范围仍然是局部的。

  • 图8 地质历史时期的海相碳酸盐的碳同位素演化规律(背景数据来自Shield et al.,2002),和辽东半岛菱镁矿矿床及白云岩夹石的碳同位素组成(a); 辽东半岛菱镁矿矿床内菱镁矿及白云岩夹石的硫同位素组成(b)(所有的背景数据均来自Canfield,2001及其中的参考文献,代表了地质历史时期海相碳酸盐和硫酸盐的硫同位素演化规律)

  • Fig.8 Carbon isotope evolution of marine carbonates in Earth history (data from Shields et al., 2002) , and the data of magnesite in Liaodong Peninsula, Northeastern China (a) ; sulfur isotopic composition of disseminated sulfur in magnesite of Liaodong Peninsula (b) (all other background data are from Canfield, 2001 and the references therein, represent the sulfur isotopic composition of marine carbonate and sulfate)

  • 1 —地质历史时期海相沉积碳酸盐的碳同位素演化; 2—辽东半岛菱镁矿矿区菱镁矿及白云岩夹石的碳同位素组成; 3—地质历史时期海水的硫同位素演化; 4—地质历史时期海相沉积物硫同位素演化; 5—辽东半岛菱镁矿矿石和硬石膏的硫同位素组成

  • 1 —Carbon isotope evolution of marine sedimentary carbonates; 2—carbon isotope composition of magnesite and dolomite in Liaodong Peninsula; 3—surfur isotope evolution of seawater; 4—surfur isotope evolution of marine sedimentary sulfates; 5—the sulfur isotopic compositions of magnesite and anhydrites in magnesite mines of Liaodong Peninsula, Northeast China

  • 菱镁矿矿床中已完成的硫同位素测试的矿物包括有石膏,黄铁矿和菱镁矿。石膏δ34SV-CDT值为+23.9‰~+26.5‰; 菱镁矿矿石δ34SV-CDT值为+15.6‰~+23.7‰,黄铁矿δ34SV-CDT值为+16.0‰~+20.7‰(表5)。整体上的硫同位素比值较高且集中,显示海相蒸发沉积的特征。变质和热液作用通常使岩石中的硫元素发生逸失和再分配,使变质岩的硫同位素组成均一化(Andreae,1974),而在硫同位素体系中硫酸盐的δ34SV-CDT值最高,在变质过程中其δ34SV-CDT值降低幅度可能更大。因此,硫同位素也并未记录有变质热液作用引发的硫同位素分馏效应。

  • 晶质菱镁矿矿石的硼含量(B2O3)为38.4×10-6~287×10-6,显著高于低品位菱镁矿和白云岩的硼含量(B2O3)为9.76×10-6~17.9×10-6(表3)。矿体上盘的大石桥组二段中的石榴十字黑云变粒岩具有富硼(B2O3)为192×10-6特征(表3)。由表1和图8可见,本次研究得到辽东地区铧子峪菱镁矿矿区的菱镁矿矿石和镁质白云岩的δ11B值为9.8‰~13.4‰,低于显生宙海相蒸发岩(25‰±4‰; Swihart et al.,1986)和现代海相碳酸盐岩的δ11B值(22.1‰±3‰; Hemming et al.,1992)(图9)。但是,由于变质过程会导致地质体的δ11B值下降,前寒武系碳酸盐岩硼同位素组成集中在0~10‰(δ11B值为-6.2‰~12.9‰; 数据来自:Chaussidon et al.,1992; Barth,1993; Kasemann et al.,20052010; Zhao Yue et al.,2019)。因此,相对目前已发表的前寒武纪地质体,辽东半岛晶质菱镁矿矿床的碳酸盐岩显示为极高的δ11B值(高达13.4‰)。大规模层状产出的白云岩地层及其中普遍保留的微弱碳同位素正异常现象均表明古元古界大石桥组三段为海相沉积地层(Zhang Qiusheng,1984; Tang Haoshu et al.,2013)。地层中镁质的富集可能是海水经历了强烈蒸发作用的产物(Zhang Qiusheng,1984; Jiang Chunchao,1987; Tang Haoshu et al.,2013; Dong Aiguo et al.,2016),而蒸发沉积物强烈地富集11B(Swihart et al.,1986)。在吕梁期发生的角闪岩相变质过程(Wan Yusheng et al.,2006)中,菱镁矿矿石的11B富集程度尽管有所下降,但仍保留有相对同时代沉积地层较高的δ11B值。

  • 表5 辽东半岛菱镁矿矿床的硫同位素测试数据

  • Table5 Sulphur isotope data of magnesite deposit in Liaodong Peninsula

  • 图9 大石桥组三段碳酸盐岩及其他地质体中δ11B值的分布范围(底图数据来自Swihart et al.,1986; Chaussidon et al.,19921995; Peng Qiming et al.,2002; Tan Hongbing et al.,2010; Hu Guyue et al.,2015a

  • Fig.9 Range of δ11B values from carbonates of the third Member of Dashiqiao Formation and other different boron sources (other data from Swihart et al., 1986; Chaussidon et al., 1992, 1995; Peng Qiming et al., 2002; Tan Hongbing et al., 2010; Hu Guyue et al., 2015a)

  • 含滑石的高硅菱镁矿矿石δ11B值为7.7‰~8.4‰,较高品位菱镁矿矿石δ11B值下降了约5‰(表1)。在δ11B值降低的同时,含滑石的高硅菱镁矿矿石的δ13C值也发生了下降(Δ13C≈0.5‰)(Misch et al.,2018)。高硅质、高盐度变质流体对菱镁矿的滑石交代成矿作用(Chen Congxi et al.,2003)可能导致了δ11B值和δ13C值的同时下降。

  • 4.3 沉积期后卤水交代作用成矿的可能性

  • 前已述及,在元素地球化学和同位素地球化学特征上,菱镁矿矿床清晰地继承有海相沉积的地球化学特征,变质热液交代作用的影响仅在局部出现。但仍有一问题亟待解决,即海相蒸发沉积作用能否形成巨厚的菱镁矿矿层。

  • 截至目前,辽东半岛的菱镁矿矿床的成因观点包括有:(a)海水原生沉积(Zhang Qiusheng,1984),(b)变质热液交代(Luo Yaoxing et al.,1990)和(c)沉积期后富镁卤水交代作用(Jiang Shaoyong et al.,2004; Dong Aiguo et al.,2016)。在海水中直接通过蒸发沉积作用形成诸如海城-大石桥地区动辄上百米厚的菱镁矿矿层的可能性很小,如南澳大利亚州Coorong潟湖内的菱镁矿及水菱镁矿也仅仅是与白云石共同发生沉积作用(Warren,1990)。因此,观点(a)可被排除。

  • 对于观点(b)变质热液交代作用,前已述及,大规模的外来热液交代作用在海城-大石桥菱镁矿矿区的分布较为局限,野外更多的是表现为碳酸盐矿物的原地重结晶作用。C-O-B-S同位素地球化学上仍继承有海相蒸发沉积的特征。因铁离子和镁离子具有相似的离子半径,Fe2O3含量是判断外来热液交代作用的一个重要指标,如阿尔卑斯山地区热液流体交代形成的菱镁矿中Fe2O3含量介于2.00%~3.17%之间(Henjes-Kunst et al.,2014)。在海城-大石桥菱镁矿矿区,矿石铁含量较低,不支持外来热液交代作用。另外,镁同位素组成上也不支持有大量变质热液进入大石桥组三段碳酸盐建造的判断。仅矿体发生有滑石化的区域,才记录有明显的Mg同位素地球化学分馏作用。与菱镁矿伴生的滑石δ26Mg值为-0.32‰~-0.15‰,明显区别于矿区菱镁矿矿石(-1.53‰~-0.49‰)和白云岩(-1.48‰~-0.88‰)的镁同位素组成,这可能是菱镁矿形成滑石化的过程中,轻镁24Mg优先丢失所导致的结果。另一种可能的交代机制为变质热液淋滤大石桥组三段碳酸盐岩形成富镁的流体,该流体与碳酸盐岩发生交代而成菱镁矿。Dong Aiguo et al.(2016) 的研究结果已表明,菱镁矿矿石的镁同位素组成明显重于大石桥组三段白云质大理岩的镁同位素组成(表2)。轻镁同位素24Mg有优先进入热液流体的性质,若镁质由白云岩向菱镁矿矿石发生聚集,那么,菱镁矿矿石应显示比白云岩更轻的镁同位素组成。因此,在变质过程中,由周缘的白云岩地层提供富镁热液流体,交代成矿层位的碳酸盐岩形成菱镁矿的可能性也被镁同位素地球化学证据排除。因此,观点(b)可被排除。

  • 另一个沉积过程可能为观点(c)——海相蒸发沉积物被富镁卤水交代,完成镁质富集。富镁卤水与蒸发碳酸盐发生反应,这一过程类似于白云岩化(Melezhik et al.,2005)。菱镁矿镁同位素具有较小的变化范围(-0.75‰±0.26‰)和相对较重的镁同位素组成,指示了菱镁矿的形成过程中成岩卤水比同期潟湖底部海水具有更高的镁含量和更重的镁同位素组成(Dong Aiguo et al.,2016)。卤水的地球化学特征为富镁、贫铁和稀土,也与铧子峪矿区形成的高品位菱镁矿相一致,指示成岩流体改造早阶段碳酸盐的成矿过程(Jiang Shaoyong et al.,2004)。因此,在蒸发过程中,富镁卤水形成于潟湖底部,逐步向下渗透,在成岩过程中使得早阶段沉淀的碳酸盐发生初始镁质富集的可能性极大。同时,这样的富镁卤水富集过程使得菱镁矿矿体中继承有海相蒸发沉积的稳定同位素(C-O-S-B-Mg)地球化学特征。总之,大石桥组三段的碳酸盐岩以及镁质富集成矿可能分别形成于蒸发沉积和卤水成岩过程,而后期的变质作用可能仅导致碳酸盐类矿物发生原地或近原地的重结晶作用,并未导致地层中的镁质发生长距离迁移和富集。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)我国辽东半岛海城-大石桥菱镁矿矿床所在的大石桥组三段富镁碳酸盐地层后期经历了强烈的构造形变作用,矿区常可见到绿泥石化板岩和碳质千枚岩产于矿体韧性剪切带内部; 约1.9~1.8 Ga期间发生的角闪岩相变质作用引发菱镁矿矿石发生变质重结晶,形成的晶质菱镁矿晶体直径可达10 cm。

  • (2)尽管经历有后期强烈的变质变形作用,菱镁矿矿石仍继承有海相蒸发沉积岩的稳定同位素地球化学特征(δ13C:-2.7‰~1.6‰; δ34S:15.6‰~23.7‰; δ26Mg:-1.53‰~-0.49‰; δ11B:9.8‰~13.4‰); 同时,相对于菱镁矿矿石的镁同位素地球化学组成,后期裂控型滑石较高的δ26Mg值(-0.32‰~-0.15‰)说明变质热液作用所引发的Mg同位素分馏现象仅在局部出现。

  • (3)海城-大石桥地区的大石桥组三段地层中的地质和地球化学均未记录到变质热液作用引发的镁质长距离迁移作用,镁质富集的根本原因可能发生在沉积阶段,为潟湖相沉积碳酸盐岩经准同生阶段的富镁卤水交代所致。

  • 致谢:感谢辽宁省地质调查院孙鹏慧教授级高级工程师在野外工作中的帮助。

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    • Misch D, Pluch H, Mali H, Ebner F, Huang Hui. 2018. Genesis of giant Early magnesite and related talc deposits in the Mafeng area, Liaoning Province, NE China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 160: 1~12.

    • Nishihara H. 1956. Origin of the bedded magnesites of Manchuria. Economic Geology, 51: 698~711.

    • Peng Qiming, Palmer M R. 2002. The Paleoterozoic Mg-Fe borate deposits of Liaoning and Jilin Provinces, Northeast China. Economic Geology, 97: 93~108.

    • Pohl B. 1990. Genesis of magnesite deposit-models and trends. Geologische Rundschau, 79: 291~299.

    • Pourmand A, Dauphas N, Ireland T J. 2012. A novel extraction chromatography and MC-ICP-MS technique for rapid analysis of REE, Sc and Y: revising CL-chondrite and Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) abundance. Chemical Geology, 291: 38~54.

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    • Tang Haoshu, Chen Yanjing, Wu Guang, Yang Tao. 2009. Rare earth element geochemistry of carbonates of Dashiqiao Formation, Liaohe Group, eastern Liaoning Province: implications for Lomagundi Event. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 25(11): 3075~3093(in Chinese with English abstract).

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