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作者简介:

田建章,男,1963年生。教授级高级工程师,主要从事油气勘探综合研究。E-mail:wty_tjz@petrochina.com.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    冀中坳陷潜山天然气是渤海湾盆地深层—超深层油气勘探的重要领域,文安斜坡潜山带则是冀中坳陷深潜山天然气勘探的主战场,但关于文安斜坡潜山带内、中、外三个不同含气带的油气来源、成藏期次和成藏过程等缺乏系统研究。本文在对各带天然气组分、碳同位素、稀有气体同位素和轻烃化合物等分析的基础上,探讨了天然气的成因与来源,利用流体包裹体方法厘清不同潜山带油气成藏充注过程,继而建立了油气成藏模式,并对比分析不同含气带油气成藏差异性。结果表明,文安斜坡潜山带内带天然气为高—过成熟的油型气,主要来源于Es4+Ek烃源岩,储层经历了两期不同成熟度的天然气充注过程;中带天然气主要为煤型气,主要来源于石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩,混有部分Es4+Ek烃源岩生成的天然气,具有两期油气充注过程;而外带天然气为低成熟阶段的生物-热催化过渡带气经氧化改造而形成的次生生物气,主要来源于石炭-二叠纪烃源岩,仅经历了一期天然气充注过程。综合分析表明,文安斜坡潜山带发育双源供烃-断层不整合输导-分带差异聚集的油气成藏模式,内、中、外三个含气带分别发育单向单源供烃似层状高—过成熟气藏、双向双源供烃断溶体成熟—高成熟油气藏以及单向单源供烃层状低熟-生物气藏三种油气藏类型。本文结果为深化对该区天然气来源、成藏规律的认识和后续勘探领域的拓展提供有益的信息。

    Abstract

    The natural gas in the Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin has become an important target area for the deep and ultra-deep reservoir explorations in the Bohai Bay basin. However, the gas sources, charging history and gas accumulation process lack systematic research. In this paper, the identification of gas origin and source is conducted based on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic compositions, rare gas isotopic compositions and light hydrocarbons. The fluid inclusions analysis is applied to reveal the charging history and a gas accumulation model is established. Finally, the differences in the gas accumulation from three belts are compared. The results show that the natural gas in the inner belt is high-mature oil-associated gas, mainly derived from Es4+Ek source rock, and the gas reservoirs have experienced two different maturity of natural gas filling process. The natural gas in the middle belt is coal-derived gas, mainly derived from the C-P coal-measure source rocks, mixed some gases from Es4+Ek source rock, and the gas reservoirs have the characteristics of two different maturity of hydrocarbon fillings. The gases in the outward belt are biothermal-catalyzed transition zone gases at low maturity stage through oxidation modification. A comprehensive analysis of the Wen'an slope buried-hill belts is used to develop a model of “dual source hydrocarbon supply-fault unconformity transport-zoning difference accumulation”, which developed into three types of reservoirs in the three belts: ① one-way single-source hydrocarbon-supply, stratified high-over-mature gas reservoirs; ② two-way two-source hydrocarbon-supply, fault-corrosion blocked mature to highly mature oil-gas reservoirs; and ③ one-way single-source hydrocarbon-supply, stratified low-mature/biological gas reservoirs.

  • 冀中坳陷潜山天然气是渤海湾盆地深层-超深层油气勘探的重要领域。截至2017年,冀中坳陷已发现了杨税务、南旺、韩村、东储、永清、刘其营、苏桥、牛东和大城等多个天然气藏,探明天然气储量超过300×108 m3Zhong Xuemei et al.,2018),为京津冀协同发展提供了重要的能源后勤保障。文安斜坡为霸县凹陷和大城凸起之间的平缓斜坡,是冀中坳陷深潜山天然气勘探的主战场。1982年苏1井在奥陶系以日产油59 t、气6.3×104m3获得高产油气流,从而揭开了该潜山带油气勘探的序幕,继而钻探苏4、苏6、苏16井获得成功,发现了冀中坳陷第一个斜坡潜山油气藏(Du Jinhu et al.,2002)。2020年又在文安斜坡潜山内带钻探苏8x井获得高产气流,展示研究区良好的可持续性勘探前景。文安斜坡潜山带分为内带、中带和外带(图1),内带和中带含气层系主要为奥陶系峰峰组(O2f)和上、下马家沟组(O2s+O2x),外带天然气主要赋存在石炭-二叠系(C-P)。关于文安斜坡潜山带的储层特征、天然气成因与来源,前人已有大量的研究(Liu Baoquan et al.,1990; Yang Yuancong et al.,1991; Qin Jianzhong et al.,2000; Liang Hongbin et al.,2002; Su Liping et al.,2003; Xiao Lihua et al.,2004; Gao Xianzhi et al.,2011; Kong Lingwu et al.,2011; Liu Nian et al.,2017)。但随着勘探的深入,文安斜坡潜山的天然气成藏机理也凸显以下问题:①整个斜坡潜山带天然气地球化学特征缺乏系统的分析,对天然气来源的认识存在来源于古近系孔店组+沙河街组四段(Ek +Es4)和石炭-二叠纪的争议(Liu Baoquan et al.,1990; Yang Yuancong et al.,1991; Liang Hongbin et al.,2002; Tian Jianzhang et al.,2010); ②整个斜坡潜山带不同带的油气成藏规律研究的相对较少,尤其是油气充注过程和成藏模式。这些问题严重制约了勘探的拓展和深入。因此,本文在对各含气带天然气组分、碳同位素、稀有气体同位素和轻烃化合物等分析的基础上,探讨了各带天然气的成因与来源,利用流体包裹体方法厘清了不同潜山带油气成藏充注过程,从而建立了油气成藏模式,并对比了不同潜山带油气成藏差异性,为指导该地区潜山油气勘探提供依据。

  • 图1 文安斜坡潜山带区域位置图(a)和地层柱状图(b)

  • Fig.1 Location map of Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin (a) and generalized stratigraphic column (b)

  • 1 地质概况

  • 文安斜坡位于渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷的东北部,是大城凸起和霸县生烃凹陷之间转换斜坡带,为油气运移的有利指向。斜坡呈北北东向展布,自西向东可分为内、中、外三个次级含气单元(图1a)。断裂整体上发育在中带,与奥陶系储层构成了断溶体(Du Jinhu et al.,2002; Su Liping et al.,2003)。O2f和O2s +O2x是斜坡内带和中带碳酸盐岩储层发育的重要层位(图1b),而二叠系下石盒子组(P1x)是斜坡外带重要的碎屑岩储层。文安斜坡潜山带对接的霸县生烃凹陷发育Es4+Ek湖相泥质烃源岩,厚度大、有机质丰度高,有机碳含量(TOC)为0.7%~13.0%,干酪根主要为Ⅱ2~Ⅲ型(Li Xin et al.,2008; Min Bin et al.,2015; Wang Quan et al.,2017)。该套烃源岩现今埋深较大,主要生排烃期为古近纪末期—新近纪(Xiao Lihua et al.,2004; Jin Qiang et al.,2014; Li Xianping et al.,2015)。另外,由于中生代的构造反转,地层遭受剥蚀,斜坡上残留一套石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩。凹陷区和斜坡内带的石炭-二叠纪在中生代已剥蚀殆尽,在中带和外带保存完整,且越向东厚度越大。石炭-二叠纪煤系中煤层厚度10~45 m,有机质含量高,干酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型(Qin Jianzhong et al.,2000; Chen Fuyan et al.,2013),在古近纪东营期(Ed)以来具有明显的二次生烃(Zhang Songhang et al.,2014; Qian Zheng et al.,2016)。奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的渗滤和储集空间主要为裂缝-溶蚀性孔隙,且受埋藏深度的影响较小(Kong Lingwu et al.,2011)。受“跷跷板”式构造反转的影响,文安斜坡潜山带从内带到外带形成内幕似层状、断溶体和岩溶块状储层序列(Du Jinhu et al.,2002; Su Liping et al.,2003),构成了内带和中带的石炭-二叠纪底部煤系泥岩/奥陶系碳酸盐岩储-盖组合和外带的石炭-二叠纪泥岩/石炭-二叠纪砂岩的储-盖组合(Su Liping et al.,2003; Kong Lingwu et al.,2011)。根据潜山带储层发育类型,可将斜坡带内、中、外气藏分别划分为内幕似层状气藏、垒堑块状油气藏和层状砂岩气藏。

  • 2 样品和实验方法

  • 在文安斜坡潜山带共采集16个天然气样品,在内、中、外3个含气单元均匀分布(表1)。对所有天然气样品进行了天然气组分、碳同位素分析,其中8个样品进行了稀有气体氦(He)、氩(Ar)同位素分析(表2),5个样品进行了轻烃组分分析。另外,本次还采集7个储层岩芯样品,石炭-二叠纪和奥陶纪储层均有分布(表3),从包裹体岩相学、显微测温学等方面开展详细的流体包裹体研究。

  • 天然气组分分析采用美国Agilent GC6890N气相色谱仪,以He作为载气,色谱柱条件为:不锈钢充填柱,柱温为恒温60℃,保留34.7 min。检测器为热导池检测器,温度为200℃。天然气稳定碳同位素测试在Trace GC ULTRA-MAT253 IRMS上完成,以He作为载气,速度为1.3 mL/min。进样口温度为200℃,进样后采用程序升温:开始35℃保留6 min; 然后以15℃/min升温至80℃; 再以5℃/min升温至200℃,保留5 min。天然气中轻烃分析采用7890A气相色谱仪,载气为He,进样口温度为120℃,开始以1.5℃/min速率升温至70℃,再以3℃/min速率升温至160℃,最后以5℃/min速率升温至280℃,恒温50 min。He、Ar同位素组成采用Noblesse SFT稀有气体质谱计完成,参数流程参考Wang Xiaodong et al.(2018)

  • 对所采集的岩芯样品进行磨片和双面抛光,制成可供观察的流体包裹体薄片。在显微镜下进行流体包裹体观察,其仪器为ZEISS AXIO Imager.A1m偏光显微镜。本次显微测温使用由THMS-Q600型冷热台与Axisokop40型显微镜组成的显微测温观察测温系统。测温采用逐渐升温法,先以5℃/min升温至20℃,再以0.5℃/min升温至接近包裹体的均一温度,直到达到包裹体相态均一为止,所测的均一温度误差不超过0.5℃。

  • 表1 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带典型井天然气组分、碳同位素和轻烃组成

  • Table1 Compositions, carbon and hydrogen isotopic and light hydrocarbon compositions of natural gas from typical wells in Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin

  • 3 天然气成因与来源

  • 3.1 天然气地球化学特征

  • 文安斜坡潜山带天然气以烃类气体为主,CH4含量为76.7%~99.0%(表1),干燥系数(C1/C1-5)分布较广,其值为0.78~1.00,表现为湿气和干气并存的特征(图2a)。内带天然气CH4含量较高,其值为87.3%~87.9%,干燥系数为0.92~0.95,组分偏干。中带天然气CH4含量相对较低,其值为76.7%~86.5%,干燥系数为0.78~0.89,为典型的湿气。而外带天然气以CH4为主,其值为98.5%~99.0%,重烃气含量很低,干燥系数为1.0(图2a)。

  • 图2 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带天然气组分特征(a)和天然气δ13C-1/n相关关系(b)

  • Fig.2 The compositional characteristics (a) and correlation between δ13C and 1/n of gases (b) in Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin

  • 在烷烃气碳同位素组成方面,内带天然气碳同位素相对较轻,其δ13C1δ13C2值分别为-41.0‰~-40.8‰和-28.5‰~-28.2‰(图2b和表1); 中带天然气碳同位素相对较重,δ13C1δ13C2值分别为-39.8‰~-35.6‰和-27.6‰~-25.6‰; 而外带天然气δ13C1最轻、δ13C2最重,δ13C1δ13C2值分别为-44.3‰~-44.0‰和-16.5‰~-13.4‰。斜坡内带天然气样品发生了δ13C3δ13C4倒转(δ13C3δ13C4),未发生δ13C1δ13C2δ13C3的倒转; 中带部分天然气(约43%的样品)表现出典型正序特征(δ13C1δ13C2δ13C3δ13C4),另外部分样品发生了δ13C3δ13C4倒转; 外带天然气基本上只含CH4和C2H6δ13C1偏轻而δ13C2表现异常重,含有C3H6的样品表现为部分倒转(δ13C1δ13C2δ13C3)。在稀有气体氦(He)和氩(Ar)同位素方面,文安斜坡潜山带内带两个天然气3He/4He值分别为1.0×10-7和0.8×10-740Ar/36Ar值分别为396.8和406.9(表2); 中带天然气3He/4He和40Ar/36Ar值分别为0.6×10-7~2.0×10-7和557.0~986.2; 外带天然气3He/4He值较高、40Ar/36Ar值较低,3He/4He和40Ar/36Ar值分别为8.2×10-7~13.1×10-7和324.1~351.0,表明可能混入了大气氦(Xu Yongchang et al.,1979; Droz et al.,2003)。

  • 3.2 天然气成因与来源

  • 研究区天然气整体上表现出正序特征,且不同含气带天然气均具有较低的3He/4He组成(表2),表现出典型壳源氦特征,表明烷烃气为有机成因气。内带和中带具有相对较重的δ13C1和较小的C1/C2+3值,表现出热成因气的特征(图3)。根据原始有机质类型可概括性地将热成因气划分为油型气和煤型气,内带天然气表现为Ⅱ型干酪根生成的天然气(图3),而中带天然气表现偏腐殖型,为Ⅲ型干酪根生成的天然气。外带天然气具有相对较轻的δ13C1和较大的C1/C2+3值,样品点介于热成因气和生物气之间,具有热成因气和生物气混合成因的特征(图3)。乙烷等重烃气碳同位素具有较强的原始母质继承性,是鉴别煤成气和油型气的有效指标,当δ13C2δ13C3值分别重于-28‰和-25‰时,天然气一般为煤成气,反之为油型气(Dai Jinxing et al.,2005)。文安斜坡潜山带内带天然气δ13C2δ13C3值分别小于-28‰和-25‰,表现为油型气; 中带和外带天然气则表现为煤型气(图4a)。轻烃组成也常被用于判识天然气的成因类型,C7轻烃组成具有重要的生源意义,是判定天然气成因的重要指标(Hu Guoyi et al.,2008)。外带为干气,不含C7轻烃组分。内带和中带天然气在C7轻烃组成三角图上分别表现为油型气和煤型气(图4b),与利用碳同位素判别结果一致。

  • 按母质来源的差异还可将天然气分为干酪根裂解气与原油裂解气(Prinzhofer et al.,1995; Lorant et al.,1998)。内带天然气为原油裂解气(图5),达到高成熟—过成熟阶段; 中带天然气为干酪根裂解气和原油裂解气,达到成熟—高成熟阶段; 外带天然气异常重的δ13C2值导致样品数据点超过了图版的范围无法判断其成熟度。研究区主要发育两套潜在的气源岩(Es4+Ek和石炭-二叠纪),Es4+Ek为一套湖相泥岩,其干酪根主要为Ⅱ型,含少量Ⅲ型,处于成熟—高成熟阶段(R o=0.8%~2.2%)(Li Xin et al.,2008; Zhao Xianzheng et al.,2013; Zhong Xuemei et al.,2018)。而斜坡上的石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩干酪根类型为Ⅲ型,成熟度较低,目前处于成熟阶段(R o=0.8%~1.2%)(Qin Jianzhong et al.,20002005; Qian Zheng et al.,20152016)。斜坡潜山内带天然气为油型气,且为原油裂解气,与霸县洼槽高成熟的Es4+Ek偏腐泥质型烃源岩所生的天然气性质一致。因此,斜坡潜山内带天然气主要来源于生烃洼槽的Es4+Ek烃源岩。中带天然气为煤型气,且为干酪根裂解气和原油裂解气。由于霸县生烃洼槽Es4+Ek含有部分Ⅲ型干酪根,结合中带天然气成因类型和成熟度,认为中带天然气主要来源于石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩,可能混有Es4+Ek的贡献。斜坡潜山外带天然气δ13C2值异常重(δ13C2=-16.5‰~-13.4‰),正常热成因气δ13C2值难以大于-20‰(James,1983; Luo Guangping et al.,2019)。另外,整个斜坡石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩成熟度较低,其R o为0.8%~1.2%(Zhang Songhang et al.,2014; Qian Zheng et al.,2016),排除了过成熟度生烃母质的影响。一般地,天然气的扩散作用会发生同位素运移分馏作用,CH4运移扩散能力强,比其他重碳气体容易发生扩散作用,扩散作用往往造成CH4含量明显降低(Huang Haiping et al.,2014)。然而,外带天然气为典型干气,CH4含量高达98.95%,则排除运移分馏作用的影响。天然气在被氧化菌分解过程中优先分解富含轻碳同位素的部分,使得残留部分的碳同位素变重(James et al.,1984; Jenden et al.,1993; Milkov,2011)。斜坡潜山外带埋深相对较浅(<2000 m),温度偏低(<80℃),地下水相对活跃,适应烃类氧化细菌的生存。因此,外带天然气可能是低成熟-成熟阶段的生物-热催化过渡带气经氧化改造而成。结合源储匹配关系,认为外带天然气主要来源于石炭-二叠纪烃源岩。

  • 图3 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带天然气C1/C2+3-δ13C1 相关关系(图版据Bernard et al.,1978

  • Fig.3 The correlation between C1/C2+3 and δ13C1 of gases in Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin (the plate from Bernard et al., 1978)

  • 稀有气体同位素组成几乎不受地质过程中复杂化学反应的影响,近年来被广泛用于气源对比中(Zengler et al.,1999; Barry et al.,20162018),基于40Ar年代积累效应,可以估算气源岩的年龄,进而进行气源对比(Xu Yongchang,197919982003; Liu Wenhui et al.,2007)。目前,利用40Ar/36Ar比值来估算天然气源岩年龄的公式如下(Liu Wenhui et al.,19932007; Xu Yongchang,197919982003):

  • 图4 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带天然气成因类型判别

  • Fig.4 The discrimination for genetic type of natural gas in Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin

  • (a)—天然气δ13C2-δ13C3相关关系;(b)—天然气C7轻烃组成三角图(煤型气和油型气界线据Dai et al.,1992)

  • (a) —The correlation between δ13C2 and δ13C3 of gases; (b) —the ternary diagrams of C7 light hydrocarbons of gases (the boundary line between coal-derived and oil-associated gases from Dai et al., 1992)

  • 表2 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带典型井带天然气稀有气体同位素特征

  • Table2 Noble gases isotopic compositions of natural gases in Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin

  • 注:① 计算公式引用自Xu Yongchang et al.,1998; ② 计算公式引用自Liu Wenhui et al.,1993。

  • 图5 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带天然气δ13C2-δ13C3 与C2/C3相关关系(图版据Lorant et al.,1998

  • Fig.5 The correlation between δ13C2-δ13C3 and C2/C3 of gases in Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin (the plate from Lorant et al., 1998)

  • t(Ma)=530×lg40Ar/36Ar-1323
    (1)
  • t(Ma)=544.5×lg40Ar/36Ar-1362.3
    (2)
  • 利用上述公式估算了气源岩的年龄(表2),斜坡潜山内带天然气样品的气源岩年龄为60.0~52.6 Ma,对应于古近系Es4+Ek烃源岩年龄,表明内带天然气来源于Es4+Ek烃源岩。中带天然气计算的气源岩年龄较大,为267.9~132.3 Ma,对应于中生界和二叠系。但研究区中生界遭受强烈的剥蚀,岩性主要为砂岩,不能作为有效烃源岩(Du Jinhu et al.,2002)。因此,可认为中带天然气主要为石炭-二叠纪和Es4+Ek烃源岩的混源气。此外,气源岩年龄更靠近石炭-二叠纪,可认为石炭-二叠纪烃源岩可能贡献率更大。斜坡潜山外带天然气高3He/4He值和低40Ar/36Ar值与大气相当(3He/4He=1.4×10-640Ar/36Ar=295.5),可能是浅埋储层混入了部分空气。因此,其稀有气体同位素值无意义。

  • 3.3 天然气碳同位素部分倒转原因

  • 文安斜坡潜山带三个含气带均有样品天然气碳同位素发生了部分倒转(图2b),表明这些天然气并不是原生的,可能经历了次生改造作用。烷烃气碳同位素倒转的成因有以下几种(Dai Jinxing et al.,2004; Taran et al.,2007; Lollar et al.,2008; McCollom et al.,2010):① 有机烷烃气和无机烷烃气的混合; ② 煤成气和油型气的混合; ③ 同型不同源气或同源不同期气的混合; ④ 天然气的某一或某些组分被细菌氧化。研究区奥陶系烷烃气主要为有机成因气,且天然气3He/4He值普遍较低(表2),表现壳源氦的特征,因此不存在无机成因的烷烃气混合。斜坡内带和中带自古近纪以来基本上持续埋深(Liu Nian et al.,2017),现今埋深基本上大于3000 m,储层温度均大于80℃,避免了生物降解作用的影响。内带天然气是油型气,主要来源于洼槽区Es4+Ek烃源岩,且具有两期充注过程(图7),则可认为同源不同期是造成内带天然气碳同位素部分倒转的原因。另外,烃源岩生排烃研究表明,Es4+Ek烃源岩具有Es3—Ed和Nm —现今两期生排烃过程(Zhao Xianzheng et al.,2013; Jin Qiang et al.,2014),进一步证实了同源不同期可能是内带天然气碳同位素部分倒转的原因。中带天然气为煤型气,主要来源于石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩,混有Es4+Ek烃源岩生成的天然气,即不排除煤成气和油型气混合的因素。Es4+Ek烃源岩含有Ⅲ型干酪根,石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩干酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型(Zhao Xianzheng et al.,2013; Qian Zheng et al.,20152016; Zhong Xuemei et al.,2018),且中带天然气具有两期充注的特征(图7),因此,同型不同源气或同源不同期气的混合均可能造成中带天然气碳同位素部分倒转。外带埋深相对较浅(<2500 m)、温度偏低(<80℃)、烃源岩成熟度低(<0.8%)、微生物繁盛,天然气组分和碳同位素特征均显示外带天然气具有次生生物气的特征,结合成熟度特征认为,低熟—成熟阶段的生物-热催化过渡带气经氧化改造可能是造成外带天然气碳同位素部分倒转的原因。

  • 4 油气成藏时期

  • 前文已述,内带天然气主要来源于Es4+Ek烃源岩,中带天然气主要来源于石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩,混有部分Es4+Ek烃源岩天然气,而外带主要来源于成熟度较低的石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩。烃源岩生排烃史研究表明,霸县洼槽Es4+Ek烃源岩具有Es3—Ed和Nm —现今两期生排烃过程(Zhao Xianzheng et al.,2013; Jin Qiang et al.,2014),斜坡上的石炭-二叠纪烃源岩在古近纪末期开始二次生烃(Zhang Songhang et al.,2014; Qian Zheng et al.,2016)。因此,来源于Es4+Ek烃源岩的内带天然气和来源于石炭-二叠纪和Es4+Ek烃源岩中带天然气可能经历了两期油气充注过程,而来源于斜坡上的石炭-二叠纪烃源岩的外带天然气可能仅有一期天然气充注。

  • 另外,文安斜坡潜山带内、中、外三个含气带储层包裹体具有不同特征(图6,表3)。斜坡潜山内带奥陶系储层发育两类烃包裹体,均主要赋存在方解石剪切脉体中和被方解石充填的溶蚀孔缝中。第一类气-油两相包裹体透射光下呈无色(图6a),荧光下呈蓝色—蓝白色(图6b),气液比较大; 第二类为纯气相包裹体呈串珠状分布,透射光下呈黑色,无荧光(图6c)。与烃类包裹体共生的盐水包裹体广泛发育,其均一温度主要为89.5~180.2℃,呈双峰态分布(图7a),主峰为100~140℃,其范围相对较宽,而次峰为160~180℃,分布范围较窄,结合单井埋藏史和热史,认为内带奥陶系储层经历了38~27 Ma和4 Ma—现今两期油气充注过程(图7a)。

  • 中带奥陶系储层也发育两类烃包裹体,主要赋存在方解石剪切脉体中和被方解石充填的溶蚀孔缝中。流体包裹体大多数较小,一般小于10 μm,但少数油包裹体较大,直径可达15 μm。通过包裹体岩相学和显微测温学分析可知,储层主要发育两期不同类型的烃包裹体,分别对应两期油气充注过程:第① 期主要为黄褐色—黄色荧光油-气两相包裹体(图6d、e),透射光下为浅黄色—无色,气液比较低,揭示了早期低熟原油的过程。与其伴生的盐水包裹体分布相对较少,均一温度主峰为100~120℃,推测油气充注时间为33~28 Ma(图7b); 第②期主要为蓝白色荧光包裹体和气包裹体(图6f、g),蓝白色荧光包裹体透射光下为无色,气液比较大。相伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度高峰主要为130~140℃,推测油气充注时间为3 Ma—现今(图7b)。

  • 外带石炭-二叠纪储层主要发育气包裹体,赋存在穿石英颗粒裂纹和石英颗粒内裂纹中,较少分布在石英加大边。气包裹体较小,大多小于5 μm,呈串珠状分布(图6h、i),透射光下呈黑色,无荧光。与其伴生的盐水包裹体分布广泛,其均一温度整体上较低,但在大探2样品中发现少量明显高于样品所处地层经历的最高温度的盐水包裹体(图7c),其均一温度为110~130℃。然而外带地质背景相对稳定,无深大断裂和明显的热液流体事件(Du Jinhu et al.,2002),推测该类包裹体可能为非均一捕获。除去少量的此类包裹体,伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度小于90℃,主峰为60~80℃(图7c)。斜坡上石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩早期成熟度低、生烃规模小且形成的气藏遭受破坏散失,在古近纪以来具有明显的二次生烃(Zhang Songhang et al.,2014; Qian Zheng et al.,2016)。因此,推测油气充注时间为5 Ma—现今(图7c)。

  • 表3 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带典型井储层流体包裹体均一温度及特征

  • Table3 The homogenization temperatures data and characteristics of the fluid inclusions in the reservoir from typical wells in Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin

  • 图6 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带典型井储层烃包裹体显微特征

  • Fig.6 Photomicrographs of hydrocarbon inclusions in representative wells from Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin

  • (a)—方解石剪切脉中无色油包裹体,透射光;(b)—方解石剪切脉中蓝色荧光油包裹体,荧光;(c)—方解石脉体中串珠状气包裹体,透射光;(d)—方解石剪切脉中黄色油包裹体,透色光;(e)—方解石剪切脉中黄褐色荧光油包裹体,荧光;(f)—方解石剪切脉中无色油包裹体和气包裹体,透色光;(g)—方解石剪切脉中蓝色油包裹体;(h)和(i)—穿石英颗粒裂纹中气包裹体,透色光

  • (a) —Colorless oil inclusion in calcite vein under transmitted light; (b) —the same inclusion with near blue fluorescence color under UV light; (c) —beads of gas inclusions in calcite shear vein under transmitted light; (d) —oil inclusion in calcite shear vein with yellow under transmitted light; (e) —the same inclusion with yellowish-brown fluorescence color under UV light; (f) —colorless oil inclusion in calcite vein under transmitted light; (g) —the same inclusion with near blue fluorescence color under UV light; (h) and (i) —gas inclusions in healed micro-fractures in quartz grains under transmitted light

  • 5 天然气成藏模式

  • 冀中坳陷的构造演化背景在一定程度上控制了油气成藏过程,加里东构造运动使奥陶系储层整体抬升形成的表生岩溶。印支-燕山构造运动造成的区域性挤压使中带形成暴露的垒堑组合,内带石炭-二叠纪遭受风化剥蚀(Du Jinhu et al.,2002; Su Liping et al.,2003)。喜马拉雅运动时期,牛东断层剧烈活动、断距较大,造成文安斜坡由区域性东倾到区域性西倾(Dong Dawei et al.,2013; Zhang Yi et al.,2014)。多期的构造运动导致文安斜坡储层遭受了风化淋滤、断层切割、埋深压实和流体胶结等多种次生作用,使斜坡奥陶系储层从内带到外带形成内幕似层状、断溶体和岩溶块状的碳酸盐岩储层序列(Du Jinhu et al.,2002; Su Liping et al.,2003),而外带石炭-二叠纪为层状的砂岩储层。烃源岩生烃史表明,Es4+Ek烃源岩在Es3时期开始生烃,Ed早期进入生烃高峰,Nm时期进入凝析气-干气阶段(Zhao Xianzheng et al.,2013; Jin Qiang et al.,2014)。斜坡上的石炭-二叠纪烃源岩在中生代早期进入生烃门限,之后受印支运动的影响地层发生抬升,烃源岩停止生烃。古近纪末期喜马拉雅运动导致本区强烈下陷,石炭-二叠纪烃源岩开始二次生烃(Zhang Songhang et al.,2014; Qian Zheng et al.,2016)。

  • 图7 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带典型井埋藏史、热史、盐水包裹体均一温度及成藏期次

  • Fig.7 Homogenization temperature of aqueous inclusions associated with the hydrocarbon inclusions in the reservoirs, burial and thermal history curves of the typical wells, showing the timing of hydrocarbon filling and entrapment in Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin

  • (a)—苏8x井,内带;(b)—苏1-4井,中带;(c)—大探2井,外带

  • (a) —Well Su8x, inner belt; (b) —well Su1-4, middle belt; (c) —well Datan2, outward belt

  • 古近纪—新近纪早期(约38~27 Ma),霸县凹陷Es4+Ek烃源岩大量生烃,斜坡上石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩尚处在未生烃阶段。一方面,斜坡潜山内带储层通过油源断层与霸县洼槽直接相连(图8),供油窗口大、源储匹配关系良好,此时霸县凹陷中心区域Es4+Ek烃源岩生成的成熟度相对高的油气可直接通过油源断层充注至内带储层形成早期的古油气藏,具有“近水楼台先得月”的油气供给优势; 另一方面,凹陷边缘区Es4+Ek烃源岩生成的油气还可沿着不整合面和断层呈阶梯式向上运移,在中带的断垒高部位聚集成藏形成早期的古油藏。

  • 新近纪末期以来(5 Ma—现今),凹陷中心区域Es4+Ek烃源岩达到高成熟—过成熟阶段,生成的凝析气-干气再次直接通过油源断层充注至内带储层形成现今的气藏; 此时凹陷边缘区Es4+Ek烃源岩达到高成熟阶段,石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩进入二次生烃阶段,来自Es4+Ek烃源岩生成的凝析气和石炭-二叠纪烃源岩形成的煤型气沿着不整合面和断层运移到奥陶系潜山储集层中,并在断垒高部位再次聚集成藏形成现今的凝析气藏。中带原油样品中低碳数正构烷烃大量损失、重组分相对富集、储集层残余孔隙存在沥青质沉淀,均表明油气藏曾经遭受过不同程度的气洗作用(Liu Nian et al.,2017)。另外,此时石炭-二叠纪烃源岩二次生烃生成的天然气通过断层或砂层输导体系运移至层状砂岩储层聚集成藏。由于储层埋藏深度较浅,水动力相对活跃,地温较低,有利于微生物大量繁殖。已聚集的热成因气遭受细菌氧化而生成的生物甲烷与残留气体组分混合而形成了外带现今的次生型生物改造气藏。

  • 因此,根据烃源岩供烃方式、储层发育模式、油气输导体系以及油气成熟度等认为文安斜坡潜山带发育双源供烃-断层不整合输导-分带差异聚集的油气成藏模式(图8),自西向东发育三种气藏类型,分别为单向单源供烃似层状高—过成熟气藏、双向双源供烃断溶体成熟—高成熟气藏以及单向单源供烃层状生物次生气藏。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)文安斜坡潜山带内带天然气为高—过成熟的油型气,主要来源于Es4+Ek烃源岩,经历了两期不同成熟度的油气充注过程; 中带天然气主要为煤型气,来源于Es4+Ek和石炭-二叠纪混源,具有两期油气充注过程; 而外带天然气为低成熟阶段的生物-热催化过渡带气经氧化改造而形成的次生生物气,来源于石炭-二叠纪烃源岩,仅发生了一期天然气充注过程。

  • 图8 冀中坳陷文安斜坡潜山带天然气气成藏模式图(剖面线见图1)

  • Fig.8 Schematic illustration of gas accumulation model of Wen'an slope buried-hill belts, Jizhong sub-basin (section location is shown in Fig.1)

  • (2)同源不同期、同型不同源气或同源不同期气的混合和细菌氧化改造分别是造成内、中、外三个含气带天然气碳同位素部分倒转的原因。

  • (3)文安斜坡潜山带发育双源供烃-断层不整合输导-分带差异聚集的油气成藏模式,模式中自西向东发育单向单源供烃似层状高—过成熟气藏、双向双源供烃断溶体成熟—高成熟油气藏和单向单源供烃层状生物次生气藏三种油气藏类型。

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