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作者简介:

管后春,男,1979年生。博士,正高级工程师,主要从事区域地质和第四纪地质调查与研究工作。E-mail:guanhouchun@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    通过对毗邻中国南北地理分界线的第四系标准孔岩芯进行粒度和地球化学研究,探讨了淮北平原中更新世以来的古气候变化和沉积环境变迁。研究表明淮北平原中更新世气候在暖湿与干冷(温凉)频繁交替中总体经历了从暖湿趋于干冷,与中国东部季风区北部的温带季风气候变化趋势属同相位演变,而与受控于亚热带季风气候的长江中下游及淮河源区古气候演变模式总体呈反相位。晚更新世,气候总体经历了干冷(即温干—严寒—干冷)、温湿、转向干冷,却表现出与以长江中下游及淮河源区气候演化格局更相似,而与中国北方气候总体上由暖湿向干旱化转变步调不一致。进入全新世,淮北平原与中国南北方气候均回暖,降水相应增多。涡河流域GBK1标准孔区域沉积环境总体上经历了中更新世早中期从半深湖演化到浅湖、滨湖,到晚期湖泊快速收缩直至消失,演化为泛滥平原或河流;晚更新世以来主要为河流和泛滥平原。淮北平原区域气候变化总体上对全球变化有着积极的响应,或许因其地处中国南北地理分界线边缘,致使其气候又具区域独特性。

    Abstract

    Based on the study of grain size and geochemistry of Quaternary standard boreholes adjacent to the geographical boundary between the north and south of China, changes in paleoclimate and sedimentary environment in the Huaibei Plain since the Middle Pleistocene are discussed. The results show that the climate of the Middle Pleistocene in the Huaibei Plain experienced a general change from warm wet to dry cold in the frequent alternation of warm and wet, and dry cold (warm and cool), which is in phase with the temperate monsoon climate change trend in the northern part of eastern China monsoonal region, but in inverse phase with the paleoclimate evolution model in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the source area of the Huai River that is controlled by the subtropical monsoon climate. In the Late Pleistocene, the climate experienced dry and cold (i.e., warm dry and cold dry cold), warm wet, and dry cold, but it was more similar to the climate evolution pattern in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the source area of the Huai River, but was not consistent with the climate change pattern from warm wet to arid in northern China. In the Holocene, the climate in the Huaibei Plain and in the south and north of China was warmer with increased precipitation. Generally speaking, the sedimentary environment of GBK1 standard borehole in the Guo River basin evolved from semi deep lake to shallow lake and lakeside Lake, and then contracted and disappeared in the Middle Pleistocene, evolving into flood plain or river; since Late Pleistocene, it is mainly river and flood plain. The regional climate change of the Huaibei Plain has a positive response to global change on the whole. Perhaps because of its location at the edge of the geographical boundary between the north and south of China, the regional climate of the Huaibei Plain is unique.

  • 作为我国重要商品粮生产基地之一,淮北平原曾遭受黄河长期南泛,该区域气候变化,尤其极端气候事件关乎着民生。“将古论今”,揭示过去环境变化的规律和机制,是预测未来环境变化的唯一途径(An Zhisheng et al.,2001),未来气候变化预测亟需更多长时间尺度的历史相似形; 此外,在淮北平原深部广泛发育的钙磐形成气候条件如何也未见报道。淮北平原以往第四纪研究多为岩石地层划分(Yu Zhenjiang et al.,198819911993a1996; Jin Quan,1990),古气候研究也多限于全新世(Hu Fei,2019),更新世孢粉指示的古植被、古气候为宏观的区域研究奠定了基础(Jin Quan et al.,19871990; Yu Zhenjiang et al.,1993b),但终究因样品时间分辨率低、绝对年代学样品零星及孢粉贫乏等所限,如年代地层主要依据古地磁确定(Jin Quan,1990),对于湖相沉积较可靠,但是对于期间的洪冲积可能存在沉积间断或缺失,磁性地层学年代结果可能难以令人信服。这些因素均制约了其与中国南北气候进行区域对比,更难以对该区域第四纪古气候演变规律的全球变化响应进行研究。

  • 化学风化是大陆地表圈层互相作用的主要形式,化学成分记录了古气候、古环境变化的过程,利用微量元素比值等参数来反映碎屑岩源区的风化作用强度和古气候条件,是揭示全球古气候变化的一种重要手段(Cullers,2000; Yang Jianghai et al.,2012),在中国中生代以来陆相古气候研究中得到广泛应用(Jian Xing et al.,2013; Hu Junjie et al.,2019)。沉积物粒度是衡量沉积介质能量和沉积环境能量的重要指标,一般而言,高能沉积动力环境下形成的沉积物粒度较粗,而低能沉积动力环境下形成的沉积物粒度较细; 而河漫滩沉积中的粗颗粒物质可视为河流古洪水事件的沉积证据(Zhu Cheng et al.,2005; Zhan Wang et al.,2010; Zhang Yufen et al.,2020)。

  • 目前,对于距今200 ka以来的沉积物,主要采用常规14C测年、加速器质谱(AMS)14C测年和光释光(OSL)测年法; 对于老于200 ka的沉积物,主要采用电子自旋共振(ESR)和宇宙成因核素法来获得其埋藏年龄。实验模拟、理论推测和实际测量结果均显示,采用适当的石英ESR信号中心和测量参数,ESR法可以测定含石英沉积物的最后一次曝光年龄,即可以测定最后一次埋藏事件以来的时间——埋藏年龄。据研究(Toyoda et al.,2000),石英的ESR信号受到热事件或阳光晒退能产生“回零”作用,高温(100℃以上,温度越高“回零”所需时间越短)的热作用可以使信号完全回零; 阳光晒退时,不同ESR信号中心的“回零”程度是不一致的。对于沉积物,在沉积埋藏时,与ESR信号相关的地质事件只有光晒退作用。因此,确定沉积物最后一次埋藏前石英ESR信号的大小成为准确获得样品自最后一次埋藏事件以来年龄的关键问题。石英Ti心ESR信号强,较容易在实验室中准确测量,同时光晒退“回零”时间(数十至上百小时)在地质过程中也是可以实现的。因此,在第四纪沉积物年代学研究中,Ti心ESR信号逐渐得到广泛应用(Tanaka et al.,1997; Toyoda et al.,2000; Rink et al.,2007; Tissoux et al.,2007; Liu Chunru et al.,200920102011a2011b201320142015; Duval et al.,2017; Wei Chuanyi et al.,2020)。本次研究对淮北平原老于200 ka第四纪沉积形成时代主要利用石英Ti心ESR信号测年,200 ka BP 以来的沉积年代利用光释光(OSL)测年(Wang Xulong et al.,2005; Lu Yanchou et al.,2007)。

  • 本文对流经淮北平原、曾经的黄河夺淮通道——涡河河漫滩沉积地层进行年代学、粒度和元素地球化学研究,旨在通过系列气候、环境代用指标,恢复中更新世以来淮北平原古气候演变过程,为黄淮海平原南缘、“中国南北方地理分界线”(也即湿润与半湿润分界线、亚热带季风气候和温带季风气候分界线)区域的古气候、沉积环境研究以及预测未来气候变化提供支撑。

  • 1 研究区概况

  • 淮北平原(32°25′~34°35′N,114°55′~118°10′E)位于黄河和淮河之间(图1),属于洪冲积平原,零星低山残丘。地势平坦,北西高而南东低,坡度约1/8000,高程主要为20~40 m,面积约37437 km2。淮北平原位于北温带南部,为温带半湿润季风气候,春夏季盛行东南风,温热或湿热多雨; 秋冬季盛行西北风,气候干燥,降雨量减少。年平均气温14~15℃,年平均降雨量750~900 mm,年降雨量的60%集中在夏季; 年蒸发量由南向北递增,在1000~1300 mm(Jin Quan,1990)。

  • 2 样品采集与测试

  • 2.1 样品采集位置

  • 第四系标准孔GBK1(33°22′48″N,116°00′50″E,28.89 m a.s.l.)位于淮河左岸一级水系涡河中游,钻孔揭露深度100.10 m,94.10~100.10 m为上新世下草湾组血红色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩,94.10 m以上为第四纪地层。94.10~38.90 m为中更新世临泉组,主要为钙质黏土、(含粉砂)黏土、(黏土质)粉砂及细砂等湖相沉积组成; 38.90 m以上主要为河流相沉积组成的河谷平原和洪-冲积组成的泛滥平原,38.90~14.70 m为中—晚更新世茆塘组,主要为(含钙质结核)黏土,夹数层粉砂和至少两层灰色、深灰色淤泥; 14.70~0.63 m为晚更新世—全新世蚌埠组,主要为粉(细)砂、细砂、(含粉砂)黏土; 0.63~0 m为耕植土,主要由含粉砂黏土组成(图2)。

  • 样品采集考虑沉积物颜色、岩性、岩性组合、包含物等变化,0.63~20.00 m主要按照10 cm间距采样; 20.00~38.90 m主要按照20 cm间距采样; 38.90~60.00 m主要按照40 cm间距采样; 60.00~97.00 m主要按照100~150 cm间距采样。9件OSL测年样品和5件ESR测年样品采样位置见表1和表2。

  • 2.2 样品测试

  • 沉积物粒度样品在南京师范大学地理科学学院环境演变与生态建设重点实验室经预处理后,用英国Malvern公司生产的Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度仪测定样品粒度,测定范围为0.02~2000 μm,测量精度±0.1%。沉积物铷(Rb)、锶(Sr)和钛(Ti)样品在恒温下烘干,用研钵研成粉末过200目筛,在硼酸辅助下将过筛样品在高压下压制成饼并进行编号,在南京师范大学地理科学学院环境演变与生态建设重点实验室荷兰帕纳科(PANalytical)XRF光谱仪上完成Rb、Sr和Ti测试,测量误差小于10%。

  • ESR样品前处理及古剂量测量在中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室完成,古剂量测量仪器为德国布鲁克公司EMX BRUKER X-Band ESR信号测量谱仪。测试参数为:微波功率2.0 mW和0.1 mW,微波频率9.8 GHz,中心磁场3520 G,扫场宽度50 G,调制幅度1.00 G,转换时间5.12 ms,时间常数40.96 ms,石英Ti-Li 心ESR 信号的测量位置为g=1.979的峰顶至 g=1.913的峰底(Rink et al.,2007)。样品钴源辐射在北京大学分子化学院钴源实验室进行人工辐照完成; 年剂量可通过测量样品中的U、Th、K 含量和含水量获得(Aitken,1998),样品中的U、Th、K 元素含量测定在北京核工业地质研究院用NexION300D等离子体质谱仪(U、Th)和Z-2000石墨炉原子吸收分析仪(K)完成。

  • 图1 黄淮之间主要水系及GBK1标准孔位置(据Zhang Lei et al.,2018

  • Fig.1 Main drainage system between the Yellow River and the Huai River and location of GBK1 standard borehole (after Zhang Lei et al., 2018)

  • OSL样品前处理在中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室完成,用提取了4~11 μm细颗粒石英,采用简单多片再生法(Simple Multiple Aliquot-Regenerative Dose,SMAR)(Wang Xulong et al.,2005; Lu Yanchou et al.,2007)进行等效剂量(De)的测试,仪器为丹麦Risø 实验室生产的Risø TL/OSL-DA-20热释光/光释光仪; 年剂量测定中的U、Th、K 元素含量测定在北京核工业地质研究院用NexION300D等离子体质谱仪(U、Th)和Z-2000石墨炉原子吸收分析仪(K)完成。

  • 3 结果

  • 3.1 年代学

  • OSL与ESR测年结果如表1和表2所示,从而建立GBK1标准孔深度-年代序列,并计算出各沉积时段的沉积速率(图3)。

  • 基于图3建立的沉积时间序列和第四系标准孔GBK1岩石地层单位划分,研究区蚌埠组下限约79.2 ka BP,即沉积时限为晚更新世—全新世; 茆塘组下限约311.9 ka BP,即沉积始于中更新世—晚更新世; 临泉组下限ESR拟合年龄约790.89 ka BP,在ESR误差范围内,与B/M界线时代相当,即沉积始于中更新世。该标准孔B/M界线埋深为94.1 m,其邻近的GYQ和MQ第四系标准孔B/M界线埋深分别为92.7 m和91.4 m(Jin Quan,1990),而无论是国际地层还是中国地层,早更新世与中更新世界线均为0.781 Ma,说明ESR与古地磁确定的年代是基本一致的、可靠的。

  • 图2 黄淮之间涡河流域GBK1综合柱状图

  • Fig.2 Synthetical stratum histogram of GBK1 standard borehole from the Guo River basin between the Yellow River and the Huai River

  • 1 —黏土; 2—含粉砂黏土; 3—黏土质粉砂; 4—粉砂; 5—细砂; 6—含钙质结核黏土; 7—砾石层; 8—钙质黏土; 9—淤泥; 10—温(暖)湿气候; 11—干(寒)冷气候

  • 1 —Clay; 2—silty clay; 3—clay silt; 4—silt; 5—fine sand; 6—calcareous nodule clay; 7—gravel layer; 8—calcareous clay; 9—mud; 10—warm (warm) and wet climate; 11—dry (cold) cold climate

  • 表1 黄淮之间涡河流域GBK1标准孔中OSL样品测试结果

  • Table1 OSL dating results of GBK1 standard borehole from the Guo River basin between the Yellow River and the Huai River

  • 3.2 地球化学和粒度

  • Rb含量范围1.37×10-6~103.79×10-6,平均值为26.44×10-6; Sr 含量为8.05×10-6~234.03×10-6,平均值为72.39×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.04~0.93,平均值为0.36; Ti含量为1534.89×10-6~3638.18×10-6,平均值为2711.04×10-6。平均粒径(Mz)变化范围为6.55~274.49 μm,平均值为39.05 μm。如图2所示,整个钻孔剖面Rb和Rb/Sr值呈现高-低-高三个大的阶段,与临泉组-茆塘组和蚌埠组可很好的对应,即临泉组沉积期和蚌埠组沉积期Rb和Rb/Sr值较高,而茆塘组沉积期较低; 沉积物粒度总体上,临泉组平均粒径较茆塘组和蚌埠组大。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 淮北平原中更新世以来古气候、沉积环境演变

  • Li Feng et al.(2012)在研究邻近的江汉平原河湖相沉积时表明,Rb/Sr 值是与受东亚季风环流影响的降水量和干湿程度密切相关的环境替代指标,即Rb/Sr 高值指示夏季风增强带来较多降水的湿润环境; 相反Rb/Sr 低值指示夏季风减弱导致降水量减少的偏干环境。细颗粒沉积物中的Sr主要来自于水体中溶解Sr离子的沉淀,其Rb/Sr比值能更好地反映流域的化学风化过程; 当沉积物中的Sr主要存在于粗粒陆源碎屑矿物中时,Rb/Sr比值反映了流域物理搬运作用的强弱(Jin Zhangdong et al.,2001; Zeng Yan et al.,2011; Zhang Wenchao,2017)。

  • 表2 黄淮之间涡河流域GBK1标准孔中ESR样品位置及测试结果

  • Table2 ESR dating results of GBK1 standard borehole from the Guo River basin between the Yellow River and the Huai River

  • 图3 黄淮之间涡河流域GBK1沉积-时间序列

  • Fig.3 Deposition-time series of GBK1 standard borehole from the Guo River basin between the Yellow River and the Huai River

  • (a)—基于OSL测年的0~35 m深度沉积-时间序列;(b)—基于ESR测年的35 m以下深度沉积-时间序列

  • (a) —Deposition-time series of depth with 0~35 m based on OSL; (b) —deposition-time series of depth under 35 m based on ESR

  • 通过Sr和Rb/Sr值变化与岩性变化对比显示(图4),GBK1钻孔岩芯中Sr元素与沉积物平均粒径总体上呈反比,即Sr主要存在于细颗粒沉积物中,所以该钻孔中沉积物Rb/Sr比值主要反映流域的化学风化过程。而由于研究区气候又为“雨热同期”,则Rb、Rb/Sr、Ti的气候意义可以表述为,Rb、Rb/Sr、Ti升高,指示夏季风增强、气候相对暖湿,化学风化增强; 反之,则指示夏季风减弱、气候相对干冷,化学风化减弱。

  • 湖泊沉积物粒度环境意义存在着尺度效应,即长时间尺度、低分辨率(百年、千年尺度)效应和短时间尺度、高分辨率(年际、十年尺度)效应。也即:在短时间尺度中,粗粒沉积物指示降雨量较大,而细粒沉积物指示降雨量较小; 在长时间尺度中,粗粒沉积物反映湖泊萎缩、湖水变浅的干旱气候,而细粒沉积物反映湖泊扩张、湖水上升的湿润气候(Finney et al.,1991; Wang Sumin et al.,1991; Menking,1997; Yang Xiaoqiang et al.,2000; Chen Jing'an et al.,2003)。GBK1孔样品分辨率属于长时间尺度。而河流相沉积物粒度特征和沉积环境关系表现为流域降雨量越多,地表径流量越强,剥蚀的碎屑物颗粒越粗,从而沉积物平均粒径越大; 反之,沉积物平均粒径越小(Gu Chengjun et al.,2004; Liu Ying et al.,2020; Zhang Yufen et al.,2020)。河漫滩沉积中的粗颗粒物质可视为河流古洪水事件的沉积证据(Zhu Cheng et al.,2005; Zhan Wang et al.,2010),不同的是,在河流上游的河漫滩沉积粒度变化显著,粗颗粒的沉积层对应于洪水事件(Ge Zhaoshuai et al.,2004; Zhao Jingbo et al.,2009),而中下游地势平坦,河流比降小,河漫滩沉积水动力较弱,形成的河漫滩沉积颗粒较细。如1984年大洪水在长江上游重庆段中坝遗址处形成洪水漫滩沉积,其平均粒径为 4.33 φ(Zhu Cheng et al.,2005); 长江中游段,河漫滩沉积物颗粒变细,在长江宜昌段,1998年大洪水时期形成的漫滩沉积平均粒径为5.15 φ,以粉细砂和黏土为主(Ge Zhaoshuai et al.,2004); 长江口泥质区沉积物颗粒更细,平均粒径为 6.82 φ,沉积物组分以粉砂为主,其次为黏土(Zhang Linghua et al.,2015)。

  • 图4 黄淮之间涡河流域GBK1标准孔中沉积物 Sr与平均粒径(Mz)的关系

  • Fig.4 Relationship between Sr and average particle size (Mz) of sediments from GBK1 standard borehole from the Guo River basin between the Yellow River and the Huai River

  • GBK1钻孔位于涡河下游,河流比降很小,沉积物以粉砂、细砂、含黏土粉砂、含粉砂黏土及黏土为主,根据沉积物Rb/Sr等地球化学指标及粒度变化特征,将淮北平原中更新世以来古气候变化划分为如下11个阶段(图2):

  • 第I阶段(790.89~445.93 ka BP),即临泉期早期,该时期沉积物岩性及岩性组合特征指示沉积环境为湖泊。Rb含量范围26.32×10-6~48.98×10-6,平均值为40.64×10-6; Sr 含量为73.83×10-6~224.77×10-6,平均值为113.16×10-6; Ti含量为2093.53×10-6~3492.44×10-6,平均值为2864.23×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.17~0.66,平均值为0.40。总体上看,Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti处高值区,平均粒径处低值区,指示气候温湿,如图2所示,该阶段气候代用指标可进一步划分为三个亚段:

  • 第Ⅰa阶段,Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti相对较高,而平均粒径相对较小,指示气候温湿,该亚段沉积物由底部钙质黏土,向上为黏土夹黏土质粉砂,指示沉积环境由半深湖演化到浅湖。

  • 第Ⅰb阶段,Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti相对较低,指示温凉气候,该亚段沉积物中粉砂含量显著增多,平均粒径相对升高,指示湖水位下降、湖泊萎缩,沉积环境为滨湖。

  • 第Ⅰc阶段,Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti相对升高,指示气候又转暖湿,平均粒径相对降低,指示湖泊水位上升,湖泊扩张,沉积环境为浅湖。

  • 第Ⅱ阶段(445.93~362.19 ka BP),即临泉期中期,沉积物中粉砂、细砂增多,平均粒径经历了对应的增大→减小→增大的变化,指示沉积环境经历了滨湖→浅湖→滨湖的变化。Rb含量范围6.18×10-6~39.22×10-6,平均值为21.86×10-6; Sr 含量为16.64×10-6~119.58×10-6,平均值为63.52 ×10-6; Ti含量为1552.94×10-6~3638.18×10-6,平均值为2854.82×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.07~0.68,平均值为0.38。Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti经历了较明显的降低→升高→降低,指示气候经历了干冷→暖湿→干冷的变化过程,气候总体上较前阶段寒冷。

  • 第Ⅲ阶段(362.19~311.92 ka BP),即临泉期晚期。Rb含量范围18.72×10-6~38.98×10-6,平均值为30.60×10-6; Sr 含量为52.23×10-6~67.33×10-6,平均值为61.29 ×10-6; Ti含量为2401.57×10-6~3277.13×10-6,平均值为2904.17 ×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.36~0.62,平均值为0.50。Rb和Rb/Sr快速上升,沉积物平均粒径急剧下降,指示气候转向湿热。该时段沉积物岩性及组合特征指示沉积环境由滨-浅湖向泛滥平原过渡。

  • 第Ⅳ阶段(311.92~128.01 ka BP),即茆塘期早期,沉积环境为河流。Rb含量范围1.44×10-6~11.13×10-6,平均值为5.77×10-6; Sr 含量为10.91×10-6~122.17×10-6,平均值为35.45×10-6; Ti含量为1575.16×10-6~3418.67×10-6,平均值为2591.28 ×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.04~0.55,平均值为0.25。Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti较临泉期总体减小,指示总体上干冷的气候条件。该时期代用指标特征可进一步分为三个亚区:第Ⅳa阶段,Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti降低,平均粒径也同步减小,指示气候变得干冷; 第Ⅳb阶段,Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti升高,指示气候暖湿,降水增多、河流水动力条件增加,从源区携带更多的粗粒碎屑,而导致沉积物平均粒径增大; 第Ⅳc阶段,Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti又降低,平均粒径也总体上减小,指示气候又转向干冷。

  • 第Ⅴ阶段(128.01~126.99 ka BP),即茆塘期早期末,沉积环境为河漫湖泊。Rb含量范围4.86×10-6~14.63×10-6,平均值为8.09 ×10-6; Sr 含量为37.05×10-6~147.70×10-6,平均值为71.47 ×10-6; Ti含量为2128.93×10-6~2923.77×10-6,平均值为2484.18 ×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.17~0.54,平均值为0.31。Rb和Rb/Sr为峰值、平均粒径为谷值,指示气候转温湿。区域上为发育十分稳定的深灰色、灰黑色淤泥质黏土,为河漫湖泊沉积微相。该沉积为淮北平原地区地质调查和研究中岩石地层、年代地层等提供了标志层。

  • 第Ⅵ阶段(126.99~101.39 ka BP),即茆塘期中期,沉积环境为河流。Rb含量范围2.96×10-6~18.35×10-6,平均值为7.73 ×10-6; Sr 含量为8.05×10-6~162.14×10-6,平均值为63.44×10-6; Ti含量为1990.46×10-6~2848.73×10-6,平均值为2469.43 ×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.05~0.93,平均值为 0.23。Rb、Rb/Sr、Ti和平均粒径降低,Sr升高,指示气候温凉偏干。

  • 第Ⅶ阶段(101.39~79.22 ka BP),即茆塘期晚期,沉积环境为泛滥平原。Rb含量范围1.37×10-6~19.75×10-6,平均值为7.68 ×10-6; Sr 含量为13.55×10-6~100.58×10-6,平均值为40.84×10-6; Ti含量为1767.71×10-6~3352.99×10-6,平均值为2525.87×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.06~0.55,平均值为0.21。Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti在经历了短暂的升高后又降至谷值,指示气候在经历在短暂的好转后又恶化。该阶段平均粒径总体上呈增加趋势,沉积物粒度参数中偏度和峰度增大,分别为很正偏、尖锐-很尖锐。

  • 第Ⅷ阶段(79.22~71.16 ka BP),即新蚌埠期初期,Rb含量范围3.96×10-6~87.07×10-6,平均值为37.96×10-6; Sr 含量为14.35×10-6~200.23×10-6,平均值为112.78 ×10-6; Ti含量为1534.89×10-6~3408.42×10-6,平均值为2517.00×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.04~0.72,平均值为0.36。Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti为谷值、Sr为峰值,平均粒径急剧增加,且其分系数、偏度和峰度也急剧增加,指示了干冷气候下的极端洪水事件。

  • 第Ⅸ阶段(71.16~27.80 ka BP),即新蚌埠期早期,Rb含量范围66.11×10-6~103.79×10-6,平均值为83.07×10-6; Sr 含量为96.67×10-6~132.74×10-6,平均值为115.93 ×10-6; Ti含量为2734.14×10-6~3175.66×10-6,平均值为2975.22×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.62~0.86,平均值为0.72。Rb、Rb/Sr和Ti为增加,平均粒径减少,指示气候转向温湿。

  • 第Ⅹ阶段(27.80~14.17 ka BP),即新蚌埠期中期,Rb含量范围15.68×10-6~79.96×10-6,平均值为53.97×10-6; Sr 含量为61.96×10-6~117.02×10-6,平均值为91.02 ×10-6; Ti含量为2939.89×10-6~3577.08×10-6,平均值为3104.22×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.25~0.74,平均值为0.51。Rb、Rb/Sr减小,指示气候干又转向干冷,平均粒径变化不明显。

  • 第Ⅺ阶段(14.17 ka BP~至今),即新蚌埠期晚期,Rb含量范围17.27×10-6~72.39×10-6,平均值为55.63×10-6; Sr 含量为49.52×10-6~154.03×10-6,平均值为92.13×10-6; Ti含量为2581.67× 10-6~3165.66×10-6,平均值为2829.49×10-6; Rb/Sr范围为0.28~0.71,平均值为0.56。Rb、Rb/Sr增加,指示气候暖湿。

  • 4.2 区域对比及全球变化响应

  • 4.2.1 区域对比

  • 如图5所示,淮河以南、长江中游洞庭盆地中更新世气候经历了早期冷干、中期暖湿→冷干→温湿、晚期暖湿; 晚更新世早期寒冷、中期温湿、晚期寒冷,全新世总体为温湿-暖湿(Bai Daoyuan et al.,2011)。长江下游太湖东岸SZ03孔虽缺乏年代学研究,但总体上,孢粉指示更新世中期以(较)暖湿为主、更新世晚期以干冷气候为主,进入冰后期后气候回暖、降雨充沛(Zong Wen et al.,2014)。淮河源区河南信阳中更新世早期寒冷→湿热→温干、中期晾干→暖湿、晚期温湿→暖湿(Liu Qi et al.,2007),晚更新世经历了从早期气温较低、中期气温较高到晚期气温较低(Liu Qi,2017)。而中国北方的大同盆地,中更新世以来,0.803~0.673 Ma BP,湖心相,气候相对温湿,亚深湖或浅湖; 0.673~0.626 Ma BP,湖心-湖滨过渡相,气候温和偏凉,湖心-湖滨过渡相和湖心相频繁交替; 0.626~0.535 Ma BP,气候相对冷湿,沉积环境为亚深湖或浅湖; 0.535~0.421 Ma BP,气候温暖、湿度降低,湖心相和湖滨-湖心过渡相或湖滨相频繁交替; 0.421~0.137 Ma BP,湖滨-湖心过渡相或湖滨相为主,夹湖心相及部分风成沉积相,气候总体较温和,早期沉积环境浅-滨湖,晚期湖泊快速收缩,风成沉积增多; 0.137 Ma BP~至今,以河流相和风成相为主,总体为干旱背景下暖湿波动(Guo Caiyun,2013)。

  • 淮北平原GBK1孔记录了中更新世气候经历了Ⅰ(暖湿-温凉-暖湿)→ Ⅱ(干冷—暖湿—干冷)→Ⅲ(暖湿)→Ⅳ(干冷—暖湿)→ Ⅴ(温湿),总体从暖湿趋于干冷,其间暖湿与干冷(温凉)频繁交替,沉积环境总体上从半深湖演化到浅湖、滨湖,到晚期湖泊快速收缩直至消失,演化为泛滥平原或河流。气候演化与大同盆地记录的总体上由温湿向温凉转变、北京平原记录的总体上暖湿转向干冷相比(Zhao Shujun et al.,2008),属同相位演化; 而与长江中下游洞庭盆地和太湖地区,以及淮河源区河南信阳地区的古气候记录总体由冷干趋于暖湿表现为反相位; 沉积环境演化与大同盆地早期的半深湖、浅湖,而后经历了数次动荡,转为湖滨,到晚期湖泊快速收缩的演化趋势也极为相似。到了晚更新世,气候总体经历了干冷,即Ⅵ(温干)—Ⅶ(严寒)—Ⅷ(干冷),温湿(Ⅸ),转向干冷(Ⅹ),却表现出与以洞庭盆地和太湖地区为代表的南方,以及淮河源区信阳地区气候演化格局更相似,而与北京平原和大同盆地为代表的北方气候总体上由暖湿向干旱化转变步调不一致。进入全新世,淮北平原与中国南北方气候均回暖,降水响应增多。

  • 4.2.2 全球变化响应

  • 淮北平原GBK1孔沉积记录的古气候变化阶段总体上与SPECMAP(Imbrie et al.,1984)可以对比,二者相比,在各阶段起止时间及时间跨度上略有差异,但在Ⅰ~Ⅲ阶段,以湖相沉积占优势的较稳定沉积环境下,大多差异落在测年误差范围内(图5),而第Ⅳ阶段以来的差异增大,导致这种差异可能原因源于研究区在该阶段以来沉积相主要为冲积和洪-冲积,沉积环境极不稳定、变化频繁,从而导致沉积速率随之频繁变化,而根据有限的OSL和ESR测年数据拟合的沉积速率和插值计算的年代与实际存在误差而导致。

  • 细节上,第Ⅲ阶段表现的“两峰夹一谷”形态与MIS 9很好地对应,更指示了MIS 9.3较MIS 9.1更暖湿; 同样地,第Ⅰc阶段“两峰夹一谷”形态与MIS 13可很好地对比,且指示了MIS 13.1较MIS 13.3暖湿; 第Ⅳb阶段与MIS 7可很好对应,而且也表现出气候在波动中总体上变暖湿; GBK1中第Ⅴ阶段深灰色、灰黑色淤泥质黏土标志层,其时限在测年误差范围内与SPECMAP中MIS 5.5可完全对应。暗示淮北平原区域气候变化对全球变化有着很好的响应。

  • 图5 黄淮之间涡河流域GBK1古气候环境记录区域对比及全球变化响应图

  • Fig.5 Regional comparison between paleoclimate and paleoenvironment recorded by GBK1 standard borehole from the Guo River basin between the Yellow River and the Huai River and others, and its global change response

  • 1 —温(暖)湿气候; 2—干(寒)冷气候

  • 1 —Warm (warm) and wet climate; 2—dry (cold) cold climate

  • GBK1孔Rb/Sr和Mz等指示的第IX阶段较第VIII阶段和第X阶段暖湿,即对应于MIS 3较MIS 4与MIS 2全球冰量缩小; 但是MIS 3较MIS 5全球冰量缩小程度下降,而GBK1孔沉积记录的代用指标指示与之相反,或许由于区域气候的独特性所致,有待于进一步研究。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)涡河流域自中更新世以来,GBK1孔记录了气候和沉积环境经历了790.89~445.93 ka BP温湿和半深湖-浅湖→滨湖→浅湖、445.93~362.19 ka BP干冷→暖湿→干冷和滨湖→浅湖→滨湖、362.19~311.92 ka BP湿热和滨-浅湖向泛滥平原过渡、311.92~128.01 ka BP干冷和河流、128.01~126.99 ka BP温湿和河漫湖泊、126.99~101.39 ka BP温凉偏干和河流、101.39~79.22 ka BP严寒和泛滥平原、79.22~71.16 ka BP干冷和河流、71.16~27.80 ka BP温湿和河流、27.80~14.17 ka BP干冷和河流及14.17 ka BP~至今暖湿的演变过程。

  • (2)淮北平原涡河流域中更新世气候经历总体在暖湿与干冷(温凉)频繁交替中从暖湿趋于干冷,与中国东部季风区北部的温带季风气候变化趋势属同相位演变; 而与受控于亚热带季风的长江中下游及淮河源区的古气候演变模式总体呈反相位。到了晚更新世,气候总体经历了干冷(即温干—严寒—干冷)、温湿、转向干冷,却表现出与长江中下游及淮河源区气候演化格局更相似,而与中国北方气候总体上由暖湿向干旱化转变步调不一致。进入全新世,淮北平原与中国南北方气候均回暖,降水响应增多。

  • (3)淮北平原区域气候变化总体上与深海氧同位素曲线可以很好地对比,暗示其对全球变化有着积极的响应; 而个别时段与深海氧同位素存在的差异,或许由于地处中国南北地理分界线边缘,其区域气候的独特性所致。

  • 致谢:感谢安徽省地质矿产勘查局324地质队钻取岩芯,感谢中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室尹功明研究员和南京师范大学陈晔老师在样品分析测试方面给予的指导和帮助。

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