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作者简介:

韩润生,男,1964年生。研究员,博士生导师,从事构造成矿动力学及隐伏矿预测、矿床学研究。E-mail:554670042@qq.com;

通讯作者:

张艳,女,1981年生。教授,硕士生导师,从事矿床学和实验地球化学研究。E-mail:78598874@qq.com.

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目录contents

    摘要

    川滇黔铅锌多金属成矿区位于特提斯成矿域与环太平洋成矿域交界地带的扬子陆块西南缘,并广泛分布了全球罕见的碳酸盐岩容矿的后成热液型富锗铅锌多金属矿床,其铅锌品位特高、储量大、富含稀散元素锗和贵金属银,经济价值巨大,备受广泛关注。针对制约该区深部找矿突破的成矿构造动力学背景及其响应机制、矿源—输运—聚集成矿过程、铅锌锗元素超常富集—巨量聚集成矿机制、矿床类型归属与铅锌多金属成矿系统等重大理论问题,历经20余年,通过区域地球物理剖面探测、矿田构造解析、典型矿床精细解剖及矿床地球化学、实验地球化学等系统研究,在成矿理论方面取得重要研究进展:① 提出了富锗铅锌矿形成于印支期碰撞造山过程的陆内走滑构造系统,解析并厘定了断褶构造组合样式及成矿构造体系,建立了构造分级成矿-控矿、矿体空间定位模式;② 系统概括了矿化空间组合结构及矿床成矿规律,查明了“矿源—输运—聚集”成矿过程,揭示了铅锌共生分异机制及铅锌锗超常富集成矿机制;③ 提出了具有一定普适性的会泽型铅锌矿床新类型,建立了矿床成矿系统及流体“贯入”—交代成矿模型。在此基础上,提出了陆内走滑构造系统控矿—流体“贯入”-交代成矿论(构造控矿—流体“贯入”成矿论)。应用该理论研发出适用于该类矿床深部勘查技术方法系列,取得了近些年来川滇黔地区一系列找矿突破和新进展。该研究进展不仅为川滇黔成矿区矿床勘查技术研发及深部找矿突破提供了理论支撑,而且将在扬子陆块西南缘乃至特提斯成矿域的类似矿床研究和找矿勘查部署中发挥重要的指导作用。

    Abstract

    Germanium-rich Pb-Zn deposits are widely distributed in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou triangle (SYGT) area where typical carbonate-hosted post-hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits occur. These, due to their high grade of lead and zinc, large reserves, rich in scattered elements germanium and precious metal silver, are of high economic value. For over 20 years using regional structural analysis, ore-field structural analysis, fine anatomy of typical deposits, experimental geochemistry and other systematic studies, our research team has focused on major theoretical problems. These include understanding the dynamic background of metallotectonic and its metallogenic response mechanism, the mineralization processes of mineral sources, fluid transport and ore aggregation, the mechanism of supernormal enrichment of lead, zinc and germanium, the classification of deposit type and the lead and zinc polymetallic metallogenic system. The metallogenic theory and prospecting technology research and deep exploration practice have made a series of progresses, which are mainly manifested in the following aspects: ① the ore-controlling theory of intracontinental strike-slip structure system has been proposed namely that germanium-rich lead-zinc ore was formed in the intracontinental oblique strike-slip structural system during the Indochinese collision orogeny. The combined styles of fault-fold structure and metallotectonic system have been defined, the spatial location model of tectonic graded mineralization-ore control and ore body, and the spatial location model of tectonic graded mineralization and controlling ore and ore bodies has been established; ② the mineralization processes have been identified, and the mechanisms of co-differentiation and supernormal enrichment of lead, zinc and germanium have been revealed; ③ a new type of the Huize-type rich-Ge lead-zinc deposit with a certain universality is proposed, and the metallogenic system and fluid ‘penetration’-metasomatic metallogenic model have been established. On this basis, the theory of inland strike-slip structural system controlling ore and fluid ‘penetration’-metasomatic mineralization has been proposed. Based on this theory, a series of key deep-exploration techniques suitable for such deposits have been developed and successfully applied. These research advances, including the biggest prospecting progress in the area in the past 50 years, not only provide theoretical support for the development of exploration technology and breakthrough in deep prospecting in the SYGT area, but also play an important guiding role in the research and application of similar deposits in the southwest margin of the Yangtze Block and even Tethys metallogenic domain.

  • 扬子陆块西南缘之川滇黔成矿区(中国地质调查局2016年规划的川滇黔相邻成矿区)地处特提斯成矿域与环太平洋成矿域的交界地带,一直是地学界关注的热点和前沿地区,也是国家资源规划的22个重点找矿区带之一及最大铅锌工业基地和国际锗生产基地。该区富锗铅锌矿,品位之高、富锗之多,全球罕见,但其主力矿山资源危机,面临枯竭。1951~1998年间,在滇东北矿集区累计提交铅锌金属储量405万t。截止1998年,滇东北矿集区保有铅锌金属储量严重不足,探矿深度为320~800 m,其中最大主力矿山—会泽铅锌矿保有储量仅61万t。同时,毛坪、茂租、金沙、乐马厂、赫章、大梁子、天宝山等一批铅锌矿山也濒临关闭,虽经多轮勘查,但依然无法摆脱困境,因而发现和探明深部接替资源刻不容缓!但是,直接制约该区深部找矿勘查的成矿理论深化研究面临瓶颈,主要表现在:一是该区构造叠加强烈、成矿动力学机制复杂,矿床形成的主控因素不清、富锗铅锌超常富集机制与经典的MVT、SEDEX、VHMS模式难以对比,导致矿床认识难度大、成矿类型不明、形成机制不清; 二是该区地处高寒乌蒙山区,地形条件复杂:峡谷深切高山纵横、地表覆盖强烈,地表勘查困难重重、野外条件恶劣; 三是矿体埋藏深度大、垂向延深不明,矿体形态特殊、地表物化探异常微弱,厚盖层高地压、水文条件异常复杂。这些难题均给成矿理论研究和深部勘查带来严峻挑战。为此,不同专家学者对该区铅锌矿床成因提出了多种成因观点:岩浆热液说(Xie Jiarong,1963)、沉积说(Zhang Weiji,1984)、沉积-改造说(Liao Wen,1984; Tu Guangchi,1989)、沉积-原地改造说(Chen Shijie,1986)、沉积-改造-叠加说(Chen Jin,1993)、沉积-改造-后成说(Liu Hechang et al.,1999)、膏盐萃取-构造控制-流体“贯入”说(Han Runsheng et al.,2001a)、MVT矿床(Zhou Chaoxian et al.,2001; Zhang Changqing et al.,2005a)或MVT矿床变型(Han Runshenget al.,2007)、低温成矿说(Tu Guangchi,2002)、均一化流体“贯入”成矿说(Huang Zhilong et al.,2004)及构造-流体“贯入”成矿说(Han Runsheng et al.,2012)等。可以看出,21世纪前,该区铅锌矿床的主流成因观点以沉积为主导的层控矿床。

  • 截至目前,指导该区勘查部署和深部勘查的已有理论还不能完美诠释该类富锗铅锌矿的典型地质特征(Han Runsheng et al.,2001a200620072012):① 富(品位特高):会泽铅锌矿Pb+Zn≥30%,资源集中(3000×104~4000×104 t/km2); 毛坪铅锌矿Pb+Zn≥25%; ② 大(矿床、矿体规模大):会泽、毛坪、猪拱塘等矿床的铅锌金属资源量达超大型,矿体也可达大型矿床规模; ③ 多(共伴生元素多、赋矿层位多):富含Ge、Ag、Cd、Ga等组分,Ge呈独立矿物和类质同象形式(Zhang Lunwei et al.,2008),其资源量可达大型规模; 矿床赋存于Pt~T1多层位碳酸盐岩的蚀变带中; ④ 深(延深大):因(斜向)走滑-断褶构造控矿特征突出,会泽铅锌矿床矿体延深大(>1800 m),居全国铅锌矿山首位,毛坪铅锌矿延深>1400 m; ⑤ 强(热液蚀变强):(铁)白云石化强烈,“成矿断裂—蚀变或重结晶的碳酸盐岩—铅锌矿体”矿化结构明显; ⑥ 高(成矿温度较高):流体包裹体的均一温度为150~220℃、250~355℃; ⑦ 清(矿物、蚀变组合分带清晰):从矿体底板到顶板,矿石呈现深色闪锌矿+石英+铁白云石+黄铁矿→褐色-玫瑰色闪锌矿+方铅矿→黄铁矿+方解石+白云石的矿物组合分带规律。

  • 在此背景下,研究团队在前人研究基础上,转变找矿思路,突破沉积成矿思路,建立和完善成矿新理论,设法解决成矿构造动力学背景及其成矿响应机制、矿源—输运—聚集成矿过程、铅锌锗元素超常富集—巨量聚集成矿机制、矿床类型归属、铅锌多金属成矿系统等制约该区深部找矿突破的重大理论问题。历经20余年产学研用协同攻关,基于区域构造分析、深部地球物理剖面探测、矿田构造解析、典型矿床精细解剖及矿床地球化学、实验地球化学等系统研究,在成矿理论研究方面取得了新进展,为深部找矿突破提供了理论支撑。故本文基于陆内走滑构造系统控矿论、流体“贯入”-交代成矿论及其对勘查技术研发启示三方面的研究进展,总结提出了陆内(斜向)走滑构造系统控矿—流体“贯入”-交代成矿论,为川滇黔成矿区取得更大找矿突破提供理论支撑,并为扬子陆块西南缘乃至特提斯成矿域类似矿床研究提供借鉴。

  • 1 陆内走滑构造系统控矿论

  • 准确把握矿床形成的主控因素是建立和完善成矿理论和开展矿床深部找矿勘查的关键。从20世纪60年代至今,该区矿床主控因素的认识,历经了多阶段的认识转变过程:玄武岩+含矿地层控矿说(Xie Jiarong,1963)→地层主导成矿说(Liao Wen,1984; Zhang Weiji,1984; Chen Shijie,1986)→层控成矿论(Tu Guangchi,1989)→叠加成矿说(Chen Jin,1993; Liu Hechang et al.,1999)→构造主导+蚀变碳酸盐岩控矿说(Han Runsheng et al.,2012)→陆内(斜向)走滑构造系统控矿论(Han Runsheng et al.,2019a)。从这一认识转变过程可以看出,构造控矿-成矿的观点基本已成共识。会泽麒麟厂、矿山厂铅锌矿(Luo Xia,2000)及昭通毛坪铅锌矿深部(Han Runsheng et al.,2010)的系列找矿突破和其他找矿新进展,多次证明了构造控矿-成矿认识转变是打开该区深部找矿突破的钥匙,拓展了该类矿床成矿理论的新视野,为该区找矿思路从沉积成矿到构造成矿的根本转变提供了科学依据。

  • 1.1 成矿构造动力学背景

  • 1.1.1 印支期热液成矿事件

  • 铅锌矿床成矿时代一直是制约成矿作用研究的难题之一。Nakai et al.(1990,1993)、Christensen et al.(1995a,1995b)、Symons et al.(1992,1995)、Halliday et al.(1990)、Jiang Yingde et al.(2000)、Bell et al.(1989)Changkakoti et al.(1988)在Nature等刊物发表了直接测定闪锌矿或流体包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄的成果。不同学者采用闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线法(Zhang Changqing et al.,2008; Lin Zhiyong et al,2010; Mao Jinwen et al.,2012a; Bai Junhao,2013; Zhou Jiaxi et al.,2013b; Zhang Yunxin et al.,2014)、方解石和萤石Sm-Nd等时线法(Huang Zhilong et al.,2004; Mao Jingwen et al.,2012a; Zhou Jiaxi et al.,2013a; Han Runsheng et al.,2019a)、单颗粒硫化物Re-Os等时线法(Liu Yingying et al.,2015)、伊利石低温蚀变矿物K-Ar法(Zhang Changqing et al.,2005b)等定年方法,获得了川滇黔成矿区铅锌矿床成矿时代。Han Runsheng et al.(2014)采用地质推断—构造变形筛分—古应力值系统测量—同位素约束综合方法,认为矿床主体成矿时代为印支晚期(230~194 Ma),这一年龄不仅与滇东北地区玄武岩自然铜矿床成矿年龄(228~226 Ma)(Zhu Bingquan et al.,2007)完全吻合,也与陆内斜向走滑构造系统形成时代一致。同时,雪峰山地区、南秦岭地区,甚至三江地区在印支期也发生了大规模热液成矿作用,形成了一批大型-超大型铅锌多金属矿床(Mao Jinwen et al.,2012b; Zeng Guangqian et al.,2018)。因此,印支期不仅是川滇黔铅锌多金属成矿区的主要成矿时代,而且印支运动对扬子陆块构造演化及其大规模流体成矿作用影响深远,“印支期热液成矿事件” 是区域内值得关注的重大地质事件,为提出陆内走滑构造系统控矿论提供了年代学证据。

  • 1.1.2 大陆动力学背景

  • 不同专家学者先后指出,该类铅锌矿床产于大陆边缘造山弧后伸展(Mao Jinwen et al.,2005)、地幔柱成矿体系地幔柱-热点成矿系统(Hou Zengqian et al.,1998)、扬子板块与兰坪-思茅陆块碰撞等构造背景下。Han Runsheng et al.(2014)认为川滇黔地区广泛分布的铅锌矿为印支期印支陆块与扬子陆块碰撞导致古特提斯洋关闭所引发的成矿响应之产物,但截止目前在该区尚未发现印支构造事件的角度不整合接触关系,而表现为平行不整合关系。Li Sanzhong et al.(2011)基于印支期雪峰陆内构造系统研究,认为包括扬子陆块和华夏陆块的华南地区,印支期角度不整合分布规律从东往西表现为高角度不整合-微角度不整合-平行不整合-整合四个递变区域,且赋矿地层的空间分布区域依次从东往西递变渐新。而且,印支期NE向断裂-褶皱等构造组合为NW向应力场作用之产物,并在印支期(238.9±4.5 Ma)伴随形成了一系列铅锌矿床(Zeng Guangqian et al.,2018)。

  • 笔者综合区域构造分析、地质测量、矿田构造研究、MT重力剖面测量、构造-成矿年代学等成果(图1和2a~b),结合Zn-S-Pb-Sr同位素组合示踪(Huang Zhilong et al.,2011)和地震勘探成果,提出了该区富锗铅锌矿形成于印支期碰撞造山过程的陆内(斜向)走滑构造系统。综合认为,该区高品位大吨位富锗铅锌矿形成的大陆动力学背景为:印支期,印支陆块与扬子陆块、扬子陆块与华南褶皱带发生碰撞造山作用,分别导致中越交界的八布-Phu-Ngu洋、越北香葩岛-海南屯昌一带洋盆在内的古特提斯洋关闭与南盘江-右江裂陷闭合。由于来自印支陆块SSW向的区域构造应力场作用,可能还有来自雪峰造山带SE向的区域构造应力场的联合作用,区域构造应力向扬子陆块内传导,在川滇黔成矿区形成了空间分布具广泛性、类型具分区性和多样性的陆内走滑构造系统:在滇东北矿集区形成NE向左行斜冲走滑-断褶带; 在黔西北矿集区形成NW向斜落走滑-断褶带; 在川西南矿集区因近SN向小江、普渡河、安宁河-绿汁江深断裂的左行走滑作用,形成了NWW—近EW向的右行主走滑-断褶带。同时,陆内斜向走滑动力驱动深源流体,沿走滑断褶带从川滇黔成矿区南东部向北西部浅部大规模运移,并与三叠纪盆地流体混合,使成矿流体呈旋涡状圈闭于小江、安宁河-绿汁江深断裂带、紫云-垭都深断裂带(包括垭都蟒硐断裂、威宁水城断裂)、NE向弥勒师宗深断裂带所围成的“三角区”内,因构造释压、流体“贯入”、流体混合等构造-流体多重耦合作用,在不同矿集区的断褶构造带和花状构造中形成矿床(体): 在滇东北地区,成矿流体沿NE向断褶带运移至次级背斜翼部的断裂裂隙带中沉淀成矿,形成以似层状为主且延深大的柱状矿体群; 在黔西北地区,成矿流体沿NW向主断裂带及其下盘背斜的层间断裂带形成层-脉结构的不规则状、囊状矿体群; 在川西南地区成矿流体沿NWW—近EW向主走滑-断褶带形成角砾状、网脉状等不规则柱状矿体群,最终形成了区内一系列铅锌矿床(图1)。因此,该区构造-流体耦合成矿时代具有一致性,成矿的构造应力场具有统一性,“印支期热液成矿事件”是碰撞造山作用导致古特提斯洋关闭的成矿响应之产物。

  • 图1 印支期构造成矿背景(a)(综合改绘)及川滇黔成矿区典型铅锌矿床分布图(b)(据柳贺昌等(1999)改绘)

  • Fig.1 Maps of Indosinian tectonic background (a) (modified by comprehensive) and distribution of lead-zinc deposits (b) in the SYGT area (modified after Liu Maochang et al., 1999)

  • 1 —结合带; 2—走滑断裂; 3—深断裂/主要断层; 4—印支期中酸性岩; 5—构造应力方向; 6—成矿流体流向; 7—铅锌矿床; 8—MT-重力探测剖面位置; 9—峨眉山玄武岩; ①绿汁江断裂; ②小江断裂; ③威宁水城断裂; ④紫云垭都断裂

  • 1 —Junction zone; 2—strike slip fault; 3—deep fault/main structure; 4—Indosinian intermediate acid rock; 5—direction of tectonic stress; 6—flow direction of ore-forming fluid; 7—lead and zinc deposits; 8—profine position of MT and gravity exploration; 9—Emeishan Basalt; ①—Lüzhijiang fault; ②—Xiaojiang fault; ③—Weining-Shuicheng fault; ④—Ziyun-Yadu fault

  • 1.2 构造分级成矿-控矿模式

  • 通过区内不同级别构造解析,认为SN向小江、普渡河、安宁河-绿汁江深断裂和NW向紫云-垭都深断裂带、NE向弥勒师宗深断裂为成矿区的一级构造; NE向斜冲走滑断裂带、NW向斜落(走滑)断裂带、NWW近EW向主滑-断褶带为其二级构造; 断褶构造的主断裂带为其三级构造; 次级断裂裂隙带和褶皱属其四级构造。进一步提出了区内构造分级控矿-成矿模式:陆内斜向走滑构造系统控制川滇黔成矿区的展布格局; 斜冲走滑-断褶带、斜落走滑-断褶带、主走滑-断褶带分别控制滇东北、黔西北、川西南3个富锗铅锌矿集区分布格局; NE向断褶构造带控制滇东北8条成矿亚带、NW向断褶构造带控制黔西北2条成矿亚带、NWW—近EW向断褶带控制川西南4条成矿亚带(Han Runsheng et al.,2012)的形成和分布; 断褶构造组合控制了富锗铅锌矿田呈斜列式展布; 主断裂带和其上升盘褶皱、层间断裂裂隙带及构造虚脱空间控制了矿床(体)的形态和产状。该研究结论为找矿思路从沉积成矿为主导到构造成矿的根本转变提供了科学依据。

  • 图2 黔西北地区紫云-垭都断褶带与MT、重力剖面综合解释图(a)和滇东北地区会泽铅锌矿区59线(b)、 120线(c)MT剖面测量成果解译图

  • Fig.2 Comprehensive interpretation diagram of MT and gravity profile of the Ziyun-Yadu fault-fold structural belt in northwestern Guizhou (a) and interpretation diagram of MT at the No.59 (b) and 120 (c) exploration lines in the Huize Zn-Pb district in northeastern Yunnan

  • (a):1—MT、重力点位及编号; 2—电阻率(Ω·m); 3—断裂; 4—主要矿床;(b)、(c):1—二叠系; 2—石炭系; 3—泥盆系; 4—寒武系; 5—震旦系; 6—昆阳群; 7—角度不整合; 8—断裂; 9—矿体; 10—点号点位

  • (a) :1—MT, gravity point and No.; 2—resistivity (Ω·m) ; 3—faults; 4—main deposits; (b) , (c) : 1—Permian; 2—Carboniferous; 3—Devonian; 4—Cambrian; 5—Sinian; 6—Kunyang Group; 7—angular unconformity; 8—fault; 9—orebody; 10—dot mark and point position

  • 1.3 断褶构造组合样式与成矿构造体系

  • 基于黔西北、川西南矿集区矿田构造精细解析,结合滇东北矿集区断褶构造研究(Han Runsheng et al.,2012),认为该区典型的成矿结构面类型包括:断裂裂隙带、假整合面(含硅钙面)、蚀变岩相界面(酸碱界面)等,主要形成如下的断褶构造组合样式(图3):

  • (1)斜向走滑-断褶组合式:包括斜冲走滑-断褶组合亚式(会泽、毛坪、乐开铅锌矿等)(图3g)、斜落走滑-断褶组合亚式(青山、杉树林、猪拱塘铅锌矿等)(图3k)。

  • (2)对倾斜冲走滑-断褶组合式:以茂租、富乐厂等铅锌矿为代表(图3h)。

  • (3)断褶组合式:包括逆断层-背斜亚式(乐马厂、金沙厂铅锌矿床等)(图3a、c、e)、反倾断层-背斜亚式(亮岩铅锌矿等)(图3l)、正断层-背斜亚式(筲箕湾、长坪子、垭都铅锌矿等)(图3m)。

  • (4)双向断层-背斜组合式(棋盘格式):以猫渣厂、福来厂等铅锌矿为代表(图3j)。

  • (5)硅钙面-断层组合式:以茂租、大梁子等铅锌矿为代表(图3d)。

  • 图3 川滇黔成矿区典型成矿结构面类型及控矿构造组合样式图

  • Fig.3 Diagrams of types of typical metallogenic structural planes and styles of ore-controlling structure combinations in SYGT area

  • (a)~(c)—构造型: 背斜倒转翼层间断裂式(a),断裂带充填式(b),背斜翼部层间断裂式(c);(d)—假整合面型;(e)—酸碱物理化学界面型;(f)—蚀变岩相转化型:Ⅰ—Py+Black Sp+Qz+Fe-Dol; Ⅱ—Sp+Py+Gn; Ⅲ—Py+Cal+Dol; Ⅳ—针孔状白云石化带; Ⅴ—粗晶白云石化带;(g)~(k)—组合型:同斜断褶式(g),对倾断褶式(h),背倾断褶式(i),双向断层-背斜式(j),斜落走滑-断褶组合亚式(k);(l)—反倾断层-背斜式;(m)—正断层-背斜式;(n)—负花状+刺穿构造组合式。1—灰岩; 2—白云岩; 3—砂岩; 4—构造岩; 5—断裂; 6—酸性流体; 7—碱性流体; 8—矿体; 9—蚀变界线及编号; 10—矿物组合及分带界线; 11—背斜

  • (a) ~ (c) —Fault-fold structure types: interlayer fracture type of anticline reverse wing (a) , filling type of fault zone (b) , interlayer fracture type at middle-steep wing in anticline (c) ; (d) —disconformable type (including calcium silicon surface) ; (e) —physical and chemical interface type of acid and alkali; (f) —altered lithofacies transformation type; Ⅰ—Py+BlackSp+Qz+Fe-Dol; Ⅱ—Sp+Py+Gn; Ⅲ—Py+Cal+Dol; Ⅳ—Pinhole dolomitization zone; Ⅴ—coarse grained dolomitization zone; (g) ~ (k) —combination types: synclinal fracture type (g) , counter dip fracture type (h) , back dip fracture type (i) , bidirectional fault-anticline type (j) , oblique strike slip-fault fold structure combination subtype (k) ; (l) —anti-dipped fault-anticline type; (m) —normal faultanticline type; (n) —combination type of negative flower structure and puncture structure; 1—limestone; 2—dolomite; 3—sandstone; 4—tectonite; 5—structure; 6—acid fluid; 7—alkaline fluid; 8—orebody; 9—alteration boundary and No.; 10—boundary of mineral assemblage; 11—anticline

  • (6)负花状构造-刺穿构造组合式:以大梁子等铅锌矿为代表(图3n)。

  • 上述构造组合样式直接控制了矿床的空间分布及矿体的形态和产状。

  • 综合区域内主控断裂和主要矿田(床)构造精细解析后发现,不管是滇东北、黔西北矿集区,还是川西南矿集区,可以识别出川滇黔成矿区晋宁期以来形成的4种构造组合,代表5期构造体系,依次为:早SN构造带(成矿前)→NE构造带(成矿期)→NW构造带(成矿后1)→晚SN构造带(成矿后2)→构造带(成矿后3),主压应力方向也依次变化为:90°→300°~310°→45°~50°→85°~90°→351°~355°。同时,从成矿区、矿集区、矿田、矿床(体)多层次论证了该区构造-流体耦合成矿时代具一致性、成矿期联合构造应力场作用具统一性,矿床为成矿期NW—SE向复合应力场作用的产物(Han Runsheng et al.,2020),进一步提出了NE构造带是该区最主要的成矿构造体系(图4),该构造体系直接控制了铅锌成矿,制约了流体运移和沉淀成矿的全过程,决定了成矿系统储存和矿床(体)空间展布规律,从而改变了黔西北、川西南矿集区受NW成矿构造体系的认识(Jin Zhongguo,2008; Zhang Changqing,2014)。

  • 1.4 矿体空间定位模式

  • 基于矿田构造精细解析、地质测量及坑钻编录,建立了矿体定位模式:

  • (1)空间上矿体在平面和剖面上呈等间距、等深距,似层状、透镜状、脉状、不规则状柱状展布。

  • (2)在滇东北矿集区,主矿体定位于NE向断褶带的主断裂带上盘的层间断裂破碎带中,呈左列式向SW向侧伏; 在黔西北矿集区,主矿体定位于NW向断褶带的主断裂带及其下盘的层间滑动带中,向SE向侧伏; 在川西南矿集区,主矿体定位于派生的NWW—NW向右行扭张-张扭性断裂和节理裂隙带中,并陡倾且向SE向侧伏。

  • (3)斜向走滑-主断裂带为矿床的导矿构造,主断裂上升盘的褶皱和配套断层为其配矿构造,层间断裂破碎带、切层断裂-裂隙带为其容矿构造。

  • (4)断裂裂隙带、假整合面或硅钙面、蚀变岩相转化界面(酸碱界面)等成矿结构面及其控矿构造组合直接控制了“似层状”型、倾伏-侧伏型、不规则脉型及其组合等矿化样式(图5)。

  • 2 流体“贯入”-交代成矿论

  • 2.1 矿化空间组合结构及矿床成矿规律

  • 通过矿床时间-空间-物质结构的精细解剖,该类矿床具有明显的矿化空间组合结构。在矿化样式上,呈现“层-脉式”、斜列式等类型(图5),在不同矿集区“层”与脉的主次不同; 在成矿作用空间结构上,具有构造-岩性双控结构和矿物组合分带结构,以及矿体的上-下或左右结构,如云南会泽富锗铅锌矿,2014年编录新竖井ZK81工勘钻孔岩芯时,发现在震旦系灯影组蚀变白云岩中发育10余米铅锌矿化蚀变带,铅锌矿化、黄铁矿化沿节理裂隙分布,证实其蚀变白云岩中的裂隙带具备了成矿的主控条件,进而提出了开展深部“多层位”找矿勘查工作,认为在震旦系灯影组的有利构造部位应赋存新矿体。通过工程验证和勘探,发现富厚铅锌矿体,取得了“新层位”找矿的重大突破,从而扩大了深部找矿空间:从浅部→深部,上部矿体群呈左列式,沿NE—SW向断续分布于斜冲断层上盘背斜翼部的层间压扭性断裂带内,且矿体群向SW向侧伏,而下部的灯影组白云岩中赋存脉状铅锌矿体; 在时间上,在成矿早阶段,中高温酸性流体发生区域性铁白云石化、(铁)方解石化及重晶石化,在高氧逸度条件下形成重晶石-铁白云石-石英组合,并有少量深色闪锌矿晶出。在成矿主阶段,中温、pH增高、还原度增强,发生大量硫化物沉淀,形成棕-红棕-玫瑰色闪锌矿-方铅矿-黄铁矿矿物组合及萤石化、黏土化、黄铁矿化蚀变组合。在成矿晚阶段,形成细晶黄铁矿-白云石-方解石组合。

  • 基于Ye Tianzhu et al.(2014)成矿地质体的涵义,根据该类矿床所形成的时间、空间、物源、热源等特征,认为该类矿床形成的主要成矿地质作用为走滑-断褶构造作用,其成矿地质体为控制中粗晶白云岩、针孔状粗晶白云岩蚀变带的走滑-断褶构造带。成矿流体在构造动力驱动下发生大规模运移,成岩碳酸盐岩(白云岩、白云质灰岩)发生重结晶等作用形成HTD白云岩蚀变体,成矿流体沿断褶构造带的有利构造部位沉淀成矿。

  • 该类矿床的成矿规律可概括为:走滑-断褶构造系统分级控矿、矿化-蚀变岩相组合、典型的矿化结构、矿物组合分带和铅锌共生分异。具体来说,走滑-断褶构造系统依次控制了成矿区、矿集区(成矿带)、矿田(床)、矿体(脉)及矿化蚀变带的展布; 断褶构造与矿化蚀变岩相成矿结构面的组合,直接控制了脉状矿体形态、产状及其矿化强度,形成了“成矿构造-蚀变碳酸盐岩-矿体”为一体的矿化结构; 酸-碱地球化学障是铅锌锗共生分异和矿化蚀变分带的主要机制。其中锗主要以类质同象形式赋存于早、中世代闪锌矿中。新发现2种锗的独立矿物(GeO2含量分别为39.84%和1.88%)(Zhang Lunwei et al.,2008)。

  • 图4 川滇黔接壤区构造变形期次及其演化图(据韩润生等,2019a修改)

  • Fig.4 Tectonic deformation stages and their evolution in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou triangular area (modified after Han Runsheng et al., 2019a)

  • 1 —压性断层; 2—张性断层; 3—扭性断层; 4—压扭性断层; 5—扭压性断层; 6—褶皱; 7—压扭性褶皱; 8—张扭性褶皱

  • 1 —Compressive fault; 2—tensile fault; 3—shear fault; 4—compressional-shear fault; 5—shear-compressional fault; 6—fold; 7—compressional-shear fold; 8—tensile-shear fold

  • 2.2 “矿源-输运-聚集”成矿过程与铅锌锗共生分异机制

  • 基于元素地球化学、同位素示踪,铅同位素组成指示铅源具有壳源、造山带特征,认为印支期构造作用是导致铅混合均一的主因; 主要来源于变质基底(昆阳群、会理群等)和深源流体。C-H-O、He-Ar同位素示踪成矿热液有深源流体和盆地流体两种主要来源,其成矿热液为两类流体的混合热液。依据Zn-S-Pb-Sr同位素组合特征和成矿年龄轨迹示踪区域成矿流体从SE向NW方向运移(Huang Zhilong et al.,2011; Wang Minzhi et al.,2020),与区域成矿构造应力场主压应力方向一致。

  • 研究认为,成矿流体的演化过程包括了流体卸载和沉淀两个阶段。基于两阶段物化条件的反演,成矿流体呈现中高温-低盐度-中高压→中温-中盐度-低压→低温-中低盐度-中低压力的演化过程。铅锌氯络合物是主要迁移形式,金属硫化物主要形成于近中性条件下,矿物组合分带和铅锌共生分异主要受TfO2fs2、pH制约,酸碱地球化学障是铅锌共生分异和矿化蚀变岩相分带的主因,并进一步揭示了闪锌矿和方铅矿沉淀顺序的机理(Zhang Yan et al.,2020)。

  • 图5 川滇黔成矿区典型矿床主要矿化样式图

  • Fig.5 Main mineralization patterns of typical deposits in the SYGT area

  • (a)—似层状-块型(毛坪、会泽矿床):1—灰岩; 2—泥质灰岩; 3—砂岩; 4—矿体及编号; 5—断裂; 6—地层界线; b—倾伏-侧伏型(会泽、青山矿床):1—中段编号; 2—氧化矿体; 3—硫化物矿体; 4—下盘矿体; 5—铅氧化矿体; 6—矿体编号; 7—断层及编号; 8—剖面线及编号;(c)—斜列式(会泽矿床):1—峨眉山玄武岩; 2—下二叠统; 3—石炭系; 4—泥盆系; 5—寒武系; 6—震旦系; 7—断裂; 8—地层界线; 9—矿体; d—硅钙面+断裂控制型(茂租矿床):1—震旦系; 2—寒武系; 3—奥陶系; 4—泥盆系; 5—石炭系; 6—二叠系; 7—三叠系; 8—断层; 9—矿体;(e)—中高倾斜式(毛坪、会泽、青山、杉树林矿床):1—上石炭统马平组; 2—中石炭统威宁组; 3—下石炭统摆佐组; 4—下石炭统大塘组; 5—地层界线; 6—断裂; 7—矿体; 8—中段; f—缓倾式(富乐厂矿床)(据柳贺昌等修改,1999):1—白云岩; 2—砂岩; 3—玄武岩; 4—断裂; 5—矿体;(g)、(h)—负花状+刺穿构造组合控制的角砾状块型或筒状浸染型(大梁子矿床)(g—平面; h—剖面):1—矿体; 2—岩层; 3—断裂; 4—背斜; 5—成矿流体运移方向; 6—最大主应力方向

  • (a) —stratoid-block type (Maoping and Huize deposits) : 1—limestone; 2—argillaceous limestone; 3—sandstone; 4— ore body and No.; 5—faults; 6—stratigraphic boundary; (b) —plunging-lateral volute type (Huize, Shanshulin and Qingshan deposits) : 1—level No.; 2—oxidized ore body; 3—sulfide ore body; 4—footwall ore body; 5—lead oxidized ore body; 6—ore body and No.; 7—faults and No.; 8—section line and No.; (c) —echelon type (Huize deposit) : 1—emeishan basalt; 2—lower Permian; 3—Carboniferous; 4—Devonian; 5—Cambrian; 6—Sinian; 7—faults; 8—stratigraphic boundary; 9—ore body; (d) —silicon-calcium surface and fracture control type (Maozu and Daliangzi deposits) : 1—Sinian; 2—Cambrian; 3—Ordovician; 4—Devonian; 5—Carboniferous; 6—Permian; 7—Triassic; 8—faults; 9—ore body; (e) —medium-high tilt type (Huize and Qingshan deposits) : 1—Maping Formation of Upper Carboniferous; 2—Weining Formation of Middle Carboniferous; 3—Baizuo Formation of Lower Carboniferous; 4—Datang Formation of Lower Carboniferous; 5—stratigraphic boundary; 6—faults; 7—ore body; 8—level; (f) —gently inclined type (Fulechang deposit) (after Liu Hechang et al., 1999) : 1—dolomite; 2—sandstone; 3—basalt; 4—faults; 5—ore body; (g) , (h) —breccia block type and barrel disseminated type controlled by negative flower and puncture structure (Daliangzi lead-zinc deposit, g—in plane; h—in profile) : 1—ore body; 2—rock strata; 3—faults; 4—anticline; 5—migration direction of ore-forming fluid; 6—direction of maximum principal stress

  • 2.3 铅锌锗超常富集成矿机制

  • Zhang Yan et al.(2017a)通过流体包裹体岩相学、S-C-H-O同位素地球化学示踪(Zhang Yan et al.,2017b)(图6a、b),识别出该类矿床成矿过程存在两类流体:深源酸性-氧化性流体与富还原性的盆地流体。在此基础上,结合构造解析成果(Han Runsheng et al.,20142020),表明深源流体“贯入”— CO2逃逸—流体不混溶—流体混合等构造-流体多重耦合作用,为铅锌锗超常富集成矿的主要机制。其主要表现在:① 深源流体“贯入”作用:中高温深源流体沿斜向走滑-断褶带大规模向浅部运移和“贯入”过程中,流体与围岩发生水-岩相互作用,萃取基底和流经地层中的铅锌锗等元素,导致流体中金属离子活度增高和CO2逃逸; ② 流体不混溶作用:基于闪锌矿流体包裹体岩相学和流体包裹体组成研究,发现富含CO2三相(LCO2+VCO2+LH2O)、气-液-固三相(VH2O+LH2O+SNaCl)不混溶包裹体与纯气相(V)、富液相气液两相(L+V)包裹体共存(Han Runsheng et al.,2016; Zhang Yan et al.,2017a),表明流体失稳发生减压沸腾、CO2持续逃逸,产生明显的气-液-固相分离,导致成矿流体进一步浓缩; ③ 流体混合作用:不断浓缩富集的深源流体与富含还原硫的盆地流体进入扩容空间时发生混合作用,迅速反应产生硫化物沉淀,导致铅锌锗超常富集成矿(Zhang Yan et al.,2019a)。

  • 通过常温常压下铅锌流体混合实验(图6c)(Zhang Yan et al.,2019a),水解实验、含铅锌流体与碳酸盐岩相互作用实验,以及水-岩反应条件下铅锌水解动力学实验研究,研究表明pH=4是铅锌大量水解的阈值(图6d)(Zhang Yan et al.,2019b); 含铅锌的酸性溶液(pH=1.0~6.0)与碳酸盐岩(围岩)反应达平衡后,溶液的pH始终稳定在5.2~6.2,与碳酸盐岩岩性(白云岩或灰岩)、晶粒大小、溶液初始pH无关,与岩石粒度呈负相关; 水-岩反应使pH升高可导致铅锌部分水解而沉淀,其最大沉淀率可达20%左右,当氢氧化物沉淀与含还原硫的流体混合时,沉淀会向硫化物转变。因此,成矿流体pH、流体运移驱动力、铅锌水解、水岩反应共同制约着该类矿床的形成,其中铅锌水解程度不同是造成矿床品位悬殊的主因。

  • 2.4 矿床类型、成矿系统及成矿模型

  • 随着人们对矿床成矿主控因素的认识深化,对区内铅锌矿床类型的认识也相应历经了复杂的转变过程:火山热液型(Xie Jiarong,1963)→沉积型、层控型(Liao Wen,1984; Zhang Weiji,1984; Chen Shijie,1986; Tu Guangchi,1989; Chen Jin,1993; Liu Hechang et al.,1999)→会泽麒麟厂式(Han Runsheng et al.,2001a; Huang Zhilong et al.,2004)→MVT型(Zhou et al.,2001; Zhang Changqing et al.,2005a)、MVT变型(Han et al.,2007)→会泽式或会泽型(HZT)(Han Runsheng et al.,20122014)。

  • 图6 识别两类流体的C-O(a)、H-O同位素(b)与流体混合滴定实验(c)、水解实验(d)、混合过程模式(e)

  • Fig.6 Identification of C-O (a) and H-O isotope (b) in two types of fluids and titrate them with mixed fluids (c) , hydrolysis experiment (d) and mixed process model (e)

  • (a)、(b): 1—深源流体A; 2—盆地流体B; 3—混合成矿流体C;(c): 1—含Zn溶液; 2—含Pb溶液; 3—含Pb、Zn溶液;(d): 1—单独Zn; 2—单独Pb; 3—混合Zn; 4—混合Pb;(e): 1—三叠系; 2—二叠系上统玄武岩; 3—震旦系-二叠系中统; 4—变质基底; 5—接触关系; 6—含黄铁矿碳质层; 7—矿体; 8—流体方向; 9—斜冲走滑断褶带

  • (a) , (b) : 1—deep source fluid A; 2—basin fluid B; 3—mixed ore-forming fluid C; (c) : 1—Zn in aqueous solution; 2—Pb in aqueous solution; 3—Pb and Zn in aqueous solution; (d) : 1—Zn alone; 2—Pb alone; 3—mixed Zn; 4—mixed Pb; (e) : 1—Triassic; 2—upper Permian basalt; 3—Sinian-middle Permian; 4—metamorphic basement; 5—contact relationship; 6—pyrite bearing carbonaceous layer; 7—ore body; 8—fluid direction; 9—oblique strike slip fault fold belt

  • 2.4.1 会泽型铅锌矿床新类型

  • 经典理论认为,MVT铅锌矿主要形成于克拉通碳酸盐岩台地和大陆伸展环境,赋存于弱变形且稳定的碳酸盐岩台地,受正断层控制(Leach et al.,1993),其基本特点为后生成矿、成岩的碳酸盐岩(礁灰岩组合)容矿、与岩浆活动无成因联系、铅锌硫化物为主、定位于克拉通台地和前陆盆地、裂谷盆地周缘、与盆地流体有关、断裂裂隙和溶洞控矿、低温-高盐度流体等(Leach et al.,19932005),而川滇黔成矿区富锗铅锌矿形成机制无法用经典理论来解释。

  • 研究发现:区内富锗铅锌矿是走滑-断褶构造圈闭、富矿流体充沛、储矿空间优越与流体不混溶、混合作用综合效应之产物。这些条件的相互耦合作用,才造就了一批独具特色的富锗铅锌矿床。① 成矿构造背景有利: 印支晚期,扬子陆块与印支陆块发生碰撞作用,以及雪峰造山带华南褶皱带SE向区域构造应力场的联合作用,形成川滇黔一带陆内走滑构造系统,致安宁河-绿汁江、小江深断裂发生左行走滑作用,垭都-蟒硐、威宁-水城断裂发生斜落走滑作用,弥勒-师宗深断裂发生左行冲断作用,从而使成矿流体大量汇聚并圈闭于川滇黔三角区内,形成Pb、Zn、Ge巨量聚集; ② 矿质来源充足: 深部及变质基底可提供充足的矿源,为大型-超大型铅锌矿床的形成奠定了物质基础; ③ 斜向走滑-断褶作用: 该作用驱动成矿流体大规模运移,并使流体在断褶带中“贯入” 成矿; ④ 减压沸腾作用: 该作用造成气-液流体分异,CO2逃逸,从而形成富矿流体,并形成大面积铁白云石化蚀变; ⑤ 流体混合作用: 该作用是形成大型富矿体的主要机制,形成酸碱成矿地球化学障,(铁)白云石化的碳酸盐岩,不仅有利于成矿构造的形成,而且使铅、锌等成矿物质发生巨量沉淀,最终形成大型-超大型富锗铅锌矿床; ⑥ “贯入”-交代作用: 陆内走滑断褶构造驱动成矿流体沿断褶构造发生“贯入”-交代作用,导致强烈的热液蚀变和铅锌矿床的形成。

  • 尽管区内的富锗铅锌矿床与经典MVT铅锌矿床在矿床后生成矿、与岩浆活动无关等特征上具相似之处,但是基于以下四方面的原因,本文提出了区别于经典MVT矿床的会泽型(HZT)铅锌矿床类型(Han Runsheng et al.,20122014):① 川滇黔成矿区铅锌矿在成矿构造背景、成矿的主控因素、矿化蚀变分带规律、构造控矿规律和矿体侧伏规律、成矿物化条件、地球化学特征及成矿机制等方面,明显不同于经典的MVT矿床,如分布于雪峰山构造带SE侧之湘西南地区花垣式铅锌矿(Liu Wenjun et al.,2000; Duan Qifa,2014; Zhou Yun et al.,2014; Zhou Yun,2017; Wei Hantao et al.,2017),即在华南地区形成了以雪峰山构造带为界、其NW侧主要分布HZT铅锌矿、SE侧主要分布MVT铅锌矿的空间展布格局,反映了构造改造作用的强烈程度; ② 基于矿床学研究为矿产勘查服务的宗旨,该类矿床与经典MVT矿床在找矿思路和勘查技术方法方面差别显著:该类矿床找矿思路以构造控矿为主导,常采用矿田构造解析、构造地球化学勘查、构造-蚀变岩相测量、坑道重力和电磁探测等勘查技术,而经典MVT铅锌矿床找矿勘查思路以地层-岩性组合为主导,运用含矿沉积岩相分析、盆地构造分析、地球化学勘查等技术方法; ③ 该类矿床首先发现于扬子陆块西南缘的云南会泽铅锌矿,其成矿特征独特、颇具特色(Han Runsheng et al.,2012),在川滇黔成矿区具有典型性和普遍性,且在矿业界古今享有盛誉; ④ 在国内外不少地区分布了一系列具有HZT铅锌矿类似的成矿地质背景和构造控矿规律的大型-超大型铅锌矿床,如产于三江特提斯成矿域逆冲构造带中东莫扎抓式Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu矿床(Hou Zengqian et al.,2008; Liu Yingying et al.,2017,Bi Xianwu et al.,2019),西欧比利时受断褶构造控制的铅锌矿床(Coppola,et al.,2008)、伊朗Sanadaj-Sirjan Zone(SSZ)成矿带上Malayer-Esfahan成矿区的Irankuh、Emarat、Ahangaran、Tiran 等铅锌矿床(Ehya et al.2010; Rajabi,2012; Daliran et al.,2013; Ehya2014; Song Yucai et al.,2017),从侧面也反映了HZT矿床在国内外具有一定的普遍性。

  • 所谓会泽型铅锌矿床(HZT),是产于陆块碰撞造山过程形成的陆内走滑或推覆构造背景下,受斜冲走滑或斜落走滑或主走滑-断褶带控制,以热液碳酸盐岩为容矿岩石,中(高)温-中低盐度富气相或CO2混合流体“贯入”成矿的铅锌矿床(Han Runsheng et al.,2014)。而且,将碳酸盐岩容矿的非岩浆后生热液型铅锌矿床(CNHT)划分为两个端元:密西西比河谷型(MVT)型(如湘西南地区的花垣式铅锌矿等)和会泽型(HZT)(如川滇黔接攘区内的会泽、毛坪、猪拱塘、茂租、天宝山、乐马厂等铅锌矿),三江特提斯东莫扎抓式铅锌矿归属于HZT型,而在自然界多分布其过渡类型(如泗顶、北山铅锌矿等)。

  • 2.4.2 矿床成矿系统

  • 从川滇黔成矿区各矿集区构造主导控矿特点出发,通过矿床对比、地质-地球化学特征、矿床时空分布规律等综合研究,将该区陆内构造背景控制的会泽型(HZT)富锗铅锌多金属成矿系统划分为三个亚系统:斜落走滑构造控制型铅-锌-银-钼-(锗)成矿亚系统(黔西北矿集区)、斜冲走滑构造控制型铅锌-铜-锗-银成矿亚系统(滇东北矿集区)、主走滑构造控制型铅锌-(铜-银)成矿亚系统(川西南矿集区)。

  • 现概括该类矿床成矿系统的五要素:① 矿源:矿质来源于中元古界昆阳群(会理群)变质基底和深源,流体主要为深源流体和盆地流体的混合; ② 输运:印支期构造动力作用驱动成矿流体沿斜向走滑-断褶带大规模运移,并与碳酸盐岩发生水/岩作用,成矿构造体系直接控制流体运移; ③ 储集:含矿流体沿走滑断褶带发生“贯入”作用、流体混合等构造-流体多重耦合作用,在断裂裂隙带/层间滑动带卸载沉淀成矿; ④ 变化:成矿后构造(NW构造带、晚SN构造带及EW构造带)作用,使铅锌成矿系统产生一定变化:一方面使少部分矿体遭受强烈剥蚀、氧化作用,并形成氧化矿体; 另一方面后期断层切错矿体,破坏矿体连续性,构造使部分矿体变位; ⑤ 保存:该区转入构造隆升—陆相盖层发展阶段,三叠系—白垩系碎屑岩系为铅锌成矿系统提供了保存条件,使矿床主体定位并得以保存。

  • 图7 川西南矿集区富锗铅锌矿流体“贯入”-交代成矿模型

  • Fig.7 The fluid ‘injection’-metasomatic metallogenic model of germanium-rich lead-zinc deposit in southwest Sichuan deposit concentration district

  • 1 —会理群; 2—平行不整合; 3—角度不整合; 4—矿体; 5—推测断裂; 6—断裂; 7—深源流体运移方向; 8—盆地流体运移方向

  • 1 —Huili Group; 2—parallel unconformity; 3—angular unconformity; 4—ore body; 5—speculated fault; 6—fault; 7—flow direction of deep source fluid; 8—flow direction of basin fluid

  • 2.4.3 流体“贯入”-交代成矿模型

  • 在不断深化会泽铅锌矿、滇东北矿集区铅锌矿成矿模型(Han Runsheng et al.,2001a20072012; Huang Zhilong et al.,2004)的基础上,综合该类矿床成矿规律及其成矿机制,进一步建立了黔西北(Han Runsheng et al.,2020)、川西南矿集区铅锌矿成矿模型(以大梁子铅锌矿为例)(图7),为构建川滇黔成矿区HZT铅锌矿床区域成矿模式奠定了基础,也为深部及外围找矿勘查部署发挥了重要作用。概括起来,富锗铅锌矿床的形成主要历经了三个阶段的复杂演化过程:

  • (1)印支期陆内走滑构造系统形成与中高温-酸性-氧化性流体“贯入”和运移阶段。印支晚期,印支陆块、华南褶皱带与扬子陆块发生碰撞造山作用,来自印支陆块SSW向的构造应力场与来自于雪峰山一带华南褶皱带SE向的构造应力场的联合作用,如此强大的构造动力机制使古特提斯洋(中越交界的八布-Phu-Ngu洋及越北香葩岛-海南屯昌一带的洋盆)关闭及南盘江-右江裂陷闭合,导致在华南造山带一线形成和强化南盘江-右江冲断带及控制花垣等矿床的花垣-张家界断裂、吉首-古丈断裂和麻栗场断裂为主干的深断裂与褶皱(Zeng Guangqian et al.,2018)。正如Fang Weixuan et al.(2002)所述,印支运动形成南盘江-右江冲褶带,构造线主体为NW 向,褶皱带主要分布在三叠系中,褶皱多为线形长轴紧闭/直立/倒转褶皱群落,碳酸盐岩分布区以相对宽缓褶皱为主。同时,NE 向弥勒-师宗深断裂发生左行斜冲走滑,NW 向威宁-水城、垭都-蟒硐深断裂发生右行斜落走滑作用。由于康滇古陆的阻挡,小江、普渡河、绿汁江深断裂发生左行走滑作用,从而在川滇黔成矿带形成陆内走滑断褶构造系统。 Suo Shutian et al.(1998)根据南盘江-右江盆地地层中煤的镜质组反射率(R o)结果,认为盆地深部存在中高温热流体(200~350℃)。这种高温-低盐度-氧化性热流体在SE—NW向构造应力场的强烈驱动下,从SE→NW沿变质基底与古生界间的不整合面及断裂带发生大规模运移。同时,赋矿地层中膏盐层的硫还原成硫代硫酸和氢硫酸,淋滤出中元古界基底地层(如昆阳群或会理群)岩石中的大量铅锌等成矿元素(Han Runsheng et al.,2006),形成富CO2 中高温-低盐度-酸性-氧化性流体。

  • 图8 川滇黔成矿区富锗铅锌矿找矿预测地质模型图(据韩润生等,2019a改绘)

  • Fig.8 Geogical prediction model of Pb-Zn deposits in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou triangule area (modified after Han Runsheng et al., 2019a)

  • 1 —白垩系; 2—侏罗系; 3—三叠系; 4—上二叠统玄武岩; 5—中下二叠统; 6—石炭系; 7—泥盆系; 8—寒武系-志留系; 9—震旦系; 10—变质基底; 11—假整合; 12—角度不整合; 13—成矿流体流向; 14—大气降水; 15—蚀变岩相带; 16—富锗铅锌矿体; 17—主压应力方向; 18—走滑断裂带; 19—斜冲走滑-断褶带; 20—斜落走滑-断褶带; 21—典型矿床: ①—天宝山; ②—大梁子; ③—大兑冲; ④—会泽; ⑤—毛坪; ⑥—富乐厂; ⑦—乐马厂; ⑧—乐红; ⑨—青山; ⑩—猪拱塘; ⑪—簸箕湾

  • 1 —Cretaceous; 2—Jurassic; 3—Triassic; 4—upper Permian Emeishan basalt; 5—middle and lower Permian; 6—Carboniferous; 7—Devonian; 8—Cambrian—Silurian; 9—Sinian; 10—metamorphic basement; 11—disconformity; 12—angular unconformity; 13—migration direction of ore-forming fluid; 14—meteoric water; 15—alteration lithofacies; 16—rich-Ge Zn-Pb ore body; 17—principal compressive stress direction; 18—strike fault zone; 19—oblique strike-slip fault-fold belt; 20—diagonal tensile fault-fold belt; 21—typical deposit:①—Tianbaoshan; ②—Daliangzi; ③—Daduichong; ④—Huize; ⑤—Maoping; ⑥—Fulechang; ⑦—Lemachang; ⑧—Lehong; ⑨—Qingshan; ⑩—Zhugongtang; ⑪—Bojiwan

  • (2)流体多重耦合作用与富矿流体形成阶段: 当中高温-酸性-氧化性流体沿断褶带向浅部运移发生“贯入”作用时,由于热液系统失稳,发生减压沸腾作用,大量高分压的CO2流体逃逸进入盖层中的碳酸盐岩中,碳酸盐岩提供足量的CO32-和HCO3-缓冲对,成矿流体酸碱度稳定在酸性范围。同时,该流体与来自三叠纪红层盆地中的低温-中高盐度的盆地卤水发生混合作用,形成以铅、锌氯络合物为主的中高温-酸性、富含铅锌锗等元素的富矿流体。

  • (3)富矿流体被还原、卸载与构造-流体耦合成矿阶段: 伴随深部热流体从SE→NW 向浅部运移、气-液相流体分异作用与流体混合作用的发生,当构造动力减弱甚至消失,成矿流体在断褶构造带附近形成重晶石-萤石带,在控矿构造两盘形成线状、不规则带状展布的(铁)白云石化等热液蚀变,导致富矿流体pH 升高。同时,中温(200~250℃)、弱酸性的富矿流体进入多层位煤层和黄铁矿层(下石炭统大塘组万寿山段、下二叠统梁山组、上二叠统宣威组)被还原,并与成矿构造耦合,沿次级容矿构造带卸载沉淀,形成金属硫化物与脉石矿物的组合分带,在成矿晚阶段形成伊利石黏土矿物组合,最终在中新元古界—古生界间“多个层位”碳酸盐岩中的有利构造部位形成具“富、大、多、深、强、高、带”特点的HZT 富锗铅锌矿床。

  • 3 成矿理论对深部勘查的指导作用

  • 随着矿床成矿理论研究的逐步深化,川滇黔成矿区找矿勘查技术方法研发及其应用也历经了螺旋式的发展历程:地质填图为主(20世纪 60~80年代)(谢家荣,1963; 廖文,1984; 张位及,1984; 陈士杰,1986; 涂光炽,1989; 陈进,1993)→层控矿床模型+IP、TEM和化探配合(20世纪90年代)(Sun Zhiwei,1998; Liu Hechang et al.,1999)→成矿构造解析+构造地球化学勘查(20世纪末)(Han Runsheng et al.,2001b2001c)→构造地球化学勘查+应力场筛选靶区方法组合(21世纪初)(Han Runsheng,2013)→找矿地质模型+深部找矿关键技术(构造-蚀变岩相、构造地球化学、坑道重力等物探)综合探测(近10年)(Han Runsheng et al.,20152019b)、“四步式”深部定位探测集成技术(Han Runsheng et al.,2019a2019b)。这一发展历程反映出在该类矿床成矿理论指导下深部找矿勘查技术逐渐成熟,成功研发出适合于该类矿床大比例尺深部找矿勘查的关键技术系列,为实现深部找矿突破提供了有力支撑,并将不断展现出广阔的应用前景。

  • 3.1 找矿预测地质模型及资源潜力评价

  • 基于该类矿床的成矿规律,构建了找矿预测地质模型(图8):该类矿床成矿地质体可指示断褶构造的主断裂带及其上升盘为该区主要的找矿方向; 成矿结构面指示“层-脉”式矿化结构、矿体分布及产状; 铅锌锗共生分异、矿化蚀变岩相分带是判断隐伏矿体存在的流体标志。在此基础上,综合应用地-物-化-遥和矿床学等学科的理论与方法及数字化信息技术,建立了多元成矿信息定量化数学模型,在划分成矿区带和提出了区域找矿方向的基础上,估算铅锌资源潜力达4000万t以上,显示出该区具有巨大找矿潜力(Wang Feng et al.,2013)。

  • 3.2 成矿理论对深部勘查技术研发和应用的启示

  • 川滇黔成矿区铅锌矿成矿理论的不断深化对该区勘查部署产生了直接影响,尤其是基于矿床的基本特征和成矿理论研发和应用的深部勘查关键技术系列,对深部找矿勘查发挥了举足轻重的指导作用,取得了显著的实际效果。

  • 正如前述,基于该类矿床成矿的主控因素和矿化空间结构,提出了会泽铅锌矿深部“多层位”找矿新思路,发现了震旦系灯影组中蚀变白云岩发育10余米铅锌矿化构造-蚀变带,经深部勘查在灯影组层间断裂带中发现富厚矿体; 基于该类矿床受构造控矿特征显著、矿化蚀变组合分带等特点,发明了大比例尺构造-蚀变岩相找矿预测新方法(Han Runsheng,2017a)。该方法为毛坪矿区外围的Ⅰ-8~Ⅰ-10号等矿体群、会泽矿区外围的Ⅰ-1~Ⅰ-5号矿体群的发现提供了重要依据。

  • 基于该类矿床受构造控制明显、矿体延深大及其共伴生元素多之特点,创新了矿床构造精细解析方法和大比例尺构造地球化学精细勘查技术,提出了深部低弱矿化信息有效提取方法(Han Runshenget al.,2015),实现了重点靶区快速圈定。该方法分别应用于会泽、毛坪、核桃坪等矿区深部及外围,发现了多处低弱矿化异常,圈定了多批重点找矿靶区。例如,会泽矿区1571 m中段44~62、88~130号勘探线间; 毛坪矿区外围深部760 m中段94线SW段、110~114号线间。通过工程验证,均发现了深部的富厚矿体。

  • 基于该类矿床高品位大吨位、矿石与围岩密度差异明显的特点,针对矿山深部直立矿体、倾斜矿体的找矿问题,发明了高精度坑道重力全空间域定位探测方法(Han Runsheng et al.,2017b)。该方法解决了其他物探方法因电磁干扰和异常多解性影响矿体三维定位的难题,填补了大比例尺坑道重力三方向梯度探测技术的空白。通过在会泽、毛坪铅锌矿区深部及外围应用,为发现毛坪I-8~I-10号、会泽I-5号等隐伏矿体群提供了重要依据。

  • 针对该区在哪个有利部位找大矿、如何找富矿的难题,有效集成了矿床模型和找矿勘查关键技术,发明了大比例尺“四步式”深部找矿方法(Han Runsheng et al.,2019c),并构建了综合勘查模型(Han Runsheng et al.,2019a)。该集成技术体系解决了该类矿床深部矿体准确定位的难题,在矿山深部及外围找矿示范效果显著。

  • 4 结论

  • 回顾20多年来川滇黔成矿区富锗铅锌矿床成矿理论的研究进程,实现了深部找矿勘查思维从地层成矿为主导向构造驱动流体成矿为主导的根本转变,逐渐形成了以“陆内走滑构造系统控矿—流体“贯入”-交代成矿论”为代表的会泽型富锗铅锌矿成矿理论,并从该理论出发,成功研发并应用了深部勘查关键技术系列及深部勘查集成技术,实现了矿山深部及外围一系列重大找矿突破和新进展,新增资源储量巨大,体现了成矿理论指导勘查技术研发、技术应用于找矿勘查、找矿勘查反哺成矿理论和找矿技术提升,进而实现成矿理论、勘查技术与找矿实践良性循环的基本初衷。可以预见,该成矿理论对川滇黔相邻成矿区乃至特提斯成矿域类似矿床的深入研究和深部勘查将发挥更大的指导作用。

  • 致谢:在项目研究过程中,得到了云南冶金集团总公司、云南驰宏锌锗股份有限公司、彝良驰宏矿业有限公司、有色金属矿产地质调查中心、云南省地质调查局等单位的大力支持和帮助,得到了翟裕生院士、张洪涛教授、叶天竺教授、毛景文院士、李文昌教授、王京彬教授、方维萱研究员、李峰教授等专家的悉心指导和无私帮助。在此,对以上单位和专家及各位同仁表示衷心的感谢!

  • 注释

  • ❶ 中国石化南方勘探分公司.2010. 黔北地区工作总结.

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