The Qinling Orogenic Belt presents a distinctive opportunity to investigate the intricate interplay of subduction, collision, and intracontinental deformation. The evolutionary process of the Qinling Mountains, however, remains characterized by considerable uncertainty. This study integrates zircon U-Pb (n = 690) and fission track (n = 450) dating of detrital sediments from the Hanjiang River catchment to reconstruct the magmatic and exhumation history of the South Qinling region from the Neoproterozoic to the Cenozoic. The U-Pb dating of zircons has unveiled magmatic events that occurred at 760, 452, and 210 Ma. These events correspond to the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent at 760 Ma, the subduction of the Shangdan Ocean at 452 Ma, and the late Triassic subduction of the South China Block beneath the North China Craton at 210 Ma. Zircon fission track analysis reveals exhumation phases at 300, 165, 90, and 27 Ma. These ages reflect: (a) the South China Block and North China Craton collision spanning 300-165 Ma; (b) late Cretaceous (90 Ma) exhumation linked to Paleo-Pacific and Lhasa plate subduction; and (c) rapid exhumation during the early Oligocene (27 Ma) due to the Tibetan Plateau's eastward expansion. This study not only elucidates the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt but also underscores the utility of combining high- and low-temperature thermochronometers to unravel complex thermal histories in orogenic systems.