Bauxite deposits are an important source of critical metals. This study focuses on the deposits within the Upper Permian Heshan Formation (P3h) in western Guangxi, a major bauxite- producing region in China. By analyzing the critical metals in this aluminum- bearing rock series, we aim to provide a framework for the comprehensive exploration, evaluation, and utilization of these resources. Based on the latest exploration results, this study: summarizes the planar distribution of associated critical metals across deposits; provides a detailed analysis of the aluminum- bearing rock series; investigates the vertical enrichment patterns of critical metals in the profile; and elucidates the sources of the metallogenic materials. The results demonstrate significant enrichment of critical metals (Ga, Li, Nb) and rare earth elements (REE) in the Heshan Formation. These critical metals are mainly enriched in two zones: the bauxite ore layers in the middle of the sequence and the ferruginous- aluminous rocks in the lower part. The aluminum- bearing rock series and the critical metals have a polygenetic origin. We propose a dual- source model where material was derived from both the underlying basement strata and from intermediate- to- felsic volcanic rocks derived from the Late Permian volcanic island arc.