The Carboniferous?Middle Permian sedimentary sequences are rich in bauxite, coal, calcite, limestone and other type ore deposits associated with numerous lithium-rich claystones in the Dianzhong Basin, SW China, and their metallogenic setting is constrained by spatial?temporal evolution of the sedimentary environments and relevant paleogeography. Systematical field investigation demonstrates that the Carboniferous sedimentation in the Dianzhong Basin is mainly dominated by terrigenous clastic and carbonate rocks of a littoral tidal flat-lagoon environment, and the Lower?Middle Permian sedimentary rocks mainly deposited in a lagoon-tidal flat-open platform environment. The Lower Carboniferous Datang Formation of which is mainly composed of carbonates with muddy shale interlayers of the tidal flat environment, and the lagoon deposition only occurs adjacent to the Niushoushan Paleo-high. The Middle Carboniferous Weining Formation and Maping Formation are littoral-tidal flat deposits, which are sporadically exposed around this uplift. The Lower Permian Daoshitou Formation is a suite of fine?grained terrigenous clastic rocks, with minor limestone lenses locally. The bauxite, coal ore deposits and lithium-rich claystones hosted in the Daoshitou Formation precipitated in a tidal flat?lagoon environment. The Middle Permian Qixia and Maokou formations consist of algal clastic limestone, dolomitic leucoblastic bioclastic limestone and medium- to coarse-grained dolomite, which deposited in an open-platform environment. Spatially, the thickness of the Datang and Daoshitou formations vary greatly in transversal, showing a thinning-southward trendency. The number of coal and bauxite layers also decreases to the southward. These characteristics demonstrate that the depth of seawater is shallowing to the south and the relevant deposits are close to their source area gradually. The Qixia and Maokou formations are widely exposed to the north and the corresponding thickness increases northward. This is consistent with the SE-high and NW-low paleogeography of the Dianzhong Basin indicated by paleocurrent data during the Early?Middle Permian, which also demonstrates that the Niushoushan Paleo-high is the major source region of the Daoshitou Formation. Geochemical data demonstrate that the Daoshitou Formation is rich in the aluminum- and lithium-rich claystones, and the contents of lithium and bauxite ores (Al2O3) are controlled by weathering of their source areas, and sedimentary conditions. When the contents of Al2O3 are less than 55%, and the ratios of Al2O3/SiO2 are less than 3, the contents of lithium are positively correlated with the contents of Al2O3, and of negatively correlations for other variation intervals. Regional geological data analysis demonstrates that the Niushoushan Paleo-high mainly comprises of the Precambrian intermediate-mafic volcanic and sedimentary rocks, which also occurred in a warm and humid environment during the Early?Middle Permian. This Paleo-high experienced regional uplifting and erosion because of continuous opening of the Paleo-Tethys during the Early Carboniferous to Middle Permian times, which also results in that the Precambrian volcanic rocks and relevant sedimentary rocks were eroded, and the volcanism was widespread. These eroded detritus and volcanic eruptions adjacent to the Niushoushan Paleo-high are the important source for the formation of the bauxite ore deposits and lithium-rich claystones in the Dianzhong Basin.