The paper analyzes and compares the petroleum geological features of the Tarim basin with that of the northern Afghan-southern Tajikistan basin (Tajikistan basin) and the Karakum basin, and discusses the controls of their geological evolution on basin evolution and petroleum features. The Tarim basin is developed upon the pre-Nanhua crystalline basement, but both of the Tajikistan basin and the Karakum basin have developed upon the pre-Permian folded basement, which is formed after the close of the southern Tianshan Ocean. The cover of the Tarim basin is affected markedly by the Proto-Tethyan (northern Kunlun), Paleo-Tethyan and Neo-Tethyan located at the south of the Tarim basin. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic covers of the Tajikistan and Karakum basins are affected by the Paleo-Tethyan and Neo-Tethyan located at the their south sides, while the Proto-Tethyan disappears westwards in the northern Pamir. Marine-continental interbedded facies and reef limestone facies Jurassic System of the Tajikistan and Karakum basins transits eastwards into the continental facies in the southwest Tarim depression. Such facies change results in the different oil-gas potentials of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic earthem between Tarim and the two basins of the Middle Asia. The oil-gas potential of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic earthem of the Tarim basin is related to the continental strata deposited in the foreland basin, and such potential is improved because of the superposition on the underlying marine Paleozoic strata.