山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔白垩系—古近系界线附近生物地层及磁性地层特征研究

陈军1,2,3),杜圣贤1,2,3),刘凤臣1,2,3),陈诚1,2,3),宋香锁1,2,3),杨斌1,2,3),高黎明4),梁吉坡1,2,3),仵康林1,2,3),田兴磊1,2,3)

1)山东省地质科学研究院,济南,250013;2)国土资源部金矿成矿过程与资源利用重点实验室,济南,250013;3)山东省金属矿产成矿地质过程于综合利用重点实验室,济南,250013;4)山东省曹县自然资源和规划局,山东曹县,274400

内容提要: 在白垩纪与古近纪之交,全球发生了以恐龙集群灭绝和哺乳动物兴起为代表的重大事件,白垩系与古近系界线(Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary, KPB)研究成为热点。虽然近年来KPB研究取得了重要进展,但许多非海相地层领域的重要问题并未得到解决,因此建立非海相白垩系—古近系界线层型很有必要。山东平邑盆地的卞桥组为一套连续的湖相碳酸岩沉积,在前人大量研究基础上认为其是进行非海相KPB研究的理想地层单元之一。本文通过对平邑卞桥镇佟家庄北PYZK01钻孔的生物地层研究,获得了丰富的古生物化石,根据其分布特征建立了1个Porochara anluensisChara yuntaishanensis var. acutaTurbochara specialis轮藻化石组合,1个Deltoidospora adriensisRugubivesiculitesSchizaeoisporites孢粉化石组合,认为该钻孔0~12.25 m地层时代为古近纪,37.80~60.00 m地层时代为晚白垩世最晚期。12.25~37.80 m地层时代为晚白垩世—古近纪过渡段,白垩系—古近系界线存在于该段。通过磁性地层研究,确立了8个正极性带和7个反极性带,建立了钻孔磁极性序列,并提出了与国际标准的磁极性年代柱的对比方案。同时,经过探讨初步认为PYZK01钻孔中的白垩纪/古近纪界线位于孔深31.98 m处的卞桥组一段内。

关键字:白垩系与古近系界线;生物地层;磁性地层;平邑盆地

在66 Ma左右的中生代与新生代之交(Renne et al., 2013),全球发生了重大的生物绝灭事件(Kauffma et al., 1986;Raup et al., 1986;Fastovsky et al., 1987;Longrich et al., 2011,2012),其中最引人注目的是恐龙的集群绝灭以及古近纪生物劫后复苏和哺乳动物的兴起事件(Hunter et al., 2002;Debey et al., 2014)。因此,白垩系—古近系界线(Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary, KPB)研究成为全球界线层型(Global Stratotype Section and Point, GSSP)研究的热点(李伟同等,2010;Sosa-Montes de Oca et al., 2017,2018;Martin et al., 2017)。突尼斯的El Kef剖面被批准、确认为全球海相白垩系—古近系界线层型(Remane et al., 1999;戎嘉余等,2003),而它未能解决全球分布广泛的陆相白垩纪、古近纪地层领域诸多问题,因此建立非海相白垩系—古近系界线层型很有必要。

目前非海相KPB研究程度较高的剖面大多数集中在北美中西部地区(Allan et al., 1945;Baltz et al., 1966;Mountjoy,1967;Norris et al., 1977;Jerzykiewicz et al.,1980;Saito et al., 1986;Fastovsky,1987;Li Baofang et al., 1988;Braman et al., 1991;Eberth et al., 1995;Hunter et al., 1997;Vajda et al., 2001;Mull et al., 2004;Wilson, 2014),我国非海相KPB剖面主要集中在南雄盆地(童永生等,1976,2002;黄仁金,1988;孙孟蓉等,1982;刘云等,1986;李曼英,1989;余汶等,1990;张显球,1987,1991,1992a,b; 张显球等, 2006a, b,2008;赵资奎等,1991,1998,2000,2009;拉塞尔等,1993;Zhao et al., 2002;凌秋贤等,2005)、嘉荫盆地(刘牧灵,1983;陈丕基等,1998;孙革等,2003,2005,2013;孙革,2009,李伟同等,2010;Suzuki et al., 2011)、松辽盆地(陈丕基等,2012;Wan Xiaoqiao et al., 2012;李莎等,2013)、苏北—南黄海盆地(吴其切等,1984;郑亚惠等,1984;杨恒仁等,1989;陈丕基等,2008;)、江汉盆地(李伟同,1985,2003; 李伟同等,2010;Li Weitong et al., 1998,2006;刘耕武等,2009)等地,同样也取得了不少研究成果。但到目前为止,还未真正找到一条地层连续可靠的剖面,也未发现真正的界线黏土层(刘耕武等,2009)。

山东平邑盆地位于鲁中隆起区,受北部蒙山隆起和南部尼山隆起高角度正断层的控制,盆地形态呈北西—南东向带状展布(杜圣贤等,2016)(图1)。盆内基底为新太古代峄山序列的TTG(Trondhjemite—Tonalite—Granodiorite, 奥长花岗岩—英云闪长岩—花岗闪长岩)岩系和傲徕山序列的花岗岩(张增奇等,2014a, b),古生代寒武系长清群、九龙群,奥陶系马家沟群以及石炭—二叠系月门沟群组成,盖层为中新生代淄博群、莱阳群、青山群以及官庄群(张增奇等,1996)。其中官庄群的卞桥组是我国中、新生界界线上下非常典型的一套厚约数百米的以碳酸盐岩为主、含石膏矿层的河湖相沉积,也是目前所知我国同期陆相湖盆中连续沉积灰岩厚度最大的地层单元之一,蕴藏着十分丰富的生物、沉积、陆相碳酸盐湖盆演化等重要地质信息。前人在岩石地层、微体古生物等方面做了大量工作并取得了一些成果,尤其在KPB研究方面取得了重要进展(李守军等,2003;曲日涛等,2006;杨景林等,2013;杜圣贤等,2013,2015,2019;张增奇等,2014a;于学峰等,2014;Li Sha et al., 2015;李莎等,2015)。但这些工作基本属于生物地层范畴,研究手段相对单一。

本文将在以上研究成果以及多年在平邑盆地的工作进展基础上,通过对PYZK01科学浅钻的研究,在生物地层特征分析基础上,对该钻孔磁性地层特征进行分析,并通过对比国际地磁极性年表,为平邑盆地KBP研究提供更多样的材料支撑,这在该地区尚属首次。

1 岩石地层特征

近些年,笔者随研究团队在平邑盆地开展了大量的工作,并进行了大量野外露头剖面的实测(图1),虽然地层整体出露较完整,但也因覆盖出现不连续的情况。为进一步精确寻找该地区的白垩系—古近系界线,于2013年选取了野外露头出现相对连续的佟家庄北剖面处进行科学钻孔的施工,钻孔编号为PYZK01。该钻孔位于平邑县卞桥镇佟家庄北东约500 m处的路边,深60 m,现已被作为农用水井(图1)。

钻孔整体岩性特征为:上段以肉红色灰岩、泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩为主,偶见核形石等,夹灰白色灰岩、泥灰岩,局部见少量薄层钙质泥岩;中段以深灰色、深灰绿色泥灰岩、钙质泥岩为主,见大量生物碎屑;下段以灰白色灰岩、泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩为主,夹灰紫色泥晶灰岩、泥灰岩,靠近底部夹薄层状灰绿色钙质泥岩。钻孔整体岩性连续,未见沉积间断现象,表现为一套滨浅湖相、浅湖相交替出现的沉积特征(图2)。

钻孔岩性记录

厚度(60.00 m)

------------未见顶------------

卞桥组一段

1. 第四纪黄土覆盖

2.20 m

2. 整体为肉红色泥灰岩、砂砾屑泥灰岩,中部夹厚约0.77 m灰白色含核形石泥质灰岩,底部为厚约0.21 m灰紫色钙质泥岩

3.96 m

3. 上部为灰紫色砾屑泥灰岩,见介形类: Eucypris ? sp., 下部42 cm为肉红色泥灰岩

1.82 m

4. 灰黄色钙质砾屑砂屑泥灰岩,含生物碎屑

0.54 m

5. 灰白色泥质灰岩、灰岩,中部夹厚约0.1 m灰紫色砾屑泥灰岩

3.47 m

6. 整体为肉红色泥质灰岩,顶部0.47 m为土黄色、灰白色砾屑泥灰岩,见介形类:Cyprinotus sp.、Heterocypris sp.、Candona sp.;底部0.45 m为黄褐色含生物碎屑砾屑灰岩,见轮藻类:Sphaerochara cf. chinensis,见介形类:Cyprinotus sp.

3.99 m

7. 整体为肉红色泥灰岩夹灰白色泥灰岩,中部1.3 m为灰白色泥质灰岩

4.05 m

8. 上部为灰白色泥晶灰岩,下部为灰白色泥质灰岩

2.07 m

9. 上部为紫红色砂砾屑泥晶灰岩,见生物碎屑与核形石;下部为紫红色泥质灰岩

1.23 m

10. 灰白色泥质灰岩,中上部夹厚0.5 m钙质泥质粉砂岩

1.65 m

图1 山东平邑盆地卞桥地区区域地质简图
Fig. 1 Regional geological map of Bianqiao area in Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province

11. 上部厚约0.35 m为灰紫色含砾泥灰岩,下部为灰绿色砂砾屑泥晶灰岩

0.60 m

12. 肉红色砂砾屑泥灰岩,见核形石,见孢粉类:Classopollis

1.70 m

13. 灰绿色与灰紫色含砾泥纹状灰岩交替互层

1.85 m

14. 黄绿色泥纹状藻灰岩,中部0.73 m为黄白色含砾泥纹状泥质灰岩

1.92 m

15. 灰绿色核形石灰岩

0.50 m

16. 灰—灰绿色砂砾屑生物碎屑泥晶灰岩

0.98 m

17. 上部为灰白色含生物碎屑灰岩、泥质灰岩,夹厚约0.55 m肉红色砂砾屑泥灰岩,下部为灰白色含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩

4.48 m

18. 上部1.77 m为灰—灰黑色含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩,见腹足类:Reesidella orientalis Pan,Physa sp., 见孢粉类:ConcentricystesConcavisporitesCyathiditesC. minorLeiotriletesDeltoidosporaD. microlepioiditesD. adriensisD. regularisTrilobosporites minorLygodiumsporitesPunctatisporitesHymenophyllumsporitesSphagnumsporitesGranulatisporitesPterisisporitesPolypodiaceaesporitesSchizaeoiporitesS. laevigataeformisS. praeclarusAbietineaepollenitesPinuspollenitesAbiespollenitesParcisporitesP. annulatusP. parvisaccusRugubivesiculitesR. regosusR. fluensR. reductusR. podocarpitesEphedripitesE. (Ephedripites) notensisE. (Distachyapites)、Marsypilete cretaceaC. annulatusQuercoiditesTricolpollenites;下部1.75m为灰黑色—深灰绿色含核形石砾屑—角砾状泥灰岩,见轮藻类: Chara yuntaishanensis var. acuta (Z. Wang),见孢粉类:CyathiditesDeltoidosporaD. microlepioidites;中间为厚0.3 m灰黑色钙质泥质粉砂岩

3.82 m

19. 灰绿色砂砾屑泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩,见轮藻类:Porochara sp., 见腹足类:Truncarella sp.

2.10 m

20. 上部1.15 m为灰白色泥灰岩,下部0.43 m为紫红色砂砾屑泥灰岩

1.58 m

21. 灰白色泥灰岩,中上部夹厚约0.4 m肉红色砾屑灰岩

3.37 m

22. 灰紫色泥晶灰岩,见轮藻类:Gobichara cristata L. Grambast,Sinochara spp., Porochara anluensis Z. Wang 1.60 m

23. 灰白色灰岩、泥晶灰岩、泥灰岩,中上部夹厚约0.15 m黄绿色钙质泥岩,顶部见核形石

5.68 m

24. 灰绿色含生物碎屑钙质泥岩

0.50 m

25. 灰白色灰岩、泥灰岩,上部见核形石见轮藻类:Porochara anluensis Z. Wang,Porochara oblonga Z. Wang,Sinochara sp., Lychnothamnus turpanensis(MS),Turbochara specialis Z. Wang,见腹足类:Amnicola sp;中部夹0.44 m含生物碎屑钙质泥岩,见轮藻类:Porochara anluensis Z. Wang,Porochara gonganzhaiensis Z. Wang,Gobichara cristata L. Grambast,Sinochara sp.

4.36 m

------------未见底------------

2 生物地层特征

平邑盆地卞桥组古生物化石含量丰富,本文以PYZK01钻孔所采的56块古生物化石样品为背景,样品编号为PY1-1~PY1-56,基本平均分布于钻孔各处(图2);通过实验测试、分析鉴定获得了丰富的轮藻、孢粉、介形类和腹足类化石(图2、图3)。

2.1 轮藻化石

本次共分析轮藻样品33件,其中有轮藻化石样品7件。从化石纵向分布看(图2),12.25 m见有中华球状轮藻Sphaerochara cf. chinensis (Huang et Xu),其广泛见于我国古近纪及中新世地层,说明12.25 m以浅地层不早于古近纪。

40.03~58.40 m轮藻化石组合为:Porochara anluensisChara yuntaishanensis var. acutaTurbochara specialis。发现的轮藻化石属种有安陆孔轮藻Porochara anluensis Z. Wang、公安寨孔轮藻Porochara gonganzhaiensis Z. Wang、长椭球孔轮藻Porochara oblonga Z. Wang,中华轮藻数种Sinochara spp.、吐鲁番灯枝藻Lychnothamnus turpanensis (MS)、特殊陀螺轮藻Turbochara specialis Z. Wang、克里斯特戈壁轮藻Gobichara cristata L. Grambast、云台山轮藻尖变种Chara yuntaishanensis var. acuta (Z. Wang)等(图2、图3)。其中,Gobichara cristata见于法国东南部马斯特里赫特阶、南黄海盆地长门岩组、准噶尔盆地红砾山组;Chara yuntaishanensis var. acuta (Z. Wang)见于江汉盆地跑马岗组和湖北京山云台山组、苏北盆地泰州组、南黄海盆地长门岩组、准噶尔盆地红砾山组以及阿根廷的Lonchoche组;Porochara anluensis见于湖北安陆公安寨组、南京方山赤山组、南黄海盆地长门岩组、松辽盆地四方台组、云南景洪曼宽河组、塔里木盆地中部古城组,相近类型见于西班牙Cuenca地区的Campanian—Maastrichtian阶、秘鲁和阿根廷Maastrichtian期地层(Koch & Blissenbach, 1960;Uliana & Musacchio, 1978);Porochara oblonga Z. Wang和Porochara gonganzhaiensis分别见于云南景洪曼宽河组和湖北京山公安寨组,后者还见于南黄海盆地长门岩组;Lychnothamnus turpanensis (MS)见于新疆吐鲁番盆地苏巴什组和准噶尔盆地北缘红砾山组、山东胶州地区胶州组;Turbochara speciaslis首见报道于江汉盆地跑马岗组(李伟同,1985,2003;杜圣贤等,2019),在洞庭盆地岩码头组、南黄海盆地长门岩组和准噶尔盆地红砾山组也有发现。由此可见,所有属种基本上均为晚白垩世最晚期的最常见分子。

图2 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔微体古生物化石分布图
Fig. 2 Distribution of micropaleontological fossils in the Drill PYZK01 from Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province

图3 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔的轮藻化石
Fig. 3 Charophytes fossils from the Drill PYZK01 in Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province
1—Sphaerochara cf. chinensis (Huang et Xu),钻孔12.25 m处,侧视;2~9—Microchara cristata L. Grambast,钻孔57.3 m处,2~4为和5~7分别为两个不同藏卵器的侧、顶、底视,8~9为不同藏卵器的侧视;10~16—Feistiella gonganzhaiensis (Z. Wang),钻孔57.3 m处,10为侧视,11~13和14~16为两个不同藏卵器的侧、顶、底视;17~22—Feistiella anluensis (Z. Wang),钻孔57.95 m处,17~19和20~22为两个不同藏卵器的侧、顶、底视;23~25—Turbochara specialis Z. Wang,钻孔58.4 m处,分别为侧、顶、底视;26~28—Lichnothamnus turpanensis MS,钻孔58.4 m处,分别为侧、顶、底视
1—Sphaerochara cf. chinensis (Huang et Xu), 12.25 m of zhe drill, lateral view; 2~9—Microchara cristata L. Grambast, 57.3 m of zhe drill, 2~4 and 5~7 are lateral view, apical view and basal view of two different gyrogonites respectively, 8~9 are lateral view of different gyrogonites; 10~16—Feistiella gonganzhaiensis (Z. Wang), 57.3 m of zhe drill, 10 is lateral view, 11~13 and 14~16 are lateral view, apical view and basal view of two different gyrogonites respectively; 17~22—Feistiella anluensis (Z. Wang), 57.95 m of zhe drill, 17~19 and 20~22 are lateral view, apical view and basal view of two different gyrogonites respectively; 23~25—Turbochara specialis Z. Wang, 58.4 m of zhe drill, are lateral view, apical view and basal view respectively; 26~28—Lichnothamnus turpanensis MS, 58.4 m of zhe drill, are lateral view, apical view and basal view respectively

根据前人在该地区所发现的轮藻生物群特征看,卞桥组一段下部地层时代为晚白垩世晚期,而卞桥组一段上部至卞桥组二段地层时代为古近纪(杨景林等,2013;Li Sha et al.,2015;李莎等,2015;杜圣贤等,2019)。而本钻孔所发现轮藻生物群证明,12.25 m以浅地层不早于古近纪,40.03 m以深的地层时代可确定为晚白垩世最晚期,因此该钻孔地层因位于卞桥组一段,且跨卞桥组一段上下亚段。

图4 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔的孢粉化石
Fig. 4 Sporopollen fossils in the Drill PYZK01 from Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province
1~2—Pterisisporites Sung et Zheng, in Sung et Lee, 1976(钻孔37.96 m处);3—Granulatisporites Ibrahim,1933 emend. R. Poronie et Kremp, 1954(钻孔37.8 m处);4~5—Cyathidites minor Couper, 1953(钻孔38.35 m处);6—Deltoidospora regularis (Pflug) Song et Zheng, 1978(钻孔37.8 m处);7~8和12—Deltoidospora Miner, 1935 emend. R. Potonie, 1956(钻孔38.35 m处);9—Trilobosporites minor? Pocock, 1962(钻孔38.35 m处);10—Cyathidites Couper, 1953(钻孔40.3 m处);11—Lygodiumsporites R. Potonie, Thomson et Thiergart, 1950 emend, R. Potonie, 1956(钻孔38.35 m处);13—Polypodiaceaesporites Thiergart, 1938 ex Potonie, 1956(钻孔37.8 m处);14~16—Rugubivesiculites fluens Pierce, 1961(钻孔37.96 m处);17—Rugubivesiculites podocarpites Wang, 1981(钻孔37.96 m处);18—Abietineaepollenites Potonie, 1951 ex Delcourt et Sprumont, 1955(钻孔37.8 m处);19~20—Parcisporites Leschik, 1956(钻孔37.96 m处);21~22—Schizaeoisporites R. Potonei ex Delcourt et Sprumont, 1955,其中21位于钻孔37.8 m处,22位于钻孔37.96 m处;23—Ephedripites (Ephedripites) notensis (Cookson) Krutzsch, 1961(钻孔37.8 m处);24—Ephedripites (Distachyapites) Krutzsch, 1961(钻孔37.96 m处);25—Classopollis annulatus (Verbitzkaja ) Li, 1974(钻孔37.8 m处)
1~2—Pterisisporites Sung et Zheng, in Sung et Lee, 1976 (12.25 m of zhe drill); 3—Granulatisporites Ibrahim, 1933 emend. R. Poronie et Kremp, 1954 (37.8 m of zhe drill); 4~5—Cyathidites minor Couper, 1953 (38.35 m of zhe drill); 6—Deltoidospora regularis (Pflug) Song et Zheng, 1978 (37.8 m of zhe drill); 7~8 and 12—Deltoidospora Miner, 1935 emend. R. Potonie, 1956 (38.35 m of zhe drill); 9—Trilobosporites minor? Pocock, 1962 (38.35 m of zhe drill); 10—Cyathidites Couper, 1953 (40.3 m of zhe drill); 11—Lygodiumsporites R. Potonie, Thomson et Thiergart, 1950 emend, R. Potonie, 1956 (38.35 m of zhe drill); 13—Polypodiaceaesporites Thiergart, 1938 ex Potonie, 1956 (37.8 m of zhe drill); 14~16—Rugubivesiculites fluens Pierce, 1961 (37.96 m of zhe drill); 17—Rugubivesiculites podocarpites Wang, 1981 (37.96 m of zhe drill); 18—Abietineaepollenites Potonie, 1951 ex Delcourt et Sprumont, 1955 (37.8 m of zhe drill); 19~20—Parcisporites Leschik, 1956 (37.96 m of zhe drill); 21~22—Schizaeoisporites R. Potonei ex Delcourt et Sprumont, 1955, among them, 21 is located at 37.8 m of the drill, 22 is located at 37.96m of the drill; 23—Ephedripites (Ephedripites) notensis (Cookson) Krutzsch, 1961 (37.8 m of zhe drill); 24—Ephedripites (Distachyapites) Krutzsch, 1961 (37.96m of zhe drill); 25—Classopollis annulatus (Verbitzkaja ) Li, 1974 (37.8 m of zhe drill)

图5 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔孢粉化石丰度分布图
Fig. 5 Distribution map of Sporopollen fossils in the Drill PYZK01 from Pingyi Basin in Shandong Province

2.2 孢粉化石

本次共分析孢粉样品31件,其中有孢粉化石样品5件,主要集中于37.8~40.3 m处(图2、图4),其它孔深未见孢粉化石。虽化石丰度和分异度不是很高,但保存状况较好,并建立了Deltoidospora adriensisRugubivesiculitesSchizaeoisporites孢粉化石组合。该组合以苔藓、蕨类植物孢子占绝对优势,含量82%~100%,平均94.07%;裸子花粉占4.62%;被子花粉占0.35%;绿藻类占0.95%(表1、图5)。

表1 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔孢粉化石含量(%)分布

Table 1 Percentage distribution of Sporopollen fossils in the Drill PYZK01 in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province

化石列表孔深(m)26.0537.8037.9537.9638.3540.30algaeConcentricystes0.26pteridophyta sporeConcavisporites1.05Cyathidites0.260.262.110.79C.minor1.05Leiotriletes0.260.260.53Deltoidospora2.631.585.000.532.11D.microlepioidites0.532.63D.adriensis11.582.8911.5826.05D.regularis2.111.321.32Trilobosporites minor0.53Lygodiumsporites1.32Punctatisporites0.53Hymenophyllumsporites0.26Sphagnumsporites0.260.26Granulatisporites4.741.840.26Pterisisporites0.79Polypodiaceaesporites0.26Schizaeoiporites2.110.79S.laevigataeformis0.26S.praeclarus0.26gymnospermae pollenAbietineaepollenites0.53Pinuspollenites0.26Abiespollenites0.26Parcisporites0.53P.annulatus0.26P.parvisaccus0.26Rugubivesiculites0.79R.regosus0.79R.fluens0.53R.reductus0.26R.podocarpites0.26Ephedripites0.26E.(Ephedripites)notensis0.260.26E.(Distachyapites)0.53Marsypilete cretacea0.26Classopollis0.26C.annulatus0.53angiosperm pollenQuercoidites0.26Tricolpollenites0.26

其中,孢子中以Deltoidospora adriensis的含量最高,这在以往资料中仅在江苏泰州地区泰州组有少量出现,目前尚未见到该种在任何地区成为优势分子的记录,而在当前组合中,其平均含量可达43.03%;Schizaeoisporites占2.62%,繁盛于早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世早期;其它各属种均为少量或零星出现。

裸子类的Rugubivesiculites为晚白垩世具有代表性的双气囊花粉,其正模标本产于美国明尼苏达州上白垩统的Dakota组(Pierce,1961),在加拿大见于阿尔伯塔省早白垩世晚Albian晚期(Norris,1967),在我国见于苏北盆地泰州组下段、松辽盆地嫩江组、湖北荆门跑马岗组等晚白垩世地层;Parcisporites在我国古新世很繁盛,在苏北盆地泰州组上段,松辽盆地嫩江组—明水组的孢粉组合中也经常出现。此外,还有一些晚白垩世的典型分子,如Parcisporites parvisaccusRugubivesiculites reductusR. rugosus,在苏北盆地泰州组一段、江汉盆地渔阳组下部、广东三水盆地大塱山组二段都有发现。此外,与前人在该地区卞桥镇国泰庄西ZK101钻孔卞桥组二段所发现的孢粉组合PterisporitesEphedripitesUlmaceae对比可见,ZK101钻孔所钻遇的地层卞桥组二段时代为古新世(杜圣贤等,2015,2019);而本钻孔钻遇地层为卞桥组一段,发现的孢粉主要分布于钻孔中下部,其组合特征与前人在卞桥组一段下部发现的孢粉组合SchizaeoisporitesRugubivessiculitesUlmipollenitesUlmoideipite(杜圣贤等,2013)有良好的对比关系。由此进一步证明,该段地层为卞桥组一段下部,其时代应为晚白垩世晚期。

2.3 介形类化石

本次共分析介形类样品33件,其中有化石的样品4块,从纵向看主要分布于6.2~12.25 m处(图2),有Eucypris?sp.、Cyprinotus sp.、Heterocypris sp.、Candona sp.等。此外,在57.954处见介形类化石碎片。但由于化石数量稀少,且保存不完好,暂时不能据其确定准确地层时代。

于学峰等(2014)在该地区卞桥镇东荆埠—卞桥石膏矿剖面和广埠庄—挑沟剖面卞桥组一段下部地层所含的Talicypridea reticulateMongolocypris longaFrambocythere fangjiaheensis介形类动物群其明显具有晚白垩世最晚期的时代特征。本钻孔介形类主要分布于钻孔靠近顶部层位,所发现的分子与其有明显差别,但与关绍曾等(1997)在该地区卞桥组中段所发现的化石组合有较高相似度,其认为是始新世早期。因此可以进一步推断认为,本钻孔顶部层位可能为卞桥组一段上部,其时代更接近于古近纪早期。

2.4 腹足类化石

本次分析的腹足类化石数量较少,从纵向看分布于37.8~57.5 m处(图2),主要有Reesidella orientalis Pan、Physa sp.、Truncarella sp.、Amnicola sp., 这些化石常见于安徽皖南晚白垩世晚期宣城组中段。

图6 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔岩芯代表样品热退磁的Z矢量图和赤平投影图
Fig. 6 Orthogonal projections and equal—area stereographic projections of selected samples in the Drill PYZK01 in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province

综合上述生物地层分析鉴定结果,PYZK01钻孔的地层属于卞桥组一段,且跨卞桥组一段上下亚段,其时代可基本划分为如下情况:0~12.25 m地层时代为古近纪,37.8~60 m地层时代为晚白垩世最晚期。12.25~37.8 m中由于所采样品未分析出化石,具体地层时代暂时无法确认,但可以确定的是该段地层时代是晚白垩世—古近纪过渡段,即白垩系—古近系界线(KPB)应存在于该段(图2)。

3 磁性地层特征

磁性地层学是利用岩石剩余磁性纪录地磁场变化特征解决地层问题的一门科学,是进行地层多重划分对比研究的重要方法之一(杨振宇,2002)。近年来,磁性地层学在我国陆相沉积物定年方面发挥了重要作用,尤其是对于一些缺乏同位素定年材料的地层,磁性地层学与生物地层学相结合成为建立高精度地层年代框架的有效手段(孙知明等,2004;邓胜徽等,2015;吴百灵等,2018)。

为进一步详细研究平邑盆地KPB的准确位置,本次工作对PYZK01钻孔进行了磁性地层学研究。采样工作在山东省地质科学研究院岩芯库进行,在钻孔岩芯上直接采集,用专用电钻获取直径2.54 cm的圆柱状岩芯385块,采样密度即样品间隔为0.1~0.3 m,编号为SP1-1~SP1-385,现场标注记录后封存装箱,并送往实验室。测试工作在中国地质科学院地质力学研究所古地磁实验室完成。

3.1 剩磁测试与分析

本次对所有385块样品利用美制TD-48热退磁炉进行热退磁处理。首先对80余块样品进行先导样退磁,温度间隔为:NRM、100、180、240、300、350、400、440、480、510、540、560℃,并将各退磁后样品开展剩磁测试,岩石剩磁都是在美制2G-755超导磁力仪上进行的。考虑到样品绝大多数为极弱的剩余磁化强度,并且多数到350度后达到仪器的临界值,因此,其余样品的退磁温度间隔为:NRM、50、100、150、190、220、250、280、300、320、340℃,部分样品剩磁较强时,可继续开展如下温度段的退磁360、380、400、420、440、460、480℃。

图7 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔岩芯第二类代表样品的Z矢量图和赤平投影图
Fig. 7 Orthogonal projections and equal—area stereographic projections of the second type selected samples in the Drill PYZK01 in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province

样品的剩磁组分分析均采用国际上通用的Enkin编制的古地磁软件包进行主向量分析。经过退磁测试,古地磁测试数据表现为如下3种情况:①样品能直接分离出较可靠的古地磁线性分量,其代表样品的正交Z矢量投影图(图6);②样品不能直接分离出可靠的古地磁分量,但是可以根据重磁化大圆弧判断出正、负极性,该类样品中的低温分量如果校准到现代地磁场方向,样品的剩磁方向通常沿着大圆弧从现代地磁场方向逐渐趋向于该样品的原生剩磁方向(图7)。从图可以看出,样品的剩磁倾角已经变化,磁倾角为负倾角。因此,我们可以推测这类样品的极性为反向极性;③第三种样品由于数据太差或者重磁化大圆弧太短,不能判断其方向变化趋势,因此这类样品被舍弃,没有用于建立磁极性柱。

3.2 磁性地层柱的建立

全部样品测试后的剩磁数据,均经主向量分析,获得了每个样品的特征剩磁方向或重磁化大圆弧,由于平邑卞桥镇古近纪地层整体上有10°~20°的倾斜,且钻孔岩芯无法进行水平方向定位,因此特征剩磁的磁偏角无地质意义,故用样品的磁倾角来确定其磁极性,然后再根据样品的真厚度,绘制出钻孔的磁倾角或根据重磁化大圆弧结果推测出的磁倾角随深度变化曲线。在建立钻孔岩芯柱的磁极性变化时,舍弃了连续正极性带中的单个负极性样品和连续负极性带中的单个正极性样品,以避免在样品的采集、测试过程中出现的误差给古地磁结果带来的影响。在此基础上,编制了PYZK01钻孔磁极性序列(图8)。

图8 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔磁性特征与古生物化石组合
Fig. 8 Magnetic characteristics and paleontological fossil assemblage in the Drill PYZK01 in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province

可以看出,PYZK01钻孔岩芯共记录了8个正极性带和7个反极性带,由顶到底分别为:2.93~5.68 m为正极性带a;5.68~15.32 m为反极性带①,其中14.15~14.8 m夹1个正极性带b;15.32~18.65 m为正极性带c;18.65~24.15 m为反极性带②,其中21.45~21.74 m夹1个正极性带d;24.15~25.7 m为正极性带e;25.7~37.6 m为反极性带③;37.6~39.9 m为正极性带f;39.9~44.85 m为反极性带④;44.85~45.3 m为正极性带g;45.3~49.4 m为反极性带⑤;49.4~60 m为正极性带h,其中50.7~51.8 m、57.25~58.5 m夹2个反极性带⑥和⑦(图8)。

3.3 对比方案

根据PYZK01钻孔的生物地层研究结果,并将其与磁性柱状图叠合可发现,反极性带①中下部位置以浅确定为古近纪,正极性带f靠近顶部位置及其以深确定为晚白垩世最晚期,而其中间部位为晚白垩世—古近纪过渡段。

根据国际标准的磁极性年代柱(Gradstein et al., 2004)可知,白垩纪/古近纪界线位于C29极性带中反极性带的中部。结合PYZK01钻孔磁性地层极性分布特征以及生物地层年代结果,提出了本磁性地层柱与国际标准的磁极性年代柱的三种对比方案A、B、C(图9),而根据研究团队反复讨论,本文采纳了相对合理的一种对比方案A,即:将白垩纪/古近纪界线置于PYZK01钻孔反极性带③的中部(图9)。其它两种对比方案B和C因其与古生物化石分析的结果偏差较大而舍弃。

那么,PYZK01钻孔磁性地层柱与国际标准的磁极性年代柱的对应关系分别为:正极性带a、反极性带①分别对应C27的正、反极性带;正极性带b和c、反极性带②分别对应C28的正、反极性带;正极性带e、反极性带③分别对应C29的正、反极性带;正极性带f、反极性带④⑤分别对应C30的正、反极性带;正极性带h对应C31的正极性带。

4 岩芯界线位置探讨

图9 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔磁极性序列与国际标准极性年表对比方案
Fig. 9 Comparison plan between the magnetic polarity sequences of the Drill PYZK01 in the Pingyi Basin and the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale

以盆内和近源沉积物为主湖相碳酸盐岩对气候变化和陆源沉积物输入反应敏感,其特征随沉积环境变化差异明显(刘圣乾,2018)。根据以往研究显示,卞桥组的湖相灰岩以各类生物成因为主,特别是钙质微生物起到重要作用(徐宝政,1982;管守锐等,1985;李熙喆等,2000;唐鑫萍等,2011,2012;张矿明等,2013;杜圣贤等,2016)。从本钻孔岩性特征和沉积环境看,整体以灰白色、灰紫色、肉红色灰岩、泥灰岩为主,指示干热古气候环境。但在岩芯中段以下出现了大量以黄绿色、灰绿色和灰黑色等还原色为主色调的藻灰岩、泥灰岩和泥晶灰岩,表明该段地层的湖水虽仍为碳酸钙饱和状态,但其浑浊度明显比其它层位偏高且偏深,特别是在31.57 m以上不再出现以灰黑色为代表的还原环境地层,说明本钻孔中段层位出现了比较明显的沉积环境和古气候的快速变化或突变事件,可能与白垩纪—古近纪之交的地质事件有关(图2)。

由前文可知,岩芯中12.25 m处发现中华球状轮藻Sphaerochara cf. chinensis (Huang et Xu),表明0~12.25 m地层时代最早为古近纪;40.03~58.40 m处的轮藻化石组合Porochara anluensisChara yuntaishanensis var. acutaTurbochara specialis表明40.03 m以深地层时代确定为晚白垩世最晚期,同时37.8~40.3 m处的孢粉组合Deltoidospora adriensisRugubivesiculitesSchizaeoisporites以及37.8~57.5 m处的腹足类化石也进一步印证了这一点。因此,可以确认PYZK01钻孔中存在白垩纪/古近纪界线,并通过生物地层将其限定在了岩芯的12.25~37.8 m处(图2)。

结合所测的佟家庄北露头剖面生物特征,在该剖面第10层的31 m处采集的古生物化石样品分析出了大量孔轮藻化石,如安陆孔轮藻Porochara anluensis Z. Wang,为晚白垩世晚期典型分子,可以推断剖面该位置处往下层位的地层时代为晚白垩世晚期,可与钻孔40.03 m以深的地层对比(图10)。

通过磁性地层研究建立了岩芯磁性地层柱,并与国际标准的磁极性年代柱进行了对比。根据本文的对比方案,将岩芯界线范围进一步缩小,限制在了25.7~37.6 m的反极性带③中。此外,结合钻孔的磁化率曲线看,其整体变化并不是很明显,这可能与湖相灰岩的剩余磁化强度较弱有关。但以反极性带③为界仍可看出,其上部岩芯磁化率值整体明显低于下部岩芯磁化率值。同时,在反极性带③中部的过渡带,古地磁采样点SP1-194处(即孔深31.98 m处)出现了一次比较明显的磁化率曲线值的负漂现象(图8)。而根据进行的碳氧同位素所得的曲线看,在该采样点同样出现了较明显的同位素曲线波动(该成果将另撰文详细叙述)。

进一步结合钻孔岩芯看,该处上下层位沉积序列连续,并未出现任何沉积间断和缺失现象(图10a);岩性为含生物碎屑砂砾屑泥晶灰岩,新鲜岩芯呈深灰黑色,氧化后呈深灰色。从31.98 m处的岩石薄片鉴定结果看,其镜下呈粒屑结构,花斑状构造,主要由团粒状泥晶方解石、黏土矿物和少量石英、不透明矿物组成,局部可见少量生物碎屑,是典型的内碎屑泥灰岩,且泥质含量较高(图10b、c)。

综合上述探讨可认为,平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔中存在白垩纪/古近纪界线(KPB),其位置基本确认在该钻孔岩芯古地磁采样点SP1-194,即孔深31.98 m处(图9、图10b),相当于卞桥组一段内部。

5 结论及建议

(1)平邑盆地卞桥组为一套典型、完整、连续的陆相碳酸盐岩湖相沉积,是进行非海相KPB研究的理想地层单元。

图10 山东平邑盆地PYZK01钻孔白垩纪/古近纪界线附近钻孔岩芯和界线在钻孔中的位置示意图
Fig. 10 The drill core nearby the Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary of the Drill PYZK01 and the schematic of the KPB position in the Drill

(2)通过对平邑卞桥镇佟家庄北PYZK01钻孔的生物地层研究,获得了丰富的轮藻、孢粉等微体古生物化石,根据其分布特征等建立了1个Porochara anluensisChara yuntaishanensis var. acutaTurbochara specialis轮藻化石组合,1个Deltoidospora adriensisRugubivesiculitesSchizaeoisporites孢粉化石组合。根据化石在钻孔上的分布位置,白垩系—古近系界线(KPB)应存在于12.25~37.8 m之间。

(3)通过对平邑卞桥镇佟家庄北PYZK01钻孔的磁性地层研究,确立了8个正极性带和7个反极性带,编制了PYZK01钻孔磁性地层柱状。结合生物地层和磁性地层,提出了与国际标准的磁极性年代柱的对比方案。

(4)通过研究结果的探讨,初步认为PYZK01钻孔中的白垩纪/古近纪界线(KPB)位于孔深31.98m处,卞桥组一段内部。

(5)白垩纪/古近纪界线(KPB)研究是综合性课题,本次工作所运用的手段方法为KPB研究提供了新的、丰富的材料支撑。要精确确定平邑盆地白垩纪/古近纪界线,建立非海相白垩系—古近系界线层型,尚需新理论、多学科交叉实践,新方法、多手段综合运用。

致谢:古生物化石分析鉴定由中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所卢辉楠教授、王启飞研究员、曹美珍研究员、杨宁工程师、季兴开工程师等完成,古地磁样品测试由首都师范大学杨振宇教授团队完成,在此表示衷心感谢。同时,对《中国地质》郝梓国研究员的指导深表谢意。此外,对本文审稿人提出的评审意见和有益建议以及编辑们负责细致的工作,在此一并表示感谢。

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Stud.o.biostratigraphi.an.magnetostratigraphi.characteristic.nea.th.Cretaceous—Paleogen.boundary i.th.Dril.PYZK01 i.th.Pingy.Basin, Shandon.Province

CHEN Jun 1, 2, 3), DU Shengxian1, 2, 3), LIU Fengchen1, 2, 3), CHEN Cheng1, 2, 3), SONG Xiangsuo1, 2, 3), YANG Bin1, 2, 3), GAO Liming4), LIANG Jipo1, 2, 3), WU Kanglin1, 2, 3), TIAN Xinglei1, 2, 3)

1) Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250013;2) Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resources Utilization Subordinated to the Ministry of Land and Resources, Jinan, Shandong, 250013;3) Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resources Utilization in Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250013;4) Caoxian Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning in Shandong Province, Caoxian, Shandong, 274400

Objectives:At the turn of the Cretaceous and the Paleogene, major events represented by the extinction of dinosaur clusters and the rise of mammal happened across the globally, and the Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary is research hotspot. Even though important progress has been made in KPB research in recent years, but many important problems in the nonmarine strata has not been solved, so it is necessary to establish a nonmarine Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary (KPB) stratotype.

Methods:On the basis of the field work and the research of predecessors, biostratigraphic and magnetic stratigraphic studies were carried out on the Drill PYZK01 in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province, a scientific drill.

Results:We obtained a rich fossil of paleontology, and according to its distribution characteristics, established one charophyte assemblage:Porochara anluensisChara yuntaishanensis var. acutaTurbochara specialis, one sporopollen assemblage: Deltoidospora adriensisRugubivesiculitesSchizaeoisporites. Through the research on the magnetostratigraphy, 8 positive polarity zones and 7 reversed polarity zones are established, and the magnetic polarity sequences of the borehole is built.

Conclusions:From the biostratigraphic study of the Drill PYZK01, we consider that the stratigraphic age from 0 to 12.25 m is Paleogene, the stratigraphic age from 37.8 m to 60 m is the latest stage of Late Cretaceous; and the stratigraphic age from 12.25 m to 37.8 m is the transition from Late Cretaceous to Paleogene, the Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary should exist in this part. Based on the magnetostratigraphic study, we proposed a comparison plan with the latest Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale. At the same time, it is preliminarily suggested that the Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary should be located at 31.98 m of the first member of the Bianqiao Formation in the core.

Keywords: Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary; biostratigraphy; magnetostratigraphy; Pingyi Basin

注:本文为中国地质调查局项目“山东古近系地层划分对比研究”(编号:1212011120146)和山东省重大创新工程“深地资源勘查开采”专项“山东东部海域日青威盆地油气赋存条件研究”(编号:2017CXGC1608)、“沂沭断裂带深部结构及对资源环境的影响”(编号:2017CXGC1602)、山东省地勘资金项目“山东省古生物化石普查(化石产地)”、山东省自然科学基金博士基金项目“鲁西地区寒武纪—奥陶纪转折期地层中生命微量元素的含量分布规律及其生物响应”(编号:ZR2018BD011)的成果。

收稿日期:2019-05-31;改回日期:2020-01-23;责任编辑:刘志强。Doi:10.16509/j.georeview.2020.03.004

作者简介:陈军,男,1987年生,硕士,工程师,主要从事沉积地质学等研究; Email:chenjun1987111@163.com。

通讯作者:杜圣贤,男,1975年生,研究员,主要从事地层古生物及地质遗迹研究; Email:dushengxian@126.com。

Acknowledgements:This study was supported by the China Geological Survey Project “Study on Shandong Paleogene Stratigraphic Division Comparative” (No. 1212011120146), Major Innovative Project of Shandong Province “Exploration and Exploitation of Deep Earth Resources” “Study on oil and gas occurrence conditions in riqingwei basin in east sea of shandong province” (No. 2017CXGC1608), “Deep structure of Yishu fault zone and its impact on resources and environment” (No. 2017CXGC1602), Geological exploration fund project of Shandong Province “A survey of paleontological fossils in Shandong Province (Fossil producing area)” and Shandong Natural Science Foundation “Distribution Patterns of biological trace elements and their biological response in the Cambrian and early Ordovician strata in the west of Shandong Province, China”(No. ZR2018BD011)

Firs.author:CHEN Jun, male, born in 1987, master, engineer, mainly engaged in sedimentary geology, Email: chenjun1987111@163.com

Correspondin.author:DU Shengxian, born in 1975, researcher, mainly engaged in the study of stratigraphic paleontology and geological relics, Email: dushengxian@126.com

Manuscript received on: 2019-05-31; Acceptedon: 2020-01-23; Edited by:LIU Zhiqiang

Doi: 10.16509/j.georeview.2020.03.004