Holocene climate change keeps being a concern of the academic circles. Especially, multiple large- scale environmental changes in Lop Nur region have led to the disappearance of ancient civilizations as Xiaohe civilization and Loulan civilization. Methods:In this paper, Based on the systematic sampling of the loess profile on the left bank of the Akeqi River in the Yeerqiang River basin at the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain and then grain size, magnetic susceptibility and chronology testing, this paper reconstructs the paleoclimate environment since 5ka BP, and analyzes the relationship between the paleoclimate environment recorded in the loess deposit at the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain and the Xiaohe civilization in the Lop Nur area in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Results: The results show that during 4. 5~3. 58 ka BP, secondary loess accumulates rapidly at the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain, the climate is gradually humid, the rainfall and ice—snow melting water increase, and the water source in the upper reaches of the Tarim River is abundant, which provides a large amount of water resources for the lower reaches of Lop Nur area, and lays a solid foundation for the gestation and initial development of the Xiaohe civilization. After 3. 58 ka BP, the sediment at the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain changed from secondary loess to eolian loess, and the climate began to turn to dry and cold. The decrease of precipitation led to the gradual decrease of available water resources flowing into Lop Nur, and the gradual deterioration of Lop Nur ecological environment, which finally caused the decline and disappearance of Xiaohe civilization. Conclusions: The emergence of Xiaohe civilization is closely related to the Holocene humid climate in the north piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain region.