The uplift of Qinling Orogen and Taihang Mountains made a marked influence to the sedimentary characteristics of the Jiyuan Basin in the Mesozoic. Basin—mountain interaction happened during the time, which can be a good example to analyze the tectonic evolution of the Jiyuan Basin with the surrounding mountains. This paper reviews the features of Mesozoic strata, deposition and basin filling history to establish four tectonic sequences (TS1, TS2, TS3 and TS4). TS1 is filled with the Lower Triassic Liujiagou Formation and Heshanggou Formation, the Middle Triassic Ermaying Formation and Youfangzhuang Formation. It represents the properties of intracraton under the converging of the Yangtze, Qinling and North China blocks. TS2 and TS3, which contain the Upper Triassic Chunshuyao Formation and Tanzhuang Formation, the Lower Jurassic Anyao Formation and Middle Jurassic Yangshuzhuang Formation respectively, indicate a foreland basin deposition. They are the thrusting response of the Qinling Orogen. The component of TS4 is the Middle Jurassic Maao Formation, which was controlled by the uplift of Taihang Mountains and exhibited very thick molasse sediments. Three stages are divided to illustrate the evolution of basin—mountains system: the basement uplift with intracraton basin from Early to Middle Triassic, the Qinling Orogen with foreland basin from Late Triassic to Early Middle Jurassic, the uplift of Taihang Mountains with intermountain basin in Late Middle Jurassic. Obviously, the tectonic sequence filling characteristics of the Jiyuan Basin approves that the Qinling Orogen thrust twice along the Luonan—Luanchuan and Sanmenxia—Lushan—Wuyang faults successively during the Indosinian. The initial uplift of Taihang Mountains may be happened at the late Middle Jurassic, and marked the intensely destruction of North China Craton was coming.