On the basis of remote sensing geological images and the opening-closing plate-tectonic theory and by applying the "RS -GIS -GPS" technique, the authors have carried out a systematic and integrated investigation of the structural geology of the Tarim basin and its surrounding areas, and then proposed that the tectonic framework of the Tarim basin is marked by a circular-arcuate tectonic system composed of "the inner, middle and outer circular bodies and zones". This paper mainly deals with the grounds, features, formation and evolution of the Tarim circular-arcuate tectonic system and its control on mineral resources and the geological environment of the region and discusses the proposed "circular-arcuate metallogenic belts" and "circular-arcuate geological environment blocks (belts)", five circular metallogenic belts of petroleum, potash salt, coal uranium, metals, building materials and gems-jades encircling the Tarim basin, and the super-giant Lop Nur potash salt base.