Chief Editor:HOU Zengqian
Governing Body:China Association for Science and Technology
Organizer:Geological Society of China
start publication :1922
ISSN:ISSN 1000-9515
CN:CN 11-2001/P
- Most Read
- Most Cited
- Most Downloaded
LUO Junlie , CHEN Yuchuan , WANG Denghong Yunnan Bureau of Geology , Mineral Exploration , Development , Kunming , Yunnan Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
2000, 74(3).
Abstract:Among the endogenetic deposits in the Sanjiang area and at the west margin of the Yangtze platform, Himalayan deposits are the most important and contribute a large proportion of the resources of superlarge deposits. Among the controlled resources of this region, 84% of copper resources, 67% of Pb-Zn, 31% of Ag, 77% of gold and 24% of tin come from Himalayan deposits on the east side of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Himalayan endogenetic mineralization shows a relatively complete sequence evolution in the Sanjiang area and on the west margin of the Yangtze platform. Mineralization is manifested by gold deposits related to K-rich lamprophyre, REE deposits related to alkalic complexes and Cu-Au-polymetallic deposits related to alkaline porphyry. Six sequences of mineralization evolution since 65 Ma B.P. in the Sanjiang area and on the west side of the Yangtze platform can be recognized. Himalayan endogenetic mineralization on the east side of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau reached its peak before the Oligo-cene, corresponding to episodes I and II of the intracontinental erogenic cycle. Afterwards, mineralization waned obviously.
YAN Fengzeng Gold Headquarters , State Economic , Trade Commission , P.O. Box: , Beijing
2000, 74(3).
Abstract:The Puziwan gold deposit is a special linear cryptoexplosive breccia type deposit found in northeastern Shanxi, China, in recent years. The deposit is located in a secondary metallogenic. belt of the most famous Au-Ag polymetallic metallogenic belt along the north margin of the North China platform. The secondary metallogenic belt is a synmagmatic tension-shear fault-fracture belt of ENE linear trend. The Indosinian cryptoexplosive breccia body, quartz monzonitic porphyry (beschtauite breccia), quartz monzonite (243.7 Ma, K-Ar), Yanshanian granite-porphyry (105±6 Ma, Rb-Sr) and orebodies mostly occur as dykes or veins and short lenses along the structural fracture belt. The orebodies are emplaced in the fractured cryptoexplosive breccia body in the tectonomagmatic belt and their attitude is consistent with that of the breccia body. The orebodies have two types: one is shallow-seated thick and big ones, which are short-lenticular in plan and wedge-shaped in cross section, shallow buried, large in size a
2000, 74(3).
Abstract:The paper reports SHRIMP U-Pb zircon data of a dark-coloured eclogite and a post-eclogite garnet-bearing gneissic-granitic rock from the Bixiling area, Yuexi County, Anhui Province, in the eastern Dabie Mountains. The eclogite, which is metamorphosed basic tuff, contains very scarce zircons in omphacite or garnet, but more in quartz. They usually exhibit a
2000, 74(3).
Abstract:Cai DongshengChen CongxiChen DajingChen GuodaChen JunChen YuanrongChen YuehuanChen ZhaoboDong YOngquanDOU SuzhenFan JintaoFangW亡ixuanFeng JianzhongFengW亡lhengFu LIPuGeng WenhuiGuan KangGuo JlanHao PeidongHe JuruiHou GuitingHu ShuminJ iang ZhiLei ShibinL 1 HuaiyuanLi Jianghai.Li PeilianLIW七nhengLiaO ZewCnLin DayangLiu ChuanxiLiu Fu!alL iu Guijian(641)(623)(565)(433)(279)(692)(439)(587)(582)(329)(201)(458)(559)(685)(126)(5 11)(306)(577)(697)(473)(391)(4 12)(297)(54…
2000, 74(3).
Abstract:I wish to express my warmest congratulations, on behalf of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China and the Chinese geological community, on the opening of the 31st International Geological Congress.
CHEN Guoda , PENG Shenglin , DAI Tagen Geology Department , Central South University of Technology , Changsha , Hunan
2000, 74(3):433-438.
Abstract:Following the paper entitled A Preliminary Proposal on Crustobody Geotectonics presented by the first author to the 30th IGC in 1996, this paper further extends and elucidates the concept of crustobody in order to make a unifying study of the evolution and motion of crustal structures and to understand the law governing the formation and development of the earth' crust. In this paper the characteristics of crustobody evolution-motion are given. The authors lay emphasis on the relationship between crustobody evolution-motion and tectonic metallogeny. In the end, a multiple dynamic system of the crustobody evolution-motion is discussed from internal and external dynamic forces, and the mantle creep in internal dynamic factors is paid special attention to.
YANG Jianmin , XUE Chunji , YAN Shenhao
2000, 74(3):439-446.
Abstract:Based on the complex structure and material resources,the complex geological setting of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic continent of China controlled four kinds of dynamic mechanisms of the continental tectonic-mineralization pattern, i.e. the dynamic mechanisms related to (1) underthrusting or collision, (2) activation of old tectonic belts or activity of new tectonic belts, (3) upwelling of mantle material and heat, and (4) interaction between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. The four dynamic factors are related to and interact with each other; and the mantle-crust interaction leads to the regulhar time-space zonation of endogenetic deposits on a regional scale. The Meso-Cenozoic mineralization pattern in China can be outlined as the network tectono-metallogenic pattern constructed by NNE- and E-W-trending tectonics in eastern China, and multi-layer ring tectono-metallogenic pattern in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its northern and eastern neighbouring areas.
SHAO Shicai Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , Beiyuan , Andingmenwai , Beijing
2000, 74(3):452-457.
Abstract:The formation, development and evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt can be divided into three stages: (1) formation and development of Precambrian basement in the Late Archaean- Palaeoproterozoic (3.0- 1.6 Ga), (2) plate evolution (0.8- 0.2 Ga), and (3) intracontinental orogeny and tectonic evolution in the Mesozoic. The Devonian (D) and Triassic (T) were the key transition period of the tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt. That is to say, in the Devonian, the Qinling micro-plate was separated from the northern margin of the Yangtze plate (passive continental margin). This period witnessed transition of the micro-plate from the compressional to extensional state, and consequently three types of sedimentary basins were formed, namely, the rift hydrothermal basin in the micro-plate, restricted ocean basin in the south, and residual ocean basin resulting from collision on the northern margin. In the Triassic the Qinling area was turned into the intracontinental orogen.The Devonian and Triassic were the main periods of enrichment of large amounts of metals. In the Devonian, many sedex-type massive Pb-Zn- (Cu)-Ag deposits were formed in the hydrothermal basins. In the Triassic (Indosinian-Yanshanian movements), many sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits and reworked sedimentary type Pb-Zn-Hg-Sb (Au) deposits were formed in the rift hydrothermal basins. Many ductile shear zone-related gold deposits were formed in the restricted ocean basins and residual ocean basins on the two sides of the Qinling micro-plate. The above-mentioned discussion indicates that metallogenesis is not only consistent with geological events, but also controlled by them.
FANG Weixuan , ZHANG Guowei , LU Jiying , LI Yalin LODG Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang Northwest Geological Exploration Bureau , CNNC , Xi ''''an , Department of Geology , Northwest University , Xi ''''an Chengdu University of Technology , Chengdu
2000, 74(3):458-465.
Abstract:Researches were made of different continental-margin and intraplate basin systems in the Qinling mi-croplate in terms of hydrothermal deposition, geodynamics of basin formation, hydrothermal sedimentary rock facies, syntectonics in the basins, and the styles of ore accumulation in the basins.
QIN Dexian , LIU ChunxueKunming University of Science , Engineering , Kunming , Yunnan
2000, 74(3):466-472.
Abstract:The Kangdian axis basement can be divided into two tectonic layers. The lower tectonic layer is the crystalline basement which is made up of the Archaean Dibadu Formation and early Proterozoic Dahongshan Group. The former is a kata-metamorphic basic volcano-sedimentary formation of the old geosyncline (old continental nucleus), and the latter is a medium-grade metamorphosed alkali-rich basic volcanic (emanation)-sedimentary formation of the Yuanjiang-Dahongshan marginal rift. They are in disconformable contact. The upper tectonic layer is the folded basement, and made up of the middle-late Proterozoic Kunyang Group. It is the result of Dongchuan-Yuanjiang intercontinental rifting with discordant contract with the underlying and overlying strata. Along with the evolution of Proterozoic from early to late, four types of emanation-sedimentary deposits in the Kangdian axis rift were formed in turn: (1) emanation-sedimentary iron-copper-gold deposits related to basic volcanic rocks in the Yuanmou-Dahongshan marginal rift; (2) emanation-sedimentary iron-copper deposits related to intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the early stage of the Dongnchuan-Yuanjiang intercontinental rift;(3) emanation-sedimentary copper deposits related to sedimentary rocks in the middle stage;(4) copper deposits related to the late tectonic reworking. From early to late Proterozoic, with the evolution of the Kangdian axis rift and lowering volcanic basicity, the ore-forming elements also evolved from Fe, Cu and (Au) through Cu and Fe to Cu.
HE Jurui , RUI Xinjian , GUO Kunyi , WU Quanhuai , LIU Hongying , Nanjing Institute of Geology , Mineral Resources , Geological Survey of China , East Zhongshan Rd. , Nanjing , JiangsuWANG FutongBureau of Geology , Mineral Resources Exploration , Development of Xinjiang , Urumqi , Xinjiangand SUN ChuanminChengdu Institute of Technology , Chengdu , Sichuan
2000, 74(3):473-477.
Abstract:The tectonic development of the Tarim block has experienced four stages, i. e. Earth's core accretion and block formation in the Precambrian, margin splitting, opening-closing and piecing up in the Early Palaeozoic, rift formation and plate unification in the Late Palaeozoic, and basin-mountain coupling and landform shaping in the Meso-Cenozoic, forming six ore-bearing formations and ore deposits of various genetic types in the Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains and Altun Mountains. In the peripheral areas of Tarim there are four giant intercontinental metallogenic belts passing through, the Central Tianshan and southwestern Tianshan belts in the former USSR and the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun and Palaeo-Tethys belts in China. According to the macro-analysis on the nearly one thousand known deposits (occurrences) and geophysical-geochemical anomalies, and the information from reconnaissance in some areas, the region has very good prospects for mineral resources. Some of the metallogenic belts may well become the reserve bases for exploration of mineral resources in China.
WANG Denghong , CHEN Yuchuan , XU Jue , YANG Jianmin , XUE Chunji , YAN Shenghao Institute of Mineral Resources , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Beijing Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Beijing
2000, 74(3):478-484.
Abstract:Many Cenozoic metal deposits have been found during the past decade. Among them, the Fuwan Ag deposit in Guangdong is the largest Ag deposit in China. Besides, the largest Cu deposit of China in Yulong, Tibet, the largest Pb-Zn deposit of China in Jinding, Yunnan, and the largest Au deposit of China in Jinguashi,Taiwan, were also formed in the Cenozoic. Why so many important "present" deposits formed during such a short period of geological history is the key problem. The major reason is that different tectonic settings control different kinds of magmatic activity and mineralization at the same time. In southwestern China, porphyry-type Cu deposits such as Yulong were formed during the early stage of the Himalayan orogeny, sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits such as Jinding were formed within intermontane basins related to deep faults, and carbonatite-related deposits such as the Maoniuping REE deposit and alkalic magmatic rock-related deposits such as the Beiya Au deposit originated from the mantle source. In southeastern China, the Fuwan Ag deposit was related to continental rifting which was triggered by the mantle plume. In Taiwan, the Jinguashi Au deposit was formed during the subduction process of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate. Besides, the features such as the diversification, inheritance, large size, deep source of metals and fluids of the Cenozoic (Present or Recent) mineralization can be used as a key to the search for past deposits.
WANG Jingbin , ZHANG Jinhong , DING Rufu , FANG TonghuiBeijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , State Bureau of Nonferrous Metals Industry , Andingmenwai , Beijing
2000, 74(3):485-491.
Abstract:The Altay erogenic belt of China is an important metallogenic belt of base metals, rare metals and gold. The main orogenic-metallogenic epoch is the Hercynian (Late Palaeozoic). Hercynian orogeny underwent two tectonic stages: the early volcano-passive continental margin extension (D1-D2) and late subduction-collision (D3-P). There correspondingly developed two different metallogenic systems. One is the stratabound massive sulphide and iron metallogenic system related to volcano-passive continental margin, and the other is the epigenetic gold and granite-associated rare metals system formed by collision. Very few mineralizations were formed during the subduc-tion time.
ZHU Yulin Wo. Geological Exploration Bureau of MMI , East St. , Fuzhou
2000, 74(3):492-499.
Abstract:The Daiyunshan-Shiniushan volcanic depression in Fujian Province is situated in a volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China along the west Pacific Ocean. A new breakthrough has been made in the exploration of gold and silver ore deposits in recent years. The minerogenic series of the Daiyunshan-Shiniushan volcanic depression is discussed in this paper based on the analysis of major metallogenic types and factors. According to the study of enormous ore deposits and occurrences in the study area, two minerogenic series have been recognized: 1. Late Jurassic Au-Ag-Pb-Zn minerogenic series related to intermediate-acid, acid volcanic formations; 2. nonmetallic minerogenic series (pyrophyllite, alunite pearlite, andalusite, zeolite, corundum and so on) related to intermediate and acid volcanic formations. The division and study of the minerogenic series have revealed metallogenic and time-space distribution characteristics of the ore deposits in the volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China , which are of economic importance for metallogenic prognosis .
ZHU Huaping , GUO Jian , LIU Ping , LI Falin , HUANG Changqing Northwest Exploration Bureau of Geology , State Bureau of Nonferrous Metals Industry , Xi ''''an
2000, 74(3):500-503.
Abstract:The study of the relationships between the hydrothermal sedimentary formations and the gold andlead-zinc mineralizations in the Devonian Fengtai basin in Shaanxi shows that there was a hydrothermal brine sedimentary event which was inserted into the normal sedimentary background from the late Middle Devonian to the early Late Devonian. This event is closely related to gold and lead-zinc mineralizations in this area.
WANG Dongbo , SHAO Shicai , XU Yong , LIU Guoping Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , Beijing State Nonferrous Metals Industry Administration , Beijing
2000, 74(3):504-510.
Abstract:In the 1990s, some median-large gold deposits have been discovered in several lead-zinc metalloge-netic belts (e.g. the Qinling lead-zinc metallogenetic belt, Shanxi Province and Gansu Province and the Qingchengzi lead-zinc ore field, Liaoning Province) in China. Gold deposits and lead-zinc deposits spatially co-exist in the same tectonic setting; lead-zinc orebodies are commonly located below gold ore bodies. The host rocks of lead-zinc ore-bodies are conformably overlain by those of gold ore bodies. The age of gold mineralization is obviously younger than that of lead-zinc mineralization. Preliminary geochemical research has demonstrated the following: lead-zinc mineralization took place in a marine sedimentary-exhalative system, which had the characteristics of a high fluid/rock ratio, a high salinity and a high halide activity; meanwhile, most of gold was transported into the low-temperature hydrothermal plume and primarily enriched in sediments. During later (magmatism-) metamorphism-tectonism, gold was remobilized and transported into the metamorphic fluid which had the characteristics of medium-high temperatures, a low fluid/rock ratio and a low activity of halide, and precipitated at a favourable structural site. Therefore, the co-existence of gold and lead-zinc deposits and the separation of gold from lead-zinc result from the differences of chemical composition and circulation of ore fluids in the same tectonic unit. This phenomenon can be used as an important criterion in exploration.
GENG Wenhui , YAO JinyanGuilin Research Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , Fuxing Rd , Guilin , Guangxi
2000, 74(3):511-515.
Abstract:The metallogenesis of subvolcanic deposits is controlled by subvolcanic activities. The copper polymetallic deposits are genetically related to intermediate-acid rocks, and the silver polymetallic deposits are more closely related to acid rocks. The abundance of Cu is relatively high in the intermediate-acid rocks and subvolcanic rocks, whereas the abundances of Pb, An and Ag are high in acid rocks, indicating rich ore-forming elements in original magmas. The study of REEs shows that the magmatic type related to copper deposits is the syntectic type, and that related to silver polymetallic deposits is mainly the re-melting type. The deposits were formed under medium-low temperatures and low salinity. The metallogenic times were the late stage of the early Yanshanian or the late Yanshanian, dating 78-147 Ma.
WANG JingchunBeijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , State Bureau of Nonferrous Metals Industry , Andingmenwai , Beijing
2000, 74(3):516-520.
Abstract:A systematic study of occurrences of silver in 156 Pb-Zn-Cu ore deposits indicates that silver mainly occurs in nonferrous metal ore deposits in forms of association and paragenesis. It occurs mainly as independent minerals in nature and occasionally as ion adsorption, isomorphous or amorphous silver minerals. Nearly 190 silver minerals have been discovered in China. Their shapes, constituents, textures, grain sizes, embedded types, distribution patterns, mineral assemblages and metallogenic series suggest that these characteristics are closely related to geneses of deposits and dependent of ore-forming conditions. Pb, Zn and Cu sulphides are the main carrier minerals of silver. The partition of silver in ore is constrained by the mineralization intensity, grain size and embedded form of silver minerals and mineral assemblages.
XUE Chunji , WANG Denghong , CHEN Yuchuan , YANG Jianmin , and YANG WeiguangInstitute of Mineral Resources , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Baiwanzhuang Rd. , Beijing Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , Beijing No. Geological Party of Yunnan Province , Dali
2000, 74(3):521-528.
Abstract:The Jinding superlarge lead and zinc deposit has attracted the attention of geologists of the world and its metallogenesis has long been in dispute. This paper takes the Jinding deposit and the Baiyangping Cu-Ag-Co deposit which was recently found at about 30 km north of Jinding as one ore belt, and, based on researches on the helium, argon, and xenon isotopic compositions of primary inclusions in ore-forming solutions of the main stage, the authors have found that the 3He/4He ratio of the ore-forming fluid is 2.7′ 10- 6 (varying from 0.19 to 1.97 Ra), the 4He/40Ar ratio (0.24- 3.12) is close to the mantle characteristic ratio, and the xenon isotopic composition and evolution show characters of the mantle xenon. The above results reveal the characteristics of mantle source and crust-mantle fluid mixing (mantle helium reaching 32%) and the metallogenic contributions of the deep processes in the Jinding-Baiyangping ore belt.
XIA Xuehui , LIU Changtao , LI ZhongmoGeological Institute for Chemical Minerals , Zhuozhou , Hebei
2000, 74(3):529-533.
Abstract:Pyritic stromatolite, a rich pyrite ore, is scattered as reef masses in sedex deposits of the Proterozoic Yanshan rift trough. The pyritic stromatolite consists of a core and alternating concentric rims of light colloidal pyrite and dark organic materials. The concentric rims are cemented together by trichomes highly similar to the trichomic microorganisms inhabiting substantively around the black chimneys on the current sea beds while the core is composed chiefly of groups of thermophilous sulphur bacteria. Biomarkers for the molecules of pyritic stromatolite include pristane, phytane, regular isoprenoids paraffin, methyl-heptadecyl, and so on. This study reveals the existence of methane-yielding bacteria in the pyritic stromatolite and reflects the evolution of thermophilous thallophyta.Long pulsation of mineralizing thermal solutions venting up along contemporaneous faults in rift troughs contributed greatly not just to the reproduction of thermophilous organisms living around the vents, but to their adsorption of Fe2+ from the solutions in a reducing environment. Pyritic stromatolite constantly took shape through metabolism and reduction of these organisms. Owing to the uneven development of the organic communities close to the vents or the hydrothermal plumes, pyritic stromatolite occurred eventually as scattered reef masses. This mineralizing mechanism may be summarized as the following procedure: flowing of hydrothermal fluids associated with submarine exhalation(r) adsorption and metabolism of thermophilous micro-organisms(r) reduction of organic materials(r) formation of deposits of pyritic stromatolite.
ZHU Kaijun , YAO GuolongTianjin Geological Academy , State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry , No. Youyi Rd , Tianjin
2000, 74(3):534-539.
Abstract:Sinian is one of the main periods of the formation of manganese deposits in China. Sinian manganesedeposits are mainly hosted in carbon-rich black shale and siliceous shale formed during the Sinian interglacial period. The composition of manganese ore is simple. The main ore mineral is manganiferous carbonates. The grade of manganese ore is about 16-25%, with Mn/Fe>5 and P/Mn=0.006-0.14. Based on the tectonic setting and geological and geochemical characteristics of manganese deposits, this paper discusses the process of migration and concentration of manganese and ore-forming conditions of Sinian manganese deposits in China.
XU Yong Bureau of Geology , Exploration , B Fuxing Rd. Beijing , and ZHU Xinyou Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , Anwai Beiyuan , Beijing
2000, 74(3):540-543.
Abstract:Cobalt mostly occurs as an associated metal in Cu-Ni sulphide deposits, skarn Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits and volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) or sedex deposits. There are different types of cobalt deposits in the Central China orogenic belt. In the Tamu-Kalangu Mississippi-valley type Pb-Zn deposits, many cobalt-nickel sulphide minerals were found. The cobalt content of the ore is 0.064%-0.46% in sedex-type Kendekeke Fe-Pb-Zn-Au deposits, and cobalt sulphide veins with Co contents of 4%-9% have also been found. About 28000 tons of cobalt reserves were delineated in the Dur'ngoi Cu-Co-Zn deposit of VHMS type in the A'nyemaqen Mountains. It is considered that the exploration potential for cobalt is attractive in this district, especially in sedex-type deposits and Co-rich sulphide veins in sedex-type Fe, Cu and Pb-Zn deposits and their surroundings.
WANG Xiaochun Southwest Institute of Metallurgical Geology , Mineral Resources Development , Chengdu , Sichuan Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang , Guizhou
2000, 74(3):544-547.
Abstract:There are quite a few tetrahedrite-group minerals in the Jinjitai gold deposit, western Sichuan, which occur in an interstratified fractured zone of Middle Devonian carbonate rock series. The gold ore consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite-group minerals, galena, sphalerite and gold-silver series minerals, with an element association of Au-Cu-Ag-Pb-As-Sb-Bi. Electron microprobe analyses of the tetrahedrite-group minerals gave the following results: copper 40.04 to 42.27% (average 40.04%), iron 1.24 to 7.78% (average 4.13%), zinc 0.39 to 7.06% (average 3.58%), arsenic 5.41 to 17.40% (average 8.84%), antimony 2.70 to 20.46% (average 15.87%), and silver 0.02 to 0.73% (average 0.28%). The mineral varieties include zinc-antimony-tetrahedrite, iron-antimony-tetrahedrite, iron-tennatite and zincotennatite. These data show that there is a complete isomorphous series between Sb and As. From above downwards tetrahedrite varies from zinc- and antimony-rich to iron- and arsenic-rich compositions. Their occurrence and zonal features are very important for exploration of the same type of gold deposits in western Sichuan.
LEI Shibin Gold Headquarters of the State Economic , Trade Commission , Beijing , China
2000, 74(3):548-553.
Abstract:Based on quantitative and semi-quantitative mathematical and mechanical analysis of the shape, motion, structural factors, stress field and deformation field of the ore-hosting faults in the Xincheng-Hexi gold deposit, the ore-controlling features of faults and mineralization mechanism are discussed. It is concluded that the mineralization is controlled by the main faults, subsidiary fractures, joint density, mechanical features and deformation of the faults. The ore bodies are mainly located in the lower part of the convex crest and upper part of the concave trough of the main undulating fault surface. Mineralization is positively correlated to the development of subsidiary fractures and joints, which correspond to zones of low internal stress and high body strain and shear strain. They are favourable positions for mineralization and alteration.
2000, 74(3):554-558.
Abstract:
FENG Jianzhong , ZENG Yishan , FU ShuixingPeking University , Beijing Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , Andingmenwai , Beijing
2000, 74(3):559-564.
Abstract:As a typical Palaeozoic island arc system, the eastern Tianshan area, Xinjiang, is different from eastern China but similar to the Meso-Cenozoic island arc metallogenic provinces along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in metallogenic environment, geology and geochemistry. Three types of gold deposits, ductile shear zone-hosted gold deposits (Kanggur ), magmatic hydrothermal gold deposits (Jinwozi) and volcanic- or subvolcanic-hosted gold deposits (Xitan and Mazhuangshan), have been identified in this area. Regionally, gold deposits are structurally controlled by the Kanggur Tag ductile shear zone, Shaquanzi fault, Hongliuhe fault and Yamansu fault. Generally, gold mineralization occurs in the transition zones from volcanic rocks to sedimentary rocks. The horizon bearing well-developed jasper is an important indicator for gold mineralization. Each of the three types of gold deposits has its distinctive metallogenic background and geological-geochemical characteristics.
2000, 74(3):565-569.
Abstract:The modern laterite gold deposits in southern China, which belong to reworked laterite deposits, can be further divided into three subclasses and seven types. Their geological features, ore-forming conditions and regularities are discussed. A geologic-geochemical metallogenic model for laterite gold deposits has been established.
YANG DejiangLiaoning Nonferrous Geological Exploration Bureau , State Bureau of Nonferrous Matals Industry , Liuzhou St. , Heping District , Shenyang
2000, 74(3):570-576.
Abstract:Gold deposits occurring in the Liaodong rift are located in interlayered carbonate rocks and fine-clastic rocks, belonging to the middle and upper parts of the lower Proterozoic. Compared with the Carlin-type Au deposits abroad and gold deposits in Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi, Qinling and western Sichuan Province, they are similar in many respects. This paper discusses the geological features of ore-bearing formations and ore-filling structures and metallogenetic characteristics. Through the discussion on the sources of ores, heat and water, it points out that the Au deposits belong to vadose reworked hydrothermal deposits. This conforms to the principle of "mineralization in the neighbouring areas", i.e., the deposits are formed in nearby ore-bearing layers, and the latest hydrothermal event was the main factor in forming the Au deposits.
GUO Jian , LIU Ping , ZHANG Wanye , ZHU Huaping , ZHU HongzhouNorthwest Exploration Bureau of Geology , CNNC , Xi''''an
2000, 74(3):577-581.
Abstract:The Baguamiao superlarge gold deposit in Shaanxi Province is one of the typical cases in China that are hosted by sedimentary rocks. Explorers and researchers have discussed the gold mineralization enrichment conditions by studying sulphur, oxygen, carbon, silicon stable isotopes and mineralizing fluid features of the Baguamiao gold deposit and proposed a hydrothermal sedimentation-magmatic reconstructing gold mineralization model featuring multi-sources of ore-forming materials and multistage mineralizations. In addition, prospecting for "Baguamiao-type" gold deposits was started in the Fengtai Basin and a great number of important prospecting targets such as Tonglinggou, Simaoling, Guoansi and Dachaigou were discovered.
DONG Yongguan , ZHANG ChuanlinNanjing Institute of Geology , Mineral Resources , East Zhongshan Rd. , Nanjing , Jiangsu
2000, 74(3):582-586.
Abstract:The Aktubaik gold deposit lies in the Altay middle-high mountains area, Xinjiang, hosted by the Pa-laeo- and Mesoproterozoic Xemirxek Group. It is the first gold deposit found in Precambrian rocks in Altay. The deposit is controlled by the NW-trending fracture-alteration zone, in which rocks have been strongly altered and bleached. The main wall-rock alterations include silicification, sericitization (muscovitization), carbonation, pyritiza-tion and tourmalinization. Several gold mineralization zones of this type have been found in the study area. The dominant gold mineral is native gold, which is distributed very unevenly, so special methods such as peeling and bulk sampling are required in exploration. The discovery of this gold deposit has laid a foundation for gold exploration in Precambrian rocks in the Altay middle-high mountains area, Xinjiang.
CHEN Zhaobo , ZHAO Fengmin , XIANG Weidong , CHEN Yuehui China National Nuclear Corporation , P.O. BOX: , Beijing
2000, 74(3):587-594.
Abstract:Three uranium provinces are recognized in China, the Southeast China uranium province, the Northeast China-Inner Mongolia uranium province and the Northwest China (Xinjiang) uranium province. The latter two promise good potential for uranium resources and are major exploration target areas in recent years. There are two major types of uranium deposits: the Phanerozoic hydrothermal type (vein type) and the Meso-Cenozoic sandstone type in different proportions in the three uranium provinces. The most important reason or prerequisite for the formation of these uranium provinces is that Precambrian uranium-enriched old basement or its broken parts (median massifs) exists or once existed in these regions, and underwent strong tectonomagmatic activation during Phanerozoic time. Uranium was mobilized from the old basement and migrated upwards to the upper structural level together with the acidic magma originating from anatexis and the primary fluids, which were then mixed with meteoric water and resulted in the formation of Phanerozoic hydrothermal uranium deposits under extensional tectonic environments. Erosion of uraniferous rocks and pre-existing uranium deposits during the Meso-Cenozoic brought about the removal of uranium into young sedimentary basins. When those basins were uplifted and slightly deformed by later tectonic activity, roll-type uranium deposits were formed as a result of redox in permeable sandstone strata.
LI HuaiyuanThe Airborne survey , Remote Sensing Center of Nuclear Industry , Shijiazhuang , Hebei China University of Geosciences
2000, 74(3):595-601.
Abstract:It is not occasional that uranium deposits and oil accumulation occur in the same depression in the Erlian basin, Inner Mongolia. Some evidences show certain relations between uranium and oil in origin. This paper discusses and analyses the evidence for the relations between uranium deposits and oil and gas accumulation in terms of spatial distribution, geology, hydrochemistry and geochemistry. The paper also deals with the mechanism of the formation of uranium deposits and points out that it is of significance to use uranium as an indicator to search for oil and vice versa.
ZHANG Qiuying Bureau of Geology , China National Nuclear Corporation , P.O. Box , Beijing
2000, 74(3):602-604.
Abstract:: Black shales are marine sediments with argillaceous, silty and siliceous compositions and high contents of organic materials, disseminated pyrite and uranium. Uraniferous black shale has uranium content of more than 20 ppm.Black shales are widely distributed in 17 provinces or autonomous regions in northwestern and southern-central China. Their sedimentary ages are from the Sinian to the Tertiary and uraniferous black shales are mainly exposed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the economically significant uranium deposits associated with black shale occur in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Uranium mineralization associated with black shale has the following main features: (1) forming stratabound deposits; (2) controlled by structures such as interlayer and intersected faults and fractures; (3) associated with different ore-forming processes such as leaching and hydrothermal reworking; (4) occurring in five periods, namely 120-110 Ma, 84-74 Ma, 75-65 Ma, 48-39 Ma and 30-24 Ma.
YANG Xueming , ZHENG Yongfei , YANG Xiaoyong , ZHANG Peishan , M.J. LE BAS Department of Earth , Space Sciences , University of Science , Technology of China , Hefei , China Institute of Geology , Geophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China School of Ocean , Earth Science , University of Southampton , SOI ZH , U.K.
2000, 74(3):605-612.
Abstract:An REE-rich carbonatite dyke was found in Dulahala, close to the Bayan Obo superlarge REE-Nb-Fe mineral deposit in Inner Mongolia, northern China. The REE content in the dyke varies greatly, from 1% up to 20% (wt), which might constitute rich REE ores. Light REEs in the carbonatite are enriched and highly fractionated relative to heavy REEs and there is no Eu anomaly. The REE and trace element distribution patterns of the carbonatite are identical to those of fine-grained dolomite marble which is the host rock of the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe superlarge mineral deposit. This indicates a petrogenetic linkage between the REE-rich carbonatite and the mineralizations in this region.
WEI Dongyan , DENG Xiaolin , LIU Zhenmin , YANG GengshengGeological Institute for Chemical Minerals , Zhuozhou , Hebei
2000, 74(3):613-617.
Abstract:A water/salt system in an evaporative environment is both a physicochemical region and a biological one. All the parameters of the system, such as the salinity, temperature and CO2 partial pressure, are affected by halo-philic bacteria. The system controls salt deposition but is modified by an accompanying ecological system; therefore it should be called a water/salt/biological system. Salt minerals result from accumulation of the remains of bacteria/algae, namely, bacteria/algae formation; whereas biological, biophysical and biochemical processes provide full evidence for organic involvement. Consequently, salt deposits should not be called purely chemical but biological/chemical ones. This new argument supplements and develops the traditional idea and helps perfect the mineralization theory of salts and even general deposits, thus giving guidance to prospecting for salt deposits.
XIONG XianxiaoGeological Institute for Chemical Minerals , Zhuozhou , Hebei
2000, 74(3):618-622.
Abstract:China's realgar/orpiment deposits may be classified into three types, the stratabound, hot-water sedimentary and hydrothermal, according to their mineralizing processes, geological occurrences, tectonic and geochemical features. The three types may be further distinguished into seven subtypes, namely, the Xiaguan, Shuiluo, Jiepaiyu, Songpan, Shixia, Wangzhuang and Ninghshan ones. On this basis three minerogenic models are established, and based on studies of their geochemistry and minerogenic mechanisms the prerequisites for prospecting for these types of deposits are given in the paper.
CHEN Congxi , CAI KeqinDepartment of Geology , Mineral Resources , China University of Geosciences , Beijing
2000, 74(3):623-631.
Abstract:In the early Proterozoic the Li'eryu Formation and Dashiqiao Formation of eastern Liaoning province, China, there are distributed Mg-rich carbonate rock formations, in which large to superlarge deposits of boron, mag-nesite, talc, Xiuyan jade etc. occur. The formation of these magnesian nonmetallic deposits was related to early Proterozoic evaporates; then these deposits underwent reworking of regional metamorphism and hydrothermal metasomatism during the Luliang orogeny and tectono-magmatism during the Indosinian-Yanshanian. Among other things, the Mg-rich carbonates formations, minerogenetic structures and ore-forming fluids played a controlling role in the formation of the mineral deposits. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mineral deposits are products of combined processes of the coupling of ore source field, fluid field, thermal field (energy field) and stress field under certain time-space conditions in the early Proterozoic and the late-stage superimposed reworking of tectono-magmatism.
WANG TieguanDepartment of Geosciences , University of Petroleum
2000, 74(3):632-640.
Abstract:Immature crude oils are a kind of unconventional petroleum resources. They are generated through early low-temperature biochemical/chemical reactions of some specific organic matter. Their geological reserves explored are as high as several hundred million tons in China. Based on a detailed organic geochemical study, five genetic mechanisms of immature oils have been proposed in this paper for early hydrocarbon generation from suberinite, resinite, bacteria-reworked terrestrial organic matter, biolipids and sulphur-rich macromolecules respectively.
CAI Dongsheng , LUO Yuhui , YAO Changhua , Research Institute of the Bohai Corporation of CNOOC , Tianjin HE Jiankun , HU Shengbiao , Institute of Geology , Geophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing LU Huafu , WANG Liangshu Department of Earth Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu
2000, 74(3):641-650.
Abstract:This paper, for the first time, deals with a more systematic study of the structures in the Bohaipetroliferous area that covers nearly one third of the Bohai Bay basin. The study mainly involves the effects of preexisting basement faults on the basin formation, the characteristics of basin geometry and kinetics, the modelling of the tectonic-thermal history, the polycyclicity and heterogeneity in the structural evolution and the natural seismic tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle. The authors analyze the features of the dynamic evolution of the basin in the paper and point out that the basin in the Bohai petroliferous area is an extensional pull-apart basin.
LI Peilian , HOU Hongbin , MA Huifu China National Star Petroleum Corporation , No. Beisihuan Xilu , Beijing
2000, 74(3):651-660.
Abstract:There are two Cenozoic sedimentary basins in the East China Sea. They are the East China Sea shelf basin and the Okinawa Trough basin. The former can be divided into a western and an eastern rift region. The development of the shelf basin underwent continental-margin fault depression, post-rift and then tectonic inversion stages. Available exploration results show that the distribution of source rocks is controlled by the basin architecture and its tectonic evolution. In the Xihu depression, mudstones and coals are the main source rocks. The eastern rift region has good geological conditions for the formation of large oil and gas fields.
2000, 74(3):661-665.
Abstract:The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau located in the Tethyan tectonic domain is the best developed region of Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sediments in China. The Qiangtang basin is the biggest and relatively stable area of the plateau. Triassic and Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks are extensively distributed in the basin. There exist good dolomite and organic reef reservoirs and mudstone and evaporite cap rocks, as well as well-developed structural traps in the basin; in addition destroyed petroleum traps have been discovered. Therefore, the conditions of petroleum geology in the Qiangtang basin are excellent
LONG Shengxiang , WANG ChuanResearch Institute of Petroleum Geology , China National StarPetroleum Corporation CNSPC , Xueyuan Rd , Beijing and LI Yuzhan Exploration Department , CNSPC , Xueyuan Rd , Beijing
2000, 74(3):666-673.
Abstract:The gas resources assessment expert system is one of the advanced methods for appraising oil and gas resources. The establishment of a knowledge base is the focal task in developing the expert system. This paper presents a summary of the mechanism and the major controlling factors in the formation of gas pools in the southeast uplift of the Songliao basin. Then an appropriate assessment model is established for trapping the gas resources and a knowledge base built in the expert system to realize the model. By using the expert system to appraise the gas-bearing probability of 25 major traps of the Quantou and Denglouku Formations in the Shiwu-Dehui area, the authors have proved that the expert system is suitable for appraising traps in the Songliao basin and similar basins.
ZHOU Liqing , YANG Shengliang , LEI YixinExploration , Development Department , East China Petroleum Bureau , CNSPC , South Rehe Rd. , Xiaguan District , Nanjing , Jiangsu
2000, 74(3):674-679.
Abstract:In the Northern Jiangsu basin there are high pure CO2 gas pools, low condensed oil-containing CO2 gas pools, high condensed oil-containing CO2 gas pools and He-containing natural gas pools, with the δ13Cco2 (PDB) values ranging from -2.87‰ to -6.50‰, 3He/4He 3.71×10-6 to 6.42×10-6, R/Ra 2.64 to 4.5, 40Ar/36Ar 705 to 734, belonging to typical mantle source inorganic gas pools which are related to young magmatic activity. The gas layers occur in two major reservoir-caprock systems, the terrestrial Meso-Cenozoic clastic rock system and the marine Meso-Palaeozoic carbonate rock-clastic rock system. Controlled by the difference in the scale of traps in the two reservoir-caprock systems, large and medium-scale inorganic gas pools are formed in the marine Meso-Palaeozoic Group and only small ones are formed in the terrestrial Meso-Cenozoic strata. Inorganic gas pools in this basin are distributed along the two deep lithospheric faults on the west and south boundaries of the basin. Gas pools are developed
LIAO Zewen , GENG AnsongThe State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong
2000, 74(3):680-684.
Abstract:It is a special petroleum geological phenomenon that Silurian oilsands are extensively distributed in the central and northeast Tarim basin. Some geochemical studies of the oilsands have been carried out, but there is still great controversy over the hydrocarbon-regenerating potential of oilsands and the possibility of Silurian oilsands as hydrocarbon source rocks. In this study, the kinetics of asphaltenes pyrolysis was directly used to simulate the potential of Silurian oilsands for regenerating hydrocarbons. According to the experimental results, combined with other related organic geochemical analysis, it is considered that Silurian oilsands in the Tarim basin have a high hydrocarbon-regenerating potential and are latent hydrocarbon source rocks.
FENG Weiheng , FENG Yun Shanghai Gamma Ray Technology Co. , Ltd. , Laohumin Rd. , Shanghai
2000, 74(3):685-691.
Abstract:The main reason why the application of nuclear technology in petroleum exploration has not yet been accepted by most exploration workers is that they are not clear about the homologous distribution features of oil and gas fields and radioactive radiation. The authors hold that the disequilibrium of uranium, radium and radon as a natural radioactive series is the basic feature in the use of this technology in petroleum exploration. The invention Gamma-ray Spectral Measurement of the Equilibium Coefficient Kp and Its Embodiment of the senior author now can readily solve that problem and replace the impedient measure of normalization of uranium and potassium to thorium that had to be proposed before. Application of this impedient measure has some limitations. In areas where the surface is covered by beach or river sands, thorium minerals such as monazite may be concentrated by placering. This could result in local thorium highs that would yield local uranium and potassium lows after normalization to thorium, and these would constitute false anomalies.This paper elucidates the relation between the equilibrium coefficient Kp and petroleum exploration and points out that immediately over petroleum the radioactive equilibrium is biased with uranium, while at peripheries of the petroleum reservoir the equilibrium is biased with radium; therefore, the true uranium content immediately over petroleum is not lower but higher, and by constrast the uranium content at peripheries of the petroleum reservoir is not higher but lower. This paper further introduces the main technical requirements for the instrument used in petroleum exploration with nuclear technology and the design basis and work procedure of the petroleum-field effective equilibrium coefficient ground detector and finally introduces the applicability of the detector in petroleum exploration through the distribution features of the equilibrium coefficient Kp of five types of trap-type petroleum deposits.
CHEN Yuanrong , JIA GuoxiangGuilin Research Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources , Fuxing Rd , Guilin , Guangxi
2000, 74(3):692-696.
Abstract:Based on the results of researches and applications for many years, it has been discovered that new methods and techniques for geochemical exploration of oil and gas such as D C, altered carbonate, Hg in absorption phase, Ks, Fe2+, d 13C, fluorescence in two and three dimensions, and N2 and O2 in heat release can give full play in the following five fields: (1) optimization of the favourable target or hollow zones and structural zones in a region; (2) evaluation of oil traps and delineation of prospective oil and gas areas; (3) prediction of deep-seated oil-bearing horizons; (4) evaluation of the genesis of oil and gas geochemical anomalies and determination of the types of oil and gas accumulations; (5) forecast of the burial depths of oil and gas pools.
HAO Peidong , CUI XiuqinNo. Geophysical Prospecting Party , East China Petroleum Bureau , China National Star Petroleum Corporation , Building , Tiantan Xincun , Guanghua Rd. , Nanjing
2000, 74(3):697-700.
Abstract:The Maoshan area is an area with well-developed igneous rocks and complex structures. The thickness of the reservoirs is generally small. The study of the reservoirs is based on seismic data, logging data and geological data. Using techniques and software such as Voxelgeo, BCI, RM, DFM and AP, the authors have made a comprehensive analysis of the lateral variation of reservoir parameters in the Upper Shazu bed of the third member of the Palaeogene Funing Formation, and compiled the thickness map of the Shazu bed. Also, with the data from ANN, BCI and the abstracting method for seismic characteristic parameters in combination with the structural factors, the authors have tried the multi-parameter and multi-method prediction of petroleum, delineated the potential oil and gas areas and proposed two well sites. The prediction of oil and gas for Well JB2 turns out to be quite successful.
TANG Shuheng China University of Mining , Technology , Beijing and LIN Dayang China National Administration of Coal Geology , Zhuozhou
2000, 74(3):701-705.
Abstract:The China National Administration of Coal Geology accomplished an assessment of coalbed methaneresources of China in 1988. The total amount of coalbed methane resources in China is 14336.944 billion m , occurring in recoverable coal seams and beneath weathering zones, with coalbed methane content equal to or higher than 4 m3 per ton and buried depths smaller than 2000 m, among which there are 967.51 billion m of predicted reserves and 13369.434 billion m of future reserves. The resources in coal reservoirs with methane content of more than 8 m per ton are 12444.087 billion m , and those with methane content between 4 to 8 m per ton are 1892.856 billion m . There are 35 districts in which the resources abundance is higher than 150 million m3 /km2 , 49 districts with the abundance between 50 million and 150 million m 3/km2 , and 31 districts with the abundance less than 50 million m3 /km2 . There is 9256.078 billion m3 of methane occurring in coal seams with buried depths less than 1500 m, and 5080.866 billion m in coal seams with buried depths between 1500 and 2000 m. There are 28 large-scale districts in which coalbed methane resources are more than 100 billions m , 28 medium-scale districts with coalbed methane resources between 20 billion and 100 billion m3 and 59 small-scale districts with resources amount less than 20 billion m3 . The Jincheng area is one of the most favourable districts for coalbed methane resources in China.
2000, 74(3):706-710.
Abstract:The paper deals with the coalbed methane gas-bearing characteristics such as the gas content, theoretical gas saturation, gas concentration and abundance, as well as coal reservoir characteristics such as the adsorption, desorption and permeability of China's coal reservoirs. The paper also introduces the resources of coalbed methane with a gas content ≥4 m3/t and their distribution in China.
LI Wenheng , GONG Shaoli Jiangxi Bureau of Coal Geology , Nanchang , Jiangxi
2000, 74(3):711-716.
Abstract:The Longtan Formation was originally thought to belong to the Late Permian, but this study reveals that the lower part of this formation belongs to the Middle Permian. The study proposes the corresponding chro-nostratigraphic boundary and new schemes for the correlation of geological sections. Based on these schemes a new understanding on the accumulation regularity of Permian coal measures in South China is reached.
YUAN Guotai , HUANG Kaifen China National Administration of Coal Geology , Zhuozhou , Hebei
2000, 74(3):717-720.
Abstract:The paper discusses the concept of mineral resources associated with coal measures. A rational and scientific classification of such mineral resources becomes more necessary with the development of science and technology. A classification scheme is proposed based on compositions and physical properties and the utilization of these associated minerals.
Chief Editor:HOU Zengqian
Governing Body:China Association for Science and Technology
Organizer:Geological Society of China
start publication :1922
ISSN:ISSN 1000-9515
CN:CN 11-2001/P