As one of crucial mineral resources, niobium (Nb) is used in superconducting materials and aerospace because of its special superconductivity, high melting point, corrosion resistance, wear resistance. Nb is an absolutely essential ingredient for high- tech industry development. The global niobium mineral resources are rich but not uniformly distributed as highest values (95%) are in Brazil. Although China is poor in niobium resources, the niobium consumption is more than a quarter of total world consumption. The vast majority of the niobium resources depend on import and there is a high risk of “bottlenecks” in China. Recent studies have shown that ore beds of the lower Xuanwei Formation (Late Permian) are highly enriched in Nb2O5 (220 μg/g), LREE (oxides of La- Lu+Y) (850~5500 μg/g), and Ga (50 μg/g), and have reached industrial grade in the Xuanwei- Weining area. The prospective reserves of niobium (Nb), gallium (Ga) and rare earth elements (REE) respectively exceed 110000 tons, 400000 tons, 20000 tons. They indicate a potential to discover more resources. Despite spatial distribution and geochemical element distribution of this type of deposit having been intensively studied, the occurrence state, migration and enrichment mechanism of Nb are still unclear limiting a clear understanding of the metallogenic mechanism. Working with Nb deposit of the Xuanwei Formation and basalt located at the bottom, this study aims to reveal the occurrence state and metallogenic mechanism by X- ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Electro- Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA). The results indicate that the main Nb- carrying mineral is anatase. The basalt generally contains a special Nb- rich mineral named titanite in the Xuanwei- Weining area. It was demonstrated that anatase is generally formed by weathering alteration of titanium minerals such as titanite. Meanwhile, some titanite weathered away to become anatase. In this way, Nb may dissolve from titanite during weathering of the titanite - rich basalt and enter into anatase. Titanite, as a major contributor, may control the migration and enrichment mechanism of niobium during the weathering process.