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作者简介:

熊盛青,男,1963年生。博士,教授级高级工程师,博士生导师,从事航空地球物理、遥感技术及地学应用研究与勘查实践工作。第三届黄汲清青年地质科学技术奖获奖者。E-mail:xsqagrs@126.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    通过六十多年的积累,我国已经基本完成了中国陆域的航磁覆盖,为区域地质构造研究提供了详实的地球物理资料。航磁异常主要反映了岩石圈中磁性物质的分布情况,尤其是构造-岩浆活动能够产生明显的磁异常,为隐伏岩浆岩的预测研究奠定了基础。镁铁—超镁铁质岩通常具有较强的磁性,可以通过航磁异常进行识别。本文基于全国1∶100万航磁数据及其岩性-构造解释结果,阐述了通过航磁异常识别镁铁—超镁铁质岩的标志和圈定方法,分析了推断镁铁—超镁铁质岩与蛇绿岩带的关系。研究表明,蛇绿岩带通常都具有形态规则、宽度窄、异常幅值大的线性或串珠状磁异常特征,主要与蛇绿岩的保存情况密切相关。蛇绿岩带通常是不同板块的拼接带,呈现出区域磁异常边界的特征,代表不同陆块的基底性质的差异。但是,部分蛇绿岩带,如弧后盆地拉张等形成的蛇绿岩,因两侧地块基底性质相似,通常不具有分割区域磁场的特点。基于航磁推断镁铁—超镁铁质岩分布,在全国划分了22个蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩带,并对岩带的特征进行了详细描述。例如,雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带呈现出双磁异常带的特征,北带磁异常的规模较大、延伸长,推断深部存在镁铁—超镁铁质岩。南带磁异常规模较小,仅在日喀则地区连续分布,其余为串珠状磁异常,且不具有分割区域磁场的特点。通过磁异常三维反演,构建了雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的深部结构模型。本文旨在通过磁异常的定性和定量分析,为蛇绿岩带(缝合带)的研究提供更多的信息,尤其是隐伏蛇绿岩,以指导铬铁矿找矿。目前航磁测量以中小比例尺为主,对于蛇绿岩带研究及铬铁矿找矿勘查是不足的,精细的分析和深部结构建模需要1∶5万或更大比例尺航磁数据。

    Abstract

    The aeromagnetic survey has almost covered the Chinese continent after the work has lasted for nearly 60 years, which provides detailed geophysical data for the study of regional geological structures. Aeromagnetic anomalies mainly reflect the distribution of magnetic materials in the lithosphere, especially the obvious magnetic anomalies produced by tectonic-magmatic activities, which lays a foundation for the prediction of concealed magmatic rocks. Mafic-ultramafic rocks usually have strong magnetic susceptibility and can be identified by aeromagnetic anomalies. Based on 1∶1000,000 aeromagnetic anomaly data and its inferred lithology and structure results in China, this paper systematically describes the identification and delineation methods of mafic-ultramafic rocks, and analyzes the relationship between inferred mafic-ultramafic rocks and ophiolite belts. The results show that the ophiolite belts usually have the characteristics of narrow width, high intensity, linear or bead-like magnetic anomaly with regular shape, which are mainly related to the preservation of the ophiolite. The ophiolite belts are usually splices of different plates, showing the boundaries of regional magnetic anomaly, and representing the differences in basement properties of different continental blocks. However, some ophiolitic belts, such as those formed by back-arc basins, usually do not divide the regional magnetic field because of the similar basement properties of the two sides of the block. Based on the inferred distribution of mafic-ultramafic rocks, 22 ophiolitic mafic-ultramafic rock belts are divided in China, and the characteristics of these belts are described in detail. For example, the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolite belt shows double magnetic anomaly zones, the northern zone is large in scale and extends over a long distance, which indicates concealed mafic-ultramafic rocks probably exist in the deep. The southern zone is small in scale and only distributed continuously in Shigatse, while the rest are beaded magnetic anomalies and do not divide regional magnetic fields. Through 3D inversion of magnetic anomalies, the deep structural characteristics of the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolite belt are constructed. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of magnetic anomalies, this paper aims to provide more information for the study of ophiolite belts, especially the concealed ophiolites, to guide chromite prospecting. At present, aeromagnetic survey is mainly carried out on small and medium scale, which is insufficient for ophiolite belt research and chromite exploration, and 1∶50000 or larger scale aeromagnetic data are needed for detailed analysis and deep structure modeling.

  • 蛇绿岩(ophiolite)指的是保存在造山带中的洋壳和上地幔的残余,完整的蛇绿岩套主要包括构造地幔橄榄岩(方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩)、堆晶杂岩(堆晶地幔橄榄岩、辉石岩、层状/均质辉长岩等)、镁铁质席状岩群、镁铁质火山岩(一般为枕状玄武岩)和海相沉积岩等。蛇绿岩为地球壳-幔圈层间相互作用的产物,记录了大洋岩石圈形成、俯冲、消亡等造山作用的全过程信息,蛇绿岩研究是解剖造山带与造山作用以及研究大地构造和岩石圈动力学的重要环节(肖序常,1995李锦轶,1996Dilek and Furnes,20112014Pearce,2014Yang Jingsui et al.,2014吴福元等,2014张旗,2014刘飞等,2015Yang Jingsui et al.,2021杨经绥等,2021敖松坚等,2022杨胜标等,2022)。在深源成矿方面,蛇绿岩中的豆荚状铬铁矿是我国工业铬铁矿的重要资源,在铬铁矿成矿和找矿研究中需要关注蛇绿岩的定位和分布问题(Nicolas,1986王希斌等,1992Arai et al.,19942016Zhou Meifu et al.,19962014姚玉鹏等,1997Rollinson,2008鲍佩声,2009Dilek and Furnes,2011Boudier and Al-Rajhi,2014González-Jiménez et al.,2014a2014b熊发挥等,2015a杨经绥等,2021)。

  • 蛇绿岩的分类可根据不同的岩石组合、构造属性、矿物的元素和同位素地球化学特征限定洋脊扩张速率和构造背景,进而揭示古洋盆的形成和地球动力学演化规律,从而指导其来源、成因、识别等方面的深入研究(Miyashiro,1975Church and Riccio,1977肖序常,1995张旗和肖序常,1995)。目前认为蛇绿岩形成于多种构造环境:洋中脊、弧后盆地、弧前盆地、活动大陆边缘、被动大陆边缘、转换断层或者几种复合环境。随着蛇绿岩定义的更新,以其生成环境分为与俯冲作用无关的蛇绿岩和与俯冲作用有关的蛇绿岩两大类,其中与俯冲作用无关的蛇绿岩可划分为陆缘型、洋中脊型、地幔柱型3个亚类,与俯冲作用相关的蛇绿岩可划分为俯冲带上盘型和火山弧型2个亚类(Moores,1982Coleman,1984张旗,1990Dilek and Furnes,2011张进等,2012)。

  • 我国构造环境复杂多样,蛇绿岩分布广泛且特征类型多样,我国学者在20世纪70~90年代开展了全国蛇绿岩分布规律研究,取得系列重要成果。王荃和刘雪亚(1981)总结了全国空间上自北而南的13条已知蛇绿岩带,并研究了新元古代和显生宙的蛇绿岩形成时代。白文吉等(1989)总结中国镁铁—超镁铁质岩的研究资料,把中国蛇绿岩分为11个带,时代从新元古代直至新生代。周作侠(1990)根据构造特征、蛇绿岩岩石组合和年代学特征,划分出全国及邻区的12个蛇绿岩带,在时代上主要为印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅山期。王希斌和郝梓国(1994)认为中国造山带蛇绿岩及其解体的超镁铁质岩体大都沿着缝合带和深大断裂出露,最终形成了21条不同时代与规模的岩带,并分为四种构造类型。李锦轶(1996)从中国蛇绿岩时空分布与大陆地壳结构及形成过程的关系角度,描述了天山—兴安区、昆仑—祁连—秦岭区、三江—青藏区的蛇绿岩分布和形成时代。张旗等(2003)归纳和总结前人资料结合更新的研究成果,从古亚洲洋、秦祁昆洋、古特提斯洋、新特提斯洋和环太平洋5个区域概述中国蛇绿岩的分布、时代、构造环境和地球化学特征。李智佩等(2020)梳理了中国西北地区蛇绿混杂岩的空间分布与时间序列,描述其特征并探讨西北地区蛇绿岩时空分布与地质构造演化的关系,36条蛇绿混杂岩带是蛇绿岩的赋存空间,并划归为5个区、2个对接带和2个缝合带。以上针对于中国蛇绿岩分布的研究和总结,基本上是依赖于野外发现蛇绿岩资料的积累、地质构造认识的进步和地球化学资料的收集,对于隐伏或埋深较大的蛇绿岩的特征和分布有待深入研究。

  • 在地球物理研究方面,航磁资料在大区域乃至全国范围内的研究工作中具有覆盖范围广、包含大量深部信息的优势,在蛇绿岩的分布和产状识别等方面发挥着重要作用,已经在多个研究区用于蛇绿岩和缝合带的识别。国外学者自20世纪70年代开始,结合航磁数据特征及其处理解释结果,用于识别蛇绿岩带,反映其空间位置或展布形态。根据蛇绿岩高磁性的特征,以航磁数据高幅值、大梯度等特征直接识别蛇绿岩,并能够识别出巨厚沉积物覆盖下的蛇绿岩带,反映其水平和地下延伸范围、线性特征等,例如古巴Moa蛇绿岩、Shetland群岛带、新西兰Dun Mountain蛇绿岩带、摩洛哥Bon Azzer-El Graara蛇绿岩等(Charles and James,1998Cassano et al.,2001Batista et al.,2002Eccles et al.,2005Abderrahmane et al.,2006;José,2006;Quiroga et al.,2007;Spicer et al.,2010Langenheim et al.,2011Carlos et al.,2014Thomas et al.,2019Kumar et al.,2020Teknik et al.,2020Ayoub et al.,2022)。航磁数据对于其控制断裂、岩浆活动、磁性基底起伏等地质构造特征均能反映,因此,可用于解释构造进而间接识别蛇绿岩(Teknik and Ghods,2017;Michels et al.,2020;Bilim and Aydemir,2021;El-Sawy et al.,2022Mohamed et al.,2022Mohammed et al.,2023)。同时,以航磁数据为主,结合重力、地震、岩石物性、遥感等地学数据的综合地球物理反演和解释方法也应用于蛇绿岩的识别,例如Shetland群岛蛇绿岩带、直布罗陀南部弧形带、Anatolia蛇绿岩带、挪威leka蛇绿岩带、沙特阿拉伯Ablah带、塞浦路斯Troodos蛇绿岩等(Derek,2000;Savvaidis et al.,2000Zaigham and Mallick,2000;Bektaş et al.,2007;Dolmaz,2007;Spicer et al.,2008;Cigdem et al.,2012Al-Harbi et al.,2015Amar et al.,2015Petrović et al.,2015Michels et al.,2018Carlos et al.,2020)。

  • 随着中国陆域航空磁测资料的积累,中国学者在采用航磁数据识别蛇绿岩或缝合带方面也开展了一些研究。例如,通过对青藏高原高精度航磁资料的研究,雅鲁藏布江、班公湖-怒江、西昆仑、阿尔金等缝合带航磁反映较为明显,据此分析了蛇绿岩(镁铁—超镁铁质岩)的分布特征,尤其是反映出雅鲁藏布江南北两条蛇绿岩带,并根据航磁处理转换结果推断北部(布仁县以西)存在隐伏蛇绿岩带,且向下有更大的延深(熊盛青等,2001姚正煦等,2001周伏洪等,2001汪兴旺等,2008Xiong Shengqing,2021)。潘桂棠等(2004)针对班公湖-怒江缝合带南北两侧,通过对比包括航磁异常特征在内的各种地球物理特征差异,综合证据认为班公湖-怒江缝合带为冈瓦纳大陆的北界。杨经绥等(2011)根据阿里地区航磁异常分布位置和范围,识别雅鲁藏布江缝合带最西端的东波超镁铁质岩体并推断其深部产状,结合岩相学和矿物组分与已知的罗布莎地幔橄榄岩对比,推断东波岩体为寻找铬铁矿的有利蛇绿岩体。姜枚等(201320152016)在雅鲁藏布江缝合带,以航磁和区域重力异常识别蛇绿岩带分布位置和范围,结合大地电磁测深和反射地震剖面,反演岩体的深部结构和地下延伸情况,有利于进一步圈定蛇绿岩铬铁矿的找矿远景范围。综合地球物理方法同样在罗布莎蛇绿岩体研究中发挥作用,通过航磁和区域重力异常识别与反演计算,预测出隐伏的高磁高密度的超镁铁岩体(路利春等,2017刘良志等,2018)。邵济安等(2020)基于航磁和重力资料的处理与反演,表明贺根山岩块贯穿地壳且存在超壳断裂,结合大地电磁剖面测深进一步证实贺根山缝合带存在根部。骆遥等(2017)通过1∶5万高精度航空磁测和航空γ能谱资料,厘定丹凤资峪—郭家沟一带蛇绿岩范围,同时推断了残存的蛇绿岩和镁铁—超镁铁质岩。根据东北地区的航磁数据和区域重力资料,西拉木伦河断裂带可能为华北板块和西伯利亚板块的缝合带(苏美霞等,2014孙中任等,2020)。

  • 以往国内外应用航磁资料研究蛇绿岩的案例大多针对某一蛇绿岩带或某一地块结合带,并无区域性或陆域等较大范围的系统性研究,缺少统计与规律总结,全国范围内基于航磁数据的蛇绿岩分布和特征研究还有待深入。本文依据蛇绿岩的岩石物性和构造背景,以全国航磁图为基础,总结已知蛇绿岩在不同尺度航磁异常上的响应特征,综合分析航磁推断的镁铁—超镁铁质岩和断裂构造分布,初步划分我国的蛇绿岩带分布,分别阐述其航磁-地质特征,简要分析铬铁矿的找矿方向。针对典型的蛇绿岩带,开展三维物性反演研究,获取深部结构特征,旨在为深化我国蛇绿岩研究提供基础地球物理资料。

  • 1 航磁圈定镁铁—超镁铁质岩与蛇绿岩带的方法

  • 岩石磁性研究表明,大多数岩浆岩具有磁性,且随着岩石基性程度的增高而磁性增强,在磁场上能引起形态各异的磁异常。利用航磁资料进行岩浆岩填图,通常是结合地质资料和重力等其他地球物理资料综合分析,对不同类型已知岩浆岩引起的磁异常进行分析、归类,再依据磁异常形态、强度、规模以及变化规律等建立超镁铁质岩、镁铁质岩、中酸性岩、酸性侵入岩和火山岩的磁异常解释标志,进行各类岩浆岩的圈定(熊盛青等,2016a)。一般具磁性的侵入岩体引起的磁异常形态比较规则,常呈似等轴状、椭圆状、条带状的特点。因岩性不同异常强度就存在差异,从酸性岩到超镁铁质岩随着暗色矿物含量的增加,磁性增强,引起的磁异常强度也逐渐增大,这是区分不同类型侵入岩的重要依据。需要说明的是,同一类岩体因其产出时代和条件不同,磁性可能变化很大,引起的磁异常强度也不同。另外,当岩体埋藏深度不同时,其磁异常强度也是不同的,这些因素给确定岩体的岩性增加了难度。

  • 1.1 镁铁—超镁铁质岩的航磁异常标志

  • (1)超镁铁质岩类:这类岩体磁性强,常可引起上千nT的磁异常。由于超镁铁质岩规模不大,引起的异常范围也较小,在磁场上反映为等轴状或似等轴状、椭圆状、条带状磁异常。航磁异常不受覆盖层的影响,通常能够更全面地圈定超镁铁质岩的范围(图1)。

  • (2)镁铁质岩类:主要指辉长岩、辉绿岩类。一般镁铁质岩都具有较强的磁性,在磁场上可引起几十至几百nT的磁异常。异常形态规则或较规则,梯度较陡。在磁场上反映为似等轴状、椭圆状、条带状磁异常(图2、图3)。镁铁质岩类与超镁铁质岩类引起的磁异常形态差别不大,仅是磁异常强度大小存在差异。在许多情况下,既有超镁铁质岩又有镁铁质岩,在有的地区为蛇绿岩型,即为古洋地幔和洋壳残片,有的则为岩浆侵入型,它们是引起沿深断裂带展布的高值磁异常带和线性磁异常的主因。因保留完整的蛇绿岩层序组合的地质体并不多,且产出方式和岩性又十分复杂,无法细分,统称为镁铁—超镁铁质岩。这类岩体一般磁性强,规模较小,引起磁异常范围不大,多表现为局部升高的强磁异常、断续窄小磁异常和线性升高异常,异常强度达几十至几千nT不等,异常形态规则,梯度大,这是与中酸性岩体引起的异常相区别的主要标志。

  • 1.2 镁铁—超镁铁质岩体的圈定

  • 依据航磁异常确定岩体边界的方法如下:

  • 图1 甘肃省武山蛇绿岩航磁异常特征

  • Fig.1 Aeromagnetic anomalies feature of Wushan ophiolite in Gansu Province

  • (a)—1∶50万地质图;(b)—航磁化极等值线阴影图

  • (a) —geological map in 1∶500000; (b) —contour map of aeromagnetic anomaly reduction to the pole (RTP)

  • 图2 四川攀枝花辉长岩航磁ΔT垂向一阶导数特征(图中白色实线表示岩体出露范围)

  • Fig.2 The first vertical derivative feature of aeromagnetic anomaly of gabbro in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province (the white solid line indicates the exposure range of rocks)

  • (1)在航磁ΔT化极等值线图上,将磁异常的梯度带作为岩体的边界。

  • (2)当磁异常规模小或迭加在区域背景场上不易区辨时,利用航磁ΔT化极垂向一阶导数图进行识别和圈定,对小规模磁异常反映的岩体按零值线圈定其边界。

  • (3)将所圈定的岩体范围与航磁ΔT化极场斜导数图进行比对,对圈定的边界作适当的修正,其磁异常高值带则反映磁性体边界。

  • (4)受制于磁测方法原理的局限性,仅依据航磁数据尚无法细致地区分蛇绿岩型、岩浆岩型等不同类型的镁铁—超镁铁质岩体,需结合现有的地质认识综合判别。

  • 1.3 镁铁—超镁铁质岩分布图的编制

  • 本文在最新编制的中国陆域航磁系列图(熊盛青等,2015a)综合地质解释的基础上,编制镁铁—超镁铁质岩分布图,其编图原则如下:

  • (1)除利用航磁资料圈定隐伏岩体外,将已出露的岩体也在图中标出。已出露的岩体是依据中国地质调查局发展研究中心提供的1∶50万数字地质图编注的。

  • (2)对出露的已知岩浆岩,根据磁异常特征扩大其范围。

  • (3)实线圈定的岩浆岩范围表示已知岩体范围,虚线范围表示新圈定的隐伏岩浆岩体范围。

  • 1.4 蛇绿岩带的厘定

  • 严格来讲,根据航磁局部异常特征难以区分蛇绿岩型和非蛇绿岩型(造山型)镁铁—超镁铁质岩,规模小的蛇绿岩带也可能逆冲推覆陆块之上,没有区域磁场的差异。但是,在考虑大洋演化过程中形成弧盆体系的前提下,结合地质资料综合研究认为,沿缝合带或深断裂带展布的高磁异常带和线性磁异常往往是蛇绿岩带的反映,航磁异常可以反映出其中的镁铁—超镁铁质岩以及蛇绿岩带的分布特征。同时,根据蛇绿岩的种类不同,其展示的磁异常特征也有明显的差异。蛇绿岩带通常是不同板块的拼接带,呈现出区域磁异常边界的特征,代表不同陆块的基底性质的差异,如雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带,其南部为平静的负背景场,而北部为剧烈变化的磁场区。部分蛇绿岩带,如弧后盆地拉张等形成的蛇绿岩,通常不具有分割区域磁场的特点,两侧地块基底性质相似,如阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带。

  • 图3 湖北竹山地区辉绿岩航磁ΔT异常特征

  • Fig.3 Aeromagnetic ΔT anomaly feature of diabase in Zhushan, Hubei Province

  • 1 —零线;2—正等值线;3—负等值线(nT/km);4—岩体出露范围

  • 1 —zero lines; 2—positive contour; 3—negative contour (nT/km) ; 4—the outcrop of rocks

  • 蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩带在航磁ΔT剖面平面图中往往表现为呈带状分布的梯度陡、强度大的正负伴生异常,以超镁铁质岩体为主体产生的异常沿走向可长达百余千米甚至更长,一般以正异常为主,负异常伴生在北侧,形态规则(图4);在ΔT等值线平面图和化极、垂向一阶导数等值线平面图中表现为特征明显、界线清晰的串珠状异常带或椭圆状异常,在航磁化极上延图上也有较清晰的线性异常显示。而非蛇绿岩型(造山型)镁铁—超镁铁质岩一般引起的航磁异常往往零散或孤立状分布。

  • 在1∶5万大比例尺航磁图上,蛇绿岩的异常特征更加清晰,主要表现为呈带状或串珠状分布的高磁异常,部分也呈现出团块状磁异常,主要由超镁铁质岩的规模和产状决定。以北祁连中段蛇绿岩的航磁特征为例,可以看出蛇绿岩具有明显的分带特征,受限于复杂的地形地质条件,地表观测通常难以查明隐伏超镁铁质岩的分布特征,航磁异常能够更全面的揭示蛇绿岩的分布范围(图5)。

  • 2 航磁识别的中国主要蛇绿岩带及其分布特征

  • 根据我国最新的1∶100万航磁资料(熊盛青等,2015a),结合地质和其他地球物理资料的综合分析,开展了中国陆域岩浆岩和断裂构造的推断解释(熊盛青等,2016a),共圈出隐伏岩浆岩3401处,扩大岩浆岩范围的463处,并确定其类型,分别圈出9个超镁铁质岩带、10个镁铁质岩带(区)、27个中酸性岩带和8个火山岩发育区,该图包括航磁推断的岩体和地质上已知的岩体,系统地展示了我国陆域1∶100万尺度的岩浆岩分布特征(熊盛青等,2015bXiong Shengqing et al.,2016b)。

  • 图4 雅鲁藏布江中段蛇绿岩带(局部)航磁剖面异常特征

  • Fig.4 Aeromagnetic anomaly feature of profile in middle Yarlung Zangbo ophiolite belt (partial)

  • 图5 北祁连中段航磁和蛇绿岩分布特征

  • Fig.5 Aeromagnetic and distribution of ophiolite in middle part of North Qilian

  • (a)—航磁异常图;(b)—推断超镁铁质岩分布范围

  • (a) —aeromagnetic anomaly map; (b) —distribution of inferred ultramafic rocks

  • 2.1 全国蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩带分布

  • 基于上述研究成果,本文编制了全国镁铁—超镁铁质岩分布图,在全国范围内新推断出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体585处,扩大已知岩体范围104处,岩体规模一般不大,多数面积在100~400 km2之间,个别岩体面积大于1000 km2。推断镁铁—超镁铁质岩体在西南部分布较为广泛,且具有带状、连续性好的特点。其次为华北锡林浩特、二连浩特、承德,西北新疆北疆、阿尔金,甘肃马鬃山、嘉峪关,东南部钦杭等地区,这些地区的分布亦较为连续,其他地区主要呈零星分布。按照宏观分布特征,结合地质资料综合研究,共识别出22个蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩带(图6)。综合分析认为,通过全国1∶100万航磁异常图识别的镁铁—超镁铁质岩带为概略划分,部分地区为多条蛇绿岩带的综合反映,例如北祁连造山带存在多条蛇绿混杂岩带,显示为北西向的镁铁—超镁铁质岩分布,在大比例尺航磁图上有清晰反映(图5)。

  • 我国陆域镁铁—超镁铁质岩主要分布在中国的西部、西南部、北部的北疆—北山—贺兰山—大兴安岭、昆仑山—阿尔金山—祁连山—秦岭—大别、西藏—三江及雪峰山—武陵山等地区。中部和南部较少,华南地区有零星出露。产出的大地构造位置主要为古亚洲洋、秦祁昆洋、古特提斯洋、新特提斯洋、环太平洋等5个区域(张旗等,2003)。依据航磁解释识别出的镁铁—超镁铁质岩体的分布与上述研究结果基本吻合,本文岩带的划分与命名充分参考了前人的研究成果(王荃和刘雪亚,1981周作侠,1990王希斌和郝梓国,1994李锦轶,1996李智佩等,2020),并有许多岩带与王希斌和郝梓国(1994)的划分方案基本吻合,但新圈出了大量的隐伏岩体。

  • 图6 中国陆域航磁识别的蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质侵入岩带分布图

  • Fig.6 Distribution of ophiolitic-type mafic-ultramafic intrusions inferred by aeromagnetic data in Chinese continent

  • ①—雅鲁藏布江岩带;②—班公错-怒江岩带;③—金沙江-红河岩带;④—甘孜-理塘岩带;⑤—炉霍-道孚岩带;⑥—昌宁-孟连岩带;⑦—西昆仑岩带;⑧—阿尔金岩带;⑨—东昆仑岩带;⑩—阿尼玛卿岩带;⑪—祁连山岩带;⑫—东天山-北山岩带;⑬—北天山岩带;⑭—南天山岩带;⑮—东准噶尔岩带;⑯—西准噶尔岩带;⑰—苏红图-乌拉特岩带;⑱—贺根山-二连岩带;⑲—那大哈达-饶河岩带;⑳—秦岭岩带;㉑—皖南-赣东北岩带;㉒—江南造山带岩带

  • ①—Yarlung Zangbo belt; ②—Bangong-Nujiang belt; ③—Jinshajiang-Red River belt; ④—Ganzi-Litang belt; ⑤—Luhuo-Daofu belt; ⑥—Changning-Menglian belt; ⑦—Western Kunlun belt; ⑧—Altyn belt; ⑨—Eastern Kunlun belt; ⑩—Anyemaqen belt; ⑪—Qilian belt; ⑫—Eastern Tianshan-Beishan belt; ⑬—Northern Tianshan belt; ⑭—Southern Tianshan belt; ⑮—Eastern Junggar belt; ⑯—Western Junggar belt; ⑰—Suhongtu-Urad belt; ⑱—Erenhot-Hegenshan belt; ⑲—Nadanhada-Raohe belt; ⑳—Qinling belt; ㉑—Wannan-Gandong belt; ㉒—Jiangnan orogenic belt

  • 需要说明的是,在航磁识别出的这些岩带中,可能包含有部分非蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩体,这需要进一步的地质研究;在这些岩带之外,可能还分布有蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩体,由于其规模小且分布零散,没有单独划分出岩带。

  • 2.2 蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩带与断裂构造的关系

  • 断裂活动必然分割地质体的连续性,或沿断裂有岩浆活动,或受断裂的切割而使盖层、基底发生垂直或水平位移,从而导致原来比较统一的地球物理场或地表地层发生变化,这种变化往往体现在重、磁异常图上,在磁场上多反映为巨大的线性异常带、串珠状异常带、线性梯度带或不同磁场区的分界线;在重力场上多显示为重力梯级带。该类断裂带一般延伸较长,地表伴有强烈的岩浆活动。需要说明的是,航磁图提供的是一种透视信息,可确切地指出深断裂的存在和位置,但依据航磁图划分出的断裂位置与在地表确定出的构造位置有时并不完全吻合,这可能缘于航磁反映的是中深层的断裂构造(熊盛青等,2016a王德华等,2018张翔等,2019王禹丹等,2022)。

  • 通过航磁异常特征对全国深大断裂的解释,可以看出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体基本都沿着深大断裂分布,利用航磁异常圈定的镁铁—超镁铁质岩带与中国陆域大型缝合带、造山带位置基本一致,这对于蛇绿岩带的识别有重要意义(图7)。

  • 2.3 主要蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩带分析

  • 前人认为我国蛇绿岩主要分布于四个区域,即西南地区的特提斯蛇绿岩诸岩带、塔里木-中朝地台南缘的秦岭-祁连-昆仑蛇绿岩诸岩带、塔里木-中朝地台北缘的天山-内蒙古-兴安蛇绿岩岩带,以及中国东部大陆边缘的少数蛇绿岩带(王希斌和郝梓国,1994)。随着对蛇绿岩的深入认识,部分学者对其中一些蛇绿岩带产生质疑,认为蛇绿岩作为复杂体系,本质上是构造问题,而非单纯的岩石和地球化学问题,需要以构造地质、地球物理、地球化学、岩石学等多学科去认识与解决(任纪舜等,2019张旗等,2022)。对于可能存在的蛇绿岩,目前存在较大分歧与争议,尚待学术界的共同探讨与研究。本文仅从地球物理的角度,基于我国1∶100万航磁数据资料,重点论述新推断出的具有明显特征性磁场反映的镁铁—超镁铁质岩带,分析各岩带或岩体的航磁异常特征、时空分布规律,以及形成现状的地质构造意义等。各岩带及推断岩体参照《中国陆域断裂及岩浆岩分布图》(熊盛青等,2015b)。

  • 2.3.1 雅鲁藏布江岩带

  • 该岩带大致沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布,位于特提斯喜马拉雅与拉萨地块之间。航磁清楚地显示出南北两条平行排列的近东西向展布的磁异常带,两带相距约25~30 km,自西向东延伸全长约1500 km。依据航磁资料共识别出超镁铁质岩体74处,其中已知岩体32处,蛇绿岩10处,推断岩体32处,扩大已知岩体范围的15处。岩体规模一般较大,大多数有400 km2,最大可达1500 km2

  • 图7 中国陆域航磁识别的镁铁—超镁铁质岩带与断裂分布特征(岩带编号同图6)

  • Fig.7 Mafic-ultramafic rocks and fault distribution inferred by aeromagnetic data in Chinese continent (the number of lithologic belts is the same as Fig.6)

  • 北岩带位于雅鲁藏布江北岸,延伸比南带长,向西延伸至境外,镁铁—超镁铁质岩体产生的单个磁异常规模大,沿走向可长达数十至上百千米,且呈现正负峰伴生的规则异常,异常幅值为300~700 nT,最大可达1000 nT。依据航磁异常带分布特征,北带又分为东、中、西三段。其东段位于大竹卡以东,与地质上的东段相吻合,可见蛇绿岩型镁铁-超镁铁质岩断续分布,泽当、罗布莎等已知岩体规模较大。其西段位于扎西岗—马攸木拉,由较宽缓的磁异常组成,异常强度为200~300 nT,负值在-100~-200 nT,由西向东,长约370 km,异常形态规则,北陡南缓。中段位于谢通门—日喀则北以东地区,位于冈底斯花岗岩带的最南缘,冈底斯中段阿木雄杂岩体南缘与南北向裂谷带交切地段,多数异常以正峰为主出现,异常强度较大,幅值一般在300~400 nT,最高可达600 nT,该段地表出露花岗岩和火山岩,但通过物性资料分析,结合磁异常的磁性场源深度成像、三维反演和可视化建模,认为出露的花岗岩不足引起强磁异常,推测在花岗岩、火山岩之下2~3 km存在磁化强度更高的超镁铁质岩体,向下延深可达10 km以上(熊盛青等,2001汪兴旺等,2008Xiong Shengqing,2021)。野外地质调查发现,在该段地表断续出露了一条东西向辉长岩-辉绿岩-辉石岩小岩体带,与航磁异常在空间上基本吻合,地质上把其归为冈底斯岛弧下地壳,认为可能是岩浆底侵作用的产物(莫宣学等,20052020董国臣等,2008胡斌,2019夏文杰等,2020)。因此隐伏的镁铁—超镁铁质岩是否直接与地表出露的小岩体相连,还需要更多的地质证据。

  • 南岩带位于平稳的负背景场中,航磁异常断续分布,可分为东、西两段。东段位于萨嘎—白朗东,航磁反映为线性异常带,幅值为300~900 nT,与地表出露的日喀则、白朗等已知蛇绿岩岩体大致吻合。西段位于萨嘎—东坡以西,反映为呈带状分布的串珠状异常,幅值为100~200 nT(姚正煦等,2001熊盛青等,2016a),地表出露的东坡、普兰、修古嘎布、仲巴等岩体均有航磁异常反映。

  • 雅鲁藏布江岩带在磁场上延20~50 km图上(图8c、d),整体上深部磁场边界条带特征反映仍十分清晰、连续性好,表明该缝合带作为欧亚板块与印度板块的缝合线,断裂下延较深。当磁场上延至20 km时,西、中、东分段特征明显,均为正磁异常带,中段规模最小、宽度最窄。当磁场上延至50 km时,西段表现为宽缓的椭圆状正磁异常,东段日喀则蛇绿岩带深部磁场呈团块拉伸状高磁特征,推测该处可能深部存在隐伏的强磁性体,中段磁异常形态模糊,梯度较缓,与东、西两段存在明显差异。

  • 图8 雅鲁藏布江缝合带和班公湖-怒江缝合带航磁异常特征

  • Fig.8 Aeromagnetic anomalies of Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and Bangong-Nujiang suture zone

  • (a)—航磁ΔT化极;(b)—航磁ΔT化极垂向一次导数;(c)—航磁ΔT化极上延20 km;(d)—航磁ΔT化极上延50 km;(e)—蛇绿岩分布图(据刘飞等,2020修改)

  • (a) —aeromagnetic reduction to the pole (RTP) ; (b) —first vertical derivative of aeromagnetic RTP; (c) —upward continuation 20 km of aeromagnetic RTP; (d) —upward continuation 50 km of aeromagnetic RTP; (e) —distribution of ophiolite (modified after Liu Fei et al., 2020)

  • 地质上将该蛇绿岩带划分为东段(曲水—墨脱)、中段(桑桑—仁布)和西段(萨嘎—中印边界),西段又分为南蛇绿岩支(达巴—休古嘎布)和北蛇绿岩支(达机翁—萨嘎),蛇绿岩的出露形态多为透镜状、囊状等不规则形状,分布不连续,其中东段出露面积规模较小,中段次之,西段出露面积最大(张万平等,2011刘飞等,2020)。航磁圈出的北带东段、西段分别与地质上的东段吻合、西段北带大致吻合,航磁圈出的南带大致与地质上的西段南带吻合,而北带中段是新发现,值得引起高度关注。

  • 雅鲁藏布江岩带是中国境内新特提斯洋最晚闭合的残留,代表了新特提斯洋闭合之后印度-欧亚大陆的俯冲-碰撞界线。缝合带主要由不同的蛇绿混杂岩构成,其中日喀则一带的蛇绿岩规模较大、层序完整,是发育最好的超慢速扩张型蛇绿岩;蛇绿岩发育的地幔橄榄岩、玄武岩、深海沉积等构成单元的岩石学、矿物学、年代学和地球化学等特征,能够反映该缝合带构造特征和动力学演化历史、新特提斯洋发育和消亡历程等(王玉净和舒良树,2001Pan Guitang et al.,2012吴福元等,2014杨胜标等,20212022)。该缝合带中蛇绿岩的年代学数据表明,其形成时间主要集中在174~120 Ma的中侏罗世至早白垩世,东段蛇绿岩形成于侏罗纪~170 Ma,中段与西段蛇绿岩形成的年龄相近,在130~120 Ma之间(熊发挥等,2011)。随着深入研究,部分观点认为雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩带代表较为完整的洋壳剖面,与上覆白垩纪日喀则群弧前盆地沉积呈整合或假整合沉积接触,与其南侧特提斯喜马拉雅构造带之间发育一条幔内型推覆韧性剪切带,它是伴随洋盆消减过程的洋内剪切作用产物(许志琴,1984Metcalfe,1996肖序常和王军,1998张万平,2012),推测在早白垩世初期前,雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩代表的新特提斯洋内可能发生过洋壳与洋壳间的俯冲作用。

  • 然而,东、中、西段缝合带蛇绿岩的航磁区域场和异常特征不同。新的研究认为,雅鲁藏布江缝合带存在两种类型的蛇绿岩。中段蛇绿岩形成于典型的SSZ环境的弧前盆地,包括日喀则、萨嘎和桑桑蛇绿岩;东段和西段地幔橄榄岩形成于MOR环境,后期普遍都受到不同程度SSZ环境的改造,如缝合带东段的泽当和杰莎岩体至少存在两次的部分熔融过程,即早期为MOR构造背景,以及后期SSZ环境的改造(熊发挥等,2015a2015b2016a2016b)。

  • 2.3.2 班公湖-怒江岩带

  • 该岩带沿班公湖-怒江缝合带分布,在磁场图上反映为由一系列规模不大的局部异常构成断续延伸的航磁异常带。通过与已知岩体对比,出露的镁铁—超镁铁质岩(或蛇绿岩)与磁异常对应较好,引起的异常形态规则,正负值伴生、以正峰为主,多数岩体异常幅值100~700 nT,个别可达700~900 nT。单个异常规模不大,分布范围多数在十余至30~40 km,少数可达近百千米。这些异常向上延拓后衰减较快,当磁场上延20 km时,多数异常已衰减消失,说明引起这些异常的镁铁—超镁铁质岩与雅鲁藏布江岩带相比规模较小(图8c)。异常形态规则、窄小、幅值低、成带状断续延伸是班公湖-怒江缝合带区别于雅鲁藏布江岩带岩体异常的最主要识别标志。

  • 依据航磁资料,沿班公错-尼玛断裂带及两侧共圈出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体119处,其中已知岩体36处,蛇绿岩29处,推断岩体54处,扩大已知范围的岩体19处,岩体规模一般在200 km2左右,最大的可达1200 km2。但这些岩体出露面积都比较小,可能大部分呈隐伏状态。岩体的分布主要受班公错-尼玛断裂带控制,分布范围相对较宽,连续性稍差,主要集中分布在日土、改则、班戈、那曲和丁青地区。在西段大致可分为北南两支,即班公错-尼玛北支岩段和狮泉河-古昌南支岩段。北支岩体集中分布在班公错-牙纳段和洞错-尼玛段,目前铬铁矿化主要见于董吉日岩体群中(熊盛青等,2016a)。

  • 该岩带是拉萨地块和南羌塘板块的构造碰撞带,也是冈瓦纳大陆内部新特提斯蛇绿岩的东延部分,其深部结构、构造和陆内断裂有待进一步研究(许伟等,2015)。缝合带主要由蛇绿岩块体、洋岛残片、复理石以及微小陆块等组成,代表性的蛇绿岩有班公湖蛇绿岩、洞错蛇绿岩、东巧蛇绿岩和安多蛇绿岩,主体形成于侏罗纪,局部为早白垩世的康穷蛇绿岩和觉鲁蛇绿岩(Liu Weiliang et al.,2014Xu Wei et al.,2015罗安波,2023)。岩带内存在大规模同碰撞期与陆壳深俯冲相关的高级变质岩,该带两侧的南羌塘地体和拉萨地体上均出现了大陆弧岩浆作用(Yin and Harrison,2000;李兴奎,2019)。

  • 据地质推断,班公湖中特提斯洋盆在晚侏罗世与早白垩世存在双向俯冲,班公湖-怒江特提斯洋向北向羌塘地块之下俯冲的背景下,洋壳脱水,引起上覆地幔楔发生部分熔融,形成镁铁质岩浆,镁铁质岩浆向上运移,并底侵于壳-幔边界,引发下地壳物质发生部分熔融(杜德道等,2011苑婷媛等,2015唐跃等,2019Tian Zuolin et al.,2022张旗等,2022Wang Wei et al.,2024)。目前普遍认为,地幔柱的活动促使怒江洋在早二叠世空谷期打开,至140 Ma班怒洋闭合,南羌塘与北拉萨地块碰撞,导致雅江洋扩张速率加快,引发北向拉萨地块的平板俯冲,进而导致班怒洋再次裂解形成“红海型”小洋盆(刘飞等,2020)。

  • 2.3.3 金沙江-红河岩带

  • 基于航磁异常分析,该岩带沿金沙江-红河流域分布,长约1250 km。它基本上沿金沙江-红河断裂带分布,岩体多位于金沙江-哀牢山缝合带附近,南段向东扩展到甘孜-理塘、康定一带,走向为北西—北北西向。依据航磁资料,在该岩带上识别出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体56处,其中已知岩体36处,蛇绿岩14处,推断岩体6处,扩大已知岩体范围的4处。已知岩体的出露面积小,但在磁场上引起了异常。根据这些已知岩体异常形态和范围,扩大的4处已知岩体范围规模约为40 km2

  • 这些超镁铁质岩体在磁场上反映为升高的局部异常,异常形态规则,梯度陡,宽度窄,幅值多在50~100 nT之间。从异常的连续性分析,地表出露的岩体仅是岩体的较少部分,岩体的大部分隐伏地下。当磁场上延5 km后,这些异常基本消失,说明岩体向下延伸不大,其形成主要与金沙江-红河断裂带有关联。

  • 该岩带地处青藏高原东缘三江地区,由于受到印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的构造应力转变,发育走滑断裂,形成金沙江-红河走滑断裂系统,沿断裂系统及其北延形成长约2000 km、宽50~80 km的巨型钾质碱性岩浆带(侯增谦等,2004周向科等,2018)。金沙江-红河断裂带呈北西向右旋走向滑动展布,一般认为本区是板块的俯冲带,晚二叠世—早三叠世,洋壳向西俯冲、消减和碰撞,沿断裂带发育晚二叠世岛弧型火山岩(程锦,2008)。

  • 金沙江-红河钾质碱性岩浆带,岩体从基性到酸性呈双峰式,部分花岗岩起源于增厚的镁铁质新生下地壳部分熔融,正长岩由交代富集的岩石圈地幔熔融产生的基性岩浆演化(葛良胜等,2005沈阳,2019)。该区带内火山作用活跃,岩浆活动频繁,基性、中性、酸性及碱性岩浆岩类均有发育,大致分为三类岩性。华力西期以基性辉长岩、二叠纪玄武岩为主;燕山期—早喜马拉雅期以富碱的石英斑岩、辉石正长岩、花岗斑岩及石英闪长岩为主,也存在后期正长斑岩、煌斑岩脉在区内成群成带展布;喜马拉雅期主要是中酸性富碱斑岩的侵入体及苦橄玄武岩、橄斑玄武岩、碱性岩的喷溢体(徐受民,2007和文言等,2013)。

  • 2.3.4 甘孜-理塘岩带

  • 据航磁资料,在该岩带推断镁铁—超镁铁质岩体19处,该岩带的岩体基本上沿断裂走向分布,集中分布在甘孜-理塘缝合带内,大面积出露的蛇绿岩带呈反“S”形,沿断裂两侧分布,超镁铁质岩体零星出露。甘孜-理塘磁异常带与出露的蛇绿岩对应较好,区域磁场以正异常为主,幅值较低,几十至100 nT,局部异常呈串珠状,该岩带上高幅值孤立异常是由镁铁—超镁铁质岩所引起。

  • 甘孜-理塘岩带自西邓柯,向南东经甘孜转向南,经理塘至川滇交界处的三江口,后向西折转至剑川,最后与金沙江断裂带交接,为中温高压带,其代表岛弧和陆块的最终缝合线位置(张能德等,1998魏永峰和罗森林,2003)。

  • 区内出露古生代构造推覆体、蛇绿岩构造组合体、被动陆缘复理石建造、活动陆缘孤前沉积楔形体、同碰撞花岗岩侵入体、断陷沉积盆地和第三纪推覆构造带等地质体(邹光富,1995)。主要发育晚二叠世—晚三叠世海相镁铁质火山岩及超镁铁质岩、层状辉长岩、席状辉绿岩墙、枕状玄武岩、硅质岩等,蛇绿岩块均呈构造外来体分布于砂、板岩中,构成宽10~90 km的混杂岩(韩兆诣,2018)。

  • 前人通过对甘孜-理塘板块缝合带两侧的基底构造、沉积盖层、地球物理异常、构造形变及区域地质的特征分析,证实甘孜-理塘断裂带曾经历洋壳俯冲、碰撞、陆内会聚、断陷和平移走滑等复杂演化过程(许志琴等,1992)。该蛇绿混杂岩带位于特提斯构造域东段,甘孜-理塘洋在晚三叠世末弧陆碰撞造山之后经历侏罗纪残留海阶段,在残留海盆地西侧临近甘孜-理塘俯冲增生杂岩浅海环境中沉积了瑞环山组碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩建造,至早白垩世全面进入造山隆升阶段(严松涛等,202120222023)。

  • 2.3.5 炉霍-道孚岩带

  • 该岩带自炉霍西北至道孚段出露大面积蛇绿岩、火山岩,并有中生代花岗闪长岩、花岗岩和闪长岩零星分布。该岩带以平缓变化正磁场区为主,岩体的磁性特征较弱,磁异常呈椭圆状、条带状,基本沿断裂带分布,断裂是控制岩体形成的主要因素。区内沿鲜水河断裂带分布三段连续性较好的镁铁—超镁铁质岩带,这些岩带在磁场上反映为条局部正异常带,道孚段岩带的形态最为清晰,幅值可达60 nT,表现为受断裂控制走向延伸的磁异常带,该岩带西北段整体航磁反映较弱,镁铁—超镁铁质岩带的边界较为模糊。

  • 甘孜-道孚构造带位于四川省甘孜州甘孜县至道孚县间的鲜水河谷两岸,呈北北西—北西向带状延伸,松潘-甘孜地体在三叠纪期间形成了地体内大量花岗质侵入体和少量镁铁质侵入岩、火山岩(吴才来等,2004杨军等,2015)。岩带内炉霍-道孚段的镁铁质岩石可能形成于洋脊俯冲环境,发育在炉霍-道孚弧后裂谷初始洋盆背景。从晚三叠世到早—中侏罗世,花岗岩形成的构造环境表现出由活动大陆边缘、火山弧向碰撞后板内火山弧转变的趋势,揭示松潘-甘孜地体俯冲-碰撞-后碰撞的演化过程。最近研究发现,在松潘-甘孜地体内识别出一套具有俯冲弧特征的岩石组合,该岩石具有火山弧岩浆和活动大陆边缘岩浆的特点,包含道孚花岗闪长岩、炉霍二长岩和炉霍辉长岩,表明甘孜-理塘洋可能曾北向俯冲到松潘-甘孜地体之下(卢雨潇等,20222023)。

  • 2.3.6 昌宁-孟连岩带

  • 该岩带位于三江特提斯构造带南部的昌宁-孟连缝合带内,北起昌宁,经云县、南汀河、耿马县、双江县,南至孟达,近南北向延伸长约400 km。沿线共推断圈出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体9处,已知蛇绿岩组合在区内较为发育和完整,班控—南汀河—铜厂街断续出露近80 km,宽度可至3 km。推断出的镁铁—超镁铁质岩体在磁场上反映为沿断裂两侧分布,其生成与走向受断裂控制。该岩带以昌宁-孟连为界,整体区域磁场以东正西负为主,幅值-100~200 nT,缝合带边界以西的负背景磁场区中明显存在南北向串珠状正磁异常,并发生错断,该异常形态与蛇绿岩带的时空分布密切相关。

  • 西南三江造山带在晚古生代至三叠纪的古特提斯洋两侧多岛弧盆系基础上演化,三叠纪以来经历俯冲造山、弧-弧或弧-陆碰撞造山,发展于中生代晚期至新生代陆内走滑收缩造山(尹福光等,2021)。作为我国西南三江地区重要的古特提斯缝合带之一,其自西向东,可划分为蛇绿混杂岩-洋岛海山火山-沉积岩系、高压变质杂岩系、临沧复式花岗岩基和岛弧-弧后岩浆岩带(王慧宁,2020)。航磁反映明显的昌宁-孟连蛇绿岩带较为发育且保存完整,前人在该蛇绿岩带已发现昌宁县铜厂街蛇绿岩、耿马县干龙塘-弄巴蛇绿岩、双江县牛井山蛇绿岩、老厂蛇绿岩和孟连县曼信蛇绿岩(赖绍聪等,2010)。

  • 张旗等(2022)认为昌宁-孟连蛇绿岩带是西南三江地区较为可靠的蛇绿岩带之一。近年研究发现,昌宁-孟连岩带的南汀河蛇绿岩与龙木错-双湖缝合带桃形湖等蛇绿岩的形成时代一致,地球化学性质相似,可能共同代表统一的古特提斯洋壳残余(王保弟等,2018吴喆等,2020)。

  • 2.3.7 西昆仑岩带

  • 西昆仑岩带位于青藏高原西北缘,北接塔里木盆地,南邻藏北地块,西端延伸至境外,东以阿尔金断裂为界,长约750 km,宽约80 km,总体呈北西走向。该岩带内有原特提斯洋闭合的库地缝合带、古特提斯洋闭合形成的麻扎-康西瓦缝合带(魏小鹏等,2018)。依据航磁资料,沿线共圈出镁铁-超镁铁质岩体45处,其中已知镁铁-超镁铁质岩体3处,蛇绿岩9处,推断岩体33处。该岩带以西昆仑北缘深断裂带和康西瓦断裂带为界,已知和推断岩体的分布受断裂制约明显。西昆仑区域上表现为北西向幅值较大的正磁异常带,磁异常强度为100~200 nT,最高值可超800 nT。当磁场上延10~20 km后,西北段仍呈北西走向的强磁异常带,东南段逐渐变为较平静的低缓磁场区。该岩带内西北段镁铁—超镁铁质岩体、蛇绿岩体在磁场上反映为正磁异常带上的局部高异常,岩带东南段的镁铁—超镁铁质岩体、蛇绿引起的正磁异常与区域场幅值存在较大差异,异常形态规则、梯度陡,岩体多呈北西走向。

  • 前人以断裂带或缝合带为界,将西昆仑划分为不同的构造单元。姜春发等(2000)分别以西昆仑北、中、南断裂带将西昆仑造山带划分为北带、中带和南带;李荣社(2008)自北向南分别以柯岗断裂带和康西瓦断裂带为界,把西昆仑划分为铁克里克断隆带、昆仑造山带和昆南-羌塘缝合系;潘裕生(2000)分别以奥依塔格-库地-苏巴什缝合带、麻扎-康西瓦缝合带为界,将西昆仑造山带划分西昆仑北地体、西昆仑南地体和甜水海地块3个大地构造单元。

  • 西昆仑北断裂南侧有蛇绿岩断续分布,断裂带附近有构造混杂岩堆积,沿断裂发育破碎带及糜棱岩化带,带内蛇绿岩的蛇纹石化程度高,有些岩体甚至变成蛇纹岩(于晓飞,2010),推测不同时期洋壳闭合形成缝合带及其产物蛇绿岩,后期受南北两大古陆强烈的构造作用,被挤压叠置、破坏与改造,以致缝合带呈断续展布的特点。

  • 西昆仑造山带晚寒武世发育的库地蛇绿岩被认为是原特提斯洋的残余,寒武纪—早泥盆世花岗岩归因于原特提斯洋的俯冲作用,三叠纪广泛发育的花岗岩被认为是古特提斯洋闭合的产物。其受原特提斯洋南向俯冲的影响,古生代—中生代发生重要的岩浆活动事件,以致甜水海地块存在古老和新生两种性质的下地壳,岩浆活动近南北向带状分布(Meert,2003Zhang Yu et al.,2016Liu Xiaoqiang et al.,2019Yin Jiyuan et al.,2020隋清霖,2021)。

  • 2.3.8 阿尔金岩带

  • 阿尔金-滩间山缝合带分布被阿尔金断裂错断为两部分,西北侧为南阿尔金缝合带,东南侧为滩间山缝合带(陆松年等,2006)。该岩带位于缝合带内的雄拉—巴什库尔干一线,北东走向,北端主要位于阿尔金山地区,最南端与西昆仑交汇。区内岩体主要沿阿尔金断裂带两侧分布,沿线共发现镁铁—超镁铁质岩体39处,其中,已知镁铁质岩体8处,蛇绿岩15处,推断岩体16处。该岩带以区域正磁场为主,强度在50~100 nT变化。阿尔金断裂带在航磁上反映明显,走向北东,表现为线性异常带,当磁场上延10 km后仍为线性和串珠状异常带。沿带的镁铁—超镁铁质岩体、蛇绿岩体,可引起磁场上的局部正异常,幅值可至400 nT,已知岩体规模大小不一,部分出露岩体与局部磁异常范围相吻合。

  • 前人已基本查明该岩带蛇绿岩空间展布、岩石组成等,阿尔金造山带由北向南划分为四个构造单元,即阿北变质地块、北阿尔金俯冲碰撞杂岩带、米兰河-金雁山地块、阿尔金南缘俯冲碰撞杂岩带(刘良等,1999许志琴等,1999)。目前一般认为,阿尔金地区蛇绿混杂岩带可划分为南北两条蛇绿岩带,即位于阿尔金北部的红柳沟-拉配泉构造混杂带、南部的阿帕-茫崖构造混杂岩带,其间被米兰河-金燕山岛弧地块隔开(刘良等,1999王焰等,1999杨经绥等,2008)。南阿尔金蛇绿混杂岩带沿阿尔金山脉南缘出露,东起茫崖地区,西至且末地区,总长度约为700 km,形成于晚寒武世—早奥陶世洋中脊环境(李向民等,2009);北阿尔金蛇绿岩带沿阿尔金山脉北部出露,从西端的米兰红柳沟开始,经由阿克塞直至肃北半鄂博沟,宽度大约20 km,长度约600 km(刘良等,1999杨经绥等,2008张建新等,2015吴玉等,2015)。

  • 近年来,阿尔金蛇绿混杂岩的形成与地质演化等问题再次成为关注的热点。南阿尔金高压超高压变质带早古生代花岗岩类的时空分布特征,岩浆作用期次及岩浆源区性质、构造演化动力,北阿尔金地区早古生代洋盆的规模等,均有待深入研究(康磊,2014刘锦宏,2017马拓,2023)。

  • 2.3.9 东昆仑岩带

  • 该岩带沿东昆仑南缘一线分布,长约1800 km,走向为东西向,与东昆仑昆中缝合带关系密切。共发现岩体26处,其中蛇绿岩14处,推断岩体12处,扩大已知范围的岩体1处。这些岩体都位于昆中断裂带及其南侧,并受曲麻河断裂和阿尼玛卿山断裂控制,沿带见有镁铁质岩体分布。

  • 这些超镁铁质岩体处于东西向展布的磁异常带上,沿带可见孤立的高磁异常分布。这些高磁异常形态规则,多呈圆形或椭圆形,梯度较陡,幅值在50~100 nT之间,与出露的蛇绿岩相对应,说明这种类型的磁异常是由蛇绿岩或镁铁—超镁铁质岩引起。这类岩体规模大小不等,大的可达300 km2,小的多在100 km2左右。

  • 区内存在两条时代各异的蛇绿混杂岩带,北为东昆中蛇绿混杂岩带,南为布青山-阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂岩带,也称为东昆南蛇绿混杂岩带。东昆中断裂带在航磁图上表现为条带状、串珠状和线状强异常带,且东昆中断裂通过处存在明显的异常和磁力梯级带,其北部为正磁异常,南部为负磁异常,该断裂带呈近东西向展布,全长将近900 km,断面总体北倾,倾角较陡;东昆南断裂是东昆南构造带与布青山-阿尼玛卿构造混杂带的分界,长约1000 km,南北两侧地质构造、地球物理特征均具有明显差异性(张克信,2000许志琴,2006李瑞保,2012)。

  • 目前对东昆仑造山带内蛇绿混杂岩带的认识较为一致,但对其构造单元的划分没有形成统一观点。殷鸿福和张克信(1997)将东昆仑造山带东段由北向南依次划分出东昆北单元、东昆中蛇绿混杂岩带、东昆南蛇绿混杂岩带、布青山蛇绿混杂岩带及巴颜喀拉单元五个构造单元,许志琴等(2006)将其由北向南依次划分为昆北地体、昆南地体及巴颜喀拉地体三大构造单元,刘战庆(2013)李小兵(2015)将东昆仑划分为东昆北构造带、东昆中蛇绿混杂岩带、东昆南构造带以及布青山-阿尼玛卿构造混杂岩带四个构造单元。

  • 2.3.10 阿尼玛卿岩带

  • 该岩带北以东昆南断裂与东昆南复合混杂岩带为界,南以长石头山断裂与巴颜喀拉单元为邻。大面积出露中酸性岩体和火山岩,已知出露蛇绿岩体10处,新推断镁铁—超镁铁质岩体10处。这些岩体主要沿昆中断裂两侧、阿尼玛卿山断裂北侧,时空分布受断裂控制明显。阿尼玛卿山断裂带磁异常形态规则,呈条带状正磁异常,沿带可见断续孤立升高的正磁异常,与已知或推断的超镁铁质岩分布相一致,幅值最高至200 nT。区内昆中断裂带的区域磁场为负且两侧无变化,幅值在0~-100 nT间,两侧超镁铁质岩体引起的磁异常较强,规模较大,幅值可达100 nT。

  • 阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩混杂带是西秦岭造山带与南部的巴颜喀拉-松潘甘孜造山带的衔接部位,从东向西由德尔尼、玛积雪山、布青山等主要蛇绿岩段组成(骆必继,2014)。该岩带存在岛弧型和洋岛型火山岩系,是一个具有洋脊型蛇绿岩、洋岛型玄武岩和岛弧型火山岩残块等构成的蛇绿构造混杂岩带。研究发现存在两种类型的构造混杂岩,一种是构造变形过程中由俯冲碰撞形成的不同时代、不同岩石类型的蛇绿构造混杂岩,另一种是在构造沉积作用过程中形成,后期构造变形改造的沉积-构造混杂岩(张克信,2000)。

  • 2.3.11 祁连山岩带

  • 该岩带位于祁青、祁连、共和、柴达木盆地北缘一线,长约650 km,走向为北西向。依据航磁共圈出超镁铁质岩体55处,其中已知岩体10处,蛇绿岩27处,推断岩体18处,扩大已知范围的岩体10处。这些岩体都位于北祁连北缘断裂带和中祁连南缘断裂带之间及南侧,岩体的形成主要受这两条断裂控制。超镁铁质岩体处于北祁连北西向的磁异常带上,沿带可见孤立的高磁异常断续分布。航磁异常形态规则,多呈圆形或椭圆形,梯度较陡,幅值50~150 nT,且磁异常与出露的超镁铁质岩相对应,说明这种类型的磁异常是由镁铁-超镁铁质岩引起。依据磁异常特征推断隐伏岩体,并扩大了已知岩体范围。这类岩体规模大小不等,大的可达370 km2,小的有125 km2,岩性主要为辉石橄榄岩,辉长橄榄岩、超镁铁质岩带在大比例尺航磁上反映特征更为明显,总体表现为负异常区内连续的条带状正异常,或受构造的影响与控制、沿断裂串珠状断续分布的椭球异常,一般延续规模较大,出露的蛇绿岩体多分布于超镁铁质岩引起磁异常的顶部,且与超镁铁质岩体的走向几乎一致(Yang Hai et al.,2023)。

  • 该岩带北带沿甘肃景泰县老虎山、民乐扁都口、张掖苏优河、肃南大坂、白泉门、九个泉、摆浪河、嘉峪关榆树沟一线。南带沿托莱山及北坡的三岔什、玉石沟、川刺沟、油葫芦沟、门源的红沟、达坂山一带分布。从1∶5万航磁来看,北祁连的蛇绿岩可能不止两条带,蛇绿岩经过边麻沟向东分为多支,且蛇绿岩带的走向变化较大(图5)。

  • 祁连蛇绿岩是我国最古老的蛇绿岩,形成时代跨度大,蛇绿岩体受构造运动的破坏较严重。祁连造山带一般划分为北祁连带、中祁连地块和南祁连带三个构造单元。北祁连带由前寒武纪变质基底、志留纪—泥盆纪沉积物、花岗质侵入体、火山岩、蛇绿岩以及高压变质岩组成;中祁连地块由前寒武纪变质基底、花岗质侵入体、蛇绿岩和火山岩组成,缺乏高压变质岩类;南祁连带大面积出露晚古生代沉积盖层、奥陶纪—志留纪陆间盆地沉积物,较少发现大范围分布的火山岩和蛇绿岩带(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2009闫臻等,2012Zhang Yuqi et al.,2017Gao Zhong et al.,2018赵静,2021)。南祁连缝合带拉脊山地区近年发现一条长约200 km的孤立蛇绿岩带,可能暗示南祁连缝合带的拉脊山地区存在古缝合带和古洋盆(付长垒等,2021)。

  • 该岩带中的蛇绿岩、火山岩、高压变质岩、侵入岩及俯冲增生地体结构组成和构造变形是主要科学难题。北祁连俯冲-增生杂岩带具有较为复杂的结构和演化历史,致使北祁连早古生代构造演化方面存在争议。由于对北祁连南北蛇绿岩带的关系还不明确,一种观点认为祁连洋早古生代南向俯冲(Tseng et al.,2009;Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2009Tung et al.,2016),而另一种则认为其北向俯冲(Xu Yajun et al.,2010Song Shuguang et al.,2013Huang Hui et al.,2015潘峰,2023)。

  • 2.3.12 东天山-北山岩带

  • 该岩带位于天山-北山缝合带内,依据航磁异常共识别出镁铁-超镁铁质岩体16处,其中已知岩体10处,新推断岩体6处。在磁场上呈条带状正负磁异常的特征,磁异常形态规则,梯度陡,宽度窄,幅值一般在-350~500 nT之间。该岩带内有中酸性侵入岩和大面积的火山岩分布,部分岩体呈椭球状,其航磁异常特征与超镁铁质岩体的异常特征类似,可能成为干扰因素。北山地区地表已见晚古生代岩浆岩大面积出露,正磁异常带主要由岩浆岩引起,分布于该区的前震旦系千枚岩、混合岩,下古生界变质砂岩、千枚岩磁性均为弱磁性,区内反映为负磁场。

  • 在北山地区已发现4条蛇绿岩带,即红石山-百合山-蓬勃山蛇绿岩带、芨芨台子-小黄山蛇绿岩带、红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井蛇绿岩带,以及辉铜山-帐房山蛇绿岩带(周国庆和赵建新,2000何世平等,2005)。红柳河-洗肠井蛇绿岩带形成于早古生代洋盆环境,特征接近现代洋壳蛇绿岩,代表古大洋闭合的板块缝合带;芨芨台子-小黄山蛇绿岩带形成于早古生代弧后盆地环境;红石山-蓬勃山蛇绿岩带与辉铜山-帐房山蛇绿岩带形成于晚古生代裂谷拉张期至初始小洋盆期阶段(杨合群等,2010)。红石山-蓬勃山蛇绿混杂岩带由岩块和基质组成,各岩块以断层接触,呈叠瓦状产出,基质糜棱岩化强烈;芨芨台子-小黄山蛇绿岩带沿明水-旱山地块北缘分布,其遭受后期构造作用,蛇绿岩呈逆冲岩片形式,小黄山蛇绿岩带受构造肢解和花岗岩体侵入,以致蛇绿岩层序不清;红柳河-洗肠井蛇绿岩带保存完整,西起甘肃新疆交界的红柳河,东至内蒙境内的洗肠井,东西向延伸超400 km;辉铜山-帐房山蛇绿岩带位于北山岩带最南部,近东西走向,向东经音凹峡,至帐房山,延伸近300 km,该蛇绿岩带小型残留岩块断续分布,超镁铁质岩蛇纹石化较强,部分蚀变成蛇纹岩,并发生碳酸盐化(王国强,2015)。

  • 2.3.13 北天山岩带

  • 该岩带位于天山以北地区,区内岩体集中分布于精河以东至乌鲁木齐一线,走向近北西西。该带岩体成群分布,连续性较差,岩浆活动沿构造断裂侵入,其生成主要受深断裂带的控制。航磁共发现岩体14处,已知岩体7处,推断岩体5处,岩体规模较小。

  • 天山造山带自北向南可分为北天山、中天山和南天山,以北部的北天山断裂、天山主断裂带和南部的那拉提断裂、青布拉克断裂为界。该造山带内断裂发育,北天山岩带存在着两条深大断裂带,由南至北分别是北天山裂带、北天山北缘断裂带,带内岩体多沿断裂带规则分布。磁场特征以北天山断裂带为界,南北两侧差异明显,岩体多分布在该断裂带的北侧,为区域正磁场上迭加的局部升高磁异常,磁场整体上与已知或推断的岩体对应较好,磁异常形态规则,梯度陡,宽度窄,幅值一般在50~200 nT之间,沿断裂呈串珠状分布。北天山断裂带南侧整体呈宽缓变化的负磁背景场特征,广泛分布中酸性岩体、火山岩。

  • 该区内深大断裂带内目前已发现多处蛇绿混杂岩,以出露较为完整的巴音沟蛇绿岩为代表。北天山的蛇绿岩套从后峡经巴音沟至艾比湖,沿着北西西方向断续出露,构成位于天山石炭纪—二叠纪裂谷系北部的北天山石炭纪蛇绿岩带。巴音沟蛇绿岩由蛇纹石化方辉橄榄岩、辉长岩、闪长岩、辉绿岩墙、枕状玄武岩、块状熔岩玄武岩、安山岩、基性凝灰岩和硅质岩组成(李向民,2007)。

  • 天山造山带作为中亚造山带最南部的构造单元,可能是中亚造山带俯冲增生最晚阶段的产物,由于经历过多个构造单元期次的俯冲碰撞和增生过程,最终造成区内出露新元古代至晚古生代的蛇绿岩、火山岩、花岗岩、高级变质岩和沉积序列等(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2004Ma Xuxuan et al.,2014Tang Gongjian et al.,2014)。

  • 2.3.14 南天山岩带

  • 该岩带位于天山中南部地区,走向为北西西,岩体成群分布于南天山缝合带两侧,岩性多为橄榄岩、辉长岩、辉石岩、辉绿岩等。其生成主要受南天山深断裂带、巴音布鲁克-纳伊特断裂带、特克斯断裂带的控制。

  • 航磁共发现岩体38处,已知岩体14处,蛇绿岩16处,推断岩体8处。该岩带全区以平静变化的负磁场为主,背景磁场幅值约为-50~-200 nT之间。镁铁-超镁铁质岩体受断裂控制,沿断裂走向分布于断裂带一侧,在磁场上的反映十分清晰。岩带内推断的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体多集中于西段,大小规模不等,大岩体在磁场上反映为北西西走向的条带状强磁异常,长达50 km,小岩体反映为正磁场区域上断续升高的局部异常。东段推断的镁铁—超镁铁质岩体目前仅1处,零星出露几处已知岩体、蛇绿岩体,一般规模较小,这些岩体当磁场上延5 km后异常大多消失。区内存在出露范围与升高磁异常范围不相符合的已知岩体,说明地表所见仅是隐伏岩体的出露部分,可通过航磁异常圈定出岩体的隐伏部分,扩大岩体的范围。

  • 该岩带内发育重要的南天山深大断裂带,沿深大断裂带附近已发现多处蛇绿混杂岩,南天山内部沿哈尔克山南坡—霍拉山—额尔宾山一带分布南北两支蛇绿岩带,由于后期北构造肢解,仅局部地段出露较为完整的蛇绿岩(李向民,2007)。

  • 2.3.15 东准噶尔岩带

  • 准噶尔造山带可划分为两部分,东准噶尔造山带位于新疆东部,阿尔泰陆缘弧带与天山陆缘活动带之间,北以额尔齐斯大断裂为界,南以艾比湖-博罗科努北坡-康古尔断裂为界,西准噶尔位于北部的阿尔泰褶皱造山带和其南的天山褶皱造山带之间。

  • 东准噶尔岩带内中酸性岩体大面积分布于沿喀拉麦断裂带以北,其中多处中酸性岩体出露与航磁异常圈定范围相吻合,沿喀拉麦断裂带两侧发现镁铁—超镁铁质岩14处、蛇绿岩4处,断裂带以南覆盖的火山岩范围与航磁异常相一致。

  • 该带被新生界大面积覆盖。该区侵入岩基本沿北西西向断裂展布,其形成受断裂带控制,镁铁—超镁铁质岩在磁场上反映为升高的局部异常,磁异常与已知岩体相吻合。

  • 准噶尔造山带位于阿尔泰与天山造山带间,处于西伯利亚板块和准噶尔-哈萨克斯坦板块的结合部位,经历过古亚洲洋扩张、板块俯冲、碰撞和后碰撞等构造演化,残留现今断续展布的蛇绿混杂岩带(黄河等,2010陈万峰,2017)。东准噶尔岩带自北向南包括库尔提混杂岩带、扎河坝-阿尔曼太蛇绿混杂岩带、卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带,蛇绿岩带在空间上沿大断裂产出。库尔提蛇绿混杂岩带分布于富蕴—沙尔布拉克、玛因鄂博—布尔根一带,查尔斯克—斋桑—额尔齐斯洋盆在泥盆纪—石炭纪封闭,南部准噶尔弧盆系与北部阿尔泰弧盆系聚合碰撞形成混杂岩带(赵同阳等,2017);扎河坝-阿尔曼太蛇绿岩出露范围较大,自东向西经阿尔曼太至中蒙边界的北塔山,呈北西向展布,长约150 km,蛇绿岩主要分布在扎河坝、阿尔曼太、兔子圈、北塔山(刘泓佑,2020);卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带位于卡拉麦里山,主要分布于卡拉麦里断裂的北侧,呈NWW带状延伸,在区域上东与塔克扎勒蛇绿岩混杂带相连,向西潜入准噶尔盆地,出露约数百千米,宽10~15 km(汤贺军,2021)。

  • 2.3.16 西准噶尔岩带

  • 该岩带位于准噶尔盆地西北部的拉巴、庙尔沟、乌尔禾、克桑、柳树泉一带,走向北东向,长约700 km。共发现超镁铁质岩44处,已知岩体24处,蛇绿岩13处,推断岩体7处,扩大已知范围的岩体6处。这些岩体沿达尔布特断裂和喀拉麦里断裂带及两侧分布,其生成与这两条断裂有关,规模多为190 km2左右。

  • 在磁场上这些岩体显示为升高局部异常,异常规则,梯度陡,宽度窄,幅值多为100~300 nT,已知岩体与这类磁异常相吻合,说明这种类型的磁异常由镁铁—超镁铁质岩引起。出露的岩体范围都很小,与所引起的磁异常范围不匹配,说明岩体大部分隐伏地下,依据磁异常范围将隐伏岩体圈出,扩大了已知岩体的范围。这类岩体多为复合性杂岩体,岩石类型主要为橄榄岩类、辉石岩类和辉长岩类。

  • 东、西准噶尔岩带北部的蛇绿岩形成时代相近,主要集中在晚寒武世晚期—早奥陶世早期和早泥盆世晚期—中泥盆世早期,在西准噶尔岩带北部发育有库吉拜-和布克赛尔-洪古勒愣蛇绿岩带,南部发育有巴尔雷克、唐巴勒、玛依勒、达尔布特和克拉玛等蛇绿岩带。西准噶尔岩带南部主要有两条蛇绿岩带,即达尔布特蛇绿岩带和克拉玛依蛇绿岩带。东准噶尔岩带南部以北西—南东向的卡拉麦里蛇绿岩为主,位于准噶尔盆地东北缘,断续出露于卡拉麦里大断裂北侧卡拉麦里、塔克扎勒、莫钦乌拉等地,向西潜入准噶尔盆地。东、西准噶尔岩带北部的库吉拜-和布克塞尔-洪古勒愣蛇绿岩带和扎河坝-阿尔曼泰蛇绿岩带可以连接横贯(胡朝斌等,2014舍建忠等,2016陈万峰,2017)。

  • 2.3.17 苏红图-乌拉特岩带

  • 该岩带位于阿拉善地块与北山造山带衔接处,巴彦乌拉山-狼山断裂带西北方向,分布于乌拉特右旗-巴彦毛道-雅布赖东一线,主要发育有柳园-海力素断裂带,呈NE—EW向的弧形。依据航磁异常共推断出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体8处。这些岩体基本沿EW向断裂带分布,镁铁质岩体的形成与分布受断裂带控制。

  • 位于乌拉特后旗的已知岩体与磁异常对比,岩体的分布范围与磁异常相对应,异常规则,呈椭圆状或条带状,宽度小、梯度陡。区内幅值在50~200 nT的磁异常大多由镁铁—超镁铁质岩体引起,航磁ΔT垂向一阶导数清晰,表现为孤立分布的条带状磁异常。雅布赖-巴彦毛道磁异常带整体呈南正北负、EW走向特征,雅布赖东侧以正磁异常为主,最大幅值超过200 nT,北侧磁负异常幅值在-20~-200 nT间,区内分布的酸性侵入岩可能是引起大面积负磁异常差异的主要原因。

  • 该岩带位于雅布赖山-诺尔公-红古尔玉林-狼山岩浆带内,中段已发现查干楚鲁蛇绿混杂岩,一般认为查干楚鲁蛇绿混杂岩是闭合的弧后洋盆记录(王廷印等,1998Zheng Rongguo et al.,2014)。研究认为阿拉善地块陆缘弧由伸展向挤压弧转变,记录了区域构造作用从洋陆俯冲到俯冲作用减弱、角度转变的过程(牛晓露等,2003)。

  • 2.3.18 贺根山-二连岩带

  • 该岩带沿贺根山-二连缝合走向展布,经蒙古中部霍林郭勒东部、贺根山、阿巴嘎北部、二连南部及巴音乌兰一线,断续长约1000 km,北东走向。在该带上共发现超镁铁质岩体56处,其中已知岩体13处,蛇绿岩7处,推断岩体36处,扩大已知范围的岩体11处。岩体规模一般为130 km2左右,最大可达900 km2。岩体基本上沿二连-西乌旗断裂带两侧分布,它们的形成可能主要受该断裂控制。

  • 在航磁图上,与超镁铁质岩有关的磁异常位于二连-西乌旗北北东向磁异常带上,其磁异常多表现为形态规则的圆形或椭圆形,梯度较陡,幅值为100~500 nT,最大可达1000 nT。经与已知岩体对比,多数与磁异常相对应,表明这种类型的磁异常是由镁铁—超镁铁质岩引起,这也是推断这类岩体的重要标志。

  • 该岩带主要形成于华力西期,出露的超镁铁质岩岩性主要为纯橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、斜辉橄榄岩,有些岩石已发生蛇纹石化,地表所见有的为蛇纹岩或超镁铁质岩风化壳。贺根山区域内疑似存在多条不连续的蛇绿岩带,目前已发现4条不同年龄、近似平行的蛇绿岩带,由北至南分别为贺根山-二连带、交其尔-锡林浩特带、索伦敖包-林西带和温都尔庙-西拉木伦带。

  • 贺根山-二连蛇绿岩带位于西伯利亚板块的南缘,被认为西伯利亚板块和华北板块最后碰撞的缝合线位置、古亚洲洋岩石圈的最后残留(Miao Laicheng et al.,2008Song Shuguang et al.,2015)。该蛇绿岩带北东向分布于二连浩特、朝克山、贺根山、崇根山、乌斯尼黑一线,绵延近400 km,出露和分布规模较大,呈带状分布,以贺根山、松根山、朝克乌拉地区蛇绿岩组合最为发育。贺根山蛇绿岩带主要由4个大的蛇绿岩块及若干小岩块组成,大岩块分别为贺根山、朝根山、乌兹尼黑和崇根山,是兴蒙造山带内延续性较好的蛇绿岩带(李英杰,2016刘敏,2017)。

  • 2.3.19 那丹哈达-饶河岩带

  • 该岩带内主要出露大片火山岩、中酸性侵入岩。南段超镁铁质岩较发育,已知蛇绿岩体4处,饶河以西蛇绿岩体呈南北走向条带状。

  • 区内火山岩类具有一定磁性,镁铁—超镁铁质岩含铁镁质较多,磁性最强。碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩的磁性较弱或无磁性,在区域航磁上以低缓负磁场背景为主,幅值在-40~-600 nT间。镁铁—超镁铁质岩的分布与航磁异常反映相吻合,呈孤立椭球状或南北向带状正磁异常场。火山岩分布处表现为杂乱强磁场,幅值最大超过600 nT。本次新推断出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体1处,位于岩带中部。

  • 东北地区蛇绿(混杂岩)或者蛇绿岩残片的研究较少,包括新林-喜桂图蛇绿混杂岩带、多宝山-阿尔山蛇绿混杂岩带、二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿混杂岩带、达青牧场-迪彦庙蛇绿混杂岩带、嘉荫-牡丹江蛇绿混杂岩带、完达山(那丹哈达-饶河)蛇绿混杂岩带、西拉木伦蛇绿混杂岩带。其中饶河蛇绿岩主要为镁铁—超镁铁质堆晶杂岩、基性枕状熔岩、辉绿岩墙以及含放射虫硅质岩(刘永江等,2019),那丹哈达-饶河岩带航磁反映较强。那丹哈达地体位于中国东北地区的最东部,也称完达山地体或完达山造山带。其与远东地区的锡霍特-阿林地体、日本的美农-丹波地体,在新近纪组成欧亚大陆东缘的超级增生地体(水谷伸治郎等,1989)。那丹哈达地体可划分为跃进山杂岩和饶河增生杂岩,跃进山杂岩中的玄武岩具有N-MORB属性,因此其也被认为是蛇绿混杂岩。近年随着对增生杂岩的深入研究,部分学者提出该地体是由古太平洋板块俯冲到佳木斯地块之下而形成增生地体的观点(Zhou Jianbo et al.,2014曾振等,2018)。

  • 那丹哈达地体的构造属性存在争议,饶河增生杂岩作为其主体,部分学者认为饶河增生杂岩中保存的超镁铁质堆晶岩,镁铁质堆晶岩、枕状熔岩和深海沉积物的完整层序与典型蛇绿岩层序一致,将其视为蛇绿岩(Mizutani and Kojima,1992赵海玲和陈发景,1996),也有人将其视为洋岛杂岩,认为饶河增生杂岩内不发育变质橄榄岩,且镁铁—超镁铁质岩的地球化学特征与典型蛇绿岩不同,具有洋岛玄武岩的属性(张旗和周国庆,2001张国宾,2015韩伟,2021)。

  • 2.3.20 秦岭岩带

  • 该岩带位于洛南-溧川-方城断裂和商州-丹风断裂之间,东西向延伸近千千米,造山带内地质体多呈透镜状展布,具强烈的挤压、走滑变形构造。该区已知出露蛇绿岩体48处,据航磁共推断出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体近100处,规模大小不一,岩体主要沿NW—EW断裂带走向延伸展布,可见断裂控制岩体的形成和分布。

  • 镁铁-超镁铁质岩体引起的磁异常,幅值可超过200 nT,岩带内区域场以宽缓变化的正负磁场区为特征,强度在-100~100 nT,其发育的正磁异常带,异常强度30~200 nT不等。岩体在磁场上都有反映,引起形态规则或较规则、宽缓变化的磁异常。分布于秦岭地区的中酸性岩体磁性较弱,仅能引起20~50 nT的磁异常。区内变化的正磁异常带反映形成于不同时代的岩浆岩,宽缓正磁场区与低缓变化的负磁场区,对应不同磁性变质岩系的时空分布。

  • 秦岭北缘深断裂带沿西安-宝鸡展布,长约1100 km,在磁场上为EW向升高线性磁异常,强度100~200 nT。当磁场上延10 km后,仍反映为线性升高异常带,表明沿断裂发育岩浆岩杂岩带,该岩带上分布的蛇绿岩航磁异常反映清晰。松树沟蛇绿岩在航磁上为负磁场背景上具有北西走向的正异常,丹凤资峪-郭家沟丹凤蛇绿岩对应强磁场区,磁异常最高超过900 nT,武关-商南鮸鱼嘴蛇绿岩对应为次高强度的磁异常,最高超过800 nT(骆遥等,2017)。

  • 秦岭造山带横贯中国大陆中部,是中国中央造山系的重要组成部分,历经长期复杂演化的典型复合型大陆造山带,以商丹缝合带为界,可将其分为北秦岭和南秦岭(张国伟等,1996董云鹏等,2003)。北秦岭自西向东由宽坪群、二郎坪群、秦岭群、松树沟蛇绿岩和丹凤群组成。南秦岭位于商州-丹凤断裂以南,勉略—高川段以北,其基底为中新元古代浅变质火山岩及新太古代—早古生代变质岩块组成的过渡性基底。勉县-略阳蛇绿岩带地处南秦岭与杨子地体的接合部位,勉略地区东西向延伸近160 km,具有复杂组成与构造演化的秦岭造山带主构造缝合带(张国伟等,19951996赖绍聪,1996董云鹏和赵霞,2002)。

  • 2.3.21 皖南-赣东北岩带

  • 该岩带位于钦杭缝合带皖南-赣东北处,钦杭缝合带沿杭州、铅山、新余、梧州及钦州一带,断续延伸1500 km,北东走向。沿带既有镁铁质岩类,也有超镁铁质岩类,它们基本上沿北海-江山-绍兴断裂带及两侧分布。该区共发现镁铁质岩体30处,其中已知岩体10处,推断岩体20处,岩体的形成与该深断裂带关系密切。

  • 由镁铁质侵入岩引起的磁异常形态规则,为椭圆状和条带状,梯度较陡,幅值在40~180 nT之间。在航磁ΔT化极垂向一阶导数图上反映为孤立的条带状和椭圆状异常,幅值为10~20 nT/km,易于识别,而超镁铁质岩体规模小,磁场上反映不明显。

  • 钦杭岩带又称为钦杭构造结合带,大地构造位置对应于扬子板块和华夏板块的接合带,总体呈北东向反“S”状弧形展布(杨明桂和梅勇文,1997),历经复杂的构造-岩浆演化,构造推覆强烈、岩片堆叠混杂,并发育蛇绿混杂岩带,带内岩浆发育广泛,具有多期多阶段的特点。

  • 一般认为,安徽南部歙县的伏川蛇绿岩套,由纯橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩、堆晶辉石岩等组成,而赣东北樟树墩蛇绿岩主要由变质橄榄岩、堆积橄榄岩、辉石岩等组成,该蛇绿岩套中的埃达克质花岗岩属于俯冲洋壳玄武岩部分熔融的产物(沈渭洲等,1992李武显和李献华,2004李献华等,2012)。

  • 沿江山-绍兴断裂带,在皖南歙县伏川、祁门县和赣东北樟树墩等地,已发现中新元古代蛇绿岩;在政和-大埔断裂带发现的蛇绿岩,其下部为堆晶橄榄岩等超镁铁质岩组合,上部为细碧角斑岩等镁铁质岩组合;赣东北发现的蛇绿岩宽约5~10 km,NE向延伸近250 km;绍兴-江山蛇绿岩宽约20~30 km,EW向延伸超800 km(周永章等,2017田洋,2021)。

  • 2.3.22 江南造山带岩带

  • 该岩带位于怀化-河池北部一线,其西北以慈利-凯里断裂带为界,东部发育汨罗-锦屏断裂带、城步-桂平断裂带,南部发育威信-榕江断裂带。已知区内镁铁—超镁铁质岩体9处,尚未发现大规模蛇绿岩带出露。本次共推断出镁铁质岩体31处,主要为NE走向分布,沿断裂带发育,其形成与展布明显受到断裂带控制。

  • 在航磁ΔT上正负磁异常分区明显,以该岩带南部的威信-榕江断裂带为界,南部表现为大范围的负磁场背景,幅值约在-10~-60 nT,断裂带北部以正磁场背景区为主,幅值在0~60 nT。大部分镁铁质侵入岩磁异常反映清晰,表现为异常形态规则、梯度陡,东西宽度窄的条带状异常,其航磁ΔT化极垂向一阶导数的反映更为醒目,极易辨别。在该区出露的超镁铁质岩体也引起类似的磁异常,推断镁铁质岩体中可能存在超镁铁质岩体。

  • 江南造山带位于华南板块中部,由扬子陆块和华夏陆块拼合而成,近NEE走向,呈NW向弧形突出的前寒武纪地质单元。扬子与华夏陆块在新元古代发生俯冲碰撞,形成了江南造山带,之后转为陆内裂谷阶段,接着在奥陶纪—志留纪发生陆内造山或陆内俯冲(舒良树,20122020张国伟等,2013Shu Liangshu et al.,2015),该岩带的镁铁—超镁铁质岩体是否为蛇绿岩型还有待野外调查验证和深入研究。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 航磁在圈定蛇绿岩带中的作用

  • 3.1.1 圈定蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩带

  • 由于大陆碰撞带、缝合线两侧发育有以蛇绿岩套为代表的仰冲洋壳,俯冲带也残留有由蛇绿岩套为代表的边缘海扩张脊,强磁性的蛇绿岩套在基岩出露广泛的高原区往往产生线性和串珠状的磁异常带,航磁测量作为透视地下深部地质构造信息的重要地球物理手段之一,与其他各种地球物理资料相比,不仅覆盖得最均匀,而且受地表地形干扰最小,穿透性强,这些特点使利用区域航磁资料研究地质构造成为可能,因此,基于航磁异常图可以比较准确地定位大陆碰撞带及古俯冲带痕迹(Xiong Shengqing,2021)。

  • 根据镁铁质、超镁铁质岩的磁性特征,结合地质资料分析,航磁异常可以有效识别镁铁—超镁铁质岩带,这些岩带包含了蛇绿岩的分布。部分地区蛇绿岩带的保存并不好,航磁异常能够有效反映板块构造边界的位置,为蛇绿岩带的识别提供信息。

  • 蛇绿岩型超镁铁质岩类主要沿深、大断裂带及其两侧分布,岩体规模不等,而镁铁质岩主要包括辉长岩、辉绿岩和未分的镁铁质岩,多分布于造山系,与断裂关系密切。岩体规模多数面积在100~400 km2之间,个别岩体面积大于1000 km2。它们成带分布于不同地区,岩石类型和侵位时间也各不相同,通过1∶100万~1∶20万中小比例尺的航磁异常分析,可以有效推断赋存于不同的岩带中规模较大的隐伏岩体。

  • 而针对规模较小或比较零星分布的镁铁—超镁铁质侵入岩,无法依靠小比例尺航磁异常进行识别,只有通过1∶5万或更大比例尺的航磁异常测量进行识别。这些岩体在大比例尺磁场上主要反映为椭圆状、条带状异常,形态规则或比较规则,宽度很窄,梯度较陡,幅值在50~250 nT之间。在航磁ΔT垂向一阶导数图上也反映为窄陡的条带状或椭圆状,异常梯度在10~25 nT/km之间。

  • 如何从航磁推断的镁铁—超镁铁质岩中准确识别出蛇绿岩,还有待对这些岩体的野外调查验证。通过深入野外调查和研究,以期发现新的岩体,查明其岩性、分布特征、构造背景,分析其成矿控矿作用,区分蛇绿岩型和非蛇绿岩型(造山型)镁铁—超镁铁质岩,推进大地构造和成矿规律研究。

  • 3.1.2 揭示蛇绿岩带的三维结构

  • 航磁数据不仅包含了蛇绿岩带的平面分布特征,同时也可以有效识别蛇绿岩带的产状和深部延伸情况。以雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带为例,对航磁异常进行三维反演,将地下空间剖分为752×344×128的模型网格,网格大小为2.5 km×2.5 km×800 m,构建了该蛇绿岩带的三维磁性体模型(图9)。该模型展示了雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的磁性结构,清晰地显示了蛇绿岩带的展布特征。雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩带主要划分为南带和北带,北带的规模较南带更大,推断为印度板块和欧亚板块汇聚的边界,已知的日喀则蛇绿混杂岩带可能是局部小洋盆的产物。雅鲁藏布江北带隐伏的蛇绿岩(镁铁—超镁铁质岩体)形状不规则,总体上南倾,倾角与南部蛇绿岩体相差不大;岩体顶界面最大宽度可达20 km,整个岩体南北向宽度35~50 km,北部被花岗岩所覆盖;北带岩体埋藏深度一般在2~4 km或更深,底界面埋深在10~12 km。

  • 3.2 铬铁矿找矿方向探讨

  • 蛇绿岩存在于造山带中的大洋岩石圈残片,其形成经历部分熔融、熔体抽取、熔岩反应、岩浆混合和结晶分异等多阶段演化过程(Arai and Miura,2016Yang Jingsui et al.,2021)。蛇绿岩中的铬铁矿广泛分布在全球不同时代和地区的造山带中,是重要的战略资源。铬铁矿床主要有两种产出类型:与层状镁铁—超镁铁质岩体有关的层状铬铁矿和蛇绿岩控制的豆荚状铬铁矿(Stowe,1994杨经绥等,2022)。

  • 图9 基于三维反演的雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带镁铁—超镁铁质岩体及其分布特征

  • Fig.9 Mafic-ultramafic rocks and its distribution characteristics based on 3D inversion in Yarlung-Zangbo ophiolite belt

  • 含铬蛇绿岩体的岩浆物质是次生磁铁矿的重要来源,航磁异常可反映出岩体内部富集的磁性矿物,航磁异常往往也可以反映出镁铁—超镁铁质岩以及蛇绿岩带的分布特征。但是,蛇纹石化超镁铁质岩常常具有相对铬铁矿矿体更高的磁异常,给铬铁矿磁法勘探带来不确定性;且由于豆荚状铬铁矿矿体规模小、发育不规律,岩体经历了复杂的构造运动和后期改造,铬铁矿勘查成为一个长期存在的地球物理勘探难题,国内外发展了以重力、磁法为主,地震、电法为辅的铬铁矿地球物理勘探技术,并取得了一定成效。21世纪以来,高精度仪器和新兴地球物理技术逐渐运用到铬铁矿地球物理勘探,三维重磁勘探、电法和综合地球物理成为铬铁矿勘探的主流(Mohanty et al.,2011)。

  • 通过对全国铬铁矿成矿规律的研究,全国划分出的矿集区,无一例外地产于镁铁—超镁铁质岩体中。其中,雅鲁藏布江东段的罗布莎、新疆达拉布特和内蒙古贺根山3个矿集区成矿条件最好,找矿潜力最大,已查明的铬铁矿区中以西藏为最多(朱明玉等,2013白何领等,2017)。

  • 以西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩型铬铁矿典型矿床为例,该矿床位于雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的东段,严格受到缝合带的控制,矿区从南向北,自下而上分别为变形橄榄岩(地幔橄榄岩)、堆积杂岩和喷出岩,其中变形橄榄岩构成蛇绿岩的主体,以纯橄岩比较发育、普遍含单斜辉石为主要特征,堆积杂岩主要有纯橄岩、辉长岩,喷出岩主要有枕状玄武岩、块状玄武岩夹硅质岩。铬铁矿体集中产于蛇绿岩群变形橄榄岩的上亚带,具有成带分布、分段集中的特点。在航磁ΔT等值线图上,罗布莎岩体引起的异常梯度陡、幅值高、幅值最高达1000 nT以上,罗布莎铬铁矿床分布在磁梯度带弯曲部位。对重点岩体成矿区结合地面磁异常剖面进行2.5D反演拟合计算,研究发现铬铁矿的磁性介于强磁性的蛇纹岩化纯橄岩、蛇纹石斜辉辉橄岩和相对新鲜中等或较弱磁性的斜辉辉橄岩之间(陈琳荣等,2014),铬铁矿床的地下隐伏矿床,在磁异常图上有明显的反映,寻找铬铁矿应特别关注高背景磁异常内的次级弱低磁异常区域(刘良志等,2018路利春等,2018)。由此得出找矿有利标志的推论,即重点关注纯橄榄岩相带下0.04~0.5 km范围内韧—脆性剪切带和纯橄岩异离体、辉长岩、片理化、糜棱岩化、碳酸盐化发育地段,且铬铁矿与叠加磁场的次级异常关系密切,重磁场上一般具有低磁、高重或强磁异常变缓转折与重力异常梯度带吻合的重磁特征。

  • 本文主要以雅鲁藏布江岩带为例,简要论述其找铬铁矿的前景。目前我国已发现的最大铬铁矿床含矿超镁铁质岩体位于西藏罗布莎,该岩体受雅鲁藏布江深大断裂带控制,狭长的单斜岩体东西长43 km,最宽处3.7 km,面积70 km2,向南倾斜,倾角50°~70°,已探明的矿石均属冶金级富矿石(Xiong Shengqing,2021)。近年来的研究表明,雅鲁藏布江缝合带的西段已发现高铬型和高铝型豆荚状铬铁矿体,中段仁布也发现豆荚状铬铁矿,仁布铬铁矿矿床的空间分布、岩石组合以及矿石成分与缝合带东段的罗布莎铬铁矿床相似,被认为具有较好的成矿潜力(杨胜标等,2022)。

  • 航磁研究表明,雅鲁藏布江南北两个岩带形成的地质构造环境存在差异,其找矿意义是不同的。我们认为寻找罗布莎型铬铁矿,除了重视南带西段已发现铬铁矿(化)的东坡、普兰、休古嘎布、萨嘎等蛇绿岩体外(熊发挥等,2015a),应特别关注在北带西段和中段航磁推断的蛇绿岩体(图10),只不过多是隐伏岩体,但埋深并不大,且局部地区地表有岩体出露,推断可能是俯冲大洋岩石圈的残余物。鉴于它们与东部的罗布莎铬铁矿同处于北岩带,具有类似的磁场特征和成矿地质背景,找矿前景非常好,值得开展地面异常查证和地质调查工作。

  • 此外,班公湖-怒江缝合带同样蕴含较为丰富的豆荚状铬铁矿资源,通过岩矿石分析,并与全球典型豆荚状铬铁矿矿床对比特征,推测班怒带的蛇绿岩也有良好的铬铁矿成矿潜力(李静超等,2019曹楚奇等,2022)。近年来,许多学者也对贺根山蛇绿岩的含矿性做了大量工作,并最终发现缝合带镁铁—超镁铁质岩中含金刚石的铬铁矿(段明等,2016邵济安等,2020)。在阿尔金岩带也有找矿新发现。加强对这些岩带中航磁新圈出的镁铁—超镁铁质岩体的野外调查与研究,评价其找矿前景,有可能发现新的铬铁矿。

  • 需要说明的是,本文基于小比例尺航磁异常圈定的范围与蛇绿岩的分布也存在一定的差异,需要通过开展1∶5万或更大比例尺的航空重磁测量进行精细识别,同时加强对航磁推断的镁铁—超镁铁质岩带的深入研究,针对铬铁矿找矿进一步筛选有意义的航磁异常,开展地面重、磁、电、震等方法的物探工作,查明新岩体的岩性、分布特征、构造背景,分析其成矿控矿作用等,最终实现铬铁矿资源的新一轮找矿突破。

  • 图10 雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带隐伏镁铁—超镁铁质岩分布特征

  • Fig.10 Distribution of concealed mafic-ultramafic rocks in the the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolite belt

  • 4 结论

  • (1)镁铁—超镁铁质岩体的岩石一般具有较强的磁性,且蛇纹石化等蚀变作用往往使磁性增强,在航磁图上有明显的异常反映,依据区域航磁资料能可靠地识别出规模较大的岩体,但要查明岩体的精细结构及识别规模较小的岩体则需大比例尺航磁资料。蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩体往往受深大断裂带及其旁侧低序次构造的控制,反映为沿板块缝合带(蛇绿岩带)的磁异常带,位于两大磁场区的分界部位,一般以规模宏大的线性升高航磁异常带出现、垂向导数反映更为凸显与连续,据此并结合地质资料分析,可大致区分非蛇绿岩型(造山型)镁铁—超镁铁质岩体,但要准确将它们区分开还需进一步的地质调查。

  • (2)航磁资料在蛇绿岩研究中可发挥如下作用:结合地质和其它地球物理资料的综合分析,解释出镁铁—超镁铁质岩体,尤其是隐伏岩体;识别出断裂构造,从宏观上分析其分布规律;通过对航磁异常的定量解释,揭示岩体(或岩带)的位置、三维空间分布特征;等等。本次研究在全国识别出22个蛇绿岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩带,新发现大量隐伏岩体,为深化全国蛇绿岩带的研究提供了重要的地球物理证据。

  • (3)新推断的隐伏岩体还有待野外调查验证,以期发现新的岩体,查明其岩性、分布特征、构造背景,分析其成矿控矿作用,区分蛇绿岩型和非蛇绿岩型(造山型)镁铁质及超镁铁质岩,推进大地构造和成矿规律研究。

  • (4)铬铁矿是我国紧缺的战略性矿产,高精度航空重磁测量可快速圈定镁铁—超镁铁质岩,是国内外间接进行铬铁矿接替资源评价的有效手段。本文简要地讨论了我国铬铁矿的找矿方向,认为雅鲁藏布江岩带北带的中段和西段、班公湖-那曲岩带、阿尔金岩带具有良好的找矿前景,建议重点在这些岩带开展1∶5万或更大比例尺的高精度航空重磁综合勘查,筛选出具有找矿意义的异常,并开展地面地质、物探和钻探工作,揭示隐伏超镁铁质岩体的埋深、空间分布、与围岩的接触关系等,评价铬铁矿的资源潜力。

  • 本文从航磁角度探讨了中国大陆蛇绿岩带分布特征这一地质问题,主要起抛砖引玉的作用。鉴于我国陆域地质构造的复杂性,航磁资料局限性和解释的多解性,文中的许多认识尚存可商讨之处,敬请批评指正。

  • 致谢:第一作者曾非常荣幸地于2006年获得第三届黄汲清青年地质科学技术奖,在纪念黄汲清先生诞辰120周年之际,承蒙任纪舜院士的约稿撰写此文,以表达对黄先生的敬仰和怀念!成文过程中得到任纪舜院士、审稿专家和编辑老师的指导,李占奎和丁燕云教授高工做了大量的研究工作,谨在此表示衷心感谢!

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