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作者简介:

孙有斌,男,1973年生。研究员,从事黄土与古季风变化研究。第九届黄汲清青年地质科学技术奖获奖者。E-mail:sunyb@ieecas.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    中国黄土-红黏土沉积是可与深海沉积媲美的陆相沉积载体,记录了晚新生代东亚大陆气候环境变化历史。基于中国黄土的多种理化指标,重建了黄土高原地区构造-千年尺度东亚季风变化历史,为探讨区域与全球气候的联系提供了关键证据。近年来,黄土高原古气候变化研究逐步从定性描述拓展到定量重建,本文旨在回顾基于中国黄土定量重建古温度和古降雨变化取得的重要进展。首先,梳理了古气候要素定量重建的指标和方法,古温度重建指标包括植硅体、碳酸盐耦合同位素、微生物脂类代用指标等;古降水变化敏感指标包括磁化率、白云石/方解石含量、生物微钙体Sr/Ca比值、有机碳同位素以及10Be等。然后,汇总了典型黄土剖面定量重建的古气候变化序列,分别从构造、轨道及千年时间尺度上探讨了古温度和古降雨的变化特征。结果表明,基于生标重建的不同时间跨度的土壤古温度变化序列,在冰期—间冰期尺度上的波动特征基本一致,但在冰盛期—冰消期时段出现了增温超前现象,说明陆地植被对土壤温度变化有重要调制作用。然而,不同指标重建的降水变化幅度差异较大,主导周期也存在差异,说明定量重建降水变化仍有较大挑战。最后,简要总结了黄土高原古气候定量重建存在的问题,明确了区分温度和降水季节性变化的重要性,指出加强地质记录与模拟结果的对比同化,将有助深化对多尺度季风变化动力学的理解。

    Abstract

    Chinese loess, as a unique terrestrial archive comparable to deep-sea sediments, has been investigated intensively to infer late Cenozoic continental climate changes in East Asia. Multiple physiochemical proxies of Chinese loess have been used to reconstruct East Asian monsoon variations at tectonic to millennial timescales. These reconstructions provide key evidence for assessing the relationship between regional and global climate changes. In recent years, paleoclimate research on Chinese loess has gradually changed from qualitative descriptions to quantitative reconstructions. The objective of this paper is to review the new progress made in the quantitative reconstruction of paleo-temperature and paleo-precipitation changes on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Firstly, we present new proxies and methods that are relevant to the quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimate variables. The paleotemperature proxies include phytolith, carbonate coupling isotopes, and brGDGTs, while the proxies sensitive to paleo-precipitation comprise magnetic susceptibility, dolomite/calcite content, Sr/Ca ratio of microcodium, carbon isotopes of organic and inorganic carbon, and 10Be flux. Secondly, we summarize representative time series of quantitative reconstructions from several typical loess profiles, addressing spatio-temporal changes in paleo-temperature and paleo-rainfall at orbital and millennial timescales. Biomarker-based paleotemperature changes reveal similar glacial-interglacial fluctuations in soil temperature on the CLP. However, during the transition from the glacial maximum to deglaciation on the Chinese Loess Plateau, the increase in soil temperature diverged from marine records, indicating that land vegetation cover likely played an important role in regulating the change in soil temperature. By contrast, paleo-precipitation changes reconstructed through different proxies show large-amplitude glacial-interglacial fluctuations ranging from 100 to 900 mm/a, suggesting that robustly reconstructing precipitation changes still poses a significant challenge. Finally, the problems regarding the quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimate on the CLP are briefly summarized. We emphasize the need for future research to focus on seasonal changes in soil and air temperature and precipitation, as well as intensive proxy-model comparisons. These efforts will further enhance our understanding of multi-scale monsoon variability and dynamics.

  • 中国黄土分布广、厚度大、时代老、沉积基本连续,蕴含着丰富的温度、降水、植被等变化信息,被视为重建东亚大陆气候环境演化的重要载体(刘东生,1985; Liu Tungsheng and Ding Zhongli,1998; An Zhisheng,2000)。自20世纪50年代开始,中外学者对黄土高原的黄土-古土壤序列开展了大量研究,认为其记录的气候冷暖干湿波动可与深海氧同位素记录媲美(Kukla et al.,1988; An Zhisheng et al.,1990)。20世纪末,An Zhisheng et al.(1991c)将中国黄土-古土壤发育与沙漠进退、海平面变化等记录对比,提出了东亚环境变化的古季风控制论,将中国黄土研究与大气动力学研究相结合,推动东亚第四纪研究进入了一个全新阶段。近30年来,中国黄土-红黏土沉积中获取的大量古季风形成和演化信息(Liu Tungsheng and Ding Zhongli,1998; An Zhisheng,2000; Guo Zhengtang et al.,2002),揭示出在构造尺度上亚洲季风-干旱环境耦合演化与全球冰量和青藏高原生长密切相关(An Zhisheng et al.,20012014; Guo Zhengtang et al.,2009),在轨道尺度上东亚季风波动受太阳辐射、北半球高纬冰盖消长及大气CO2浓度变化的共同影响(Ding Zhongli et al.,1995; Sun Youbin et al.,2015; Beck et al.,2018; Zhou Weijian et al.,2023),在千年尺度上东亚季风的快速波动则与北大西洋气候变化的联系更为密切(Porter and An Zhisheng,1995; Guo Zhengtang et al.,1996; Ding Zhongli et al.,1999; Sun Youbin et al.,2012)。

  • 东亚地区现代气候变化表现为温度、降水和盛行风向的季节性变化,夏季盛行偏南风携带充沛降水至中国北方,冬季盛行偏北风携带大量沙尘沉降在东亚地区。在第四纪乃至更老时段,黄土-古土壤-红黏土序列的发育,反映了构造至冰期—间冰期尺度上东亚冬、夏季风的盛衰历史(An Zhisheng et al.,19902001)。中国黄土粒度被广泛用于反映粉尘传输动力强度,即更粗的粒度反映更强的冬季风(An Zhisheng et al.,1991b; Xiao Jule et al.,1995Lu Huayu et al.,2001; Hao Qingzhen et al.,2012),黄土全样或石英颗粒的粒度变化揭示出与深海氧同位素类似的冰期—间冰期冬季风波动(Ding Zhongli et al.,2002; Sun Youbin et al.,2006)。黄土磁化率则被广泛用于指示夏季风变化,因为强成壤作用会导致次生磁性矿物形成(Zhou Liping et al.,1990; An Zhisheng et al.,1991a)。来自黄土高原中部黄土磁化率记录与深海氧同位素记录的冰期—间冰期气候变化基本一致(Guo Zhengtang et al.,1999; Lu Huayu et al.,2004; Sun Youbin et al.,2006),黄土高原西部高沉积速率黄土磁化率记录则对间冰期气候更为敏感,具有显著的岁差周期(Feng Zhaodong et al.,2004; Sun Youbin et al.,200720152021a)。最近,黄土中无机碳酸盐碳同位素记录和10Be重建的降水记录,显示出较强的冰期—间冰期和岁差尺度波动信号,表明太阳辐射和冰量变化均对轨道尺度东亚季风波动产生显著影响(Sun Youbin et al.,20152019; Beck et al.,2018; Zhou Weijian et al.,2023)。

  • 中国黄土在记录千年尺度季风快速变化方面也具有独特优势。洛川黄土中石英颗粒粒度变化首次揭示出末次冰期冬季风多次加强,与北大西洋冷事件密切相关(Porter and An Zhisheng,1995; Xiao Jule et al.,1995);渭南和洛川黄土序列化学风化指数和游离铁/全铁比值表明,千年尺度夏季风减弱也与北大西洋变冷相关(Guo Zhengtang et al.,1996)。黄土高原高沉积速率黄土序列的代用指标变化,揭示出末次冰期季风快速变化与格陵兰冰心氧同位素记录的千年尺度波动基本一致(Chen Fahu et al.,1997; Ding Zhongli et al.,1999; Fang Xiaomin et al.,1999; Wu Guangjian et al.,2006; Zheng Hongbo et al.,2007; Sun Youbin et al.,2012),类似的千年尺度气候波动末次冰期以前都持续存在(Lu Huayu et al.,2000; Yang Shiling and Ding Zhongli,2014; Sun Youbin et al.,2021a; Guo Fei et al.,2022),其变幅受到冰量和轨道参数变化的调制(Sun Youbin et al.,2021b)。尽管季风快速变化信号已在20 多个黄土剖面中检出,受沉积速率和成壤作用的影响,突变事件的数量和变幅在空间上和时间上表现出较大差异(Yang Shiling and Ding Zhongli,2014; Sun Youbin et al.,2021a)。

  • 综上,中国黄土-红黏土能很好反演不同时间尺度东亚季风演化,为探讨区域与全球气候变化的联系提供了关键证据(An Zhisheng et al.,2015)。然而,同具有精准定年的石笋记录相比,中国黄土指标变化表现出的轨道尺度变化周期和千年尺度突变事件数量,均具有一定的差异(Cheng Hai et al.,2021; Sun Youbin et al.,2021a),使得中国黄土和石笋记录的精细对比仍有难度,主要挑战来自如何区分温度、降水、环流、水汽来源等因素对黄土和石笋理化指标的不同影响。定量重建黄土记录的降水和温度突变信号,是实现中国黄土与石笋记录的精准对比及深化季风突变规律和机理认知的突破口。本文将回顾基于中国黄土提出的多种古温度和古降水定量重建方法,对比现有的定量重建结果,分析古温度和古降水变化的异同及存在问题,为多尺度季风变化动力学研究提供新思路。

  • 1 研究地点和代用指标

  • 黄土高原位于黄河中游地区,面积达64万km2,是世界上黄土覆盖面积最大的高原(图1)。从空间上看,黄土高原从东南的黏黄土到西北的砂黄土,成壤作用逐渐减弱、沉积速率逐渐增加(刘东生,1985; Lu Huayu et al.,2001; Feng Zhaodong et al.,2004; Sun Youbin et al.,2007; Yang Shiling and Ding Zhongli,2008)。从时间上看,黄土高原沉积了33层黄土(L1~L33)和古土壤(S0~S32)旋回,其中L9、L15、L33为第四纪典型寒冷冰期的厚层粉砂标志层,S5为作为典型间冰期发育的古土壤标志层(Liu Tungsheng and Ding Zhongli,1998; An Zhisheng,2000)。近年来,为获取中国黄土记录的古气候演化信息,针对一些经典黄土剖面开展了古温度和古降水的定量研究(图1和表1),包括灵台(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2022)、洛川(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019)、西峰(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019)、渭南(Tang Changyan et al.,2017; Thomas et al.,2017)、蓝田(Gao Li et al.,2012; Lu Hongxuan et al.,2016)、邙山(Peterse et al.,2014)、塬堡(Jia Guodong et al.,2013)等,重建了晚上新世以来不同时间跨度陆地古温度变化,以及宝鸡(Beck et al.,2018)、西峰(Zhou Weijian et al.,2023)、洛川(Zhou Weijian et al.,2014)、塬堡(Rao Zhiguo et al.,2013)等黄土剖面的第四纪以来多个降雨变化序列,进一步提升了黄土古气候研究的国际影响。

  • 图1 古温度和古降雨定量重建的典型黄土剖面位置图

  • Fig.1 Location map showing loess profiles with quantitative reconstruction of paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation changes

  • 表1 古温度与古降水重建的黄土代用指标

  • Table1 Loess proxies for quantitative reconstructions of paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation

  • 黄土高原古温度定量化重建的指标包括磁化率、游离铁/全铁比值、植硅体、陆生蜗牛壳体团簇同位素以及微生物类脂物等。黄土通常形成于偏干冷气候条件下,而古土壤则发育于相对湿热气候条件下(Kukla et al.,1988),因此,磁化率一定程度上反映了温度变化并被用于古温度重建(吕厚远等,1994; Han Jiamao et al.,1996; Porter et al.,2001)。游离铁是指土壤风化过程中从硅酸盐矿物中释放出来的铁氧化物,全铁是指土壤中所有形态的铁氧化物,游离铁含量与受温度影响的土壤发育程度和矿物淋失相关,因而可用于指示古温度变化(张宗祜等,1995; 孙继敏,1999)。但磁化率和游离铁/全铁比值更多与夏季风影响的成壤相关,难以剥离温度和降水的不同影响。通过分析不同粒级中磁性矿物含量与气候要素关系,发现黏土粒级中成壤成因的亚铁磁性矿物与年降水有关,而赤铁矿则与年均温相关,为定量重建古温度变化提供了新线索(Gao Xinbo et al.,2018)。植硅体是植物根系从土壤中吸收并在不同组织细胞内沉积的一种无机矿物,其形态组合与温度关系密切,基于现代表土植硅体组合与可建立温度定量转换函数应用于古温度重建(吴乃琴等,1994; Lv Houyuan et al.,20062007)。

  • 黄土中蜗牛的种属和数量变化也被广泛用于黄土高原的古气候变化(Wu Naiqin et al.,2018; Bao Rui et al.,2019)。由于碳酸盐团簇同位素(Δ47)与碳酸盐沉淀温度具有明确的相关关系,被作为一种新型地质温度计应用于陆生蜗牛化石重建黄土高原古温度变化(Wang Xu et al.,2016; Zhai Jixuan et al.,2019; Dong Yajie et al.,2022)。土壤中微生物可合成不同结构的支链甘油二烷基甘油四醚类脂物(brGDGTs)来响应外界环境的变化,例如在寒冷气候条件下细菌倾向于合成更多的甲基,而温暖环境下合成的brGDGTs甲基数量较少,微生物活体死亡后细胞膜中的brGDGTs等大分子脂类化合物能在地质体中长期保留下来,因此,可通过分析brGDGTs不同化合物的相对含量可推断形成时土壤温度信息(Weijers et al.,2007; Yang Huan et al.,2014)。

  • 黄土高原古降水定量重建的指标包括磁化率、红度、白云石/方解石含量、植硅体含量、有机碳同位素、生物微钙体Sr/Ca比值、次生碳酸盐Mg同位素、10Be等。早期的定量重建多基于黄土磁化率展开(Maher et al.,1994; Han Jiamao et al.,1996; Porter et al.,2001),因为强降水引起的成壤作用会促进次生磁性矿物形成增加(Zhou Liping et al.,1990; An Zhisheng et al.,1991a)。黄土红度变化与成壤氧化铁(特别是赤铁矿)含量相关,也可定量降水变化(Meng Xianqiang et al.,2021),但是,有研究表明成壤赤铁矿含量也与年均温变化相关(Gao Xinbo et al.,2018)。此外,黄土中含有大量碎屑和成壤碳酸盐,即碎屑白云石和方解石,其组合特征及相对含量变化与降水导致的碳酸盐溶解、迁移和淋失程度密切相关,基于现代表土中白云石和方解石含量与降水关系可以建立降水定量转换函数(Meng Xianqiang et al.,20152018)。黄土中植硅体含量与降水关系密切,基于现代表土植硅体组成与降水关系可建立降水定量转换函数应用于古降水重建(Lv Houyuan et al.,20062007)。

  • 黄土有机碳同位素组成主要由C3、C4植被碳同位素和C3/C4植被比例决定,现代表土结果显示这三个要素与年平均降水变化关系密切,因此,可以基于黄土有机碳同位素构建降水定量转换函数(An Zhisheng et al.,2005; Ning Youfeng et al.,2008)。黄土中生物微钙体Sr/Ca比值可以记录土壤溶液中的Sr/Ca比值从而反映降水量变化(Li Tao and Li Gaojun,2014);次生碳酸盐Mg同位素组成可用于重建降水量变化,因为当降水量较大时,土壤溶液会向下迁移带走偏轻的Mg同位素,导致次生碳酸盐δ26Mg值偏正(Ma Long et al.,2019)。黄土10Be组分主要来源于源区粉尘输入、地磁场调制产生的10Be以及降水相伴的沉积,通过分离粉尘源区和地磁场变化影响后的分量,可以定量重建古降水变化(Zhou Weijian et al.,2014; Beck et al.,2018)。此外,黄土高原西部黄土无机碳酸盐碳同位素敏感响应于降水影响的植被变化,可以作为可靠的夏季风强度指标(Liu Weiguo et al.,2011; Sun Youbin et al.,20152019)。叶蜡单体氢同位素和生物微钙体氧同位素记录了土壤水的氢、氧同位素组成信息,主要反映了大尺度水文气候变化,已被广泛用于重建东亚夏季风相关的水文气候变化(Liu Weiguo et al.,2005; Thomas et al.,2016; Li Yangyang et al.,2018; Zhang Zeke et al.,201820212022; Wang Zheng et al.,2021)。

  • 2 现代过程与转换方程

  • 为了定量重建古温度变化,诸多学者开展了全球或区域表层土壤中的磁化率、植硅体、脂类生物标记物等替代性指标与温度之间的现代过程研究,通过建立替代性指标与温度变化的转换函数,定量化反演黄土高原地区古温度变化。Han Jiamao et al.(1996)分析了黄土高原及其周边地区表土样品磁化率与年均温度的关系,发现在年均温度低于15℃且年均降雨量低于1100mm 时,磁化率随温度升高而增加,建立了黄土高原现代土壤磁化率和大气平均温度的转换函数(图2a),相似的磁化率与温度的对应关系也被其他研究者所证实(Porteretal.,2001)。通过现代过程调查分析(吴乃琴等,1994; LvHouyuanetal.,2006,2007),建立了植硅体组合与年均温度的转换函数(图2b)。张宗祜等(1995)分别通过对现代表层黄土样品中全铁含量与年均温度的相关分析,建立了全铁含量与年均温度的定量关系; 随后,孙继敏等(1999)进一步建立了黄土高原及其周边地区现代表土游离铁、全铁和碳酸盐含量与现代年均温度的转换函数,定量恢复了渭南地区最近130ka以来的古温度变化。

  • Zhai Jixuan et al.(2019)采集中国不同区域现生蜗牛(64个巴蜗牛点和24个华蜗牛点),分析了177个蜗牛壳体团簇同位素组成,发现Δ47和生长季节大气温度有很好的正相关性,建立了Δ47与蜗牛生长季节平均温度的转换方程(图2c)。微生物脂类brGDGTs与温度关系的现代过程研究也在全球和区域尺度上广泛开展,如Weijers et al.(2007)对全球90多个地区134个土壤样品的GDGTs分析时发现,brGDGTs甲基的数量与年均大气温度和pH相关,而环戊烷的数量仅与pH相关,提出来了表征甲基和环戊烷数量的MBT及CBT指标,通过回归分析建立年均大气温度的转换函数。Peterse et al.(2012)分析了全球更广范围内的不同环境中的brGDGTs,并提出了简化的MBT以及相应的温度校正公式。在我国干旱半干旱区,Yang Huan et al.(2014)考虑了单种化合物对温度的响应,利用逐步选择梯度法建立了适用于中国干旱—半干旱区的古温度校正公式。随着色谱技术的改进,原来认为的5-甲基brGDGTs实际上是5-甲基和6-甲基brGDGTs的混合且可被成功分离开来,其中6-甲基brGDGTs与pH明显相关,而5-甲基brGDGTs则与温度相关性更为密切(De Jonge et al.,2014)。考虑到细菌主要生活的土壤表层,最直接反映的是土壤表层温度,Wang Huanye et al.(2020)建立了brGDGTs组分与原位温度计实测的土壤温度函数关系(图2d),进一步提高了温度重建的准确性。

  • 图2 基于现代过程的古温度定量转换函数

  • Fig.2 Transfer functions for paleotemperautre reconstruction

  • (a)—磁化率与年均温(Han Jiamao et al.,1996);(b)—植硅体(Lv Houyuan et al.,2006);(c)—蜗牛Δ47与生长季温度(Zhai Jixuan et al.,2019);(d)—brGDGTs估算土壤温度与实测温度(Wang Huanye et al.,2020

  • (a) —magnetic susceptibility vs. mean annual temperature (Han Jiamao et al., 1996) ; (b) —mean annual temperature vs. phytolith-based temperature (Lv Houyuan et al., 2006) ; (c) —snail Δ47 vs. growing season temperature (Zhai Jixuan et al., 2019) ; (d) —brGDGTs-estimated temperature vs. monitored soil temperature (Wang Huanye et al., 2020)

  • 古降水定量指标研究与古温度研究类似,主要在黄土高原地区通过分析表层土壤中的理化指标变化,研究其与降水量之间的关系,从而建立代用指标与降水变化的转换函数。Maher et al.(1994)利用黄土高原37个表土样品代表九种现代土壤类型,发现磁化率与年平均降水存在良好的线性关系(图3a)。Porter et al.(2001)也在黄土高原开展了类似的研究,发现磁化率与降水存在一定相关性,但粉尘的稀释作用不容忽视。黄土高原表土样多个磁学参数测量表明,频率磁化率可能对年均降水变化响应更为敏感(Song Yang et al.,2014)。Meng Xianqiang et al.(2021)采集了104个黄土高原表土样品,建立了红度数据与降水量之间的量化转换函数(图3b),然而,土壤红度同时受控于磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿含量变化,后者可能更多受年均温变化影响(Gao Xinbo et al.,2018)。Meng Xianqiang et al.(2015,2018)根据不同年降水量导致黄土中白云石/方解石相对含量不同,碳酸盐矿物溶解被划分为4个不同阶段,包括年降水小于610 mm时白云石/方解石共存、610~690 mm时只含方解石、690~725 mm时白云石和方解石消失但不存在向下淋溶、大于725 mm时白云石和方解石淋失且存在向下淀积,基于现代表土的白云石和方解石含量,分别建立了四个阶段的降水量化转换函数(图3c)。Lv Houyuan et al.(2006)调查了243个来自全国不同生态气候条件下表土样品中的植硅体组成分布,建立了降水定量转换函数(图3d)。

  • 通过黄土高原现代表土C3/C4植被比例和C3、C4植被碳同位素组成与降水之间的线性关系(图3e、f),建立黄土有机碳同位素与降水的量化关系(An Zhisheng et al.,2005; Ning Youfeng et al.,2008)。鉴于黄土高原现代表土可能存在的人为扰动,部分定量研究工作基于全新世土壤(S0)展开。例如, Li Tao and Li Gaojun(2014)通过分析黄土高原九个全新世剖面中生物微钙体Sr/Ca比值,建立了生物微钙体Sr/Ca比值与年降水之间的量化转换函数(图3g);Ma Long et al.(2019)通过分析黄土高原10个全新世剖面中次生碳酸盐Mg同位素,建立了其与年降水之间的量化转换函数(图3h)。黄土10Be通过分离粉尘源区和地磁场变化的影响得到降水沉降的10Be通量记录,利用现代观测获得的10Be通量和降水的线性关系,将10Be通量记录换算为降水变化(Zhou Weijian et al.,2014; Beck et al.,2018)。

  • 3 古温度定量重建

  • 邙山、渭南、灵台、西峰、洛川等多个剖面开展了基于生标的土壤古温度重建,揭示黄土高原晚上新世以来(最近3 Ma)的增温趋势、中更新世以来(最近800 ka)显著的冰期—间冰期变化以及末次冰期以来(最近80 ka)的空间变化(图4)。灵台剖面晚上新世以来温度变化分为三个阶段:① 3.0~2.6 Ma的温度快速下降,幅度约为3.5℃,2.6 Ma的温度突变位于黄土-红黏土的交界,与北半球大冰期发生时间相一致;② 2.6~0.6 Ma的温度略有回升,0.6 Ma温度突变则接近于中更新世气候转型的结束;③ 0.6 Ma以来温度变化较平缓但变率增加。与海洋温度记录相比,2.6 Ma之前以及0.6 Ma以来,海陆温度记录的变化趋势相似;然而,在2.6~0.6 Ma时段,黄土高原土壤温度在间冰期有变暖趋势,有别于海表温度的总体变冷(图4a),表明在百万年尺度上陆地与海洋温度变化有脱耦可能(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2022)。

  • 基于brGDGTs重建的黄土高原最近800 ka土壤温度均具有明显冰期—间冰期波动,变化幅度约4~10℃(图4b)。在黄土高原南部的邙山和蓝田剖面观察到末次间冰期温度变化具有清晰的23 ka周期,表明太阳辐射在驱动黄土高原古温度变化的重要作用(Peterse et al.,2011; Gao Li et al.,2012)。空间上看,黄土高原不同剖面重建冰期—间冰期温度变化幅度也有所不同,就洛川剖面而言,MIS 7的温度要比相邻的MIS 5和MIS 9低,与海洋温度变幅基本相似,但对渭南和西峰剖面来讲,MIS 7的温度则要比相邻的MIS 5和MIS 9高,与海洋记录相反。同基于海洋记录集成的海表温度变化相比,海陆温度在冰期和间冰期极盛期的变化幅度表现出较大差异,海洋温度记录多在间冰期极盛期(Peak interglacials如MIS 5e,9e)较高(Lisiecki and Raymo,2005; Snyder,2016),而黄土高原重建的古温度高值多出现在冰盛期—冰消期时段。这种差异可能与基于细菌来源brGDGTs记录的土壤温度易受陆地下垫面植被覆盖等影响有关(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019),因为在冰盛期—冰消期时段,较低的植被覆盖和土壤水含量均有利于地表温度升高。

  • 图3 基于现代过程的古降水定量转换函数

  • Fig.3 Transfer functions for paleoprecipitation reconstruction

  • (a)—磁化率(Maher et al.,1994);(b)—红度(Meng Xianqiang et al.,2021);(c)—方解石/白云石含量(Meng Xianqiang et al.,2018);(d)—植硅体含量(Lv Houyuan et al.,2007);(e)—C4植被有机碳同位素(Ning Youfeng et al.,2008);(f)—C3植被有机碳同位素(Ning Youfeng et al.,2008);(g)—生物微钙体Sr/Ca(Li Tao and Li Gaojun,2014);(h)—土壤碳酸盐Mg同位素(Ma Long et al.,2019

  • (a) —magnetic susceptibility (Maher et al., 1994) ; (b) —redness (Meng Xianqiang et al., 2021) ; (c) —calcite/dolomite (Meng Xianqiang et al., 2018) ; (d) —phytolith (Lv Houyuan et al., 2007) ; (e) —carbon isotope of C4 vegetation (Ning Youfeng et al., 2008) ; (f) —carbon isotope of C3 vegetation (Ning Youfeng et al., 2008) ; (g) —Sr/Ca of microcodium (Li Tao and Li Gaojun, 2014) ; (h) —Mg isotope of soil carbonate (Ma Long et al., 2019)

  • 图4 黄土高原不同剖面定量重建的土壤温度(LST)变化及其与海洋记录对比

  • Fig.4 Comparison of brGDGTs-estimated land soil temperature (LST) changes with other loess and marine proxies

  • (a)—最近3 Ma海陆温度记录及东亚夏季风(EASM)强度变化对比(Snyder,2016; Meng Xianqiang et al.,2018; Lu Hongxuan et al.,2022);(b)—最近800 ka海陆温度记录对比(Snyder,2016; Tang Changyan et al.,2017; Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019);(c)—最近80 ka温度变化的空间特征及其海陆对比;陆地温度记录:邙山(Peterse et al.,2014)、渭南(Lv Houyuan et al.,2007; Tang Changyan et al.,2017)、蓝田(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2016)、西峰(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019)和洛川(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019);海洋记录:深海氧同位素(Lisiecki and Raymo,2005)和全球温度集成(Snyder,2016

  • (a) —comparison of land-ocean temperature records with EASM intensity changes over the last 3 Ma (Snyder, 2016; Meng Xianqiang et al., 2018; Lu Hongxuan et al., 2022) ; (b) —temperature changes on the CLP vs. global sea surface temperature stack during the past 800 ka (Snyder, 2016; Tang Changyan et al., 2017; Lu Hongxuan et al., 2019) ; (c) —spatial changes in land surface temperature and their comparison with marine-based temperature records over the last 80 ka; land temperature records: Mangshan (Peterse et al., 2014) , Weinan (Lv Houyuan et al., 2007; Tang Changyan et al., 2017) , Lantian (Lu Hongxuan et al., 2016) , Xifeng (Lu Hongxuan et al., 2019) , Luochuan (Lu Hongxuan et al., 2019) ; marine records: benthic δ18O stack (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005) and global temperature stack (Snyder, 2016)

  • 黄土高原不同剖面重建的最近80 ka土壤温度变化表明(图4c),全新世温度总体呈下降趋势,但末次冰期冰盛期的温度变化在不同剖面有显著差异。在东南部的邙山、渭南、蓝田以及西部的塬堡剖面,冰盛期土壤温度较低,与海洋记录较为一致,而在中部的灵台,西峰及洛川剖面,冰盛期土壤温度与全新世相似。在末次冰期晚期时段,黄土高原东南部的邙山和渭南剖面的升温时间要晚于黄土高原高原中部的西峰和洛川剖面。考虑到在更老的冰期旋回中,灵台、西峰及洛川剖面冰消期升温开始均比降水更充沛的南部邙山、渭南及蓝田剖面早,因此,这种差异与黄土高原现代植被自东南向西北逐渐变差相一致,推测与植被覆盖效应相关(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019)。现代观测实验表明,植被对地表温度具有重要的调控作用,在植被覆盖好的地区,地表温度与大气温度差异较小,而在植被覆盖差的地区,地表温度和大气温度差异变大(可到10℃)。因此,黄土高原自东南向西北植被逐渐变差,植被效应逐渐增强,导致升温相对超前的现象越显著(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019)。

  • 相比而言,基于植硅体和蜗牛团簇同位素重建的温度变化与brGDGTs重建结果有所不同(Lv Houyuan et al.,2007; Tang Changyan et al.,2017),植硅体重建的渭南剖面MIS 3时段温度要明显高于生标的重建结果(图4c),这可能是由于二者的生长季节不同。当年均温度低于10℃时,蜗牛的生长季节为夏季(Zhai Jixuan et al.,2019),而产生brGDGTs的细菌可能在低于0℃时才停止生长,在黄土高原更多反映的是生长季(4~11月)的温度变化(Wang Huanye et al.,2020)。不仅如此,基于蜗牛团簇同位素重建的黄土高原蒲县末次盛冰期与当前温度的差值(约6.8℃)也要比基于brGDGTs重建的温度差值略大,具体原因还有待进一步分析。

  • 4 古降水定量重建

  • 宝鸡、灵台、西峰、渭南、靖远等剖面开展的古降水重建,可揭示黄土高原晚第四纪以来(最近2.6 Ma)降水变化趋势、中更新世以来(最近800 ka)冰期—间冰期的降水变化幅度以及末次冰期以来(最近80 ka)降水变化的空间特征(图5)。基于方解石/白云石定量重建的古降水结果显示(Meng Xianqiang et al.,2018),第四纪间冰期降水在1.2 Ma和0.5 Ma时段呈现出阶段性增加,与磁化率变化基本一致(图5a)。西峰剖面生物微钙体Sr/Ca比重建的降水在0.5 Ma以前振幅基本一致(Li Tao et al.,2017),有别于矿物比值的重建结果,但0.5 Ma以来间冰期降水量呈降低趋势,与方解石/白云石重建的降水变化趋势一致。值得注意的是,生物微钙体Sr/Ca比记录则表现为持续的40 ka斜率周期,而磁化率记录的主导周期在中更新世呈现出由40 ka到100 ka的转型变化。基于孢粉记录重建的典型温暖期S5时段的降水比当前温暖期湿润的多(Wang Nannan et al.,2023),在黄土高原甚至出现了稀疏森林植被覆盖。

  • 基于黄土磁化率、红度、植硅体含量、有机碳同位素、生物微钙体Sr/Ca比、10Be等六种不同代用指标重建的800 ka以来黄土高原降水,表现出显著的冰期—间冰期变化幅度差异(图5b),植硅体、10Be和红度重建的年降水变幅高达600 mm,有机碳同位素和磁化率重建的变幅约为350 mm,生物微钙体Sr/Ca比重建的降水变幅仅为160 mm。不同指标重建降水变化的主导周期也有差异,生物微钙体Sr/Ca比重建的降水表现为40 ka斜率周期主导(Li Tao et al.,2017),而植硅体、10Be、有机碳同位素、磁化率和红度重建降水记录表现出了显著的冰期—间冰期变化。相比而言,黄土10Be记录到显著的冰期—间冰期旋回和23 ka岁差周期(Zhou Weijian et al.,2023),这与黄土高原西部黄土中无机碳酸盐碳同位素揭示的夏季风强度变化相一致(Sun Youbin et al.,2019),表明太阳辐射和冰期—间冰期下垫面变化共同影响了轨道尺度东亚夏季风变化。

  • 末次冰期以来,来自渭南剖面的植硅体、宝鸡剖面的黄土10Be、靖远剖面的红度以及临夏剖面的有机碳同位素重建的降水表现出清晰的千年尺度波动(图5c),具有揭示千年尺度降水变化的潜力,但在变幅和数量上存在差异。相反,磁化率和生物微钙体Sr/Ca比重建的降水未能记录到清晰的千年尺度波动,这可能与黄土剖面沉积速率、采样分辨率和指标敏感性有关。值得注意的是,临夏剖面的有机碳同位素重建的降水与石笋氧同位素记录的弱季风事件基本一致(Rao Zhiguo et al.,2013),邙山剖面生物微钙体的氧同位素记录同样显示出显著的千年尺度夏季风波动(Zhang Zeke et al.,2022),表明高沉积速率的黄土序列具有记录千年尺度气候波动的巨大潜力,但这些剖面中对降水同样敏感的其他指标如生物微钙体Sr/Ca比尚未开展研究。

  • 5 温度和降水变化对古季风演化的启示

  • 5.1 最近800 ka轨道尺度季风变化的特征和机理

  • 黄土高原地区属于典型温带季风气候,夏季高温多雨、冬季寒冷干燥。基于brGDGTs重建土壤温度和10Be重建的黄土高原降雨量变化,为探讨黄土高原轨道尺度水热变化关系提供了新线索(图6)。在轨道尺度上,10Be重建降水变化具有~100 ka偏心率和~20 ka岁差周期(Beck et al.,2018; Zhou Weijian et al.,2023),与黄土高原典型剖面(如灵台、西峰和洛川)磁化率波动具有显著~100 ka偏心率周期有所不同,但与同受季风降水影响土壤碳酸盐碳同位素变化具有类似的周期特征(Sun Youbin et al.,2019)。以黄土磁化率为表征的东亚夏季风强度变化呈现出显著冰期—间冰期波动(An Zhisheng et al.,1991a),但在西部高沉积速率黄土序列中也显示出明显的岁差周期(Sun Youbin et al.,20072021a),与石笋δ18O序列显示的20 ka主导周期明显不同(Wang Yongjin et al.,2008; Cheng Hai et al.,2016)。brGDGTs重建的温度变化则以100 ka周期为主(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019),与深海氧同位素记录的冰期—间冰期气候波动特征类似。进一步对比温度和降水变化发现二者变化周期不尽相同,降水变化具有更清晰的岁差周期,反映了太阳辐射变化对季风降水的影响要显著大于对温度的影响,此外,冰消期温度增加通常早于季风降雨的增加,这些差异可能与温度和降雨不同的影响因素有关。

  • 图5 黄土高原古降水变化定量重建结果

  • Fig.5 Comparison of proxy-based paleoprecipitation changes with loess magnetic susceptibility and speleothem δ18O

  • (a)—最近2.6 Ma降水:生物微钙体Sr/Ca(Li Tao et al.,2017)和白云石/方解石(Meng Xianqiang et al.,2018)与磁化率变化对比(Sun Youbin et al.,2006);(b)—最近800 ka降水:黄土磁化率、红度(Meng Xianqiang et al.,2021)、植硅体含量(Lv Houyuan et al.,2007)、有机碳同位素(Ning Youfeng et al.,2008)、生物微钙体Sr/Ca比(Li Tao et al.,2017)和10Be(Beck et al.,2018)与碳同位素变化(Sun Youbin et al.,2019);(c)—最近80 ka降水:临夏剖面有机碳同位素重建的夏季降水(黑色,Rao Zhiguo et al.,2013),其他指标重建的年均降水(剖面对应颜色同图5b)与石笋和生物微钙体氧同位素记录对比(Cheng Hai et al.,2016; Zhang Zeke et al.,2022

  • (a) —Sr/Ca of loess microcodium (Li Tao et al., 2017) , dolomite/calcite (Meng Xianqiang et al., 2018) , and magnetic susceptibility (Sun Youbin et al., 2006) ; (b) —redness (Meng Xianqiang et al., 2021) , phytolith (Lv Houyuan et al., 2007) , δ13C of organic matter (Ning Youfeng et al., 2008) , Sr/Ca of micorcodium (Li Tao et al., 2017) , and 10Be-derived precipitation (Beck et al., 2018) , δ13C of loess carbonate (Sun Youbin et al., 2019) ; (c) —precipitation estimated from δ13C of organic matter of Linxia profile (black, Rao Zhiguo et al., 2013) and other loess proxies mentioned in Fig.5b, and δ18O records of speleothem and loess microcodium (Cheng Hai et al., 2016; Zhang Zeke et al., 2022)

  • 图6 最近800 ka黄土高原气候变化与石笋和深海氧同位素记录对比

  • Fig.6 Comparison of loess proxies with speleothem and benthic δ18O records over the last 800 ka

  • (a)—石笋氧同位素(Cheng Hai et al.,2016);(b)—10Be重建的降雨量(Zhou Weijian et al.,2023);(c)—靖远碳同位素记录(Sun Youbin et al.,2019);(d)、(e)—黄土磁化率记录(洛川,Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019; 西峰,Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019; 靖远,Sun Youbin et al.,2019; 临夏,Sun Youbin et al.,2021a; 古浪,Sun Youbin et al.,2021b; 灵台,Lu Hongxuan et al.,2022);(f)—渭南(Tang Changyan et al.,2017)、西峰(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019)、洛川(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2019)和灵台(Lu Hongxuan et al.,2022)重建的土壤温度;(g)—深海氧同位素(Lisiecki and Raymo,2005

  • (a) —speleothem δ18O (Cheng Hai et al., 2016) ; (b) —10Be-derivd peleoprecipitation (Zhou Weijian et al., 2023) ; (c) —δ13C of Jingyuan loess carbonate (Sun Youbin et al., 2019) ; (d) , (e) —magnetic susceptibility of six loess profiles (Luochuan, Lu Hongxuan et al., 2019; Xifeng, Lu Hongxuan et al., 2019; Jingyuan, Sun Youbin et al., 2019; Linxia, Sun Youbin et al., 2021a; Gulang, Sun Youbin et al., 2021b; Lingtai, Lu Hongxuan et al., 2022) ; (f) —brGDGTs-based soil temperature of four loess profiles (Weinan, Tang Changyan et al., 2017; Xifeng, Lu Hongxuan et al., 2019; Luochuan, Lu Hongxuan et al., 2019; Lingtai, Lu Hongxuan et al., 2022) ; (g) —benthic δ18O stack (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005)

  • 黄土与石笋指标变化显示的主导周期差异被称为“100 ka周期问题”(程海等,2021),即黄土指标变化多具有显著100 ka周期,说明季风变化受冰量变化驱动(Ding Zhongli et al.,1995; Liu Tungsheng and Ding Zhongli,1998),而石笋指标表现出显著的20 ka周期(Wang Yongjin et al.,2008; Cheng Hai et al.,2016),说明东亚夏季风变化主要受到夏季太阳辐射影响。基于10Be重建的亚洲季风区降雨变化(Beck et al.,2018; Zhou Weijian et al.,2023),除了具有明显的冰期—间冰期波动外,也呈现与石笋记录类似的~20 ka岁差周期,类似的周期特征也在西部黄土碳酸盐的碳同位素变化中显示(Sun Youbin et al.,20152019)。产生这种差异的原因可能是磁化率受到沉积速率的影响,磁化率通量能更准确地指示东亚夏季风降水变化信息(Kong Xianghui et al.,2020),也可能是磁化率包含了温度变化的印记,因为模拟结果表明冰量/CO2对东亚陆地温变化有显著影响(Sun Youbin et al.,2022)。除主导周期外,黄土多指标反映的间冰期降雨变化幅度也不尽相同,如10Be重建降雨量在MIS 5和MIS 11较高,磁化率高值在黄土高原中部出现在S5-1而在西部则在S4或S3显著增加;相反,石笋氧同位素和靖远碳酸盐碳同位素反映出过去几个间冰期季风强度基本相同。黄土不同指标间的差异以及同石笋氧同位素的区别,仍需结合数值模拟结果进一步评估温度和降水对这些指标的不同影响。

  • 图7 末次冰期黄土高原定量重建结果与石笋记录对比

  • Fig.7 Comparison of loess proxies with speleothem δ18O record over the last 80 ka

  • (a)— 邙山剖面基于brGDGT重建土壤温度(Peterse et al.,2014);(b)—邙山剖面生物微钙体的氧同位素记录(Zhang Zeke et al.,2022);(c)—宝鸡剖面10Be重建年平均降水(Beck et al.,2018);(d)—临夏剖面的有机碳同位素重建的降水变化(Rao Zhiguo et al.,2013);(e)—古浪/靖远剖面的碳同位素记录(Sun Youbin et al.,2015);(f)—石笋氧同位素记录(Cheng Hai et al.,2016

  • (a) — brGDGTs-based paleotemperatre of Mangshan profile (Peterse et al., 2014) ; (b) —δ18O of loess microcodium of Mangshan profile (Zhang Zeke et al., 2022) ; (c) —10Be-derived paleoprecipitation of Baoji profile (Beck et al., 2018) ; (d) —paleoprecipitation estimated from δ13C of organic matter of Linxia profile (Rao Zhiguo et al., 2013) ; (e) —δ13C of loess carbonates of Gulang/Jingyuan profile (Sun Youbin et al., 2015) ; (f) —speleothem δ18O record (Cheng Hai et al., 2016)

  • 5.2 末次冰期千年尺度的水热耦合关系

  • 末次冰期,黄土高原宝鸡剖面10Be(Beck et al.,2018)和临夏剖面有机碳同位素(Rao Zhiguo et al.,2013)重建的降水变化,记录到了清晰的新仙女木和海因里希事件时期弱季风事件(图7c、d)。此外,来自黄土高原西部无机碳酸盐碳同位素记录和来自超高沉积速率邙山剖面黄土生物微钙体氧同位素记录也记录到了清晰的千年尺度波动(Sun Youbin et al.,2015; Zhang Zeke et al.,2022),与石笋氧同位素能够进行良好对比(图7b、e),表明了北大西洋气候对千年尺度东亚夏季风的影响;相比而言,邙山剖面brGDGT重建结果表明(图7a),Heinrich(H)冷事件发生时土壤温度相对较低(Peterse et al.,2014)。因此,黄土高原的水热关系在千年尺度上是否依然为暖湿-冷干组合,未来需要更多高分辨率定量数据进一步证实。

  • 6 结论与展望

  • 基于中国黄土开展的古温度和古降水定量重建工作取得了长足进展,发现多个矿物指标、土壤中细菌细胞膜脂和植物叶蜡的有机地球化学指标,以及次生碳酸盐和生物微钙体的同位素地球化学指标,在古温度和古降水定量重建方面均具有较大的应用潜力。已有的古温度和古降水变化序列,为认识黄土高原水热关系及东亚夏季风变化机理等提供了新的证据。就温度而言,定量重建的晚上新世以来黄土高原土壤温度与海表温度变化的长期趋势有显著差别,但在冰期—间冰期旋回上表现出基本一致的波动特征(盛冰期或冰消期增温提前除外)。海陆温度变化除了受太阳辐射、北半球冰盖等要素的重要驱动作用外,陆地植被变化对土壤温度有重要的调控作用。就降雨而言,尽管不同指标重建的变化幅度差异较大,但均表现出比较清晰的冰期-间冰期波动。其中,是宇宙成因核素10Be重建了最近870 ka以来亚洲季风区降雨量变化,除了具有较强的~100 ka偏心率周期外,还记录了与石笋δ18O记录相似的~20 ka岁差周期。

  • 已有的古温度重建序列表现出较好的时空一致性,但不同指标重建的季风降水变化的时空差异甚大(包括主导周期和变化幅度),未来应着力研发对大尺度季风降水和温度季节变化敏感的指标。就降水变化而言应加强有机生物地球化学研究,比如,植物叶蜡单体氢同位素记录了植物叶蜡利用土壤水的氢同位素信息,可能反映了大尺度水文气候变化(Schefuß et al.,2005; Shanahan et al.,2015; Liu Weiguo et al.,2019)。前人尝试利用黄土沉积中叶蜡氢同位素重建东亚夏季风强度(Liu Weiguo and Huang Yongsong,2005; Thomas et al.,2016; Li Yangyang et al.,2018; Wang Zheng et al.,2021),但定量重建降水变化仍需加强现代过程的研究。就温度变化而言,应加强与风化成壤相关的同位素地球化学研究,例如,黄土中生物微钙体Sr同位素变化被认为是新的对温度变化响应敏感的指标(Zhang Zeke et al.,20182022),但针对微钙体采用团簇同位素或Sr同位素重建古温度变化的研究才刚刚开始(Li Tao et al.,20212023)。因此,未来研究应聚焦黄土中生物标记化合物和生物微钙体的对比分析和交叉检验,通过获得更可信的黄土高原古温度和古降水变化序列,同时需要强化与古气候模拟结果的结合,深化对多尺度季风变化动力学的认知。

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