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作者简介:

赵璧,男,1984年生。高级工程师,主要从事湖北省中生代古生物研究。E-mail: 312865130@qq.com。

通讯作者:

李姜丽,女,1984年生。高级工程师,主要从事湖北省化石产地保护研究。E-mail: 187259571@qq.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    南漳湖北鳄是南漳-远安动物群典型分子和最古老的海生爬行动物之一。为补充其仍缺失甚多的头骨关键特征,对近期采集的1件头骨保存完整的化石标本开展了精细修理和比较解剖学研究。修订了该属种头骨的如下特征:上颌两支沿头骨中线发育狭长骨间隙,前上颌骨最前端接触,鼻骨仅最后端接触;前上颌骨及上颌骨背侧发育同走向凹槽;颅顶平,无矢状嵴;顶骨比额骨大,顶孔位于顶骨前中部;上颞孔围成骨骼包括顶骨、后额骨、眶后骨和鳞骨,不包括上颞骨;轭骨三射状,前支细长,具短的腹后突;上枕骨大,近圆形;外枕骨见神经孔。比较分析认为,南漳湖北鳄、南漳龙和扇桨龙均见上颌两支之间的骨间隙,这可能是湖北鳄目同源性状。南漳湖北鳄上颞骨未参与上颞孔围成,轭骨腹后突未完全退化,下颞孔形态残存,与古老双孔亚纲类似,与进步鱼龙型类不同。推测鱼龙型类随着发展演化,上颞骨逐步前移并参与上颞孔围成,下颞孔逐渐闭合。新材料还显示南漳湖北鳄鼻孔朝上,咬合力不强,推测其具有独特的、不同于其他鱼龙型类的活动和捕食习性。

    Abstract

    Hupehsuchus nanchangensis is the most representative species of the Nanzhang-Yuanan Fauna and one of the oldest known marine reptiles. However, information regarding the key cranial features of this species remains scarce. To address this gap, a recently collected fossil specimen was carefully repaired and studied using comparative anatomical methods. This study revises the following cranial diagnoses of this species: ① a narrow bony space develops along the midline of the skull develops along the two branches of the upper jaws; ② the premaxillae contact each other at their anterior ends, while the nasals only contact at their posterior ends; ③ a groove is present on the premaxilla, aligned with a similar groove on the maxilla; ④ the skull roof is flat and lacks a sagittal crest; ⑤ the parietal bone is larger than the frontal, and the pineal foramen is located in the anteromedial part of the parietal; ⑥ the upper temporal fenestra is formed by parietal, postfrontal, postorbital, and squamosal bones, excluding supratemporal; ⑦ the jugal is a triradiate bone with a thin, elongated anterior process and a short ventral process; ⑧ the supraoccipital is large and nearly circular; and ⑨ the exoccipital has clearly visible nerve openings. Comparative analysis reveals that Hupehsuchus nanchangensis, Nanchangosaurus, and Eretmorhipis all possess bony spaces formed between the upper jaws, which may represent a homologous character of Hupehsuchia. In Hupehsuchus nanchangensis, the supratemporal does not participate in the formation of the upper temporal fenestra. In addition, this species retains morphological vestiges of the jugal's ventral process, and its inferior temporal fenestra is not fully reduced, resembling the condition in the oldest diapsid reptiles but different from the advanced ichthyosauromorphs. It is speculated that during the evolution of ichthyosauromorphs, the supratemporal gradually shifted anteriorly and became incorporated into the upper temporal fenestra, while the inferior temporal fenestra gradually closed. The new material also shows that the external naris of Hupehsuchus nanchangensis faces dorsally, and its bite force was relatively weak. These features suggest that this species had a unique feeding mechanism distinct from other ichthyosauromorphs.

  • 中生代开始仅一百万年就出现了复杂多样的现代型海洋生态系统(Dai Xu et al.,2023),说明PTME(Permian-Triassic mass extinction)事件后,海洋生态系统的“迟缓复苏”(Chen Zhongqiang et al.,2012)可能为一种假象。但这还需要进一步验证,尤其需要对三叠纪早期海洋食物链上层分子进行更多研究,因为大型海洋生物才是稳定海洋生态系统的关键评估指标。近年来,华南下三叠统海相地层中有许多海生爬行动物化石被发现,它们是最古老的海生爬行动物,也是当时海洋中大型生物的代表。这些新化石材料,一部分是新属种(Chen Xiaohong et al.,20132014a2014c2015Jiang Dayong et al.,2014Motani et al.,20142015a程龙,2015Jiang Dayong et al.,2016Huang Jiandong et al.,2019Cheng Long et al.,2022Ren Jicheng et al.,2022),一部分是对修订已知属种或完善相关认识有重要意义的材料(Chen Xiaohong et al.,2014bMotani et al.,2015b2015c2015d2018Wu Xiaochun et al.,2016Zhou Min et al.,2017Cheng Long et al.,2019Li Qiang et al.,2020Huang Jiandong et al.,2020;Qiao Yu et al.,2020,2022;邹亚锐等,2021;Yin Yalei et al.,2021赵璧等,2022杨晨等,2022Wang Wei et al.,2022)。对相关化石产地的进一步调查,确认华南地区在早三叠世末存在两个重要的海生爬行动物群,即:以生活在浅海台地的湖北鳄类为主要特色的南漳-远安动物群(程龙等,2015),和以生活在次深海斜坡环境的鱼龙类为主要特色的巢湖龙动物群(Fu Wanlu et al.,2016)。二者为人们更好地理解古生代末大灭绝后海生爬行动物的起源和早期演化,以及中生代海洋生态系统复苏和重建过程提供了重要窗口。但因部分化石材料不够理想,造成动物群一些重要分子的骨骼特征认识还存在不足,进而影响了以形态学研究认识为基础的系统发育系统学、形态功能学、古生态学分析结论的可靠性。

  • 南漳湖北鳄(Hupehsuchus nanchangensis)是南漳-远安动物群中最具代表性的动物,由杨钟健和董枝明(1972)通过对1件近完整的化石骨架进行详细研究而命名。此后,多位学者通过更丰富的化石材料对南漳湖北鳄化石进行补充研究(Carroll and Dong,1991Chen Xiaohong et al.,2014aWu Xiaochun et al.,2016杨晨等,2022),对该类动物的头后骨骼比较解剖学信息有了比较详实、深入的掌握。但是,目前前人关于南漳湖北鳄的头骨描述,仅限于侧视或腹视保存,化石普遍存在埋藏和保存状况不理想的情况,特别是存在头骨严重挤压并破碎严重,很多骨片明显位移,骨缝与裂缝难以辨认的问题,不利于重建骨骼结构和辨识关键特征(如头骨开孔情况以及各孔如何围成)。因古脊椎动物头骨形态学信息对系统发育以及形态功能分析等十分重要,为补充完善南漳湖北鳄形态特征的基础数据,本文新获取了一枚保存完好,挤压破坏影响甚微的南漳湖北鳄头骨化石。本文以该头骨为重点研究对象,基于其良好的保存状态,全面展示了该类爬行动物头骨背视结构特征,并补充和修订前人的一些认识,提升了南漳湖北鳄系统学等研究结论的可靠性。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 研究标本YGM-Y8404产自湖北省宜昌市远安县河口乡落星村映沟剖面,产出层位为下三叠统奥伦尼克阶嘉陵江组二段顶部,对应该剖面第84层灰黑色中薄层泥晶灰岩(图1),地层时代为早三叠世奥伦尼克期斯帕斯亚期(陈粲等,2016)。根据古地理恢复结果(Scotese,2014冯增昭等,1997),化石产区在早三叠世末位于特提斯洋东部扬子陆块北缘的浅海台地,为一水体循环受限的台内洼地或潟湖(阎春波等,2021)。

  • YGM-Y8404标本系由湖北省地质科学研究院在自然资源主管部门同意下,通过系统的地层剖面测制分层以及逐层化石发掘工作采集的,采集化石的方法是采用大间距垂向钻孔+化学膨胀裂岩(静态爆破),这从很大程度降低了机械和人工高频振动对化石的损害,化石完整性得到较好保留。标本搬运至室内后,进行了长达3个月的研究前处理,即用PaleoTools Jack #4气动针在体式显微镜下对化石进行围岩剔除,使标本在不被破坏前提下尽可能揭露和便于观察。

  • 研究方法主要是对标本进行观察、拍照和线条图绘制以及比较解剖学描述,骨骼形态观察和测量主要在肉眼下进行,骨缝观察在体式显微镜下进行,化石照片使用单反相机配合补光灯、稳定脚架和快门线拍摄,骨骼线条及色块用Adobe Illustrator软件绘制,形态数据测量使用毫米级电子游标卡尺完成。在观察和描述基础上,将新材料与相关标本进行对比分析,主要包括4件前人报道的含头骨南漳湖北鳄化石标本,即:模式标本(IVPP V3232),编号为IVPP V4069a、IVPP V4069b的标本,保存于中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所;编号为WGSC 26004的标本,保存于武汉地质调查中心;编号为 ZMNH M8127的标本,保存于浙江自然博物馆。经核实,所有对比标本和研究标本均来自同一地区和层位,对比数据主要来自文献采集。

  • 为方便讨论,通过修订南漳湖北鳄性状,应用PAUP Version 4.0b10软件对Hupehsuchia和Ichthyosauromorpha进行了系统发育再分析。Hupehsuchia数据矩阵和分析方法修改自Chen Xiaohong et al.(2015)的方案(Appendix S1),修订矩阵中Hupehsuchus性状为10101?0110?1001 01001 01111 10001 11111 10。Ichthyosauromorpha数据矩阵和和分析方法修改自Motani et al.(2017)的方案(Data S1、Data S2),修订矩阵中Hupehsuchus性状为00111 01001 00000 10100 00000 0000? 00?00 1?000?0??0?2?0???001 00100 00???  ??2?? 00?0?  ?00?? 00??0 02000 0010? 01200 00001 00001 10000 01?(0 1)0 00000 00001 11010 00010 10010 000?1 00110 01000 01010 01120 00000 11000?000? 00000 0000? 0?001 01111 10001 11111 111。

  • 机构缩写:CAS,IVPP—中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所(Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology);GMC—中国地质博物馆(Geological Museum of China);WGSC—武汉地质调查中心(Wuhan Geological Survey Centre);ZMNH—浙江自然博物馆(Zhejiang Museum of Natural History);YGM—远安地质博物馆(Yuan'an Geological Museum)。

  • 图1 湖北省远安县映沟剖面位置及研究标本产出层位

  • Fig.1 Location of Yinggou section and stratum of the research specimen in Yuan'an County, Hubei Province

  • (a)—全球早三叠世古地理图(据Scotese,2014修改);(b)—华南早三叠世古地理图(据冯增昭等,1997修改);(c)—研究区地质简图(根据1∶50万湖北省地质图修改);(d)—映沟剖面全貌及研究标本产出层位;1—白垩系;2—侏罗系;3—上三叠统;4—中三叠统巴东组;5—下—中三叠统嘉陵江组;6—下三叠统;7—二叠系;8—志留系—二叠系;9—奥陶系;10—太古界—寒武系;11—灰岩;12—白云质灰岩;13—蠕虫状灰岩;14—白云岩;15—角砾白云岩;16—泥岩;17—泥质页岩;18—玻屑凝灰岩;19—沉积结核;20—断层;21—不整合;22—映沟剖面;23—脊椎动物化石富集层;24—研究标本(YGM-Y8404)

  • (a) —global Early Triassic paleogeographic map (modified from Scotese, 2014) ; (b) —Early Triassic paleogeographic map of South China (modified from Feng Zengzhao et al., 1997) ; (c) —geological map of study area (based on the1∶500 000 regional geological survey data of Hubei Province) ; (d) —the view of the Yinggou section and the output layer of the study specimen; 1—Cretaceous; 2—Jurassic; 3—Upper Triassic; 4—Middle Triassic Badong Formation; 5—Lower-Middle Triassic Jialingjiang Formation; 6—Lower Triassic; 7—Permian; 8—Silurian-Permian; 9—Ordovician; 10—Archaean-Cambrian; 11—limestone; 12—dolomite limestone; 13—vermicular limestone; 14—dolostone; 15—breccia dolostone; 16—mudstone; 17—argillaceous shale; 18—glassy tuff; 19—sedimentary nodules; 20—fault; 21—unconformity; 22—Yinggou section; 23—vertebrate fossil bed; 24—research specimen (YGM-Y8404)

  • 2 系统古生物学

  • 爬行Reptilia Laurenti,1758

  • 双孔下纲Diapsida Osborn,1903

  • 鱼龙型超目Ichthyosauromorpha Motani et al.,2015

  • 湖北Hupehsuchia Young Zhongjian et al.,1972

  • 湖北Hupehsuchidae Young Zhongjian et al.,1972

  • 南漳湖北Hupehsuchus nanchangensis Young Zhongjian et al.,1972

  • 模式标本:IVPP V3232一具几乎完整的骨架,侧视保存,尾椎末端缺失(杨钟健和董枝明,1972)。

  • 研究标本:YGM-Y8404,一具几乎完整的骨架,侧视保存,但颈椎扭折,使头骨总体呈背视保存,尾椎末端缺失(图2;层面发黄物质是极薄的、风化后的沥青质薄膜,如阎春波等,2021所述)。

  • 研究标本产地、层位:湖北省远安县落星村映沟,下三叠统嘉陵江组二段(Spathian亚阶)。

  • 头骨特征(补充修订):头骨扁;吻长;无牙;上颌支背侧见同走向凹槽;上颌两支(鼻骨—前上颌骨)间有狭长骨间隙,左右前上颌骨仅前端接触、鼻骨仅后端接触;上颌骨前支很长,伸入前上颌骨背侧中部约一半长度;前上颌骨参与外鼻孔围成;外鼻孔朝上,由前上颌骨、上颌骨、鼻骨围成;鼻骨具背侧突;前额骨和后额骨接触;前额骨后侧缘锯齿状;颅顶平坦,未见矢状嵴;顶骨比额骨大;顶孔位于顶骨中部靠前位置;上颞孔由顶骨、后额骨、眶后骨和鳞骨围成,上颞骨没有参与;轭骨发育较短的腹后突,使下颞孔形态部分保留;轭骨与鳞骨接触,使眶后骨没有参与下颞孔围成;上枕骨大,近圆形;下颌发育冠状突;反关节突较长,远端钝圆。

  • 3 头骨描述和对比

  • YGM-Y8404标本全长89 cm,除尾干末端骨骼少量缺失之外,其余保存完好,头后骨骼完全符合南漳湖北鳄鉴定特征,特别是具有扇形肩胛骨、条(棒)状髂骨、神经棘分上下两段及其顶端的3层膜质骨板等南漳湖北鳄典型骨骼结构(图2),从尺寸判断为南漳湖北鳄成年或亚成年体。标本头骨为本文描述重点,其背视出露(图3),近立体保存完好,骨骼完整,裂缝少,骨缝清晰,头骨(中线)全长11.37 cm(更多骨骼测量结果见表1),与ZMNH M8127标本头骨长度接近(11.97 cm),略小于模式标本IVPP V3232(12.6 cm)(图4)。

  • 前上颌骨:前上颌骨位于头骨最前端,成对,长度超过头骨一半,是构成上颌支的主要骨骼;没有发现前上颌骨附着牙齿或其他结构。其较细长,前端最细,向后逐渐加宽,并向后形成背、腹两支,分别与鼻骨和上颌骨接触,背支抵达外鼻孔前缘。前上颌骨左右两支最前端皆微向内弯,相互靠近但未接触,从骨骼表面痕迹观察认为其原为相互关节状态。上颌两支之间存在明显的骨间隙,但上颌骨内侧均未见关节痕迹,说明这并非埋藏时挤压导致的两支分离,上颌骨间隙结构在非Hupehsuchia鱼龙型类中较罕见,仅在早侏罗世Leptonectes tenuirostris和晚三叠世Shastasaurus liangae的少量标本中发现过(Maisch and Reisdorf,2006;Sander et al.,2011),但是,LeptonectesShastasaurus上颌骨间隙主要位于上颌支最靠后部位(鼻骨接触部分),而不像南漳湖北鳄从吻端一直后延到了眼眶附近。Wu Xiaochun et al.(2016)曾在ZMNH M8127标本侧视头骨的上颌骨背侧表面观察到“拉长的沟和脊”,YGM-Y8404标本中同样清楚观察到这些与前上颌骨同走向的结构(其向后延伸进入上颌骨),这种沟脊痕迹在一些鱼龙型类标本中也见报道,如同为Hupehsuchia的早三叠世EretmorhipisCheng Long et al.,2019)和早侏罗世的Hauffiopteryx typicusMaxwell and Cortés,2020)等,但绝大部分鱼龙型类上颌支表面较光滑。

  • 图2 湖北远安地区南漳湖北鳄Hupehsuchus nanchangensis新标本YGM-Y8404(比例尺5 cm)

  • Fig.2 New specimen (YGM-Y8404) of Hupehsuchus nanchangensis from Yuan'an region, Hubei (scale bar is 5 cm)

  • sc—肩胛骨;il—髂骨

  • sc—scapula; il—ilium

  • 图3 湖北远安地区南漳湖北鳄YGM-Y8404标本头骨照片(a)及线条图(b)(背视;比例尺1 cm)

  • Fig.3 Photograph (a) and interpretive drawing (b) of the skull of Hupehsuchus nanchangensis (YGM-Y8404) from Yuan'an region, Hubei (in dorsal view; scale bars 1 cm)

  • at—枢椎;atns—枢椎神经棘;bh—基舌骨;ch—角舌骨;eo—外枕骨;exn—外鼻孔;f—额骨;j—轭骨;l—泪骨;lg—唇沟;m—上颌骨;mand—下颌骨;n—鼻骨;orb—眼眶;p—顶骨;pf—顶孔;ptf—后额骨;pm—前上颌骨;pob—眶后骨;prf—前额骨;ps—副蝶骨;pt—翼骨;q—方骨;qj—方轭骨;so—上枕骨;sq—鳞骨;st—上颞骨;utf—上颞孔

  • at—atlas; atns—atlas neural spine; bh—basihyal; ch—ceratohyal; eo—exoccipital; exn—external naris; f—frontal; j—jugal; l—lacrimal; lg—labial groove; m—maxilla; mand—mandible; n—nasal; orb—orbit; p—parietal; pf—pineal foramen; ptf—postfrontal; pm—premaxilla; pob—postorbital; prf—prefrontal; ps—parasphenoid; pt—pterygoid; q—quadrate; qj—quadratojugal; so—supraoccipital; sq—squamosal; st—supratemporal; utf—upper temporal fenestra

  • 表1 湖北远安地区南漳湖北鳄标本YGM-Y8404的头骨测量数据

  • Table1 Measurements of the skull in Hupehsuchus nanchangensis (YGM-Y8404) from Yuan'an region, Hubei

  • 上颌骨:上颌骨位于头骨中部腹侧,成对,为前后拉长的骨骼,在外鼻孔前缘有一个向外的小角度弯折。从背视角度,可以清楚看到上颌骨前支向前伸长极多,到达上颌支的一半长度,叠覆在前上颌骨背侧中部;前上颌骨的凹槽和凸起也向后延至上颌骨中部腹侧。后腹侧支伸长超过眼眶的一半,推测其与轭骨前支(该骨发生了位移)围成眼眶腹缘。该骨中部背侧构成外鼻孔的腹缘。南漳湖北鳄的上颌骨形状和绝大多数鱼龙型类一致,为三射(角)形(McGowen and Motani,2003),Wu Xiaochun et al.(2016)在ZMNH M8127标本中观察到其上颌骨的短背侧支和鼻骨接触,构成外鼻孔的后缘,在YGM-Y8404标本中,上颌骨背侧支被泪骨遮挡了。

  • 鼻骨:鼻骨成对,三射形,总体前后拉长。因上颌两支较长的骨间隙,两侧鼻骨只在最靠后的部位相互关节。鼻骨后缘为折线形,与额骨、前额骨广泛接触,这与UtatsusaurusChaohusaurus等大多数鱼龙型类相似(Motani et al.,1998Zhou Min et al.,2017)。前支较长,被前上颌骨背侧支分叉所“包夹”。内侧也可见伸长的鼻骨前支,正常状态下它们应被前上颌骨压在下方,但因背腹向挤压而与前上颌骨脱离并移动到现在位置。腹侧支短小,与泪骨及下覆的上颌骨背侧支接触,构成外鼻孔的后边缘。鼻骨中部腹外侧构成外鼻孔的背缘。

  • 泪骨:泪骨是成对的片状骨骼,Wu Xiaochun et al.(2016)观察到南漳湖北鳄的泪骨位于上颌骨后方、眼眶前侧,这和绝大多数三叠纪早期鱼龙型类一致(Zhou Min et al.,2017)。YGM-Y8404标本中眼眶前侧的独立骨片形态、大小与ZMNH M8127标本中的泪骨相似,推测为泪骨,但其位置相对靠前,抵达了外鼻孔后缘。该标本的泪骨——前额骨区域的骨骼有明显受挤压破碎现象,推测该区域受背腹向挤压影响,导致被前额骨压覆的泪骨脱离关节并向前移位。

  • 前额骨:前额骨位于眼眶前背侧,成对,形状不规则,是构成眼眶前背缘的主要骨骼。前缘与泪骨、鼻骨接触。腹侧与上颌骨接触。背侧与鼻骨、额骨接触。后缘与后额骨接触,将额骨隔离在眼眶外,与ZMNH M8127标本观察到的一致。后腹缘呈锯齿状。该骨前腹侧有明显挤压破碎的痕迹,结合模式标本和ZMNH M8127标本的观察认识,其在埋藏前应是外突的立体状骨骼,类似于眉骨。同时期鱼龙型类ChaohusaurusZhou Min et al.,2017)、UtatsusaurusMotani et al.,1998)、GrippiaMotani,2000)的前额骨也有明显扩展,但在更晚出现的进步鱼龙型类中这一骨骼特征已不那么明显。

  • 额骨:额骨位于颅顶中部,近长方形,成对,沿头骨中线两侧排列。向前分叉,与鼻骨接触。外侧边缘与前额骨、后额骨接触,不参与眼眶围成。后缘与顶骨接触,接触界线呈锯齿状。有一个侧后腹突,但不参与上颞孔和顶孔围成。该骨在不同鱼龙型类中形状、大小差别较大,甚至在同属中,如Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis的额骨有一个后支参与了上颞孔围成(Huang Jiandong et al.,2019),而Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis则没有(Zhou Min et al.,2017)。但总体而言,侏罗纪分子如Ichthyosaurus communis的额骨相对尺寸显得远小于包含南漳湖北鳄在内的大多数基干鱼龙型类(Motani,1999;Ji Cheng et al.,2015)。与南漳湖北鳄一样,额骨不参与眼眶围成是绝大多数鱼龙型类的特征,目前只发现早三叠世分子UtatsusaurusMotani et al.,1998)、GrippiaMotani,2000)、NanchangosaurusChen Xiaohong et al.,2014b)和Cartorhynchus(Motani et al.,2015)是例外。

  • 图4 Hupehsuchus nanchangensis头骨结构比较(比例尺2 cm)

  • Fig.4 Comparison of skull structure in Hupehsuchus nanchangensis (scale bar is 2 cm)

  • (a)—YGM-Y8404标本头骨线条图;(b)—IVPP V3232标本(模式标本)头骨线条图(模式标本,据Carroll and Dong,1991改绘);(c)—ZMNH M8217标本头骨线条图(据Wu Xiaochun et al.,2016改绘);(d)—IVPP V4068标本头骨线条图(据Carroll and Dong,1991改绘);at—枢椎;atns—枢椎神经棘;bh—基舌骨;ch—角舌骨;eo—外枕骨;exn—外鼻孔;f—额骨;j—轭骨;l—泪骨;lg—唇沟;m—上颌骨;mand—下颌骨;n—鼻骨;orb—眼眶;p—顶骨;pal—腭骨;pf—顶孔;ptf—后额骨;pm—前上颌骨;pob—眶后骨;prf—前额骨;ps—副蝶骨;pt—翼骨;q—方骨;qj—方轭骨;so—上枕骨;sq—鳞骨;st—上颞骨;utf—上颞孔

  • (a) —line drawing of the skull of YGM-Y8404; (b) —line drawing of the skull of IVPP V3232 (type specimen,after Carroll and Dong,1991) ; (c) —line drawing of the skull of ZMNH M8217 (after Wu Xiaochun et al., 2016) ; (d) —line drawing of the skull of IVPP V4068 (after Carroll and Dong,1991) ; at—atlas; atns—atlas neural spine; bh—basihyal; ch—ceratohyal; eo—exoccipital; exn—external naris; f—frontal; j—jugal; l—lacrimal; lg—labial groove; m—maxilla; mand—mandible; n—nasal; orb—orbit; p—parietal; pal—palatine; pf—pineal foramen; ptf—postfrontal; pm—premaxilla; pob—postorbital; prf—prefrontal; ps—parasphenoid; pt—pterygoid; q—quadrate; qj—quadratojugal; so—supraoccipital; sq—squamosal; st—supratemporal; utf—upper temporal fenestra

  • 后额骨:后额骨位于眼眶后背侧,成对,呈不规则三射形,是构成眼眶后背缘主要骨骼。前背支前端与前额骨接触,将额骨隔离在眼眶外,背侧与额骨接触。腹侧支较粗,前腹侧构成眼眶后缘,后腹侧主要与眶后骨接触,压在轭骨之上。后背支左侧可见,较短,伸入上颞孔和顶骨之间,构成上颞孔前缘。南漳湖北鳄的后额骨与Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis一样(Huang Jiangdong et al.,2019),通过参与上颞孔的围成,阻隔顶骨和眶后骨接触,而Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis的后额骨和额骨均位置靠前,顶骨和眶后骨接触并形成上颞孔的前缘(Zhou Min et al.,2017)。

  • 眶后骨:眶后骨位于头骨颞区中部外侧,成对,呈不规则的三角形。前背侧支前缘与后额骨接触,共同围成上颞孔的前外侧边缘。后侧支与鳞骨相接,左侧可见鳞骨前侧支分叉,包夹了眶后骨后侧支,这与ZMNH M8127标本观察到的一致。腹侧支末端压碎了,与轭骨接触,尽管轭骨受挤压移位,推测该支应参与了围成了眼眶的后缘。比较而言,南漳湖北鳄等基干鱼龙型类的眶后骨位置靠上,是构成上颞孔的重要骨骼之一,而晚期鱼龙型类的眶后骨位置下移,并因为上颞骨腹侧支向前伸长,逐渐被排挤在上颞孔围成骨骼之外(McGowen and Motani,2003)。

  • 顶骨:顶骨大,位于颅顶中央,成对,沿头骨中线两侧排列,形成较平坦光滑,微微内凹的颅顶平台的主要部分(中后部)。顶骨内中线位置见一卵圆形顶孔,顶孔位置比较靠前,与Chaohusaurus顶孔位置靠后的情况略有不同。前缘与额骨呈齿状接触,接触界线不甚明显。前外侧与后额骨接触,围成上颞孔的内边缘。后外侧有一个强壮的后外侧支,并分叉形成两个小突,与鳞骨背侧突和上颞骨接触。后侧主要与上颞骨前边缘接合,构成颅顶平台后缘,后缘近中线处微微突出,使头骨背视最末端有一“小尖”。相比其他鱼龙型类,南漳湖北鳄的顶骨相对比例大得多,而且形状简单,基本全位于背侧,大部分三叠纪鱼龙型类如ChaohusaurusGuizhouichthyosaurus的顶骨都有明显的侧后支(McGowen and Motani,2003; Maisch et al.,2006; Huang Jiangdong et al.,2019),在南漳湖北鳄中,同样的位置被上颞骨占据了。

  • 鳞骨:鳞骨位于头骨颞区后外侧,成对,为不规则四射形,与ZMNH M8127标本观察到的较为一致。前背侧支与眶后骨背缘接触,构成上颞孔后外边缘。后背侧支被分叉的顶骨后外侧突所夹。前腹侧支主要与眶后骨后缘接触,但可能因挤压和移位,不能判断其是否与轭骨接触。后腹侧支向后向下延伸,主要与上颞骨腹支前缘接触。该骨前侧两支包夹了眶后骨背后侧突,也与ZMNH M8127标本一致。腹侧两支与眶后骨一起构成圆形的下颞孔上边缘。南漳湖北鳄的鳞骨位置十分靠上,其与顶骨直接接触,从而阻隔了后侧的上颞骨参加上颞孔的围成,这种情况十分罕见,因为已知几乎所有鱼龙型类的上颞孔都有上颞骨的参与,鳞骨参与围成上颞孔的情况则只在部分基干鱼龙型类中存在,如UtatsusaurusMotani et al.,1998)、Chaohusaurus chaoxianensisZhou Min et al.,2017)等。

  • 上颞骨:上颞骨较厚,位于颅骨最后部,成对,背视呈一长带状(从其他湖北鳄类及早三叠世鱼龙形类观察,该骨可能较大,还应有一个向后腹侧的弯折部分)。后腹侧支向主要与鳞骨后腹侧支的后缘接触,骨缝清晰。背侧支则与顶骨后缘接触,末端靠近顶骨的中线。上颞骨被鳞骨和顶骨阻隔,没有参与上颞孔的围成,如前所述,这种上颞骨和上颞孔的关系在鱼龙型类中非常怪异(下文将进一步讨论)。上颞骨压覆骨骼应为翼骨。

  • 方骨:方骨呈长条状,成对,一端边缘扩张呈扇形,另一端棒状。两侧的方骨都不在原有位置。左侧方骨和同样移位的左下颌支靠近,在下颌骨关节骨附近,右侧方骨移位到了左侧下颞孔后部,被上颞骨压住并有少量压碎。根据模式标本,其本应位于上颞骨下方,作为连接上下颌的重要“桥梁”,方轭骨可能和方骨关节在一起,但YGM-Y8404标本中不太容易分辨。

  • 枕骨:枕骨可见上枕骨和外枕骨,基枕骨没有观察到。上枕骨位于整个颅骨后方,但不像IVPP V4068标本一样垂直于颅顶平台,而是受背腹向挤压脱离关节并“平躺”。这是一块较厚较大的圆形骨骼,内凹,十分显眼,与IVPP V3232标本中观察到的形态相似,但更完整。上枕骨压覆骨骼根据位置推测为副蝶骨。外枕骨脱落了,并移动到了靠近左下颌支关节突附近,明显比上枕骨小,有标志性的神经孔,形状与IVPP V3232、IVPP V4068标本十分相似。Huang Jiandong et al.(2019)观察到的Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis枕骨形态与南漳湖北鳄比较类似,但外枕骨未见神经孔,也未观察到基枕骨,而晚期鱼龙型类中,基枕骨通常是一块较大、显眼的骨骼(McGowen and Motani,2003)。

  • 轭骨:轭骨位于颅骨中后部两边最外腹侧,成对,本应位于眼眶腹缘,但在YGM-Y8404标本中因挤压而发生旋转和位移,并被后额骨前腹侧压覆了一部分。该骨细弱,三射形。两侧轭骨均见明显的腹后突,跟Wu Xiaochun et al.(2016)的观察一致。从左侧轭骨可以看到有一个较长的前支,其在移位前应与上颌骨后支共同构成眼眶的下缘。有一个背侧支因骨骼旋转而向后伸长而不是向上,ZMNH M8127标本中显示背侧支比较长,并与鳞骨相接,但在YGM-Y8404标本中观察不到,因为有眶后骨的遮挡。南漳湖北鳄的轭骨在鱼龙型类中显得非常独特,对此我们将会在下文进一步讨论。

  • 下颌支:下颌支长条状细长骨骼,成对,微弯形状令人想到武士刀,组成下颌支的齿骨、隅骨、上隅骨等关节较好,但下颌支与颅骨没有很好关节,均脱离并移位了,右支单独位于颅骨右侧外围,左支顺时针旋转了35°左右,并被颅骨压在下方,这可能是因为收到了背腹向挤压的影响。上隅骨发育两个低矮的上突。两支末端均发育较长的后突,南漳湖北鳄的后突相对长度超过大部分非Hupehsuchia的鱼龙型类(McGowen and Motani,2003),有学者认为这种情况可能意味着动物的下颌可以快速有力地张开(Sander et al.,2011)。

  • 舌骨:舌骨见基舌骨和角舌骨,均为长条形骨骼,都发生了移位。基舌骨较长,后部较宽,向前逐渐变窄,和左下颌支一样顺时针旋转了35°左右,被颅骨所压覆,又压覆在左下颌支上方;角舌骨为一细长的条状骨,仅见到左侧支,位于左下颌支后突附近,并被下颌骨及方骨部分压覆。南漳湖北鳄的基舌骨很大、骨化较好,和非Hupehsuchia的鱼龙型类基舌骨未见骨化的情况(Motani et al.,2013)明显不同,该骨的作用可能是更好连接两侧的角舌骨,使其肌肉附着比较坚固,Motani et al.(2015)认为这说明该动物有一个很大的舌头。

  • 头骨各孔:由于头骨背视保存,可以清楚观察到头骨各孔情况,有对称的2个外鼻孔、2个眼眶、2个上颞孔和1个顶孔,最大直径:眼眶>上颞孔>外鼻孔>顶孔。外鼻孔位于上颌支背侧中部,位置靠后,靠近眼眶,为前后拉长的略不规则的卵圆形,主要围成骨骼是内侧的鼻骨和外侧的上颌骨,如前所述,泪骨参与围成外鼻孔有可能是一种假象。眼眶很大,看起来是半封闭的,这是因为构成其下缘的两侧轭骨均因挤压发生了相似的旋转和位移,原本轭骨前支应该与上颌骨后支相连,眼眶的前缘由上颌骨、前额骨和可能位移到前面的泪骨围成,背缘由相互关节的前额骨和后额骨围成,后缘由后额骨和眶后骨围成,眼眶前不存在眶前孔,和Wu Xiaochun et al.(2016)的观察认识一致,相应部位是挤压破碎的前额骨,碎骨的一些间隙也许会造成误判,包括南漳湖北鳄在内的Hupehsuchia似乎都没有生长典型的巩膜环结构,不像其他鱼龙型类,但南漳湖北鳄两侧眼眶之间的颅顶平台也较窄,可能和GrippiaUtatsusaurusCartorhynchus等基干鱼龙型类一样,眼球会受到来自背侧的压力(Motani et al.,19982015a; Motani,2000)。顶孔是前后拉长的卵圆形,位于顶骨内部,和同时期的基干鱼龙型类Chaohusaurus(Huang Jiangdong et al.,2019)、CartorhynchusMotani et al.,2015a)等类似,但和SclerocormusJiang Dayong et al.,2016)以及大多数晚期分子的顶孔位于顶骨和额骨之间情况不同。上颞孔是前后拉长的卵圆形,较小,远比晚期的鱼龙型类小,由后额骨、顶骨、鳞骨、眶后骨围成,上颞骨没有参与(对该孔围成骨骼的对比讨论见下文),两侧上颞孔中均可以观察到一些腭面骨骼,从形态推测为翼骨横突,但其位置似乎要比Carroll and Dong(1991)重建的位置更加靠后。

  • 4 讨论

  • 侧视保存的南漳湖北鳄头骨化石似乎总有部分骨骼严重破损的问题(Carroll and Dong,1991Wu Xiaochun et al.,2016)。本文研究的YGM-Y8404标本整个头骨的裂缝很少,其组成骨骼的形态大多完整,骨缝清晰,基本解决了上述问题。按照化石埋藏规律分析推测,南漳湖北鳄头骨应是扁平的,但由于躯干强烈侧扁(Wu Xiaochun et al.,2016),其埋藏状态多为侧躺,头骨也因此容易受两侧挤压而破碎。很容易观察到,YGM-Y8404标本的颈椎与头骨连接部位被破坏了,枢椎、寰椎以及神经棘伸长部分脱离了关节,说明在埋藏前动物脖子已经折断,扁平的头骨才能不像以往那样侧面埋藏,受到的挤压破坏影响也就轻微得多。

  • YGM-Y8404标本揭示了南漳湖北鳄上颌两支之间有沿头骨中线展布的骨间隙。Carroll and Dong(1991)未能正确重建该结构,因为模式标本(及后续报道的ZMNH M8127标本)的侧视,观察不到这一特征,由于次生颚遮挡了上颌骨块,腹视保存的IVPP V4068标本中也未观察到上述特征。南漳湖北鳄独特的吻部骨骼结构让人联想到Eretmorhipis—Hupehsuchia另一成员,其具有形态更夸张的长椭圆形头骨中线骨间隙,间隙内还长有类似现生鸭嘴兽的“os paradoxum”骨块(Cheng Long et al.,2019)。同样,背视保存的Nanchangosaurus模式标本头骨尽管丢失了上颌支前端的实体骨骼,但印痕依然清楚证明两支之间也骨间隙存在(Carroll and Dong,1991)(图5)。虽暂时还缺乏合适材料来验证ParahupehsuchusEohupehsuchus等另两类Hupehsuchia的头骨,但现有信息已支持上颌中线骨间隙可能是Hupehsuchia同源性状的猜测。我们还注意到,现代海洋中的多种须鲸头骨前背侧发育深且长的中凹槽(mesorostral groove)(Michelangelo and Giorgio,2022),在整体形态上与IVPP V4068标本亦有相似之处。

  • 进步的鱼龙型类如Tennodontosaurus等通常有较大的上颞骨,其占据颅顶平台靠后区域,是围成上颞孔后半部分的主要骨骼(McGowen and Motani,2003)。这与大多数基干双孔类头骨中鳞骨和顶骨接触并围成上颞孔后缘的情况显著不同,也曾引起一些学者对鱼龙和其他双孔类的上颞孔是否同源的猜疑(Michael and Maisch,2001)。YGM-Y8404标本从背视角度验证了南漳湖北鳄颅骨最后方的骨骼为上颞骨,其在横向上扩展并构成颅顶平台的“后缘”,且就像Wu Xiaochun et al.(2016)所观察到的那样,其大部分位于颅后,即该骨在颅顶平台后缘有一个明显的向下弯折。但是,与Youngnia等古老双孔类比较(Carroll,1981),南漳湖北鳄的上颞骨明显更大、更加扩展和靠前,虽然,其仍被鳞骨和顶骨的连接阻挡参与上颞孔围成。鉴于南漳湖北鳄与鱼龙较近的亲缘关系(Muller,2004;Motani et al.,2015a),我们认为该动物上颞骨的发育特征具有一定的过渡演化指示意义,其支持鱼龙的双孔类起源假说,即鱼龙型类演化过程中有上颞骨扩展和前移的发展趋势,直至抵达上颞孔,并逐步取代鳞骨成为上颞孔后缘的组成部分(图6)。

  • 图5 Hupehsuchia部分属的头骨背视结构对比(GMC V646标本修改自Carroll and Dong,1991; YAGM V1401标本修改自Cheng Long et al.,2019

  • Fig.5 Comparison of skull structure of Hupehsuchia in the dorsal view in some genus (specimen GMC V646 modified from Carroll and Dong,1991;specimen YAGM V1401 modified from Cheng Long et al., 2019)

  • 关于鱼龙的双孔类起源假说,还存在另一些学术争议,IchthyosaurusOphthalmosaurus等三叠纪以后的鱼龙头骨中基本已观察不到下颞孔存在过的痕迹(Kirton,1983),这是由于该区骨骼和其他双孔类的形态、大小有明显不同,如长条状的轭骨和方形的方轭骨紧密接触并“填充了下颞孔”。而在喙头蜥、海龙类等典型双孔类头骨中,轭骨通常有一个腹后侧支,其“包围”了下颞孔前缘(Rieppel,1992Cheng Yannian et al.,2007)。Wu Xiaochun et al.(2016)首次观察到南漳湖北鳄的轭骨也具有上述分支结构,但没有进行更多讨论。YGM-Y8404标本再次清楚证明该骨骼结构在南漳湖北鳄的左右两侧轭骨中都存在。我们认为这也是南漳湖北鳄是由双孔类演化而来的另一个重要佐证。值得注意的是,同属Hupehsuchia的Eretmorhipis的轭骨也有三射形的结构(Cheng Long et al.,2019)。这可能说明Hupehsuchia头骨比Ichthyosauriformes具有更多古老裔征。除了Hupehsuchia,最近还发现少量早—中三叠世Ichthyosauriformes头骨化石也保存了轭骨腹后侧支结构,包括中三叠世罗平生物群的Mixosauridae(Liu Jun et al.,2011),以及早三叠世巢湖龙生物群的SclerocormusQiao Yu et al.,2022)。上述化石材料支持Ichthyosauromorpha起源于双孔类,显示该分支早期曾存在下颞孔,但发生了退化和消失。上述提到的化石标本都来自华南,这与Ichthyosauromorpha起源于该地区的认识(Motani et al.,2015a)似乎是吻合的。

  • 图6 Ichthyosauromorpha头骨演化趋势;地层表根据ICS(2024/12)

  • Fig.6 Skull evolution trends of Ichthyosauromorpha; stratigraphy follows the International Commission on Stratigraphy (2024/12)

  • Ro.—罗德阶;Wo.—沃德阶;Ca.—卡匹敦阶;Wu.—吴家坪阶;Ch.—长兴阶;In.—印度阶;Ol.—奥伦尼克阶;An.—安尼阶;La.—拉丁阶;Ca.—卡尼阶;No.—诺利阶;Rh.—瑞替阶;He.—赫塘阶;Si.—辛涅谬尔阶;Pl.—普林斯巴阶;To.—托阿尔阶;Aa.—阿林阶;Ba.—巴柔阶;Bat.—巴通阶;Cal.—卡洛夫阶;Ox.—牛津阶;Ki.—钦莫利阶;Ti.—提塘阶

  • Ro.—Roadian; Wo.—Wordian; Ca.—Capitanian; Wu.—Wuchiapingian; Ch.—Changhsingian; In.—Induan; Ol.—Olenekian; An.—Anisian; La.—Ladinian; Ca.—Carnian; No.—Norian; Rh.—Rhaetian; He.—Hettangian; Si.—Sinemurian; Pl.—Pliensbachian; To.—Toarcian; Aa.—Aalenian; Ba.—Bajocian; Bat.—Bathonian; Cal.—Callovian; Ox.—Oxfordian; Ki.—Kimmeridgian; Ti.—Tithonian

  • 前人对南漳湖北鳄外鼻孔描述很少。Carroll and Dong(1991)只推测其鼻骨和上颌骨之间的一个很小的开口可能是外鼻孔,作出这一推测的理由还包括“这是鱼龙鼻孔的大致位置”。Wu Xiaochun et al.(2016)则根本没有描述ZMNH M8127标本的外鼻孔。在YGM-Y8404标本中,两个较大的椭圆形外鼻孔位于眼眶前方,没有挤压变形的痕迹。我们推测,南漳湖北鳄的外鼻孔应是朝上的,因此,在非背腹向保存的头骨中会像上颌支骨间隙一样受挤压“关闭”。这和很多进步型鱼龙的外鼻孔位于眼睛前侧方不同(尚庆华等,2012Massare et al.,2021),却和现代喜爱在海洋表层缓慢行动的露脊鲸类如Eubalaena(Buono et al.,2014)等比较相似。YGM-Y8404标本外鼻孔后缘的小骨片是否是泪骨还不能完全肯定,因为ZMNH M8127标本中的泪骨位置很靠后(Wu Xiaochun et al.,2016),并且NanchangosaurusEohupehsuchusEretmorhipis等其他Hupehsuchia的泪骨也均没有参加外鼻孔的围成(Chen Xiaohong et al.,2014b2014cCheng Long et al.,2019),但南漳湖北鳄的泪骨与外鼻孔的关系很有必要进一步确认,因为,泪骨参加围成外鼻孔是一种进步特征,见于很多侏罗纪Ichthyosauromorpha的头骨标本(Maisch and Matzke,2000),但在早期分子中十分罕见(Jiang Dayong et al.,2007Zhou Min et al.,2017)。YGM-Y8404标本还显示南漳湖北鳄的上颞孔很小,甚至没有外鼻孔大,额骨、顶骨表面平坦光滑,推测其仅有少量肌肉附着。从包括YGM-Y8404标本的已知大部分Hupehsuchia头骨特征来看,该类动物的上下颌骨骼连接比较松散(Carroll and Dong,1991Chen Xiaohong et al.,2014b2014cCheng Long et al.,2019)。因此,我们推测南漳湖北鳄没有强大的咬合力和攻击性,其主要摄食对象应为柔软或较小的生物。YGM-Y8404标本的上颌骨和前上颌骨靠外侧有明显的凹槽,与Eretmorhipis较为相似,Cheng Long et al.(2019)曾推测Eretmorhipis的这个结构类似于Ornithorhynchus固定唇软骨的凹槽,但南漳湖北鳄和Eretmorhipis的头骨其他方面差别较大,在获得更多有用信息前,本文不予对此进行过多讨论。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)本文所研究的南漳湖北鳄标本保存方式独特,保存情况完好,首次全面揭示了该种头骨背视的原始骨骼关节模式,为其比较解剖学及相关研究提供了新的关键信息,主要包括:上颌两支沿头骨中线发育狭长骨间隙,前上颌骨最前端接触,鼻骨仅最后端接触;前上颌骨及上颌骨背侧发育同走向凹槽;颅顶平,无矢状嵴;顶骨比额骨大,顶孔位于顶骨前中部;上颞孔围成骨骼包括顶骨、后额骨、眶后骨和鳞骨,不包括上颞骨;轭骨三射状,前支细长,具短的腹后突;上枕骨大,近圆形;外枕骨见神经孔。但是,该标本,泪骨的准确位置还不能确定,关于Carroll and Dong(1991)提到的该动物下颌打开程度的问题,也因为标本上下颌脱离关节而无法分析。这需要获取更多的化石来补充信息。

  • (2)通过对比认为,南漳湖北鳄的头骨颞区骨骼有很多古老特征,支持Ichthyosauromorpha起源于古老的双孔类的观点。但南漳湖北鳄的头骨非常特殊,指示其具有非常独特的、可能完全不同于其他Ichthyosauromorpha的捕食习性。这也为Ichthyosauromorpha在斯帕斯期具有较高捕食功能多样性的这一观点(Jiang Dayong et al.,2016)提供了新的证据。

  • 致谢:远安县自然资源和规划局雷官孝、曹阳、孙永新、李佑刚,以及落星村的闫晓琳等同志为本次研究的化石标本发掘以及修复工作提供了大力支持。武汉地质调查中心程龙博士、阎春波博士,中国地质大学(武汉)方子晨博士(在读),中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所王维博士等为本研究提供了有益的思路和建议。谨此一并致谢。

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    • Qiao Yu, Iijima M, Liu Jun. 2019. The largest hupehsuchian (Reptilia, Ichthyosauromorpha) from the Lower Triassic of South China indicates early establishment of high predation pressure after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39(5): e1719122.

    • Qiao Yu, Liu Jun, Wolniewicz A S, Iijima M, Shen Yuefeng, Wintrich T, Li Qiang, Sander P M. 2022. A globally distributed durophagous marine reptile clade supports the rapid recovery of pelagic ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Communications Biology, 5: 1242.

    • Ren Jicheng, Jiang Haishui, Xiang Kunpeng, Sullivan C, He Yongzhong, Cheng Long, Han Fenglu. 2022. A new basal ichthyosauromorph from the Lower Triassic (Olenekian) of Zhebao, Guangxi Autonomous Region, South China. PeerJ, 10: e13209.

    • Rieppel O. 1992. The skull in a hatchling of sphenodon punctatus. Journal of Herpetology, 26(1): 80.

    • Sander P M, Chen Xiaohong, Cheng Long, Wang Xiaofeng. 2011. Short-snouted toothless ichthyosaur from China suggests Late Triassic diversification of suction feeding ichthyosaurs. PLoS One, 6(5): e19480.

    • Scotese C R. 2014. Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic maps, maps 43~48 from volume 3 of the Paleomap Atlas for ArcGIS (Jurassic and Triassic) and maps 49~52 from volume 4 of the Paleomap PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Late Paleozoic). Mollweide Projection, Paleomap Project.

    • Shang Qinghua, Zhao Wudi, Li Chun. 2012. New observation and evolution trend of skull of Late Triassic ichthyosaur Shastasaurus tangae. Scientia Sinica (Terrae), 42(5): 773~783 (in Chinese).

    • Wang Wei, Shang Qinghua, Cheng Long, Wu Xiaochun, Li Chun. 2022. Ancestral body plan and adaptive radiation of sauropterygian marine reptiles. iScience, 25(12): 105635.

    • Wu Xiaochun, Zhao Lijun, Sato T, Gu Shengxiao, Jin Xingsheng. 2016. A new specimen of Hupehsuchus nanchangensis Young, 1972 (Diapsida, Hupehsuchia) from the Triassic of Hubei, China. Historical Biology, 28(1~2): 43~52.

    • Yan Chunbo, Li Jiangli, Cheng Long, Zhao Bi, Zou Yarui, Niu Dongyi, Chen Gang, Fang Zichen. 2021. Strata characteristics of the Early Triassic Nanzhang-Yuan'an Fauna in western Hubei Province. Earth Science, 46(1): 122~135 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yang Chen, Fang Zichen, Cheng Long, Yan Chunbo, Li Jiangli, Zou Yarui, Zhao Bi, Niu Dongyi, Niu Zhijun. 2022. Limbs' characteristics of Hupehsuchus nanchangensis Young, 1972 (Diapsida: Hupehsuchia) from the Early Triassic of Hubei Province. South China Geology, 38(1): 174~187 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yang Zhongjian, Dong Zhiming. 1972. Triassic Aquatic Reptiles in China. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yin Yalei, Ji Cheng, Zhou Min. 2021. The anatomy of the palate in Early Triassic Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis (Reptilia: Ichthyosauriformes) based on digital reconstruction. PeerJ, 9: e11727.

    • Zhao Bi, Zou Yarui, Chen Gang, Li Jiangli, Wu Kui, Wan Shan, Xu Xinlei. 2022. New research progress on a specimen of Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis (Diapsida: Ichthyosauromorpha). Acta Geologica Sinica, 96(3): 769~782 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Min, Jiang Dayong, Motani R, Tintori A, Ji Cheng, Sun Zuoyu, Ni Peigang, Lu Hao. 2017. The cranial osteology revealed by three-dimensionally preserved skulls of the Early Triassic ichthyosauriform Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis (Reptilia: Ichthyosauromorpha) from Anhui, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37(4): e1343831.

    • Zou Yarui, Zhao Bi, Li Jiangli, Cheng Long, Yan Chunbo, Tan Qiuming. 2020. New forefin specimens and comparison of Early Triassic Ichthyopterygia from the Hubei Province. Acta Geologica Sinica, 94(4): 1017~1026 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • 陈粲, 陈孝红, 程龙, 阎春波. 2016. 湖北南漳-远安动物群及其生物复苏意义. 地质学报, 90(3): 409~420.

    • 程龙. 2015. 滇黔地区中晚三叠世之交海生爬行动物演替研究. 中国地质大学(武汉)博士学位论文.

    • 程龙, 阎春波, 陈孝红, 曾雄伟, Ryosuke Motani. 2015. 湖北省南漳/远安动物群特征及其意义初探. 中国地质, 42(2): 676~684.

    • 冯增昭, 鲍志东, 李尚武. 1997. 中国南方早中三叠世岩相古地理. 北京: 石油工业出版社.

    • 潘薪如, 江大勇, 孙作玉, 蔡涛, 张大鹏, 谢家林. 贵州关岭晚三叠世邓氏贵州鱼龙(Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al. , 2000)的讨论. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 42(6): 697~703.

    • 尚庆华, 赵梧迪, 李淳. 2012. 晚三叠世鱼龙Shastasaurus tangae头骨新观察及其演化趋势. 中国科学: 地球科学, 42(5): 773~783.

    • 阎春波, 李姜丽, 程龙, 赵璧, 邹亚锐, 牛东毅, 陈刚, 方子晨. 2021. 鄂西早三叠世南漳-远安动物群地层分布特征. 地球科学, 46(1): 122~135.

    • 杨晨, 方子晨, 程龙, 阎春波, 李姜丽, 邹亚锐, 赵璧, 牛东毅, 牛志军. 2022. 早三叠世南漳湖北鳄(双孔类: 湖北鳄目)的四肢特征. 华南地质, 38(1): 174~187.

    • 杨钟健, 董枝明. 1972. 中国三迭纪水生爬行动物. 北京: 科学出版社.

    • 赵璧, 邹亚锐, 陈刚, 李姜丽, 吴奎, 万珊, 徐鑫磊. 2022. 一件张家湾巢湖龙(双孔下纲: 鱼龙型超目)标本的新认识. 地质学报, 96(3): 769~782.

    • 邹亚锐, 赵璧, 陈刚, 李姜丽, 程龙, 阎春波, 谭秋明. 2020. 湖北早三叠世鱼龙前肢化石新材料及对比讨论. 地质学报, 94 (4): 1017~1026.

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    • 程龙. 2015. 滇黔地区中晚三叠世之交海生爬行动物演替研究. 中国地质大学(武汉)博士学位论文.

    • 程龙, 阎春波, 陈孝红, 曾雄伟, Ryosuke Motani. 2015. 湖北省南漳/远安动物群特征及其意义初探. 中国地质, 42(2): 676~684.

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    • 潘薪如, 江大勇, 孙作玉, 蔡涛, 张大鹏, 谢家林. 贵州关岭晚三叠世邓氏贵州鱼龙(Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al. , 2000)的讨论. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 42(6): 697~703.

    • 尚庆华, 赵梧迪, 李淳. 2012. 晚三叠世鱼龙Shastasaurus tangae头骨新观察及其演化趋势. 中国科学: 地球科学, 42(5): 773~783.

    • 阎春波, 李姜丽, 程龙, 赵璧, 邹亚锐, 牛东毅, 陈刚, 方子晨. 2021. 鄂西早三叠世南漳-远安动物群地层分布特征. 地球科学, 46(1): 122~135.

    • 杨晨, 方子晨, 程龙, 阎春波, 李姜丽, 邹亚锐, 赵璧, 牛东毅, 牛志军. 2022. 早三叠世南漳湖北鳄(双孔类: 湖北鳄目)的四肢特征. 华南地质, 38(1): 174~187.

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    • 赵璧, 邹亚锐, 陈刚, 李姜丽, 吴奎, 万珊, 徐鑫磊. 2022. 一件张家湾巢湖龙(双孔下纲: 鱼龙型超目)标本的新认识. 地质学报, 96(3): 769~782.

    • 邹亚锐, 赵璧, 陈刚, 李姜丽, 程龙, 阎春波, 谭秋明. 2020. 湖北早三叠世鱼龙前肢化石新材料及对比讨论. 地质学报, 94 (4): 1017~1026.