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作者简介:

于洲,男,1986年生。高级工程师,主要从事碳酸盐岩沉积储集层地质研究工作。E-mail:yuz_hz@petrochina.com.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    米探1井取得天然气勘探突破表明鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段具有巨大勘探潜力,然而,对盆地奥陶纪马四期古构造格局和岩相古地理研究还存在争议,制约了下步天然气勘探进程。为此,基于地震、野外露头、钻井、岩芯、微观薄片和测井等基础资料,对马家沟组四段构造-岩相古地理开展了系统研究,确定了盆地奥陶纪马四期古构造格局,并恢复出马家沟组四段岩相古地理,预测了有利勘探区。研究结果表明:① 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪马四期发育“两陆三隆四坳”的古构造格局,其中两陆为伊盟古陆和阿拉善古陆,三隆分别为中央古隆起、中条古隆起和神木-志丹低隆起,四坳为西南边缘坳陷、桃利庙坳陷、府谷坳陷和柳林坳陷;② 马四期为碳酸盐岩内缓坡和中缓坡沉积,其中内缓坡又发育白云岩坪、含云膏坪、微生物丘、灰泥丘、砂屑滩、丘滩间海和灰质潟湖等7类微相;③ 古构造格局控制马家沟组四段沉积分异,微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩等3类有利储集相主要沿中央古隆起和神木-志丹低隆起等古地貌高部位分布。因此认为,神木—靖边地区是有利储层发育区,且处于岩性相变带,生储盖配置关系好,具有良好的成藏条件,是天然气勘探的有利靶向区。

    Abstract

    The breakthrough in natural gas exploration of well Mitan 1 indicates that the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin has great exploration potential. However, there are still disputes regarding the paleotectonic framework and lithofacies palaeogeography of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin, which restricts the next stage of natural gas exploration process. Therefore, based on basic data such as earthquakes, field outcrops, drilling, cores, micro thin sections and logging, a systematic study was carried out on the structural lithofacies palaeogeography of the 4th Member of the Majiagou Formation, and the Ordovician paleostructural pattern of the 4th Member of the Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin was determined, the lithofacies palaeogeography of the 4th Member of the Majiagou Formation was recovered, and the favorable exploration area was predicted. The results show that: ① the paleotectonic framework of “two continents, three uplifts and four depressions” was developed in the 4th stage of Ordovician in Ordos basin. The two continents are the Yimeng ancient land and the Alxa ancient land, the three uplifts are the Central ancient uplift, the Zhongtiao ancient uplift, and the Shenmu-Zhidan low uplift, respectively. The four depressions are the Southwest edge depression, the Taolimiao depression, the Fugu depression, and the Liulin depression. ② The 4th stage of Ordovician was composed of carbonate rock inner gentle slope and middle gentle slope deposits, in which the inner gentle slope developed 7 microfacies, including dolomite flat, cloud bearing plaster, sand debris beach, microbial hill, lime mud hill, beach/hill sea and lime lagoon. ③ The paleotectonic framework controls the sedimentary differentiation of the 4th Member of the Majiagou Formation. Three favorable reservoir facies, including sand debris beach, microbial mound and lime mud mound, are mainly distributed along the middle bulge of the southwest margin depression and the high part of the ancient landform, such as Shenmu-Zhidan low uplift. The conclusion is that Shenmu-Zhidan area is a favorable reservoir development area, and is located in the lithologic phase change zone, with good source reservoir cap configuration and favorable reservoir forming conditions. It is a favorable target area for the next step of natural gas exploration.

  • 下古生界奥陶系马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩蕴藏丰富的天然气资源,是鄂尔多斯盆地寻找规模天然气储量的重要领域之一(付金华等,2018)。近年来,在奥陶系马家沟组五段6~10亚段海相油型气藏不断取得勘探突破的启示下(姚泾利等,2015付金华等,2018孔庆芬等,2019),与马五段6~10亚段具有相似成藏条件的马家沟组四段逐渐成为了重点勘探与研究对象(任海姣等,2021于洲等,2021a周进高等,2021付金华等,20212022)。2021年,中国石油长庆油田公司部署的风险探井——米探1井首次在马家沟组四段获得35.24×104 m3/d的高产工业气流(付金华等,20212022),证实了马家沟组四段具有良好的勘探潜力,有望形成继马家沟组五段后的又一规模储量、产量增长区。为扩大马家沟组四段勘探成果,实现马家沟组四段天然气增储上产,就急需加强以沉积、储层为核心的综合地质条件研究。国内外油气勘探实践表明,古构造格局控制岩相古地理分异,从而控制有利储层分布,对盆地内油气资源的形成与富集发挥着重要作用(汪泽成等,2020魏柳斌等,2021魏国齐等,2021于洲等,2021b)。截止目前,已有较多学者对马四期古构造格局和岩相古地理进行研究,并取得了丰硕的成果认识,但存在着较大分歧,如对古构造格局的认识主要存在“一隆三凹”(冯增昭等,1999a)、“三隆两凹一凸”(周进高等,20202022a吴东旭等,2021)和“三隆两凸两凹”(周进高等,2022b)等3种不同观点;对岩相古地理的认识既有开阔台地相沉积模式(冯增昭等,1999b),也有斜坡-台地边缘-局限台地相沉积模式(吴东旭等,2021周进高等,20202022a2022b),或内缓坡-局限台地-开阔台地相沉积模式(郭彦如等,2012)。古构造格局和岩相古地理展布特征认识不清严重制约了下步勘探进程。为此,本文综合地震、钻井、测井和野外剖面等资料,利用马家沟组四段地层厚度法恢复了鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪马四期古构造格局,并基于古构造格局恢复出马家沟组四段岩相古地理展布特征,指出了有利储集相带分布区,以期为鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段的下步天然气勘探提供技术支撑。

  • 1 古地理背景

  • 1.1 层序地层特征

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地在奥陶纪马家沟期沉积了一套碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩共生的岩性组合,自下而上可分为6段,其中马家沟组一段、马家沟组三段和马家沟组五段为相对海退沉积,岩性以白云岩和蒸发岩为主,夹少量石灰岩;马家沟组二段、马家沟组四段和马家沟组六段为相对海退沉积,岩性以石灰岩和白云岩为主,夹少量硬石膏岩和盐岩。根据岩性差异和勘探需求,前人又将马家沟组四段由下至上细分为马四段3亚段、马四段2亚段和马四段1亚段3个亚段,其中马四段3亚段为海侵体系域沉积,岩性主要为石灰岩和白云质石灰岩,上部、顶部夹少量灰质白云岩和白云岩薄层,顶部为一套在全盆地范围内普遍发育的高GR值灰质泥岩薄层;马四段2亚段为高位体系域早期沉积,岩性主要为白云岩、灰质白云岩、白云质石灰岩和石灰岩互层;马四段1亚段为高位体系域晚期和海侵体系域沉积,纵向上表现为海平面逐渐上升的沉积特征。马四段1亚段中、下部为高位体系域晚期沉积,沉积物岩性以白云质硬石膏岩和膏质白云岩为主,夹少量白云岩、灰质白云岩和白云质石灰岩薄层。马四段1亚段上部为海侵体系域沉积,沉积物岩性以石灰岩为主,仅顶部发育薄层白云岩(图1a、2、3)。

  • 1.2 古构造格局

  • 前人针对马四期古构造格局的恢复往往以俗称“黑腰带”的马五段5亚段为标志层,通过马五段5亚段底层拉平的方法,选取马五段6亚段顶至马四段底的累计厚度法来恢复马家沟组四段沉积期的古构造格局(吴东旭等,2021周进高等,20202022a2022b)。近期部分学者研究显示,马家沟组五段在沉积过程中经历了构造活动(钟寿康等,2022),如米脂地区在马五段6亚段沉积期受挤压作用形成了盐隆构造,造成该区域的马五段6亚段及马五段6~10亚段厚度较周围地区明显减薄。因此,通过马五段6亚段至马家沟组四段的累计地层厚度法恢复出来的马四期古构造格局势必受到马五期构造运动作用的影响,其结果并不能真实反映马四期古构造格局。鉴于前人通过盆地东部米脂地区奥陶系马家沟组四段的研究并取得“马家沟组四段厚度大、云地比值小代表古地貌低,地层厚度小、云地比值大代表古地貌高”的成果认识(于洲等,2021;周进高等,2021),本文综合新钻井资料和二维骨干地震剖面资料,选取马家沟组四段地层厚度法推广到整个鄂尔多斯盆地并对奥陶纪马四期古构造格局进行精细恢复。结果显示,鄂尔多斯盆地在奥陶纪马四期具有“两陆三隆四坳”的古构造格局,其中两陆即伊盟古陆和阿拉善古陆;三隆分别为中央古隆起、中条古隆起和神木-志丹低隆起;四坳分别为西南边缘坳陷、桃利庙坳陷、府谷坳陷和柳林坳陷。与前人研究成果对比来看,本次研究取得了4点进展:一是认为中央古隆起并非一个简单的隆起,其北段内部存在“凸起-凹陷相间、北东向分异”的结构特征(图1b),与前人对于“长城系发育北东向裂陷、寒武系发育北东向坳陷和奥陶系乌拉力克组发育北东向凹陷的认识”具有较强的相似性,表明此类结构特征在下古生界具有一定的继承性(张春林等,2017包洪平等,2019于洲等,2021a);二是认为盆地东部的神木—志丹地区并非一个坳陷,而是一个呈北东向分布、古地势逐渐降低的低隆起(图1b、2);三是认为盆地东部发育府谷坳陷和柳林坳陷,该凹陷马家沟组四段厚度相对较大是由马四段3亚段底部的填平补齐沉积所致(图2);四是认为从乌审旗—定边地区向神木—志丹地区的古地貌变化特征并非由前人得出的乌审旗隆起向米脂坳陷转变,反而是一个古地貌由低到高的渐变过程。从桃83井—桃112井—榆阳1井—镇钾1井—榆9井奥陶系马家沟组四段连井层序地层对比剖面来看,马四段3亚段沉积早期,位于低隆带的榆阳1井、镇钾1井和榆9井存在暴露未接受沉积,而位于坳陷区的桃83井和桃112井由于古地貌相对较低,存在填平补齐沉积,沉积地层厚度由厚逐渐减薄,呈现出由西向东超覆沉积的变化特征(图1b、3)。

  • 2 沉积相类型与特征

  • 基于上述古构造格局研究新进展(图1b),综合野外剖面、钻井岩芯和微观薄片等资料,认为鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪马四期为碳酸盐缓坡沉积,并根据古地貌、沉积物岩性及岩性组合差异特征又可细分为内缓坡和中缓坡(表1)。

  • 图1 鄂尔多斯盆地米探3井奥陶系马家沟组四段综合柱状图(a)与马四期构造古地理格局(b)

  • Fig.1 Comprehensive column of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation of well Mitan 3 in Ordos basin (a) and structural paleogeographic pattern of the 4th stage of Ordovician Majiagou Period (b)

  • 2.1 中缓坡

  • 中缓坡发育于盆地西南边缘坳陷西侧,介于正常浪基面与风暴浪基面之间,水体相对较深,沉积物岩性为灰色颗粒泥晶灰岩(图4a、b)和泥晶颗粒灰岩(图4a、c),含少量生物碎屑,纵向上常呈现出下部薄层颗粒泥晶灰岩、上部厚层块状泥晶颗粒灰岩的高频沉积旋回序列(图4a)。

  • 2.2 内缓坡

  • 内缓坡位于碳酸盐缓坡水体较浅、靠陆一侧,其中内缓坡又可细分为膏云坪、白云岩坪、砂屑滩、微生物丘、灰泥丘、丘滩间海和灰质潟湖等7类微相。

  • (1)膏云坪:沉积物岩性为膏质白云岩(图4d)和硬石膏岩(图5a)。硬石膏岩颜色为白色,硬石膏宏观上呈瘤状,粒径一般为10~50 mm,混杂堆积,瘤状硬石膏之间常被深灰色泥质白云岩充填(图5a);膏质白云岩中的硬石膏颜色为白色,呈条带状、瘤状分布于白云岩中,长轴方向常平行于层面(图5d)。膏云坪发育于高频旋回顶部,其下部沉积物常为藻纹层白云岩、粉晶白云岩或泥晶灰岩(图5a),该类微相在神木-志丹低隆带上的马四段1亚段中广泛分布。

  • 图2 鄂尔多斯盆地莲150井一横探3井一麒44井一米探3井一神75井奥陶系马四段连井剖面图(岩性图例及剖面位置见图1)

  • Fig.2 Profile of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation from well Lian 150 to well Hengtan 3 to well Qi44 to well Mitan 3 to well Shen 75 in Ordos basin (the section location and lithology legend are shown in Fig.1)

  • 图3 鄂尔多斯盆地桃83井一桃112井一榆阳1井一镇钾1井一榆9井奥陶系马四段连井剖面图(岩性图例及剖面位置见图1)

  • Fig.3 Profile of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation from well Tao 83 to well Tao 112 to well Yuyang1 to well Zhenjia1 to well Yu 9 in Ordos basin (the section location and lithology legend are shown in Fig.1)

  • 表1 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段沉积相类型及特征

  • Table1 Sedimentary facies types and characteristics of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin

  • 图4 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段沉积物特征

  • Fig.4 Sedimentary characteristics of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin

  • (a)—青龙山剖面,马四段2亚段,下部为薄层粒泥灰岩,上部为厚层块状泥粒灰岩;(b)—青龙山剖面,马四段2亚段,粒泥灰岩,普通薄片,单偏光,取样位置见图4a;(c)—青龙山剖面,马四段2亚段,泥粒灰岩,普通薄片,单偏光,取样位置见图4a; (d)—靳6井,3615.00 m,马四段1亚段,下部含膏质白云岩逐渐过渡为白云质硬石膏岩,硬石膏岩呈团块状、条带状近水平分布,粒径由下至上逐渐增加,岩芯;(e)—紫探1井,3961.30 m,马四段1亚段,灰色含泥质条纹泥粉晶白云岩,岩芯;(f)—榆阳1井,3121.91 m,马四段2亚段,藻纹层白云岩,局部含少量硬石膏团块,岩芯;(g)—靳6井,3621.76 m,马四段2亚段,波状藻纹层白云岩,底部见硬石膏团块,岩芯;(h)—米探1井,2639.40 m,马四段2亚段,斑状灰质白云岩,岩芯;(i)—桃112井,3623.13 m,马四段2亚段,砂砾屑白云岩,发育粒间孔,铸体薄片,单偏光;(j)—桃112井,3625.00 m,马四段2亚段,粉—细晶白云岩,发育晶间孔,铸体薄片,单偏光;(k)—榆阳1井,3127.25 m,马四段2亚段,含泥质条纹泥晶灰岩,局部发育生物扰动构造,岩芯;(l)—靖探2井,3399.04 m,马四段2亚段,纹层状泥晶灰岩,岩芯

  • (a) —Qinglongshan outcrop, the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, the lower part is thin wackestone, and the upper part is thick massive packstone; (b) —Qinglongshan outcrop, the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, wackestone, PPL, the sampling location is shown in fig.4a; (c) —Qinglongshan outcrop, the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, packstone, PPL, the sampling location is shown in fig.4a; (d) —well J6, 3615.00 m, the 1st sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, the gypsum bearing dolomite in the lower part gradually transits to dolomitic anhydrite rock, the anhydrite rock is distributed in lumpy, banded and nearly horizontally, and the particle size gradually increases from bottom to top, core; (e) —well ZT1, 3961.30 m, the 1st sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, the gypsum bearing dolomite in the lower part gradually transits to dolomitic anhydrite rock, the anhydrite rock is distributed in lumpy, banded and nearly horizontally, and the particle size gradually increases from bottom to top, core; (f) —well YY1, 3121.91 m, the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, algal laminated dolomite, with a small amount of Anhydrite lumps locally, core; (g) —well J6, 3621.76 m, the 1st sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, undulate algal laminated dolomite, with anhydrite block at the bottom, core; (h) —well MT1, 2639.40 m, the 1st sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, porphyric calcareous dolomite, core; (i) —well T112, 3623.13 m, the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, sandstone debris dolomite, developed intergranular pores, casting thin sections, PPL; (j) —well T112, 3625.00 m, the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, powder crystalline dolomite, developed intergranular pores, casting thin sections, PPL; (k) —well YY1, 3127.25 m, the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, argillaceous striped micrite limestone with bioturbation structure locally developed, core; (l) —well JT2, 3399.04 m, the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation, laminated micrite limestone, core

  • (2)白云岩坪:沉积物岩性为灰色—深灰色含泥质条纹粉晶白云岩(图5e)、泥质白云岩和粉晶白云岩(图5a),岩性致密、孔隙不发育。白云岩坪常发育于高频旋回下部,其上部沉积物常为膏质白云岩和硬石膏岩(图5a),该类微相广泛分布于中央古隆起南段和神木-志丹隆起带上的马四段1亚段中。

  • (3)微生物丘:沉积物岩性为浅灰色—灰色藻纹层白云岩,水平层理或波状层理,由富菌纹层和粉晶白云石亮纹层间互组成,偶见少量硬石膏斑点或团块(图4h、i)。该类微相在神木-志丹低隆带上的奥陶系马四段3亚段、马四段2亚段和马四段1亚段中均有分布,在马四段1亚段中,该类微相常与硬石膏岩伴生,在其上部或下部均有发育(图5a);在马四段2亚段和马四段3亚段中,该类微相主要发育于向上变浅高频旋回顶部(图5b、c),沉积水体浅,能量低,其下部沉积物既有形成于相对高能相带的砂砾屑白云岩和粗粉晶白云岩(图5b),也有形成于相对低能环境的斑状粉晶白云岩和云斑灰岩(图5c)。

  • (4)灰泥丘:沉积物岩性主要为斑状灰质粉晶白云岩(图4h)和斑状粉晶白云岩(图5c、d),沉积水体相对较深,海水循环通畅,盐度正常,水体能量低,主要发育于向上变浅高频旋回上部(图5c)或顶部(图5d),其下部沉积物常为形成于更低能环境中的云斑灰岩、泥晶灰岩和灰质泥岩,该类微相在全盆地范围内广泛发育。

  • (5)砂屑滩:沉积物岩性为浅灰色—灰色砂砾屑白云岩(图4i)和粉—细晶白云岩(图5j),主要发育于向上变浅高频旋回顶部或上部(图5b),沉积水体浅,能量高,其下部沉积物常为形成于相对低能环境的斑状粉晶白云岩、云斑灰岩和泥晶灰岩,该类微相在中央古隆起和神木-志丹低隆起带上的奥陶系马四段3亚段、马四段2亚段和马四段1亚段中均有分布。

  • (6)丘滩间海:横向上发育于微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩等丘滩体之间,纵向上主要发育于向上变浅高频旋回下部(图5a~d),水体能力低。在不同区域,丘滩间海的沉积物岩性也有所差异,神木-志丹低隆带丘滩体之间的低部位海水补给正常,海水循环通畅、盐度正常,沉积物岩性主要为斑状白云质灰岩、泥晶灰岩(图4k、l)和灰质泥岩;中央古隆起南部周缘丘滩体之间的低部位海水循环相对较弱,海水盐度较高,沉积物岩性主要为粉晶白云岩和灰质粉晶白云岩。

  • 图5 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段内缓坡典型向上变浅高频旋回沉积特征

  • Fig.5 Sedimentary characteristics of typical upward shallow high frequency cycles in the gentle slope of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin

  • (a)—靳6井马四段1亚段;(b)、(c)、(d)—榆阳1井马四段2亚段

  • (a) —the 1st sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation in well Jin 6; (b) , (c) , (d) —the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation in well Yuyang 1

  • (7)灰质潟湖:沉积物岩性主要为云斑灰岩和泥晶灰岩,含少量的灰质泥岩,沉积水体相对较深,海水循环通畅,盐度正常,水体能量低,主要发育于坳陷中,向上变浅高频旋回常呈现出由灰质泥岩、泥晶灰岩和云斑灰岩组成的岩性组合序列。

  • 3 沉积相模式

  • 基于古构造格局(图1b)、沉积相类型及特征(表1、图4)和典型向上变浅高频旋回沉积特征(图5),建立了鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段碳酸盐缓坡沉积相模式(图6)。

  • 在该模式中,盆地西南边缘坳陷为中缓坡沉积,沉积物岩性为薄层颗粒泥晶灰岩和厚层块状泥晶颗粒灰岩。伴随海平面下降变化,该相带水动力增强,沉积物中的颗粒含量逐步增加,岩性由颗粒泥晶灰岩相变为泥晶颗粒灰岩(图4a~c)。中央古隆起及其以东地区地势相对较高,为内缓坡沉积,其中中央古隆起地势高、水动力强,广泛发育颗粒滩沉积,且颗粒滩的沉积范围伴随海平面下降由高部位凸起向贺兰凹陷、定边凹陷和环县凹陷等低部位迁移;桃利庙坳陷通过中央古隆起中的贺兰、定边和环县等低部位凹陷与西南边缘坳陷连通,海水循环通畅、盐度值正常或弱咸化,为内缓坡灰质潟湖沉积,岩性主要为泥晶灰岩;神木-志丹低隆起相较于桃利庙坳陷,地势相对较高,沉积物易于受到海平面升降变化影响,发育丘滩间海、灰泥丘、砂屑滩、微生物丘、含膏云坪和白云岩坪6类微相。从向上变浅高频旋回沉积特征来看,该沉积相带沉积微相组合样式多且变化频繁,既有低能环境下的向上变浅沉积微相组合,如丘滩间海-含膏云坪或白云岩坪-含膏云坪(图5a、6);也有低能环境和相对高能环境下的向上变浅沉积微相组合,如丘滩间海-砂屑滩-微生物丘(图5b、6)或丘滩间海-灰泥丘-微生物丘(图5c、d,6)。

  • 图6 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段沉积模式图

  • Fig.6 Sedimentary model of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin

  • 4 岩相古地理

  • 4.1 马四段3亚段沉积期

  • 马四段3亚段沉积期是马家沟组最大海侵期,由于海平面上升幅度较大,祁连海域通过中央古隆起北段中的贺兰凹陷、定边坳陷和环县坳陷向盆地东部华北海域进行海水补给,且海水循环较为通畅,盆地中东部绝大部分范围内海水盐度正常。西南边缘坳陷地势相对较低,沉积水体相对较深,位于晴天浪底和风暴浪基面之间,为中缓坡沉积,沉积物岩性为薄层粒泥灰岩和厚层块状泥粒灰岩,普遍发育生物扰动云斑。盆地中央古隆起及其东侧的低隆起和坳陷区位于晴天浪底之上,为内缓坡沉积,其中中央古隆起凸起带普遍发育砂屑滩,沉积物岩性以颗粒白云岩和粉—细晶白云岩为主;神木-志丹低隆起带上的高部位普遍发育灰泥丘或少量丘滩复合体,沉积物岩性主要为斑状粉晶白云岩和斑状灰质白云岩,含少量砂砾屑白云岩和藻纹层白云岩,丘滩体之间的低部位、桃利庙坳陷、府谷坳陷与柳林坳陷地势相对较低、水动力较弱,为丘滩间海或灰质潟湖沉积(图4、7a),沉积物岩性均主要为斑状白云质灰岩、泥晶灰岩和泥质灰岩,常见的是腹足、腕足和介形类,偶见海绵和角石等浮游生物。

  • 4.2 马四段2亚段沉积期

  • 马四段2亚段沉积期继承了马四段3亚段沉积期的古构造格局,但与马四段3亚段沉积期相比,鄂尔多斯盆地的海平面相对下降,其致使盆地中东部的沉积水体变浅,水动力增强,其中中央古隆起北段广泛发育砂屑滩,沉积物岩性以颗粒白云岩和粉—细晶白云岩为主,凹陷区则主要发育丘滩间海,沉积物岩性为粉晶白云岩或云斑灰岩;神木-志丹低隆带上的高部位普遍发育薄层丘滩复合体(图6b~c),沉积物岩性为砂砾屑白云岩、藻纹层白云岩和斑状粉晶白云岩,但丘滩体累计厚度较马四段3亚段厚。丘滩体之间的凹陷部位、桃利庙坳陷、府谷坳陷和柳林坳陷等区域地势相对较低、水动力较弱,仍继承性发育为丘滩间海或灰质潟湖沉积,沉积物岩性主要为斑状白云质灰岩、灰岩和泥质灰岩(图7b)。

  • 图7 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段岩相古地理图

  • Fig.7 Lithofacies paleogeography of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin

  • (a)—马四段3亚段岩相古地理图;(b)—马四段2亚段岩相古地理图;(c)—马四段1亚段岩相古地理图

  • (a) —lithofacies paleogeographic map of the 3rd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation; (b) —lithofacies paleogeographic map of the 2nd sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation; (c) —lithofacies paleogeographic map of the 1st sub-member of 4th Member of Majiagou Formation

  • 4.3 马四段1亚段沉积期

  • 马四段1亚段沉积期,鄂尔多斯盆地海平面经历了早期震荡下降、晚期快速上升的过程(图1a)。受海平面升降变化控制,盆地中东部在马四段1亚段下部呈现出含云膏坪和微生物丘、白云岩坪或灰质潟湖等微相多期次纵向叠置沉积的特征(图6a),但总的来看,该沉积期仍以碳酸盐沉积为主(图1a、2、3)。马四段1亚段沉积期仍继承了前期古构造格局,受海平面下降控制,盆地中东部丘滩体的沉积范围在平面上进一步扩大,其中中央古隆起的凸起带仍广泛发育砂屑滩并向凹陷方向拓展;神木-志丹低隆起仍发育丘滩体,但不同的是,该亚期发育的丘滩体以微生物丘为主,灰泥丘和砂屑滩仅少量发育,可能与海平面下降导致的水体能量降低和海水盐度值增加引起微生物繁盛相关(图7c)。

  • 5 油气勘探意义

  • 综上所述,鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪马四期“两陆三隆四坳”构造古地理格局控制了马家沟组四段沉积相分异,其中榆林-志丹低隆起地势相对较高,在向上变浅高频旋回上部易于发育微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩;桃利庙坳陷、府谷坳陷和柳林坳陷地势相对较低,沉积物岩性主要为泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩和含云斑石灰岩(图7)。综合测井物性解释和岩芯实测物性表明,发育于微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩等三类丘滩体中的藻纹层白云岩、斑状白云岩、砂屑白云岩和粉—细晶白云岩储集性能较好(图6),为马家沟组四段天然气聚集提供了规模储集空间;而发育于丘滩间海和灰质潟湖中的泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩和含云斑石灰岩等沉积物岩性致密、孔隙不发育,形成了致密遮挡层。因此,分布于神木-志丹低隆带上的马家沟组四段微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩可形成封闭性能较好的岩性圈闭群。

  • 前人研究表明,盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组四段具有“下生上储、断裂输导、构造-岩性圈闭和岩性圈闭富集”的天然气成藏地质条件(付金华等,2021):一是马家沟组三段—马家沟组一段发育累计厚度约为40~80 m的海相烃源岩(图8、9)。该套烃源岩于三叠纪末期开始生烃(郭彦如,2014),晚于孔隙主要形成期(于洲等,2021a),与储层配置关系好;二是马家沟组四段沉积后经历了加里东期运动、海西期运动和燕山期运动等多期次构造运动(付金华等,2018),形成的断层和裂缝为烃源岩向上运移提供了通道(图8、9);三是纵向上发育多套区域性膏盐岩盖层,有利于天然气保存(图8、9)。基于马家沟组四段微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩等微相形成的岩性圈闭分布范围(图7),并结合其与烃源岩、断裂和盖层等成藏要素的配置关系,预测出榆林-志丹低隆起是马家沟组四段天然气有利勘探区,面积为23000 km2(图9)。

  • 图8 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段天然气成藏模式(剖面位置见图7a)

  • Fig.8 Natural gas accumulation model of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin (the section position is shown in Fig.7a)

  • 图9 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段有利勘探区带图

  • Fig.9 The favorable exploration zone of the 4th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos basin

  • 6 结论

  • (1)鄂尔多斯盆地在奥陶纪马四期具有“两陆三隆四坳”的古构造格局,其中两陆即伊盟古陆和阿拉善古陆;三隆分别为中央古隆起、中条古隆起和神木-志丹低隆起;四坳分别为西南边缘坳陷、桃利庙坳陷、府谷坳陷和柳林坳陷。

  • (2)马四期发育内缓坡和中缓坡相,其中内缓坡又可识别出白云岩坪、膏云坪、微生物丘、灰泥丘、砂屑滩、丘滩间海和灰质潟湖等7类微相。

  • (3)微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩是马四段优质储层发育的物质基础。受古构造格局和海平面升降变化共同控制,微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩主要在中央古隆起和神木-志丹低隆起呈带状分布,为马四段天然气成藏提供了规模储集空间。

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    • 魏柳斌, 陈洪德, 郭玮, 等. 2021. 鄂尔多斯盆地乌审旗-靖边古隆起对奥陶系盐下沉积与储层的控制作用. 石油与天然气地质, 42(2): 391~400, 521.

    • 吴东旭, 喻建, 周进高, 吴兴宁, 于洲, 丁振纯, 王少依, 李维岭, 蔡君. 2021. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段沉积特征及其控储效应. 古地理学报, 23(6): 1140~1157.

    • 姚泾利, 包洪平, 任军峰, 孙六一, 马占荣. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐下天然气勘探. 中国石油勘探, 20(3): 1~12.

    • 于洲, 牛小兵, 张才利, 马永威, 魏柳斌, 董国栋, 尹陈, 贾佳佳. 2021a. 鄂尔多斯盆地米脂地区奥陶系马四段储层成因与分布. 天然气工业, 41(12): 38~48.

    • 于洲, 周进高, 李程善, 宋晓娇, 罗超, 吴兴宁, 吴东旭, 胡琮. 2021b. 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪克里摩里期—乌拉力克期构造—岩相古地理特征. 天然气地球科学, 32(6): 816~825.

    • 张春林, 张福东, 朱秋影, 刘锐娥, 辛铭. 2017. 鄂尔多斯克拉通盆地寒武纪古构造与岩相古地理再认识. 石油与天然气地质, 38(2): 281~291.

    • 钟寿康, 谭秀成, 胡广, 聂万才, 杨梦颖, 张道锋, 郑剑锋, 许杰, 董国栋, 肖笛, 卢子兴. 2022. 古地理格局对膏盐岩-碳酸盐岩共生体系沉积分异的控制——以鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组五段6亚段为例. 石油勘探与开发, 49(4): 728~740.

    • 周进高, 席胜利, 邓红婴, 于洲, 刘新社, 丁振纯, 李维岭, 唐瑾. 2020. 鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系—奥陶系深层海相碳酸盐岩构造-岩相古地理特征. 天然气工业, 40(2): 41~53.

    • 周进高, 席胜利, 任军峰, 尹陈, 吴东旭, 丁振纯, 李维岭, 刘雨昕. 2021. 鄂尔多斯盆地米脂地区奥陶系马四段沉积新认识与有利储集相带. 天然气工业, 41(12): 28~37.

    • 周进高, 尹陈, 曾联波, 胡琮, 吴东旭, 于洲, 李维岭, 唐瑾, 刘雨昕, 贾佳佳. 2022a. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段颗粒滩发育特征及天然气勘探有利区. 天然气工业, 42(7): 17~30.

    • 周进高, 张涛, 于洲, 吴东旭, 李程善, 丁振纯, 李维岭, 刘雨昕, 尹陈. 2022b. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段沉积期岩相古地理及其控储效应. 中国石油勘探, 27(4): 61~74.

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