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作者简介:

鲍晶,女,1990年生。博士,讲师,主要从事构造地质学和古气候变化研究。E-mail:baobo328@126.com。

通讯作者:

栗兵帅,男,1988年生。博士,副教授,主要从事构造地质学和古地磁学研究。E-mail:flyerli005@126.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    胶东半岛中生代以来的旋转变形对限定郯庐断裂的剪切走滑活动具有重要意义,然而目前对胶莱盆地中生代旋转变形与否及其幅度仍存在很大争议。本文选择胶莱盆地南部五莲地区早白垩世莱阳群龙旺庄组红层开展系统古地磁学研究,共采集11个采点82个定向古地磁岩芯样品。岩石磁学实验结果表明,样品的载磁矿物主要为赤铁矿,部分样品同时含有少量磁黄铁矿和磁铁矿;系统热退磁实验共分离出8个采点58个样品的稳定特征剩磁方向,并认为其可能代表岩石沉积时期的原生剩磁方向。8个采点的特征剩磁方向平均值为Ds=169.5°、Is=-33.2°、ks=40.9、α95 =8.8。相对于稳定东亚极,五莲地区发生了显著的(22.8°±8.8°)逆时针旋转变形。结合前人在胶莱盆地白垩纪沉积岩中获得的古地磁结果,指示胶莱盆地晚白垩世以来可能经历了整体的逆时针(10°~20°)旋转变形,而沿五莲断裂带向南西方向的逆时针旋转变形幅度增大,表明受郯庐断裂带左行走滑的影响增强。此外,沿郯庐断裂带不同部位在不同时期发生了不同方式和幅度的旋转变形,其不仅受郯庐断裂带左行剪切活动影响,还与断裂带周缘不同地体的性质及其所处的大地构造背景有关。

    Abstract

    Understanding the Mesozoic vertical-axis rotation of the Jiaodong Peninsula is crucial for constraining the sinistral shearing of the Tan-Lu fault. However, debates still exist regarding whether rotation occurred and, if so, the magnitude of rotation in the Jiaolai basin during the Mesozoic. In this study, we conducted a detailed paleomagnetic investigation of the Early Cretaceous red beds from the Longwangzhuang Formation at the Wulian locality in the southern Jiaolai basin. Detailed rock magnetic results indicate that hematite is the main magnetic carrier, while pyrrhotite and magnetite act as subordinate magnetic carriers in some samples. The Fisherian mean direction of the 8 sampling sites was determined as Ds=169.5°, Is=-33.2°, ks=40.9, and α95=8.8, which is proposed to be the primary remanence acquired during deposition. Our results indicate that the Wulian region underwent an obvious counterclockwise rotation of 22.8°±8.8° relative to stable East Asia. Together with previous paleomagnetic results from the Jiaolai basin, they probably indicate a holistic counterclockwise rotation (10°~20°) of the Jiaolai basin after the Late Cretaceous. Moreover, an increasing magnitude of counterclockwise rotation towards the southwest along the Wulian fault was observed and most likely attributed to the increasing influence of sinistral strike-slip faulting along the Tan-Lu fault to the west. Different rotation senses and magnitudes were observed in different periods along the Tan-Lu fault, which were not only influenced by the sinistral shearing of the Tan-Lu fault but also related to the different nature and tectonic backgrounds of nearby blocks.

  • 郯城-庐江断裂带(简称郯庐断裂带)是亚洲东部规模最大的断裂带,呈NNE-SSW向展布(图1a),该断裂带南起湖北武穴,经安徽庐江、山东郯城,穿过渤海、经沈阳后分为西支的伊兰-伊通断裂和东支的敦化-密山断裂,并最终进入俄罗斯远东地区,长度超过3600 km。郯庐断裂带自南向北依次经过扬子板块北缘、切割(秦岭-)大别-苏鲁造山带,并穿过华北克拉通和蒙古-大兴安岭造山带东部地区。前人研究表明,郯庐断裂带起源于印支期华北和华南板块的碰撞造山活动(Yin An et al.,1993; Gilder et al.,1999; Zhu Guang et al.,2009),在中生代由于西太平洋板块俯冲作用发生大规模左行走滑活动(Zhu Guang et al.,2010),错开(秦岭-)大别和苏鲁造山带,并记录了华北克拉通破坏过程(Zhu Guang et al.,2010)。此外,郯庐断裂带的构造活动也与胶东金矿床的形成与分布密切相关(Qiu Yumin et al.,2002; 翟明国等,2004石文杰等,2014)。因此,郯庐断裂带活动演化对我们认识亚洲东部中生代时期大地构造体系具有重要的意义。然而,目前对于郯庐断裂带性质的观点有其为纯走滑性质(Xu Jiawei et al.,1987; Zhu Guang et al.,2001)或具转换性质的断裂(Yin An et al.,1993; Gilder et al.,1997; Zhu Guang et al.,2004),其起始滑移时间为晚侏罗世之前(万天丰等,1996Zhu Guang et al.,2010陆元超等,2022)、晚侏罗世—早白垩世(Zhu Guang et al.,2005; Wang Yu,2006; Li Zhenwei et al.,2020)或早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世(Liu Cheng et al.,2018; Zhu Guang et al.,2018; Qin Huafeng et al.,2022),以及其左行滑移量180 km(Zhang Jiaodong et al.,2015)、300~400 km(万天丰等,1996Zhao Tian et al.,2016)、650~840 km(Qin Huafeng et al.,2022)乃至>1000 km(Xu Jiawei et al.,1987)等还存在很大争议。

  • 图1 胶东半岛(a)(修改自程燕君等,2022)和五莲地区(b)构造简图

  • Fig.1 Geological sketch maps of the Jiaodong Peninsula (a, modified from Cheng Yanjun et al., 2022) and Wulian region (b)

  • 断裂的走滑活动往往会伴随周缘块体的旋转变形,而古地磁磁偏角可以定量恢复块体绕垂直轴发生的旋转变形历史,在研究块体运动和走滑断裂活动特征等方面具有独特优势(Gilder et al.,1999; Otofuji et al.,20032006; Lu Haijian et al.,2016; Li Bingshuai et al.,201720182022; Tong Yabo et al.,2020)。前人针对郯庐断裂带的左行走滑活动利用古地磁方法已经开展了一系列研究(Uchimura et al.,1996; Gilder et al.,1999; Huang Baochun et al.,2007; 裴军令等,2009; Charles et al.,2011; 秦华峰等,2016; Peng Peng et al.,2022; Qin Huafeng et al.,2022),如Peng Peng et al.(2022)认为郯庐断裂带东部地区(胶东-辽东-朝鲜地块)在240~165 Ma期间相对于西部的华北地块沿着郯庐断裂带发生约16°的稳定陆块内的旋转变形,并导致沿断裂带约450 km的左旋滑移量;而白垩纪以来沿断裂带无明显位移活动。Uchimura et al.(1996)张世红等(1996)等研究发现郯庐断裂带北东部(黑龙江省)七台河/佳木斯地区早白垩世以来相对于华北地块-华南地块发生了显著的(约50°)逆时针旋转变形,可能与伊兰-伊通断裂和敦化-密山断裂的左旋走滑活动有关。Lin Wei et al.(2003)Liu Junlai et al.(2005)研究认为郯庐断裂带北部辽东和朝鲜地区由于郯庐断裂左行走滑活动在晚白垩世之后相对于华北地块以渤海湾南部为欧拉极发生了显著的(22.5°)顺时针旋转变形,并认为这一顺时针旋转变形与松辽-下辽河盆地的扇形张开有关。Gilder et al.(1999)研究发现郯庐断裂带南部(安徽省)地区中三叠世地层相对于华南地块发生了显著的(37°~137°)逆时针旋转变形,而晚白垩世—古新世地层相对于周边地区没有明显旋转变形,因此中三叠世地层的显著逆时针旋转变形应在晚白垩世之前结束,并归因于华北和华南地块碰撞拼贴时期郯庐断裂带的左行剪切走滑活动;而断裂带中部(山东省)断裂带附近地区晚侏罗世以来没有发生显著旋转变形。Huang Baochun et al.(2007)通过对断裂带中部胶东半岛白垩纪沉积岩和火山岩开展的古地磁研究发现,尽管牟平-即墨断裂附近地区的早白垩世地层显示了差别较大的旋转变形,很可能受局部块体旋转变形影响,但晚白垩世之后胶莱盆地整体相对于华北和华南地区经历了约14°逆时针旋转变形。此外,Charles et al.(2011)通过对山东半岛东部荣成和海阳两地区早白垩世花岗岩体开展的古地磁研究,认为胶东半岛自早白垩世晚期以来没有发生显著的旋转变形。最近,秦华峰等(2016)Qin Huafeng et al.(2022)分别对山东半岛东部莱阳市黄崖早白垩世熔岩流和胶莱盆地东南部青山群火山岩开展的古地磁研究同样揭示出不显著和幅度不大的(9.2°±5.4°)顺时针旋转变形。由此可见,沿郯庐断裂带的不同部位在不同时期可能经历了不同方式和幅度的旋转变形,而断裂带中部胶东半岛中生代以来是否经历了块体旋转变形及其幅度等目前仍存在较大争议,直接制约了我们对郯庐断裂带中生代走滑活动性质的认识。

  • 为此,我们选择胶东半岛胶莱盆地南部五莲地区早白垩世红层开展古地磁旋转变形研究,通过分析总结胶东半岛已有古地磁旋转变形结果,探讨该地区中生代时期的旋转变形特征,为约束郯庐断裂带中部的走滑活动特征提供依据。

  • 1 研究区地质概况及样品采集

  • 胶东半岛位于华北地块南东部,其西部通过郯庐断裂带(山东省内又称沂沭断裂)与华北克拉通主体分割,中南部NE向的五莲断裂将胶东半岛构造上分为北西部的胶北地区和南东部的苏鲁造山带(图1b)。中生代时期,在西太平洋俯冲、岩石圈拆沉减薄和弧后拉张等一系列地球动力背景下,华北克拉通破坏(朱日祥等,2011),导致胶东半岛地区中生代火山和岩浆活动十分频繁(邱连贵等,2008)。胶莱盆地是胶北地区典型的晚中生代伸展断陷盆地,该菱形盆地西部受控于NNE向的沂沭断裂带,南部受控于NE向的五莲断裂,北部为胶北隆起区,NNE向的牟平-即墨断裂将盆地分割为东、西两部分(图1b)。盆地内中生代地层向盆地中心缓倾斜,地层走向与盆地边缘断层走向近平行(宋明春等,2003)。根据区域地层和构造分析,这些区域性缓褶皱很可能形成于早/晚白垩世之交(Huang Baochun et al.,2007)。

  • 胶莱盆地白垩系地层自下而上分为莱阳群(K1L)、青山群(K1Q)和王氏群,其中莱阳群和青山群属下白垩统,王氏群属上白垩统(宋明春等,2003)。莱阳群是一套沉积相横向变化较大的河湖相碎屑岩夹火山岩沉积,自下而上依次划分为瓦屋夼组、止凤庄组、水南组、龙旺庄组、曲格庄组和法家夼组,其沉积年龄范围为约132~126 Ma;青山群为一套陆相火山岩-火山碎屑岩的火山盆地沉积,自下而上依次划分为后夼组、八亩地组、石前庄组和方戈庄组,其沉积年龄范围为约126~105 Ma;王氏群为一套陆相碎屑沉积,局部夹基性火山岩,自下而上依次划分为林家庄组、辛格庄组和红土崖组,其顶部玄武岩年龄为73.5 Ma(邱检生等,2001; 宋明春等,2003; 闫峻等,20032005; Zhang Yueqiao et al.,2003; 张岳桥等,2008; 柳永清等,2011; 许克民,2017; Qin Huafeng et al.,2022)(图2)。

  • 本文开展古地磁研究的两个采样剖面位于胶莱盆地南部五莲县城以西约1~2 km(采样剖面A: N35°43.9488′,E119°09.8578′; 采样剖面B: N35°45.1057′,E119°10.6298′),样品采自莱阳群龙旺庄组红层,岩性为细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩(图3)。利用搭配冷却水系统的便携式汽油钻机钻取古地磁岩芯样品,单个采点至少钻取6个独立定向岩芯样品,利用磁罗盘并结合太阳罗盘对岩芯进行原位定向。磁罗盘读数的平均方向与太阳罗盘之间的差值约为-7°,这一结果与该地区国际参考地磁场磁偏角方向(353.1°)一致,并以此为依据对所有磁罗盘定向的古地磁样品和岩层产状进行了方位角校正。最后,采样剖面A采集了4个采点28个岩芯样品,采样剖面B采集了7个采点54个岩芯样品。所有古地磁定向岩芯样品在中国科学院青藏高原研究所古地磁实验室利用无磁双锯片切割机加工成直径2.5 cm、长2.2 cm标准柱状样品。

  • 2 岩石磁学测试和分析

  • 为识别样品中的主要载磁矿物,并为之后选择剩磁清洗方法和步骤提供依据,我们分别选择两个采样剖面的代表性样品,研磨至粉末状,以开展系统岩石磁学研究,包括低场磁化率随温度变化曲线、等温剩磁获得曲线及反向场退磁曲线和磁滞回线等。以上岩石磁学测试均在中国科学院青藏高原研究所古地磁实验室进行。

  • 低场磁化率随温度变化曲线采用捷克AGICO公司生产的卡帕桥MFK-FA多频磁化率仪进行测量,在氩气环境下将样品逐步加热至约700℃后,再逐步冷却至室温。如图4a所示,样品均表现出不可逆特征,且在约580℃之前降温曲线磁化率比升温曲线高很多,表明样品在加热过程中发生矿物转变,生成强磁性矿物。对于采样剖面A样品A3-5,其升温曲线磁化率值在约350℃和580℃均有明显降低,表明磁黄铁矿和磁铁矿的存在;其磁化率值在680~700℃降至最低,表明赤铁矿的存在。由于单位体积亚铁磁性矿物(如磁黄铁矿和磁铁矿等)磁化率值比反铁磁性的赤铁矿大很多(>80倍)(Collinson,1983; 夏敦胜等,2006),因此显著赤铁矿信号这一特征表明,采样剖面A样品中载磁矿物主要为赤铁矿,并含有少量磁黄铁矿和磁铁矿。而对于采样剖面B样品B1-2,其升温曲线磁化率值在680~700℃显著降低且降至最低,表明其载磁矿物主要为赤铁矿。

  • 图2 山东地区白垩系简图(a,改自许克民,2017)、采样剖面位置和对应层位地磁极性年表(b,改自Gradstein et al.,2020

  • Fig.2 Simplified stratigraphic diagram of Cretaceous strata in Shandong Province (a, modified from Xu Kemin, 2017) , the sampling location and the corresponding geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) (b, modified after Gradstein et al., 2020)

  • 其中,实测年龄数据来自邱检生等,2001; 宋明春等,2003; 闫峻等,20032005; Zhang Yueqiao et al.,2003; 张岳桥等,2008; 许克民,2017; Qin Huafeng et al.,2022

  • The age data were collected from Qiu Jiansheng et al., 2001; Song Chunming et al., 2003; Yan Jun et al., 2003, 2005; Zhang Yueqiao et al., 2003, 2008; Xu Kemin, 2017; Qin Huafeng et al., 2022

  • 图3 五莲地区下白垩统龙旺庄组研究剖面露头(a、b,采样剖面A;c、d,采样剖面B)

  • Fig.3 Outcrops of the Early Cretaceous Longwangzhuang Formation at Wulian locality (a and b, sampling profile A; c and d, sampling profile B)

  • 等温剩磁获得曲线及反向场退磁曲线和磁滞回线均使用振动样品磁力仪(MicroMag Model8604,VSM)完成测试,外加磁场为±1.0 T。如图4b所示,两个代表性样品的剩磁强度在1.0 T仍远未饱和,且矫顽力> 200 mT,表明样品中载磁矿物以硬磁性组分(如赤铁矿)为主。如图4c所示,顺磁校正后的磁滞回线在1.0 T才出现闭合,表明样品以硬磁性组分(如赤铁矿)为主,其中采样剖面A样品的磁滞回线具有明显蜂腰状特征,表明样品中低矫顽力组分的存在。另外,采样剖面A样品的饱和剩磁(Ms)远大于采样剖面B样品,而后者的矫顽力(Bc)远大于前者。以上岩石磁学特征表明,五莲地区龙旺庄组红层两个采样剖面样品的载磁矿物均以赤铁矿为主,其中采样剖面A样品也同时含有少量的磁黄铁矿和磁铁矿。

  • 3 系统热退磁测试

  • 根据上述岩石磁学分析获知的样品中主要载磁矿物为赤铁矿这一特征,我们对所有古地磁样品采用系统热退磁测试分析。古地磁样品首先进行天然剩磁(NRM)测量,之后使用美制TD-48热退磁炉(炉内冷却腔残余磁场强度< 10 nT)进行系统热退磁(样品摆放至加热腔中间位置,且排列方向自始至终保持不变),并使用2G-755低温超导磁力仪(RAPID系统)进行剩磁测量。样品加热温度间隔在500℃以下为50℃,500~600℃期间为20~40℃,600℃以上为5~10℃。系统热退磁和剩磁测试在中国科学院青藏高原研究所古地磁实验室磁屏蔽室(平均磁场强度< 250 nT)完成。

  • 样品剩磁方向采用主向量分析法(Kirschvink,1980)计算单个样品的特征剩磁方向,然后使用Fisher统计方法(Fisher,1953)计算单个采点的平均特征剩磁方向。根据单个采点代表性样品热退磁曲线正交投影图可知(图5),几乎所有样品均可分离出2个剩磁分量,其中低温分量大都存在于NRM至580℃(少部分样品直至660℃,如图5j和k),其平均方向在地理坐标下为Dg=7.7°,Ig=66.2°(kg=60.7,α95=2.1),地层坐标下为Ds=349.0°,Is=61.8°(ks=15.4,α95=4.2)。尽管地层校正前低温分量相比于地层校正后的分布明显聚集,表明低温分量在地层褶皱之后获得,但其逐步展平检验结果显示其k值在-42%展平度时达到最大84.06(Watson et al.,1993)(图6a),并且低温分量地理坐标下的平均方向与该地区现今地磁场方向(D=353.1°,I=53.7°)也有一定差异,很可能表明低温分量是近现代地磁场的粘滞剩磁和地理坐标下高温分量的叠加。

  • 图4 五莲地区下白垩统龙旺庄组代表性样品低场磁化率随温度变化曲线

  • Fig.4 Temperature-dependence of low-field magnetic susceptibility of representative samples from the Early Cretaceous Longwangzhuang Formation at Wulian locality

  • 图4a中红线和蓝线分别为升温和降温曲线;归一化等温剩磁获得曲线及反向场退磁曲线(图4b)和磁滞回线(图4c);图4c中黑线和红线分别为顺磁校正前后磁滞回线,右下角方框内为顺磁校正后归一化磁滞回线

  • red and blue lines in Fig.4a represent heating and cooling curves, respectively; normalized isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition followed by reverse field demagnetization (Fig.4b) and hysteresis loops (Fig.4c) ; black and red lines in (Fig.4c) represent the original and paramagnetic slop-corrected loops, respectively; the plots in the bottom right corner of (Fig.4c) are the normalized hysteresis loops after paramagnetic slop correction

  • 大部分样品在600~680℃之间分离出稳定且趋向原点的高温特征剩磁分量,其解阻温度在670~680℃(图5),表明其主要携磁矿物为赤铁矿,与上述岩石磁学结果一致。为保证数据质量,我们对获得的样品和采点的高温特征剩磁方向进行筛选:① 样品退磁过程中至少4个连续温度点,且最大角偏差≤15°;② 单个采点样品数N≥4且α95≤15°。按照此标准,采样剖面B中三个采点(b-5、b-6和b-7)中仅个别样品分离出高温特征剩磁方向(图5j),而大部分样品未能分离出有效特征剩磁分量而被剔除(图5i、k)。最终,我们在五莲地区龙旺庄组红层中共获得8个有效采点,58个样品的特征剩磁方向,且采用样品和采点分别进行统计的结果近一致(图6b,图7a~d)。由于胶东半岛已有古地磁研究均按照采点进行统计分析(Gilder et al.,1999; Huang Baochun et al.,2007; Charles et al.,2011; 秦华峰等,2016; Qin Huafeng et al.,2022),为方便对比研究,本文也采用采点统计结果。这8个采点的平均方向在地理坐标下为Dg=173.4°,Ig=-32.9°(kg=38.5,α95=9.0),地层坐标下为Ds=169.5°,Is=-33.2°(ks=40.9,α95 =8.8)(图6b和表1)。

  • 图5 五莲地区下白垩统龙旺庄组代表性样品退磁Zijderveld正交矢量投影图(地理坐标)和归一化剩磁强度随热退磁温度变化图(正交投影图中空心圆和实心圆分别代表垂直和水平投影)

  • Fig.5 Representative orthogonal vector demagnetization diagrams of representative samples and normalized curves of remanence intensities versus temperatures from the Longwangzhuang Formation at Wulian locality (open and filled circles in orthogonal diagrams refer to the projection on the horizontal and vertical planes)

  • 表1 胶莱盆地五莲地区下白垩统龙旺庄组红层高温特征剩磁分量结果

  • Table1 Site-mean paleomagnetic directions of the high-temperature components of the Early Cretaceous red beds from the Longwangzhuang Formation at Wulian locality in Jiaolai basin

  • 注:n/N为有效样品数(采点数)/实际样品数(采点数);DgIgDsIs)分别为地理坐标下(地层坐标下)中温和高温特征剩磁的磁偏角、磁倾角; kα95分别为Fisher统计精度参数和平均方向的95%置信圆锥半顶角。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 高温分量分析

  • 由于五莲地区白垩系红层产状倾角较小(< 20°),两采样剖面的高温特征剩磁方向在地层校正后并未发生明显聚集(ks/kg =1.063),且所有极性均为负极性,无法对所获得数据进行倒转检验。考虑到① 根据胶莱盆地白垩系地层已有火山岩年龄,可以限定龙旺庄组地层沉积年龄介于126~124 Ma期间(图2),这一时期地磁场以负极性期为主(M3)(Gradstein et al.,2020),而所获得的特征剩磁方向为负极性,与该时期负极性为主这一特征相一致;② 特征剩磁平均方向偏离该地区近现代地磁场方向,且胶莱盆地暂未有较大范围白垩系地层重磁化的报道。因此,我们认为,所获得的特征剩磁方向可能记录了下白垩统龙旺庄组岩石沉积时期的地球磁场方向,是原生剩磁方向。尽管古地磁结果表明五莲地区下白垩统龙旺庄组红层发生了显著的磁倾角浅化现象,地层校正后磁倾角(I=-33.2°)比依据同时期(120 Ma)稳定东亚极(Cogné et al.,2013)计算的研究区预期磁倾角(I=-57.2°)要低很多,这一现象与我国西部中生代—新生代沉积红层古地磁研究揭示的显著磁倾角浅化现象相似(Gilder et al.,2001; Halim et al.,2003; Yan Maodu et al.,2005),可能是同沉积和沉积期后沉积压实作用导致,但其磁偏角并未受影响,可用于该地区古地磁旋转变形方面的研究。

  • 4.2 旋转变形分析及其构造意义

  • 本研究结果通过与依据同时期稳定东亚极(Cogné et al.,2013)计算的研究区预期古地磁方向对比,我们计算出五莲地区早白垩世以来相对于稳定东亚大陆发生了明显(22.8°±8.8°)逆时针旋转变形(表2)。尽管前人在沂沭断裂带周缘开展了一系列古地磁旋转变形研究,但是结果存在较大分歧(表2),并由此导致了对胶东半岛和沂沭断裂带构造活动的不同认识。大部分的古地磁研究结果表明胶莱盆地或胶东半岛早白垩世以来相对于华北地块没有发生显著旋转变形,指示胶东半岛至少自早白垩世以来就与华北克拉通刚性块体紧密拼合(Gilder et al.,1999; Charles et al.,2011; 秦华峰等,2016; Qin Huafeng et al.,2022)。而Huang Baochun et al.(2007)对胶东半岛早白垩世沉积岩和火山岩开展的古地磁研究结果揭示出不同方式和幅度的旋转变形,其中牟平-即墨断裂带附近的早白垩世地层大幅度且不协调的旋转变形可能受断裂带附近局部块体旋转变形影响;而晚白垩世地层较一致的古地磁结果表明胶莱盆地相对于华北地块晚白垩世以来经历了整体~14°逆时针旋转变形,暗示胶东半岛可能自晚白垩世以来独立于华北克拉通发生旋转变形。

  • 图6 五莲地区下白垩统龙旺庄组低温分量(a)和高温分量(b,左为样品,右为采点)等面积投影图及低温分量褶皱逐步展平检验结果图(红色五角星为样品/采点平均方向位置,空心圆、实心圆分别代表上、下球面投影)

  • Fig.6 Equal-area projections and progressive unfolding analysis of low-temperature (a) and high-temperature (b, the left plot represents data of samples, right plot represents data of sites) components for the Longwangzhuang Formation at Wulian locality (the red stars represent the fisherian mean direction of samples/sites, open/filled circles represent upward/downward inclinations, respectively)

  • 通过分析前人在胶东地区开展的古地磁旋转变形结果,我们发现,旋转变形差异较大的结果存在两个特点:① 古地磁样品是青山群火山岩(表2);② 分布在牟平-即墨断裂带及其附属断裂附近。针对火山岩的古地磁研究,往往需要采集足够多的古地磁样品数和层位,才能平均掉地磁场长期变的影响,如Butler(1992)认为至少需要10个采样点,而Tauxe et al.(2010)则认为需要100个采样点才能完全消除地磁场长期变的影响。针对胶东半岛火山岩或岩浆岩开展的古地磁研究,Charles et al.(2011)Qin Huafeng et al.(2022)采样数量相对较多(大于10个采点),并且对数据开展了可靠性检验,认为平均掉了地磁场长期变的影响;而Huang Baochun et al.(2007)对青山群火山岩开展研究的采点数量相对较少(小于6个采点),旋转变形结果也有很大差异,可能受地磁场长期变影响较大(Charles et al.,2011)。此外,尽管Gilder et al.(1999)在五莲地区(Area Ⅰ)莱阳群开展的古地磁研究(11个采点)揭示该地区磁偏角方向比较凌乱,其中除了2个采点(C607和C610)可能被重磁化、2个采点分别位于郯庐断裂带内部(C611)和胶莱盆地内部(C601)显示出顺时针旋转变形特征外,其余7个采点均显示了较为一致的显著逆时针旋转变形(表2)。鉴于目前胶东半岛侏罗纪—白垩纪古地磁研究结果较少但差异较大,根据Meert et al.(2020)用于古地磁数据统计的第二条标准(即70≥k≥10,且样品数N≥25且采点数B≥8)进行筛选,则仅有4条古地磁结果(胶莱盆地仅2条)通过这一标准,并不能对该地区进行旋转与否的有效讨论。考虑到样品数和采点数在数据统计时有时作用相似,我们相对降低了该筛选标准,即按照70≥k≥10,且样品数N ≥25或采点数B≥8的要求进行筛选。最后筛选出8条白垩纪古地磁结果(图7,表2)。其中,牟平-即墨断裂带以南地区的3个古地磁方向比较凌乱,可能与该地区局部断裂活动有关(Huang Baochun et al.,2007),而胶莱盆地除Qin Huafeng et al.(2022)火山岩古地磁结果显示出不显著(9.2°±5.4°)顺时针旋转变形外,盆地东部晚白垩世和西部早白垩世4个沉积岩古地磁结果均显示出较为一致的逆时针旋转变形特征(图7),很可能揭示胶莱盆地在晚白垩世之后发生了整体的、幅度不大的(约10°~20°)的逆时针旋转变形。由于五莲-牟平-即墨断裂带以南地区目前古地磁结果存在较大差异(图7),胶莱盆地的逆时针旋转变形可能仅局限在沂沭断裂带以东、五莲-牟平-即墨断裂带一线北西地区,并且通过这些周缘断裂带的左旋剪切作用调节。尽管五莲断裂、牟平-即墨断裂带及其东部一系列断裂带的韧性剪切活动主要发生在早白垩世或更早(翟明国等,2000孙煜杰,2019),并引起了部分地区的局部不一致的旋转变形(Huang Baochun et al.,2007; Qin Huafeng et al.,2022),但晚白垩世之后的脆性断层活动和较弱的左旋走滑活动可能也会导致周缘块体发生旋转变形(Huang Baochun et al.,2007; Charles et al.,2011; 秦华峰等,2016)。此外,胶莱盆地南部五莲断裂一线逆时针旋转幅度也显示向靠近沂沭断裂带的南西方向增大的特征(图7),表明该地区向南东方向受沂沭断裂带的影响显著增强。

  • 图7 胶东半岛及其邻区白垩纪时期相对于稳定东亚地区古地磁旋转变形特征(a)和胶莱盆地白垩纪古地磁极等面积投影图(b)(其中箭头和古地磁极附近的数字代表表2最右列序号所代表的参考文献)

  • Fig.7 Cretaceous vertical-axis rotation features of the Jiaodong Peninsula (a) , equal-area stereographic projections of the Cretaceous paleomagnetic poles (b) of the Jiaolai basin (the number adjacent to the arrows and poles represent the numbers of references in Table 2)

  • 目前多数研究结果表明,郯庐断裂带的左行走滑活动主要发生在早白垩世或更早(王小凤等,2000Zhu Guang et al.,2005; Li Zhenwei et al.,2020),如Peng Peng et al.(2022)研究认为郯庐断裂带东侧块体(胶东-辽东-朝鲜地块)的顺时针旋转变形和沿断裂带对应的大规模左行走滑活动发生在240~165 Ma期间,而白垩纪以来沿断裂带无明显位移和旋转变形。但越来越多的研究结果表明断裂带附近地体自晚中生代以来是否发生旋转变形以及旋转变形的时间和方式等也存在较大差异,如断裂带南部地区(安徽省)在中三叠世至晚白垩世之前发生了显著的(37°~137°)逆时针旋转变形(Gilder et al.,1999),而晚白垩世之后无显著旋转变形;中部沂沭断裂带西侧地区侏罗纪以来没有发生显著旋转变形(Gilder et al.,1999),东侧胶莱盆地晚白垩世之后发生一定幅度的逆时针旋转变形(图7)(Huang Baochun et al.,2007; 本文);断裂带北部东侧的辽东和朝鲜地区在早白垩世相对于华北地块发生了显著的(22.5°)顺时针旋转变形(Lin Wei et al.,2003; Liu Junlai et al.,2005; 裴军令等,2009),辽西地区白垩纪以来则出现了小幅度的逆时针旋转变形(裴军令等,2009);而更北部东侧的黑龙江七台河/佳木斯地区早白垩世发生了显著的(约50°)逆时针旋转变形(Uchimura et al.,1996; 张世红等,1996),而Otofuji et al.(2003,2006)倾向于认为该地区与东部锡霍特-阿林地块一起在晚白垩世之后整体发生了显著逆时针旋转变形。因此,尽管某些地区的旋转变形时间仍存在分歧,但郯庐断裂带不同部位的显著差异旋转变形特征表明,断裂带周缘地体的旋转变形除了与郯庐断裂带本身的左行走滑活动有关外,还可能与周缘地体的性质(刚性还是塑性)及其所处的大地构造背景(伸展或挤压)等有很大关系。如断裂带南部地区大都属于褶皱逆冲断裂区(Xu Jiawei et al.,1987; Gilder et al.,1997; 王浩乾等,2012),以挤压性质为主,郯庐断裂带的左旋剪切应力分散于褶皱逆冲带地区,中三叠世—晚白垩世之前郯庐断裂带的剪切走滑活动导致了一系列的显著逆时针旋转变形;而断裂带中北部区域自晚中生代以来均经历了岩石圈减薄和伸展变形(Gilder et al.,1991; Ren Jianye et al.,2002; Lin Wei et al.,2003; Zhai Mingguo et al.,2007),其旋转变形方式也截然不同,可能与在伸展背景下不同块体所处的具体构造环境相关。如胶东半岛属于华北克拉通的一部分,由于具有较强的刚性基底,郯庐断裂的剪切应力大都集中于断裂本身,其走滑剪切活动并未显著影响周缘块体的内部变形,没有(Gilder et al.,1999Charles et al.,2011Qin Huafeng et al.,2022)或仅发生幅度不大的逆时针旋转变形(Huang Baochun et al.,2007; 本文);而辽东和朝鲜地区的显著顺时针旋转变形和更北东部七台河—锡霍特—阿林地区的显著逆时针旋转变形(Uchimura et al.,1996; 张世红等,1996; Otofuji et al.,20032006)更可能与该地区晚白垩世之后扇形盆地的张开形式有关(Lin Wei et al.,2003; Otofuji et al.,2006; Huang Baochun et al.,2007)。因此,在研究与大型走滑断裂相关块体的旋转变形时,需要在断裂带不同部位开展细致古地磁研究,并结合块体所处的大地构造背景综合分析。

  • 表2 胶东半岛及其邻区侏罗纪—白垩纪古地磁结果和相对于东亚地区的旋转变形特征

  • Table2 Jurassic and Cretaceous paleomagnetic results and vertical-axis rotations relative to the stable East Asia in the Jiaodong Peninsula and its adjacent regions

  • 注:n/N为有效采点数/实际采点数;DgIgDsIs)分别为地理坐标下(地层坐标下)特征剩磁的磁偏角,磁倾角;kα95分别为Fisher统计精度参数和平均方向的95%置信圆锥半顶角;其中130 Ma及之前的古地磁极来自Cogné et al.(2013),150 Ma的古地磁极来自Besse and Courtillot(2002)dpdm为古地磁极95%置信椭圆半短轴/半长轴;A95为古地磁极95%置信圆锥半顶角;序号是图7中代表旋转箭头附近的数字代表的参考文献;白色部分为通过筛选条件的古地磁结果,灰色部分是未通过筛选的结果。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)胶莱盆地南部五莲地区下白垩统莱阳群龙旺庄组红层共分离出8个采点58个样品的稳定特征剩磁方向,其采点统计的平均值为Ds=169.5°、Is=-33.2°、ks=40.9、α95 =8.8。

  • (2)相对于稳定东亚极,五莲地区早白垩世之后发生了显著(22.8°±8.8°)逆时针旋转变形,胶莱盆地晚白垩世以来可能经历了整体的逆时针(10°~20°)旋转变形。

  • (3)胶莱盆地南部逆时针旋转变形幅度向南西方向增大,表明受西部沂沭断裂带的影响逐渐增强。

  • (4)郯庐断裂带不同部位在不同时期发生了不同方式和幅度的旋转变形,这可能与断裂带周缘不同地体的性质和其所处的大地构造背景有关。

  • 致谢:感谢中国地质科学院地质研究所师晶、乔大伟、祁克宁等参加了野外采样工作,感谢中国地质大学(北京)刘俊来教授和两位匿名审稿专家对本文提出建设性修改意见!

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