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作者简介:

吴时国,1963年生,男。博士,研究员,海底构造、深水油气和天然气水合物研究方向。E-mail:swu@idsse.ac.cn。

通讯作者:

鲁向阳,男,1992年生。硕士,海洋地质构造过程、海底浅层模拟研究方向。E-mail:luxy@idsse.ac.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    海南岛周邻发育有4个重要的新生代沉积盆地,即莺歌海盆地、北部湾盆地、琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地珠三凹陷。根据最新的地球物理数据,重新厘定这些盆地的构造与沉积演化及其与海南岛陆上构造的关联。这些盆地发育NE和NW向断裂构造,但存在极大差异性。前者受红河哀牢山断裂构造影响,表现为张扭性的拉分盆地。而后三个盆地则总体表现为裂陷盆地,夹于江绍-博白断裂与丽水-南澳断裂南段之间。伸展始于古新世,具有四次裂陷作用,并发育NW向走滑伸展断层。晚期岩浆对沉积盆地具有一定改造作用,表现岩浆喷发、热流值高。我们厘定了这些NE向断裂在海南岛延伸,滨海断裂可能延至海南岛东南缘,并表现出明显的地震活动性,推断海南岛新生代构造演化与南海北部陆缘演化具有一致性。

    Abstract

    The four Cenozoic sedimentary basins adjacent to Hainan Island have undergone significant development. These basins include Yingehai basin, Beibuwan basin, Qiongdongnan basin, and Zhu Ⅲ sag of the Zhujiangkou basin. Based on the latest geophysical data, we have redefined the structure and evolution of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins, as well as their relation to Hainan's onshore geological structures. The basins have well-developed NE and NW structures, but significant differences exist between them.The former NW-trending Yinggehai basin,influenced by the Red River fault,is characterized by tension and compressive torsion, resembling a pull-apart basin. On the other hand, the NE basins, located in the southern part of the continental margin of South China, are sandwiched between the Jiangshao-Bobai Faults and the southern Lishui-Nanao faults. The evolution of the Baisha basin is consistent with the Mesozoic basin in the continental margin of South China. The extensionalprocesses began in the Late Cretaceous, resulting in four instances of rifting. Subsequent magma activity led to the reconstruction of the sedimentary basin, exhibiting magma eruptions and high heat flow values.This tectonic distribution is extremely incompatible with the surrounding basins.Theoffshore fracture could extend to the southernmost region, showing obvious seismic activity. We infer that the tectonics of Hainan Island exhibit consistency with the northern South China Sea margin.

  • 海南岛地处滨太平洋构造域和特提斯-喜马拉雅构造域的交汇地带,处于欧亚板块的南端,西临印支板块,东近菲律宾海板块(图1)。近期,许多学者提出了海南地幔柱假说来解释其复杂的新构造运动和强烈的岩浆喷发(Lei Jianshe et al.,2013; Zhang Qiao et al.,2016; Hoang et al.,2018; Xia Shaohong et al.,2018; Yan Quanshu et al.,2018)。晚中生代,海南岛的构造活动以断块运动和酸性岩浆侵入为特征;新生代则主要表现为裂陷运动和基性岩浆喷发(张岳桥等,2012Fan Chaoyan et al.,2017; Lei Chao et al.,2016; 2019)。中新世新构造运动以来,王五-文教断裂控制的琼北地区开始塌陷,与雷州半岛共同形成了雷琼断陷区,接受巨厚新生代沉积,火山和地震活动剧烈且频繁(杨树锋等,1989海南省地质调查院,2017)。

  • 在海南岛周邻海区,发育一系列NE或NW向新生代沉积盆地,包括北部湾盆地、珠江口盆地(珠Ⅲ坳陷)、琼东南盆地和莺歌海盆地。前三个盆地是以NE向断裂为主控断裂的伸展盆地,而后者是以NW向断裂作为主控断裂的拉分盆地(图1)。新生代的南海张裂作用(神狐运动),导致岩石圈减薄、地幔流上涌和沉积盆地的形成(Franke et al.,2014; Li Chunfeng et al.,2014)。盆地内接受了古近系河湖相沉积、火山碎屑岩沉积和新近系的滨浅海陆源碎屑沉积、浅水碳酸盐沉积和火山沉积。在琼东南盆地还发育深海陆源碎屑沉积和钙质软泥。海南岛和周缘海域在新生代经历相同的构造作用,构造变形理应保持基本一致,但种种地质现象表明海南岛周缘海域的构造变形与岛上极不协调。

  • 本文根据近年来海域盆地构造研究进展,结合陆地地质考察,我们探讨海南岛周邻新生代盆地构造演化及其与陆地构造的关联问题。

  • 1 控盆断裂构造

  • 海南岛及其邻近海域断裂构造发育强烈,主要控盆断裂包括:NW向红河断裂系统,NE向涠西南断裂带、滨海断裂带、琼东南2号断裂和珠Ⅲ南断裂(图1)。北西向断裂比较发育,且规模较大,多以脆性变形为主;北东向断裂多为张性断裂且具有拆离断裂性质,规模也较大。但也有少数断裂兼有韧性变形;近南北向断裂分布较零星,规模一般均较小。

  • 图1 南海北部新生代沉积盆地地质构造图

  • Fig.1 Cenozoic sedimentary basin tectonic geological map in the northern South China Sea

  • F1—铺前-曲界断裂;F2—长流-仙沟断裂;F3—铺前-清澜断裂;F4—琼峡北断裂;F5—琼峡南断裂;F6—马袅-铺前断裂;F7—王五-文教断裂;F8—涠西南断裂;F9—珠Ⅲ南断裂;F10—琼东南2号断裂

  • F1—Puqian-Qujie fault;F2—Changliu-Xiangou fault;F3—Puqian-Qinglan fault;F4—Qiongxiabei fault;F5—Qiongxianan fault;F6—Maniao-Puqian fault;F7—Wangwu-Wenjiao fault;F8—Weixinan fault;F9—Zhu Ⅲ south fault;F10—Qiongdongnan basin No.2 fault

  • 1.1 涠西南断裂带

  • 涠西南断裂是北部湾盆地控盆断裂(图2a)。北部湾盆地断裂于晚白垩纪开始发育,形成许多高低不平的断块。古近纪,受南海扩张的影响,古新世晚期断裂活化,产生裂谷型地堑盆地,在盆地内充填长流组近源洪、冲积相红色或杂色粗碎屑沉积。随着盆地的发展演化,盆缘断裂继承性发育,产生了一系列新的北东(30°~40°)、北东东(45°~70°)和近东西(90°~95°)向正断裂。这些断裂控制了盆地的边界,并控制了二级构造单元的发育。在这期间,沉降速率大于沉积速率,沉积了一套半深水至深湖水相泥岩、页岩及砂岩的流沙港组(马云等,2014)。始新世末,基底抬升,除凹陷中心覆有较浅水体外,周缘暴露遭受剥蚀,而后的张裂活动,不仅使盆缘断裂再次活化,而且在凹陷内部又产生次级断裂,涠洲组明显上超,形成了一套河流-冲积相、三角洲、扇三角洲、盆底扇、滨浅湖等沉积,至渐新世末,断陷充填结束。

  • 新近纪,盆地内各断裂除极少数仍有微弱活动外,绝大部分趋于停止活动。早中新世至上新世,盆地区域性沉降加强,整个盆地坳陷下沉,湖盆由分割性强的断陷转为整体沉积阶段,海水侵入北部湾,形成一套滨浅海碎屑沉积。盆地边缘新近系沉积较薄,而盆地中间沉积较厚,其中以乌石凹陷下降较快,新近系厚度约2100 m,而涠西南凹陷则只有1500 m。此阶段即为北部湾盆地发展的第二期坳陷阶段。

  • 1.2 滨海断裂带

  • 滨海断裂带位于华南沿岸(刘以宣,1985),与华南大陆海岸线近平行,是华南与南海地块边界的一部分。北起礼士列岛—兄弟屿附近陆架,往西南经南澎列岛、红海湾口、担杆列岛及海陵岛等南部海域,最后延伸至海南岛地区。其西段与雷北断裂相连,东端则经平潭岛进入东海陆架,全长达 1500 km。自西向东逐渐由琼州海峡南侧的东西向转为南澳岛以东的北东向,总体走向为北东东向,呈略向南凸的弧形(图1)。滨海断裂带是珠江口盆地的北部边界断裂,也是重要的控震和发震断裂,东南沿海历史上发生的 6 级以上大地震多与滨海断裂带的活动密切相关。

  • 1.3 珠Ⅲ南断裂

  • 珠Ⅲ南断裂作为珠江口盆地文昌凹陷的南缘边界断层,总体呈NE向延伸,平面具有弧形弯曲、分段和分支特征(图2b),应力状态为右旋旋转。珠Ⅲ南断裂与发育的先存断层不垂直,促使局部走滑应力分量的形成,在断层的弯曲部位形成增压或释压,从而造成挤压反转或拉分沉陷。当古应力伸展方向与珠Ⅲ南断裂延伸方向斜交分量越大时,走滑分量较大。这种应力机制造成文昌凹陷次凹陷的释压区和增压区,分别表现压扭反转和挤压隆升剥蚀。此外,这种具有走滑分量的断裂在海南岛及其周缘发育十分普遍。

  • 1.4 琼东南2号断裂

  • 2 号断裂位于松南凹陷北缘,是贯穿琼东南盆地的NEE-SWW向大型拆离断裂,反射地震剖面显示该断裂浅部为高角度错断(图2c)。整体上,2号断裂从地壳上部的高角度向深部低角度发生转换,指示该断裂为地壳内部滑脱面或拆离面,上盘沿铲状断裂向下错动的垂直断距可达6 km,为同张裂期提供了充足的沉积空间,形成了倾斜楔状的巨厚同张裂沉积序列(图2c)。2号断裂周边的地壳在浅部减薄程度中等,上地壳通过脆性断块的旋转、滑移进而发生伸展减薄,典型的特征是上盘沿低角度滑脱面与下盘接触。在拆离断层作用下,上盘的下地壳发生韧性超伸展作用,导致下地壳迅速减薄甚至尖灭,从而使上盘的上地壳近乎直接与地幔顶部接触。

  • 1.5 红河断裂带

  • 红河断裂带的海上延伸部分是莺歌海盆地的边界断裂(图2d)(Lei Chao et al.,2021)。据红河断裂及邻区岩浆活动年龄谱资料分析,红河断裂岩浆活动的时间总体与青藏高原快速隆升事件基本同期,主要集中在喜马拉雅运动期始新世—早渐新世(43.5~32 Ma)、晚渐新世—中新世(32~17 Ma)、上新世以来(5.3~0 Ma)三期。表明印欧两大陆自喜山期以来的拼碰活动为华南大陆南缘向东南逃逸、蠕散以及北部湾盆地右行旋转走滑的成盆环境提供了重要的动力来源。

  • 2 地层层序与构造演化

  • 2.1 沉积盆地充填层序与构造事件

  • 晚燕山期,华南大陆边缘发生张裂,形成一些以海南岛白沙盆地为代表的陆内断陷盆地,白沙盆地早期鹿母湾组为河湖相陆源碎屑沉积夹有中酸性火山岩建造,晚期为报万组河湖相陆源碎屑沉积。

  • 新生代裂陷盆地对应于六次重大构造事件:最早发生的神狐运动形成的区域不整合为Tg,使得南海北缘的前新生代褶皱基底在隆起剥蚀之后发生张裂,发育NNE—NE向断裂,形成NNE—NE向断陷,充填了古新统神狐组(图1),沿断裂有中酸性岩浆侵入和喷发。始新世初(55.8 Ma),发生珠琼运动一幕,这次运动使得盆地发生抬升与剥蚀,形成了局部不整合面T90,伴随有断裂和岩浆活动,为盆地的第二次张裂作用,形成NE—NEE向断陷,岩浆活动主要产生了安山岩、流纹质岩屑熔岩和凝灰岩。珠琼运动一幕之后,南北分离的北、南两个断陷带构造格局开始形成,断陷的深度和面积增大,盆地沉积了最主要的生油岩-文昌组湖相泥岩。始新世末(33.9 Ma),珠琼运动二幕使盆地再次抬升剥蚀,形成了区域性不整合面T80,并伴有断裂和岩浆活动,发生第三次张裂,形成近E-W向断陷,沿断裂有中酸性及基性岩浆喷发,岩浆活动频繁,主要有玄武岩和安山岩,湖盆扩大,水体变浅,沉积了浅湖-沼泽相的恩平组。珠琼运动两幕在珠江口盆地的幕式裂陷活动中起重要作用,使得三期裂陷幕伸展方向和强度有所差异(Cullen et al.,2010; Morley,2016Li Chunfeng et al.,2014)。

  • 图2 海南岛周缘沉积盆地断裂构造样式

  • Fig.2 Structural style of the faults in the sedimentary basins around the Hainan Island

  • (a)—北部湾盆地剖面;(b)—珠Ⅲ坳陷剖面;(c)—琼东南盆地剖面;(d)—莺歌海盆地剖面;(e)—珠江口盆地OBS(海底地震仪)剖面

  • (a) —Beibuwan basin interpretation profile; (b) —Zhu Ⅲ depression interpretation profile; (c) —Qiongdongnan basin interpretation profile; (d) —Yinggehai basin interpretation profile; (e) —Pearl River Mouth basin OBS profile

  • 早渐新世末(32 Ma)的南海运动较为强烈 (Cullen et al.,2010),形成了区域不整合面T70,断裂和岩浆活动发育。此后海水从南向北大规模入侵,盆地由裂陷、断坳向坳陷转化。盆地演化开始进入盆地的热沉降阶段。沉积了珠海组和珠江组的三角洲-滨浅海相碎屑岩。在隆起的边缘和台地上形成了生物礁和碳酸盐岩。发生于渐新世与中新世之间的白云运动(23 Ma),是南海及东南亚的一个重大构造事件(Gao Jinwei et al.,2016戴宗等,2021),表现为白云凹陷由于深部地幔上隆产生强烈的沉降,陆架坡折带由白云凹陷南侧跳跃到其北侧,珠江三角洲和珠江深水扇系统发生明显突变(邵磊,2005),在珠Ⅲ坳陷表现为区域不整合(T60)。中中新世末(10.5 Ma),发生东沙运动(T32),主要波及东沙隆起和潮汕坳陷地区,构造上主要表现为断块升降,在隆起区造成中新统及部分上新统的缺失。另外还有一次发生在16.5 Ma的南沙运动,在南海南部盆地中表现强烈,而在珠江口盆地表现比较微弱。珠Ⅲ坳陷区域拉伸方向最大的改变,发生于始新世文昌组一段沉积末(T80),区域应力方向由NW-SE、NNW-SSE向转变为近南北向(图3),B次凹出现最明显的构造反转(图1)。此后,区域应力方向进一步顺时针偏转,转变为NNE-SSW。

  • 图3 海南岛周缘新生代沉积盆地沉积层序与构造事件

  • Fig.3 Sedimentary sequence and tectonic events in Cenozoic sedimentary basins around the Haina Island

  • 珠江口盆地经历多次构造运动,在盆地内表现为区域不整合、地区性不整合和岩浆活动。每一个不整合都是上一个构造幕的结束和下一个构造幕的开始,包含了抬升遭受剥蚀再伸展的过程。神狐运动、珠琼运动一幕、珠琼运动二幕、南海运动、白云运动、南沙运动、东沙运动这7次构造运动中,第一次运动是初始裂陷,第二次运动伸展方向为北西向,没有平行珠Ⅲ南断裂的走滑分量,不存在增压区和释压区,所以在文昌B次凹没有形成明显的反转构造。珠琼运动二幕(T80)的伸展方向为近南北向(图3),存在平行珠Ⅲ南断裂的明显走滑分量(图2),在B次凹增压区形成明显反转。之后的4次构造运动(T70、T60、T40、T32)的伸展方向均为NNE-SSW,存在平行珠Ⅲ南断裂的明显走滑分量,都在B次凹增压区形成明显反转。为什么B次凹的明显的反转只体现在T80、T70、T60、T40、T32反射界面上?T80、T70、T60、T40、T32分别对应着珠琼动二幕、南海运动、白云运动、南沙运动、东沙运动(图3),说明文昌B次凹明显构造反转除了与区域应力方向的改变有关外,还与岩浆底侵和构造拆离有关,拉伸力愈大,走滑分量愈大,构造隆升反转的作用愈强。

  • 2.2 地层层序与构造演化

  • NE向断裂主要与华南大陆边缘张裂有关。按发育时间顺序可划分为五期(图4、5),不同时期发育的断裂反映了不同的区域应力场特征。I期:晚白垩世伸展运动,控制白沙盆地、阳江盆地和北部湾盆地早期半地堑(汪啸风等,1991)。II期断裂形成于晚白垩世末的神狐运动,动力学机制表现为,盆区北东向基底断裂开始活化,形成北东向裂谷型地堑盆地,盆内开始充填古新系长流组近源冲积相红色或杂色粗碎屑沉积地层,地震剖面上表现为Tg不整合面。Ⅲ期断裂形成于中始新世末的珠琼运动一幕,本次断裂活动使盆地北东向断陷范围进一步扩大,在地震剖面上表现为T9不整合面,该界面以上地震波特征呈层状明显,界面以下则较杂乱,代表大规模裂陷的开始。在前期断裂的基础上,盆缘断裂继承性发育,企西隆起北部凹陷呈现“北断南超”样式、南部凹陷呈现“南断北超”样式;受应力场调整影响,各凹陷相继发育了NEE向新断裂,期间凹陷沉降速度大于沉积速度,湖平面逐渐扩大,湖水不断加深,从而沉积了一套半深水至深水湖相泥岩、页岩及砂岩的流沙港组。动力学机制解译为太平洋板块向华南大陆之下下插俯冲,由北北西向转为北西西向,同时俯冲角度加大,引起华南大陆边缘快速向太平洋板块方向蠕撒,裂陷中心南移;珠琼运动二幕发生在晚始新世末,地震剖面上表现为T8不整合面,裂陷由北东向转变为近东西向,这次构造运动是珠琼运动一幕的延续,动力学机制相同,但俯冲方向已转为北西西向,华南大陆边缘转为近南北向张裂作用。

  • Ⅳ期断裂发生于晚渐新世的南海运动,除凹陷中部覆有较浅的水体外,周缘暴露地表,遭受冲刷剥蚀,之后的张裂活动,不仅使盆缘的同沉积断裂再次活动而且在凹陷内部又产生了次一级与盆缘断裂同向或反向的断裂,并控制盆地凹陷充填,随着基底沉降水体范围逐渐扩大,由浅到深,涠洲组呈明显上超,沉积了一套河流-冲积相、三角洲、扇三角洲、盆底岛、滨浅湖等沉积体系和子体系;渐新世末的隆升事件,结束了盆地的断陷充填,产生了第三期北东东—东西向断裂,地震反射界面表现为T7整合面,使陆架盆地由断陷向坳陷转化,反射界面以下地层受断裂控制明显,为断陷性质,界面之上则受断裂控制较弱,属坳陷性质(朱伟林等,2004Shao Lei et al.,2016; Lunt,2019)。这期构造运动的动力学机制是印度板块-欧亚板块的碰撞造成华南陆块下的地幔物质向东南方向流动。

  • Ⅴ期断裂发生于中中新世末的东沙运动,是一次局部性构造运动,地震剖面上表现为T32不整合面,主要影响区域包括南海北缘的东部(珠江口盆地的东沙隆起及其邻区),向西则逐渐减弱。这次构造运动之后,南海北部构造格局基本定型。自早中新世—上新世盆地区域沉降加剧,整个盆地坳陷下沉(钟志洪等,2004)。湖盆由分割性强的断陷转为整体坳陷沉积,海水侵入北部湾,形成了滨浅海碎屑岩沉积,覆盖于断陷沉积之上,使古近系、新近系呈角度不整合接触关系。这期构造运动的动力学机制是菲律宾海板块的逆时针旋转作用在南海北部形成的压扭应力场,这期运动还导致了一系列第Ⅳ期北西向断裂的形成,切断较早形成的北东向断裂,断面多切穿T2不整合面。

  • 3 问题与讨论

  • 3.1 南海周缘板块相互构造作用及其对海南岛周缘盆地构造演化的影响

  • 南海位于印度-澳大利亚板块、欧亚板块以及太平洋板块的交汇处(Morley,2012; Li Jiabiao et al.,2021),受周缘三大板块围限,中国东南部陆缘在发育过程中持续受周边构造板块运动和相关构造事件的影响,如印度-欧亚板块碰撞作用,太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲作用,以及吕宋岛弧与欧亚大陆的弧-陆碰撞作用等(Morley,2002; Wang Pengcheng et al.,2021; Li Jiabiao et al.,2021)。晚白垩世以来,太平洋板块不断向西俯冲到欧亚板块之下,期间多次调整俯冲速率和方向,并伴随俯冲带的后撤(Maruyama and Send,1986; Northrup et al.,1995; Müller et al.,2008; Wu et al.,2016; Liu Shaofeng et al.,2017)。晚白垩世—古新世,太平洋板块以120~140 mm/a的平均速率以NNW向俯冲到欧亚板块之下,同时由早期的低角度俯冲转变为后来的高角度俯冲(李武显和周新民,1999),并伴随板块回撤,由此导致欧亚大陆东部自晚白垩世开始转变为伸展环境,并引发了一系列裂谷盆地的形成。与此同时,印度板块以大约100~110 mm/a的平均速率呈NNE向与欧亚大陆发生初始碰撞(索艳慧等,2012),此期间,太平洋板块与欧亚板块之间的相互作用似乎更占据主导地位。这些区域构造事件导致中国东部处于NW-SE的右旋张扭应力场(Tian Zaiyi and Du Yonglin,1987; Ren Jianye et al.,2002),新生代早期,在这些构造板块相互作用之下,南海北部陆缘发育了多个大型沉积盆地(Wang Pengcheng et al.,2021),由西向东主要有莺歌海盆地、北部湾盆地、琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地以及台西南盆地等。在始新世晚期,印度板块与欧亚板块开始发生硬碰撞,造成欧亚大陆岩石圈向东南方向蠕散和板内块体间的大规模滑移(Tapponnier et al.,1982梁光河,2013)。并且,太平洋板块俯冲开始向东后撤,两种动力学背景下,使得欧亚板块东南陆缘的右行张扭应力场更进一步发展,并导致陆壳的进一步破裂,南海扩张开始(Zhou Di et al.,1995)。位于海南岛周缘的北部湾盆地和珠江口盆地珠三坳陷大约从古新世开始裂陷,琼东南盆地和莺歌海盆地大约从早—中始新世开始裂陷,由于南海扩张自东向西进行(Li Chunfeng et al.,2014),珠江口盆地东部裂陷作用于大约32 Ma停止,而珠三坳陷以及海南岛周缘的其他盆地裂陷作用基本于中新世早期即23 Ma左右停止。23 Ma后,由于应力调整南海洋中脊向南跃迁,同时西南次海盆开始扩张(Ding Weiwei et al.,2018)。大约15 Ma,南海扩张停止,进入后扩张期,南海板片向东开始俯冲到菲律宾板块之下。

  • 图4 海南岛周缘张裂盆地构造演化模式图

  • Fig.4 Tectonic evolution model of extension rifting basins around Hainan Island

  • 图5 海南岛周缘拉分盆地构造演化模式图

  • Fig.5 Tectonic evolution model of pull-apart basins around Hainan Island

  • 3.2 NW向/NE向构造性质与相互作用

  • 在南海北部分布有大量的NE向和NW向的断裂带,其中NE向的断裂大多是切岩石圈断裂,性质为张扭性,并且是南海新生代盆地中的主干断裂,控制了南海盆地群的形成,而NW向大多是基底断裂,为走滑断裂(王鹏程等,2017)。由于印度板块-欧亚板块以及太平洋板块-欧亚板块之间的相互作用使南海北部陆缘盆地形成时的主要应力为右行张扭应力场(索艳慧,2012),形成了大量NE走向的控盆断裂(王鹏程等,2017),除莺歌海盆地受控于由印度-欧亚板块碰撞产生的NW走向的红河走滑断裂控制而呈 NW走向之外(杨东辉,2019),南海北部陆缘其他盆地均为NE走向。因此,在周缘板块相互作用下,NE走向控盆断裂与NW走向红河走滑断裂一起奠定了南海北部陆缘新生代沉积盆地的基本构造格局。

  • 前文已对各个盆地控盆断裂做了精细描述,其中对南海北部陆缘盆地群影响较为深远的一条NE向断裂带为滨海断裂带。滨海断裂带是一条活动的深断裂带,分隔南海北部陆架与华南大陆,其沿着 NE 向重力正、负异常的交替部位延伸,在水下构成东南沿海大陆架平原与其东侧深水盆地之间的坎坡带,也是新生代强烈沉陷的台湾海峡盆地的西界。滨海断裂带内部由许多规模较小的正断层组成,但大都切穿基底,部分错断新近系—第四系(刘以宣,1985),表明滨海断裂带在新构造运动期间仍有较强的活动性。断裂带北侧为万山群岛隆起区,南侧为珠江口盆地坳陷区,是重要的控盆断裂。南侧盆地内发育厚达 7000 m 的古近系和新近系沉积以及 250 m 厚的第四系,说明滨海断裂带为新构造分区的边界。结合滨海断裂带两侧浅部沉积层与地壳结构的诸多差异,可以认为滨海断裂带是华南正常型大陆地壳与南海减薄型大陆地壳的分界断裂(赵明辉等,2004夏少红等,2008徐辉龙等,2010)。

  • 北西向区域断裂带以红河断裂带为主,新构造时期以来,该断裂带先为左旋走滑运动,后转变为右旋走滑运动,第四纪以来活动性较弱。根据断裂的几何结构及地震活动性差异,把红河断裂带(国内部分)从 NW 至 SE 分成了北段(洱源-弥渡断裂)、中段(苴力-大斗门断裂)和南段(春元-河口断裂)。北段以结构复杂,分支较多,现今活动性强为特点;中段结构较为单一,以单支断裂为主;南段以山前断裂、中谷断裂双支断裂为主。历史上沿该断裂带发生过多次破坏性地震(张建国等,2009)。

  • 除了较大型的北西向红河断裂带以外,研究区还分布大量北西向次级断裂带,并控制着断陷盆地的发育,这些断裂带主要分布在琼东北地区。其走向与雷琼裂谷斜交,形成较晚,将近东西向断裂带错移,表现出强烈的活动性与新生性。北西向长流-仙沟断裂、铺前-清澜断裂分别构成了琼北二级构造单元的分界线及雷琼凹陷的东边界,新生代以来长期活动,垂直断距较大,为晚更新世—全新世活动断裂,控制新生代沉积,铺前-清澜断裂控制了雷琼盆地的东侧边界(闫成国等,2007)。北西向铺前-清澜断裂带位于铺前湾、东寨港,大致坡—清澜港一线。地震资料及重力资料显示:东寨港东岸断裂东盘上升,西盘下降;东寨港西岸断裂东盘下降,西盘上升。由此推断,东寨港是一个比较典型的地堑结构(章林云和王振明,1988)。铺前-清澜断裂构成琼北地区第四纪玄武岩东侧边界(詹文欢和刘以宣,1989),同时也控制了雷琼盆地的东侧边界的形成。断裂以东除地表晚第四系松散地层外,其余为前新生代地层。北段控制东寨港地堑式断陷的形成,断裂以东全新世海湾砂层现今高出海平面 10 m以上,而东寨港堑内有古近系—第四系。该段地表可见断裂错断下更新统秀英组及其上覆玄武岩层。断裂南段活动较弱,见大面积上更新统分布,断裂两侧地貌差异不明显。

  • 3.3 新构造运动及对盆地改造作用

  • 3.3.1 断裂活动

  • 进入新构造时期以来,对海南岛周缘盆地影响较为深远的断裂活动主要包括在北部湾—雷琼地区广泛发育的东西向断裂,其规模最大,活动历史最长。这些断裂将地块分割成复式地堑地垒系,是北部湾—雷琼地区的主体构造。

  • (1)琼峡南、北断裂。琼峡南、北断裂分布在琼州海峡南北两侧,近NEE走向(图1)。其中琼峡北断裂长约60 km,琼峡南断裂长约80 km。倾角较大,最大可达24°。琼峡南、北断裂控制着古海岸线的分布(徐起浩,1986林晓东和宗永强,1987李玶等,1988詹文欢和刘以宣,1989)。海峡两岸河流被琼峡南、北断裂呈左旋错断(詹文欢和刘以宣,1989)。

  • (2)马袅-铺前断裂。马袅-铺前断裂为一切穿地壳、规模宏大的深断裂,分布于琼州海峡南侧,西起马袅西侧,沿马村、长流、琼山至铺前,呈NEE向展布的陡倾正断层,陆上长约 100 km。在平面上,马袅-铺前断裂呈左阶雁列状展布,为一系列平行斜列、倾向相同或相反的次级断裂构成的断断续续的隐伏—半隐伏断裂(孙建中等,1988杨美娥等,1988;李坪等,1988;黄咏茵等,1988;林中洋等,1988;王超群等,20212022)。该断裂带形成于白垩纪末期,且活动强度存在东强西弱的特点,第四纪以来活动十分强烈,主要表现为北侧下滑的正断活动(李玶等,1988),由多条断裂组成,表现出明显的分段特征,中西段位于马袅至琼山段,东段位于东寨港以东地区,深部产状也不一致,中、西段表现为北倾正断层,而东段表现为南倾正断层(李玶等,1988)。历史上沿该断裂发生过1605 年琼山 7.5 级地震,1913 年海口 5 级和 1618 年老城 5.5 级地震(李薇等,2020)。

  • (3)王五-文教断裂。王五-文教断裂展布在琼北地区(图1),近东西走向,构成琼北断陷盆地的南界,西起王五,向东经澄迈、儋县、定安、文昌到文教以东,陆地部分总长 190 余千米,宽数千米不等,为琼北凹陷区的南侧边界。由一系列呈东西向分布的断裂组成,其断面倾向北,倾角大于 60°,呈阶梯状下降,具有正断层特征(林吉绥,1986)。起源于加里东期,成长发育于燕山运动期,喜山期以来活动强烈(李建生,1991),控制断裂北侧厚达万米的古近系—新近系。断裂带北侧呈台地与火山锥地貌,为新生代琼北坳陷,沉积厚度为200~2000 m。南侧是由燕山期花岗岩、古生代地层与加里东期花岗岩等组成的山地地貌。

  • 3.3.2 地震活动

  • 海南岛地震均属浅源地震,震源深度北深南浅,变化于5~15 km间(徐晓枫等,2014)。海南岛发育有近东西、北东、北东东、北西及南北等多个方向的活动断裂,在岩浆活动的共同影响下,历史上曾多次发生中强震。1466~1990年间,共发生31次4.8级以上地震,最大为1605年琼山7.5级地震(胡亚轩等,2018)。地震的空间分布上,受近东西向断裂控制,尤其是与北西向断裂交汇处,更易发生破坏性地震。以王五-文教构造带为界,表现为北强南弱,琼北凹陷区历史地震和有感地震相对密集,特别是琼东北地区(图6)。除了1913年海口发生了5.0级地震,现代地震活动主要集中于五指山隆起区的琼南及其邻海一带,包括东方1992年1~8月发生过的3~4级震群、2009年3.2级地震,三亚市发生的1982年4.1级地震、2019年4.2级地震(海南省地震局地震目录)。由此可见,海南岛不同走向断裂带的交汇在岩浆作用共同参与下对该地区地震活动产生了强烈影响。同时也说明了该地区在近代构造活动依然十分强烈。

  • 图6 海南岛及周边地震分布图

  • Fig.6 Seismic distribution of the Hainan Island and its adjacent area

  • 3.3.3 火山活动

  • 海南岛及其周缘晚新生代的火山活动频繁,发育多期次火山活动,绝大部分发生在第四纪,中—晚更新世至全盛期,火山喷发形成了 200~1000 m厚的玄武质岩浆岩,火山岩覆盖面积约 4000 km2樊祺诚,2004Xia Shaohong et al.,2016Yan Quanshu et al.,2017冯光英等,2022),玄武岩几乎覆盖全区,呈大陆裂谷性质,具体表现为东寨港范围逐渐扩大、北港岛面积一直在缩小(徐起浩,1986)。根据前人研究调查资料(主要为测年资料),本区地表出露第四纪火山岩自老至新可分5期。玄武岩地球化学及多方面研究表明,新生代晚期南海北部陆缘尤其是雷琼地区的岩浆活动主要受海南地幔柱控制(Yan Pin et al.,2006; Yan Quanshu et al.,2008201420152019Li Gang et al.,2022)。

  • 多种研究方法手段已经证实了海南地幔柱的存在,研究表明在海南岛及雷州半岛所在地区,上地幔存在一个清晰的反映岩浆上涌的连续低速异常带,被命名为海南地幔柱(Lei Jianshe et al.,2009)。同时也得到了全球、区域等不同尺度的地球物理观测方法的证实(Huang Jinli,2014Hall and Spakman,2014Xia Shaohong et al.,2018)。其他证据还包括海南岛附近地区下部存在非常高的地幔温度(Wang Xuance et al.,2012)以及存在一个非常薄的地幔转换带(Wang Chenyang and Huang Jinli,2012)。研究表明,分布在南海北部陆缘的火山和位于莫霍面上方的侵入岩浆总量超过了0.15 Mkm3,与世界范围内典型大火成岩省的岩浆总量估算值相当(Fan Chaoyan et al.,2017)。因此基于以上讨论,海南地幔柱对海南岛周缘的岩浆活动具有十分重要的影响,并且与不同走向断裂一起影响了研究区的地震活动。不同类型的岩浆活动(岩浆侵入、岩浆喷发等)对研究区周缘盆地晚期的改造也具有十分重要的影响。

  • 4 结论

  • (1)海南岛周邻沉积盆地发育NE和NW向断裂构造,但存在极大差异性。莺歌海盆地受红河哀牢山断裂构造影响,表现为张扭性的拉分盆地,而其他三个盆地则总体表现为裂陷盆地,并具有四次裂陷作用。

  • (2)晚新生代海南岛周邻沉积盆地受到不同类型岩浆活动影响,表现为一系列火山活动。

  • (3)周缘盆地NE向断裂向海南岛延伸,滨海断裂可能延至海南岛东南缘,并表现出明显的地震活动性,推断海南岛新生代构造演化与南海北部陆缘演化具有一致性。

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