en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
作者简介:

王硕,男,1998年生。博士,矿产普查与勘探专业。E-mail:ws1001171211@163.com。

通讯作者:

曹明坚,男,1985年生。博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事矿物学、岩石学、矿床学研究。E-mail:caomingjian@mail.iggcas.ac.cn。

参考文献
Cao Mingjian, Qin Kezhang, Evans N J, Li Guangming, Ling Xiaoxiao, McInnes Brent I A, Zhao Junxing. 2021. Titanite in-situ SIMS U-Pb geochronology, elemental and Nd isotopic signatures record mineralization and fluid characteristics at the Pusangguo skarn deposit, Tibet. Mineralium Deposita, 56(5): 907~916.
参考文献
Chen Lei, Qin Kezhang, Li Guangming, Li Jinxiang, Xiao Bo, Jiang Huazhai, Zhao Junxing, Fan Xin, Jiang Shanyuan. 2012. Geological and skarn mineral characteristics of Nuri Cu-W-Mo deposit in southeast Gangdese, Tibet. Mineral Deposits, 31(3): 417~437 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Du Baofeng, Yang Changqing, Chai Jianyu, He Kai, Zeng Xiang, Song Nana. 2018. Metallogenic regularity and prospective prediction of iron polymetallic deposits in Chunzhe area, Tibet. Geological Science and Technology Information, 37(3): 140~147 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Fu Qiang, Yang Zhusen, Zheng Yuanchuan, Huang Kexian, Duan Lianfeng. 2014. Ar-Ar age of phlogopite from the Longmala copper-iron-lead-zinc deposit in Tibet and its geodynamic. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 33(2): 283~293 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Gao Shunbao, Zheng Youye, Tian Liming, Zhang Zhong, Qu Wenjun, Liu Minyuan, Zheng Haitao, Zheng Le, Zhu Jihua. 2012. Geochronology of magmatic intrusions and mineralization of Chagele copper-lead-zinc deposit in Tibet and its implications. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 37(3): 507~514 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Gao Yiming, Chen Yuchuan, Tang Juxing, Li Chao, Li Xinfa, Gao Ming, Cai Zhichao. 2011. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Yaguila porphyry molybdenum deposit in Gongbo'gyamda area, Tibet, and its geological significance. Geological Bulletin of China, 30(7): 1027~1036 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Hou Zengqian, Duan Lianfeng, Lu Yongjun, Zheng Yuanchuan, Zhu Dicheng, Yang Zhiming, Yang Zhusen Wang Baodi, Pei Yingru, Zhao Zhidan. 2015. Lithospheric architecture of the Lhasa Terrane and its control on ore deposits in the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Economic Geology, 110(6): 1541~1575.
参考文献
Huang Hanxiao, Zhang Linkui, Liu hong, Li Guangming, Huang Yong, Lan Shuangshuang, Lv Menghong. 2019. Major types, mineralization and potential prospecting areas in western section of the Gangdise metallogenic belt, Tibet. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 44(6): 1876~1887 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Huang Kexian, Zheng Yuanchuan, Zhang Song, Li Wei, Sun Qingzhong, Li Qiuyun, Liang Wei, Fu Qiang, Hou Zengqian. 2012. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of two types of porphyry in the Yaguila mining area, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica, 31(3): 348~360 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
La MuCiren. 2013. Geological characteristics and metallogenic analysis of Chunzhe iron polymetallic deposit in Xietongmen County, Tibet. Master degree thesis of Southwest Jiaotong University (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Li Guangming, Liu Bo, Qu Wenjun, Lin Fangcheng, She Hongquan, Feng Chengyou. 2005. The porphyry-skarn ore-forming system in Gangdese metallogenic belt, southern Tibet: Evidence from molybdenite Re-Os age of porphyry-type copper deposits and skarn-type copper polymetallic deposits. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, (4): 60~68 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Li Yongsheng. 2009. Geological characteristics and genesis of polymetallic copper deposit of Jiama, Tibet. Master degree thesis of China University of Geosciences, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Li Zhuang, Lang Xinghai, Zhang Qizhi, He Liang. 2019. Petrogenesis and geodynamic settings of the intermediate-acid intrusions related to the Pusangguo copper-dominated polymetallic deposit in Tibet: Constraints from geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 35(3): 737~759 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Lu Yiguan, Hao Bo, Sun Kai, He Shengfei, Xu Kangkang, Gong Penghui, Zhang Hang. 2020. General situation of cobalt resource and its utilization analysis. Geological Survey and Research, 43(1): 72~80 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Monteiro L, Xavier R P, Carvalho E, Hitzman M W, Johnson C A, Filho C, Torresi I. 2008. Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Paragenesis and stable isotope constraints. Mineralium Deposita, 43(2): 129~159.
参考文献
Mueller A G, Groves D I and Delor C P. 1991. The Savage Lode magnesian skarn in the Marvel Loch gold-silver mine, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia. Part 2: Pressure-temperature estimates and constraints on fluid sources. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28(5): 686~705.
参考文献
Mueller A G, Nemchin A A, Frei R. 2004. The Nevoria gold skarn deposit, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia: II. Pressure-temperature-time path and relationship to postorogenic granites. Economic Geology, 99(3): 453~478.
参考文献
Ohmoto H. 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 16(1): 491~559.
参考文献
Ohmoto H. 1997. Sulfur and carbon isotopes. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits: 517~612.
参考文献
Qu Ting, He Rizheng, Yu Pengliang, Wang Sufen, Chen Xiaolong, Liu Jianli. 2021. Statistics and application of petrophysical properties in the Jiama mining area, Tibet. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 45(3): 661~668 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Qu Xiaoming, Hou Zengqian, Huang Wei. 2001. Is Gangdese porphyry copper belt the second “Yulong” copper belt. Mineral Deposits, (4): 355~366 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Qu Xiaoming, Hou Zengqian, Mo Xuanxue, Dong Guochen, Xu Wenyi, Xin Hongbo. 2006. Relationship between Gangdese porphyry copper deposits and uplifting of southern Tibet plateau: Evidence from multistage zircon of ore-bearing porphyries. Mineral Deposits, (4): 388~400 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Ripley E M. 1986. Origin and concentration mechanisms of copper and nickel in Duluth complex sulfide zones: A dilemma. Economic Geology, 81(4): 974~978.
参考文献
Shannon R D. 1976. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallographica Section A, 32(5).
参考文献
She Hongquan, Feng Chengyou, Zhang Dequan, Li Guangming, Liu Bo, Li Jinwen. 2006. Study on fluid inclusion from Jiama skarn copper polymetallic deposit and Qulong porphyry copper deposit in Gangdese copper belt, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica (3): 689~696 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Tang Juxing, Wang Liqiang, Zheng Wenbao, Zhong Kanghui. 2014. Ore deposits metallogenic regularity and prospecting in the Eastern section of the Gangdese metallogenic belt. Acta Geologica Sinica, 88(12): 2545~2555 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Tang Juxing, Wang Qin, Yang Huanhuan, Gao Xi, Zhang Zebin, Zou Bing. 2017. Mineralization, exploration and resource potential of porphyry-skarn-epithermal copper polymetallic deposits in Tibet. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 38(5): 571~613 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Tian Kan, ZhengYouye, Gao Shunbao, Wu Denghao, Jiang Xiaojia. 2018. Fluid source and evolution of the Bangbule skarn Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe deposit in Tibet: constraints from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 42(6): 1027~1045 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries. 2021. Technical Report, US Geological Survey.
参考文献
Wang Liqiang, Gu Xuexiang, Cheng Wenbin, Tang Juxing, Zhong Kanghui, Liu Xiaoji. 2010. Sulfur and lead isotope composition and tracing for the sources of ore-forming materials in the Mengya'a Pb-Zn Deposit, Tibet. Geoscience, 24(1): 52~58 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Wang Liqiang, Tang Juxing, Wang Huan, Li Chao, Luo Bingxue. 2012. Geological characteristics and Re-Os dating of the Hahaigang W-Mo polymetallic deposit, Tibet. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 31(1): 113~119 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Wang Rui, Zhu Dicheng, Wang Qing, Hou Zengqian, Yang Zhiming, Zhao Zhidan, Mo Xuanxue. 2020. Porphyry mineralization in the Tethyan orogen. Science China Earth Sciences, 50: 1919~1946 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Williams-Jones A E, Vasyukova O V. 2022. Constraints on the genesis of cobalt deposits: Part I. theoretical considerations. Economic Geology, 117(3): 513~528.
参考文献
Xu Jing, Zheng Youye, Sun Xiang, Jiang Junsheng, Geng Ruirui, Shen Yahui. 2014. Mineralogical characteristics of Zhibula skarn-type Cu deposit in Tibet and their geological Significance. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 39(6): 654~670 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Yan Lei, Fan Yu, Liu Yinan. 2021. The occurrence and spatial distribution of cobalt inLongqiao iron deposit in Luzong Basin, Anhui Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(9): 2778~2796 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Yang Hairui, Zhong Kanghui, Duoji, Pubu Tiren, Gao Yiming, Cui Xiaoliang. 2012. A study of the characteristics of ore minerals and the modes of occurrence of Co-Ni in the pusangguo copper polymetallic deposit, Nanmuling County, Tibet. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 33(4): 624~632 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Yang Zhiming, Lu Yiguan, Hou Zengqian and Chang Zhaoshan. 2015. High-Mg diorite from Qulong in Southern Tibet: Implications for the genesis of adakite-like intrusions and associated porphyry Cu deposits in collisional orogens. Journal of Petrology, 56(2): 227~254.
参考文献
Yang Zhiming, Hou Zengqian, Zhou Limin, Zhou Yiwei. 2020. Critical elements in porphyry copper deposits of China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 65: 3653~3664 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Yao Peng, Wang Quanhai, Li Jingao. 2002. Ore and ore resource prospects of the Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area, Tibet. Geology in China (2): 197~202 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Yao Xiaofeng, Tang Juxing, Ding Shuai, Zheng Wenbao, Yang Huanhuan, Zhang Wanyi, Feng Yanfang. 2015. Petrography, chronology and Hf isotope constraints on origin of the ore-bearing granodiorite in Zhibula copper deposit, Tibet. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 39(2): 315~324 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Ying Lijuan, Wang Denghong, Tang Juxing, Chang Zhesheng, Qu Wenjun, Zheng Wenbao, Wang Huan. 2010. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit in Tibet and its metallogenic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(8): 1165~1174 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Ying Lijuan. 2012. Metallogenic mechanism of Jiama copper-polymetallic deposit in Tibet. Doctor degree thesis of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Zhang Hongrui, Hou Zhengqian, Yang Zhiming, Song Yucai, Liu Yingchao, Chai Peng. 2020. A new division of genetic types of cobalt deposits: Implications for Tethyan cobalt-rich belt. Mineral Deposits, 39(3): 501~510 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Zhang Kaijun, Zhang Yuxiu, Tang Xianchun, Xia Bin. 2012. Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution and growth of the Tibetan plateau prior to the Indo-Asian collision. Earth-Science Reviews, 114(3-4): 236~249.
参考文献
Zhang Yifan, Fan Yu, Chen Jing, Liu Lanhai, Li Mengmeng. 2021. Establishment of a research workflow for occurrence state of critical metal in ore concentrate powder: A case study of the cobalt-rich sulfur ore concentrate powder from the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(9): 2791~2807 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Zhao Junxing, Qin Kezhang, Li Guangming, Li Jinxiang, Xiao Bo, Chen Lei. 2012. Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of granitoids at Eocene Sharang porphyry Mo deposit in the main-stage of India-Asia continental collision, northern Gangdese, Tibet. Resource Geology, 62(1): 84~98.
参考文献
Zhao Junxing, Qin Kezhang, Xiao Bo, McInnes B, Li Guangming, Evans N, Cao Mingjian and Li Jinxiang. 2016. Thermal history of the giant Qulong Cu-Mo deposit, Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet: Constraints on magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and exhumation. Gondwana Research, 36(1): 390~409.
参考文献
Zhao Junxing, Li Guangming, Qin Kezhang, Tang Dongmei. 2019. A review of the types and ore mechanism of the cobalt deposits. Chinese Science Bulletin, 64(24): 2484~2500 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Zheng Wenbao, Tang Juxing, Zhong Kanghui, Ying Lijuan, Leng Qiufeng, Ding Shuai and Lin Bin. 2016. Geology of the Jiama porphyry copper-polymetallic system, Lhasa region, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 74: 151~169.
参考文献
Zhou Taofa, Zhang Lejun, Yuan Feng, Fan Yu, Cooke D R. 2010. LA-ICP-MS in situ trace element analysis of pyrite from the Xinqiao Cu-Au-S deposit in Tongling, Anhui, and its constraints on the ore genesis. Earth Science Frontiers, 17(2): 306~319 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Zhou Taofa, Fan Yu, Chen Jing, Xiao Xin, Zhang Shu. 2020. Critical metal resources in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt. Chinese Science Bulletin, 65(33): 3665~3677 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Zhou Yanjing, Li Jianwu, Wang Gaosheng, Ma Zhe. 2019. Analysis on import security of China's cobalt resources. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 39(5): 50~55 (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Zhou Yun. 2010. Characteristic and evolution of ore-forming fluids from Jiama polymetallic copper deposit, Mozhugongka County, Tibet. Master degree thesis of Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese with English abstract).
参考文献
Zhu Dicheng, Zhao Zhidan, Niu Yaoling, Mo Xuanxue, Wu Fuyuan. 2011. The Lhasa Terrane: Record of a microcontinet and its histories of drift and growth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 301(1): 241~255.
参考文献
陈雷, 秦克章, 李光明, 李金祥, 肖波, 江化寨, 赵俊兴, 范新, 江善元. 2012. 西藏冈底斯南缘努日铜钨钼矿床地质特征与矽卡岩矿物学研究. 矿床地质, 31(3): 417~437.
参考文献
杜保峰, 杨长青, 柴建玉, 何凯, 曾祥, 宋纳纳. 2018. 西藏春哲地区铁多金属矿成矿规律及远景预测. 地质科技情报, 37(3): 140~147.
参考文献
付强, 杨竹森, 郑远川, 黄克贤, 段连峰. 2014. 西藏龙马拉Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn多金属矿床金云母Ar-Ar定年及其地球动力学意义. 岩石矿物学杂志, 33(2): 283~293.
参考文献
高顺宝, 郑有业, 田立明, 张众, 屈文俊, 刘敏院, 郑海涛, 郑磊, 朱继华. 2012. 西藏查个勒铜铅锌矿成岩成矿时代及意义. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 37(3): 507~514.
参考文献
高一鸣, 陈毓川, 唐菊兴, 李超, 李新法, 高明, 蔡志超. 2011. 西藏工布江达地区亚贵拉铅锌钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os测年及其地质意义. 地质通报, 30(7): 1027~1036.
参考文献
黄勇, 董随亮, 闫国强, 游钦, 江化寨, 张凯. 2015. 冈底斯南缘努日矽卡岩铜-钼-钨矿成矿斑岩体的发现及其意义. 矿物学报, 35(S1): 126~127.
参考文献
黄瀚霄, 张林奎, 刘洪, 李光明, 黄勇, 兰双双, 吕梦鸿. 2019. 西藏冈底斯成矿带西段矿床类型、成矿作用和找矿方向. 地球科学, 44(6): 1876~1887.
参考文献
黄克贤, 郑远川, 张松, 李为, 孙清钟, 李秋耘, 梁维, 付强, 侯增谦. 2012. 西藏亚贵拉矿区两期岩体LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义. 岩石矿物学杂志, 31(3): 348~360.
参考文献
拉姆次仁. 2013. 西藏谢通门县春哲铁多金属矿地质特征及成矿初步分析. 西南交通大学硕士学位论文.
参考文献
李光明, 刘波, 屈文俊, 林方成, 佘宏全, 丰成友. 2005. 西藏冈底斯成矿带的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统: 来自斑岩矿床和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床的Re-Os同位素年龄证据. 大地构造与成矿学(4): 60~68.
参考文献
李永胜. 2009. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床地质物征及矿床成因探讨. 中国地质大学(北京)硕士学位论文.
参考文献
李壮, 郎兴海, 章奇志, 何亮. 2019. 西藏浦桑果铜多金属矿床中酸性岩石成因及动力学背景: 年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素约束. 岩石学报, 35(3): 737~759.
参考文献
卢宜冠, 郝波, 孙凯, 何胜飞, 许康康, 龚鹏辉, 张航. 2020. 钴金属资源概况与资源利用情况分析. 地质调查与研究, 43(1): 72~80.
参考文献
孟祥金, 侯增谦, 李振清. 2006. 西藏驱龙斑岩铜矿S、Pb同位素组成: 对含矿斑岩与成矿物质来源的指示. 地质学报(4): 554~560.
参考文献
屈挺, 贺日政, 鱼鹏亮, 王素芬, 陈小龙, 刘建利. 2021. 西藏甲玛矿区岩石物性统计及应用. 物探与化探, 45(3): 661~668.
参考文献
曲晓明, 侯增谦, 黄卫. 2001. 冈底斯斑岩铜矿(化)带: 西藏第二条“玉龙”铜矿带. 矿床地质, (4): 355~366.
参考文献
曲晓明, 侯增谦, 莫宣学, 董国臣, 徐文艺, 辛洪波. 2006. 冈底斯斑岩铜矿与南部青藏高原隆升之关系——来自含矿斑岩中多阶段锆石的证据. 矿床地质, (4): 388~400.
参考文献
佘宏全, 丰成友, 张德全, 李光明, 刘波, 李进文. 2006. 西藏冈底斯铜矿带甲马夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床与驱龙斑岩型铜矿流体包裹体特征对比研究. 岩石学报, (3): 689~696.
参考文献
唐菊兴, 王立强, 郑文宝, 钟康惠. 2014. 冈底斯成矿带东段矿床成矿规律及找矿预测. 地质学报, 88(12): 2545~2555.
参考文献
唐菊兴, 王勤, 杨欢欢, 高昕, 张泽斌, 邹兵. 2017. 西藏斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液铜多金属矿成矿作用、勘查方向与资源潜力. 地球学报, 38(5): 571~613.
参考文献
田坎, 郑有业, 高顺宝, 伍登浩, 姜晓佳. 2018. 西藏帮布勒矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe矿床流体来源及演化: 来自流体包裹体及稳定同位素的制约. 大地构造与成矿学, 42(6): 1027~1045.
参考文献
王立强, 顾雪祥, 程文斌, 唐菊兴, 钟康惠, 刘晓吉. 2010. 西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床S、Pb同位素组成及对成矿物质来源的示踪. 现代地质, 24(1): 52~58.
参考文献
王立强, 唐菊兴, 王焕, 李超, 罗炳学. 2012. 西藏哈海岗钨钼多金属矿床地质特征及辉钼矿铼-锇同位素定年. 岩矿测试, 31(1): 113~119.
参考文献
王瑞, 朱弟成, 王青, 侯增谦, 杨志明, 赵志丹, 莫宣学. 2020, 特提斯带斑岩成矿作用. 中国科学: 地球科学, 50: 1919~1946.
参考文献
徐净, 郑有业, 孙祥, 姜军胜, 耿瑞瑞, 申亚辉. 2014. 西藏知不拉矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征及地质意义. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 39(6): 654~670.
参考文献
阎磊, 范裕, 刘一男. 2021. 安徽庐枞盆地龙桥铁矿床中钴的赋存状态和空间分布规律. 岩石学报, 37(9): 2778~2796.
参考文献
杨海锐, 钟康惠, 多吉, 普布次仁, 高一鸣, 崔晓亮. 2012. 西藏南木林县浦桑果铜多金属矿床矿石矿物特征及钴、镍元素赋存状态研究. 地球学报, 33(4): 624~632.
参考文献
杨志明, 侯增谦, 周利敏, 周怿惟, 2020. 中国斑岩铜矿床中的主要关键矿产. 科学通报, 65: 3653~3664.
参考文献
姚鹏, 王全海, 李金高. 2002. 西藏甲马-驱龙矿集区成矿远景. 中国地质(2): 197~202.
参考文献
姚晓峰, 唐菊兴, 丁帅, 郑文宝, 杨欢欢, 张万益, 冯艳芳. 2015. 西藏知不拉矽卡岩矿床成矿母岩的新认识——来自花岗闪长岩岩相学、年代学和Hf同位素的指示. 大地构造与成矿学, 39(2): 315~324.
参考文献
应立娟, 王登红, 唐菊兴, 畅哲生, 屈文俊, 郑文宝, 王焕. 2010. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿辉钼矿Re-Os定年及其成矿意义. 地质学报, 84(8): 1165~1174.
参考文献
应立娟. 2012. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床的成矿机制. 中国地质科学院博士学位论文.
参考文献
张洪瑞, 侯增谦, 杨志明, 宋玉财, 刘英超, 柴鹏. 2020. 钴矿床类型划分初探及其对特提斯钴矿带的指示意义. 矿床地质, 39(3): 501~510.
参考文献
张一帆, 范裕, 陈静, 刘兰海, 李梦梦. 2021. 矿精粉中关键金属元素赋存状态研究方法流程的建立: 以长江中下游成矿带富钴硫矿精粉为例. 岩石学报, 37(9): 2791~2807.
参考文献
赵俊兴, 李光明, 秦克章, 李金祥, 肖波, 陈雷. 2012. 冈底斯北缘亚圭拉铅锌银多金属矿床矽卡岩成矿作用研究. 矿床地质, 31(S1): 1011~1012.
参考文献
赵俊兴, 李光明, 秦克章, 唐冬梅. 2019. 富含钴矿床研究进展与问题分析. 科学通报, 64(24): 2484~2500.
参考文献
周涛发, 张乐骏, 袁峰, 范裕, Cooke D R. 2010. 安徽铜陵新桥Cu-Au-S矿床黄铁矿微量元素LA-ICP-MS原位测定及其对矿床成因的制约. 地学前缘, 17(2): 306~319.
参考文献
周涛发, 范裕, 陈静, 肖鑫, 张舒. 2020. 长江中下游成矿带关键金属矿产研究现状与进展. 科学通报, 65(33): 3665~3677.
参考文献
周艳晶, 李建武, 王高尚, 马哲. 2019. 中国钴资源进口安全分析. 矿产保护与利用, 39(5): 50~55.
参考文献
周云. 2010. 西藏墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿成矿流体特征及演化. 成都理工大学硕士学位论文.
目录contents

    摘要

    钴是一种重要的战略性关键金属,随着新能源、新材料和航空航天技术的快速发展,钴资源的重要性日益显现。矽卡岩型矿床中的钴是我国钴资源的重要来源之一,钴常作为伴生组分出现在矽卡岩矿床中,部分矿床中伴生的钴资源量可达大型规模。西藏冈底斯成矿带分布众多矽卡岩型矿床,但对其中钴的富集特征和赋存状态尚缺乏系统认识和深入研究。本文对冈底斯东段的甲玛、龙马拉、春哲、知不拉、蒙亚啊、努日、邦浦、浦桑果、亚圭拉矽卡岩型矿床,以及冈底斯西段的帮布勒和查个勒等矽卡岩型矿床进行调查。通过手持X射线荧光分析、光学和扫描电子显微镜观察以及电子探针分析方法,对上述矽卡岩型矿床中代表性矿石钴的富集特征及赋存状态进行研究。手持X射线荧光分析结果显示冈底斯东段的矿床均不同程度存在钴的富集,其中甲玛、知不拉、浦桑果和春哲矿床中矿石的平均钴含量可分别达853×10-6、410×10-6、460×10-6和898×10-6;西段的帮布勒和查个勒矽卡岩型矿床中矿石钴含量基本低于检出限(< 3×10-6)。光学和扫描电子显微镜观察以及电子探针分析结果显示:钴元素在甲玛矿床中主要以辉砷钴矿的独立矿物形式存在;在浦桑果矿床中主要以辉砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿的独立矿物形式存在;在知不拉矿床中主要以硫镍钴矿的独立矿物形式存在;而在东段其他矽卡岩型矿床中缺乏独立钴矿物,钴元素主要以类质同象的形式分布在黄铁矿、斑铜矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿、碲银矿中。综上所述,冈底斯东段矽卡岩型矿床钴的富集程度明显优于冈底斯西段矽卡岩型矿床,表明冈底斯东段比西段更具钴富集潜力,冈底斯东段矽卡岩富钴的特征空间上大致受控于深部岩石圈结构,其成因可能与东段存在更多新生下地壳的部分熔融有关,此外,矿质沉淀不排除受到大气降水的影响。本次研究对西藏冈底斯成矿带中矽卡岩型矿床钴的富集特征、成矿机理及后续勘探工作提供重要参考。

    Abstract

    As an important strategic key metal, cobalt will become increasingly vital with the rapid development of new energy, new materials and aerospace technology. Cobalt often appears in skarn deposits as an associated resource that, in some skarn deposits, can reach a large scale. Cobalt in skarn deposits is an important source of cobalt resources in China. There are many skarn deposits in the Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. However, research on the enrichment characteristics and occurrence states of cobalt is lacking. In this paper, the Jiama, Longmala, Chunzhe, Zhibula, Mengyaa, Nuri, Bangpu, Pusangguo and Yaguila skarn deposits in the eastern Gangdese, and the Bangbule and Chagele skarn deposits in the western Gangdese were investigated. The enrichment characteristics and occurrence states of cobalt in representative ores in the deposit were studied by means of hand-held X-ray fluorescence analyzer, optical electron microscopy observation, scanning electron microscopy observation and electron probe microanalysis. The results of hand-held X-ray fluorescence analysis show that the deposits in the eastern Gangdese are enriched with cobalt to varying degrees. The average cobalt contents of Jiama, Zhibula, Pusangguo and Chunzhe deposits are 853×10-6, 410×10-6, 460×10-6 and 898×10-6 respectively, while the cobalt contents of Bangbule and Chagele deposits in the western Gangdese is lower than the detection limit (<3×10-6). The results of optical electron microscopy observation, scanning electron microscopy observation and electron probe microanalysis show that cobalt mainly exists in the form of cobaltite in the Jiama deposit, cobaltite and carrollite in the Pusangguo deposit, siegenite in the Zhibula deposit. Other skarn deposits in the eastern Gangdese are mostly distributed in the form of isomorphism in pyrite, bornite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, tellurite, rather than independent minerals. Based on all the above experimental results and analyses, the enrichment degree of cobalt in the skarn deposits in the eastern Gangdese is distinctly higher than that in the western Gangdese, indicating that the former has better cobalt enrichment potential than the latter. The cobalt enrichment characteristics of skarns deposits in the eastern Gangdese would be controlled by the deep lithosphere structure. These characteristics may be related to the partial melting of juvenile lower crust in the eastern Gangdese, and the mineralization does not exclude the mixing of atmospheric precipitation. The main purpose of this research is to develop an understanding of cobalt enrichment characteristics and metallogenic mechanism, which can provide reference for subsequent exploration works.

  • 钴位于元素周期表第四周期、第Ⅷ族,是重要的战略性矿产之一,由于其特殊的物理化学性质,可用于制造各种高温合金、硬质合金、磁性合金和锂离子电池,被广泛应用于军事、航空航天等领域。目前我国对钴资源的消耗呈现加速式增长趋势,2017年钴资源消耗量居全球第一,占全球消耗总量的43%,但我国钴资源十分匮乏,储量8万t,仅占全球钴资源储量的1%左右(周艳晶等,2019)。与本次研究有关的矽卡岩型矿床是含钴矿床中钴品位较低的一种矿床类型,一般在0.02%左右甚至更低,钴主要见于辉钴矿或者含钴黄铁矿等硫化物中(赵俊兴等,2019张洪瑞等,2020周涛发等,2020)。

  • 钴的地球化学性质既有亲铁性又有亲硫性,主要富集在地核、地幔及幔源岩浆中(Williams-Jones and Vasyukova,2022),在与Fe-Cu-S有关的矿床中可发生钴的富集(Monteiro et al.,2008)。全球钴储量主要来自沉积层控型、风化型和岩浆型矿床,其中中非赞比亚-刚果(金)的沉积层控型铜钴矿床提供了全球~51%的钴资源(USGS,2021),而我国的钴资源主要来自岩浆型矿床及热液型矿床(赵俊兴等,2019)。近年来,随着Co资源需求量的日益增加,钴富集的矿石类型主要包括磁黄铁矿型铜矿石、磁铁矿型铜矿石和黄铁矿型铜矿石,钴主要赋存在金属硫化物和金属氧化物中(周涛发等,2020),并以类质同象的形式进入黄铁矿(周涛发等,2010)。利用综合矿物分析技术(TIMA)得出长江中下游一带矽卡岩铁矿床中钴的独立矿物类型主要为辉砷钴矿和铁硫砷钴矿(阎磊等,2021张一帆等,2021)。

  • 冈底斯成矿带主要矿种为金、银、铜、铅、锌和铁,大致可划分为矽卡岩型、斑岩型和浅成低温热液型这三种矿床类型(唐菊兴等,2014黄瀚霄等,2019王瑞等,2020)。冈底斯成矿带发育的大量富钴矽卡岩型矿床,是又一具备经济价值的钴矿资源。前人对冈底斯成矿带上的铁铜、铅锌等矽卡岩矿床开展了在矿床地质、成矿流体、成矿年龄等领域的广泛研究(黄勇等,2015唐菊兴等,2017田坎等,2018)。前人研究表明,钴矿化主要形成于湿矽卡岩阶段,成矿流体主要表现为岩浆流体来源,成矿年龄分布较宽(78~12 Ma),但主要集中在中新世(~15 Ma),与区域上产出的后碰撞斑岩铜钼矿时代一致(唐菊兴等,2017杨志明等,2020)。在浦桑果中发育钴的独立矿物(杨海锐等,2012李壮等,2019),显示具有一定的钴成矿潜力。但关于冈底斯其他类似矽卡岩矿床是否同样存在钴的富集,以及钴在这些矿床中的富集特征和赋存状态,有待于进一步研究。

  • 本文选取冈底斯东段的甲玛、龙马拉、春哲、知不拉、蒙亚啊、努日、邦浦、浦桑果和亚圭拉等矽卡岩型矿床,以及冈底斯西段的帮布勒和查个勒等矽卡岩型矿床进行调查,利用手持X射线荧光分析仪(XRF)、光学和扫描电子显微镜以及电子探针分析等方法,对矿床中代表性矿石中钴的富集特征及赋存状态进行研究。本次研究将为查明冈底斯成矿带矽卡岩型矿床钴的富集特征和成矿潜力提供理论依据。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 冈底斯成矿带位于拉萨地体南部,洛巴堆-米拉山断裂和印度-雅鲁藏布江缝合带之间(Zhu Dicheng et al.,2011)。冈底斯成矿带东段矿产资源丰富,以金属矿产居多,优势矿种主要有铜、钼、铅、锌、银、铁、金、钨、锡等,其中以铜、铅、锌、金和银等资源储量最为巨大(李光明等,2005唐菊兴等,2014Yang Zhiming et al.,2015Zheng Wenbao et al.,2016Zhao Junxing et al.,2016唐菊兴等,2017杨志明等,2020Wang Rui et al.,2020)。巨型斑岩型驱龙矿床也分布在这个区域中,同时还包含众多矽卡岩型多金属矿床,如甲玛、龙马拉、春哲、知不拉、蒙亚啊、努日、邦浦、浦桑果和亚圭拉(图1)。冈底斯成矿带西段的主要矿种为金、银、铜、铅、锌和铁,典型的矽卡岩型矿床如查个勒铅锌矿床和帮布勒铅锌矿床,资源量均达到大型—超大型规模(高顺宝等,2012田坎等,2018黄瀚霄等,2019)。本文选取的重点研究矿床地质特征见表1,按照空间上自西向东的顺序依次介绍各典型矿床。

  • 图1 西藏冈底斯地区区域地质图(据Zhao et al.,2012修改)

  • Fig.1 Regional geological map of Gangdese, Tibet (modified from Zhao et al., 2012)

  • 帮布勒矿床处于冈底斯-察隅陆块中部,跨越了隆格尔-念青唐古拉火山岩浆弧和措勤-申扎岩浆弧2个次级构造单元。出露地层主要为拉嘎组、下拉组、典中组和第四系。研究区内出露与成矿相关的火山岩为流纹斑岩,该岩性主要发育在矿区东南部外围地区,发育较为明显的流纹状构造,整体呈灰白色,块状构造,矿区内部出露棱角状的板岩及大理岩化的灰岩,且灰岩与石英斑岩接触带有矽卡岩化及矿化现象。矿区内还出露少量的典中组灰白色、浅灰黄色流纹质含角砾晶屑凝灰岩。矿区内围岩蚀变主要有矽卡岩化、硅化、绿帘石化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、黏土化等,其中矽卡岩化最为发育。矿石矿物主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、磁铁矿等,脉石矿物主要为石榴子石、透辉石和阳起石,成岩时代约为77 Ma(田坎等,2018)。

  • 查个勒矿床处于冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片,位于其次级构造单元——冈底斯陆缘火山-岩浆弧,处于冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片南缘。出露地层绝大部分为中二叠统下拉组,仅南西侧有少量的始新统帕那组。研究区内侵入岩十分发育,主要为酸性浅成侵入岩,呈岩株及岩脉状产出,无明显的分布规律。侵入岩岩性均为斜长花岗斑岩,岩石呈绿灰—灰白色,具斑状结构,块状构造。围岩蚀变强烈、类型丰富,其蚀变类型主要有绢云母化、白云母化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、黝帘石化、硅化、高岭土化、滑石化、蛇纹石化、透辉石化、阳起石化、方柱石化、石榴子石化等,其中绢云母化、硅化、绿帘石化、透辉石化、碳酸盐化最为发育,也最为普遍。矿石矿物主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿等,脉石矿物主要为方解石和石榴子石,成岩时代约为61.5 Ma(高顺宝等,2012)。

  • 春哲矿床处于冈底斯-喜马拉雅造山带中西部,横跨沙莫勒-麦拉-洛巴堆-米拉山断裂,北侧为隆格尔-工布江达复合岛弧带,南侧为冈底斯-下察隅岩浆岩弧带。出露的地层主要为永珠组、昂杰组、下拉组、塔克那组、设兴组、年波组和帕那组。研究区中酸性岩浆侵入活动集中发生在喜马拉雅期。岩体主要岩性为浅肉红色中粗粒二长花岗岩和斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,其次为中细粒石英二长岩和花岗闪长岩,以及少量零星分布的花岗斑岩脉和钾长花岗岩脉(杜保峰等,2018)。矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿、黄铁矿,脉石矿物主要为石榴子石(图2),成岩时代约为108 Ma(拉姆次仁,2013; 杜保峰等,2018)。

  • 浦桑果矿床位于冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片中段。矿区出露地层主要为白垩系塔克那组与设兴组,另有少量的第四系。地层走向近东西向,倾向北,与区域构造线分布大体一致,倾角在35°~50°。岩体的岩性主要为角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩、黑云母角闪石花岗闪长斑岩及闪长玢岩,另在塔克那组第五岩性段内部有基性辉长岩脉侵入。角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩呈岩基产出,闪长玢岩为岩株产出,辉长岩以岩脉产出。矿床围岩蚀变主要有矽卡岩化、硅化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、碳酸盐化。其中以矽卡岩化与多金属成矿关系最为密切。矿石矿物主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、辉铜矿、斑铜矿等,脉石矿物主要为石榴子石等,成矿时代约为14.7 Ma(Cao Mingjian et al.,2021)。

  • 知不拉矿床位于冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片次级构造单元冈底斯陆缘火山-岩浆弧之东段。区内分布的地层除前震旦系念青唐古拉群变质杂岩构成的陆壳结晶基底外,上古生界石炭系—新生界均较发育,其中尤以三叠系—白垩系分布最广,出露最多。从区域上看,以侏罗系叶巴组为代表的火山岩出露面积最大,整体呈近东西向分布,主要由中酸性火山岩、火山碎屑岩组成,夹少量沉积岩夹层。叶巴组岩性主要为灰绿色安山质晶屑凝灰岩。侵入岩体主要为中新世黑云母花岗闪长岩,呈灰白色,以中粗粒花岗结构为主,局部可呈似斑状结构产出,岩性变化于二长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩之间。矿床蚀变类型以矽卡岩化发育为特征。叶巴组火山岩与碳酸盐岩接触部位矽卡岩化较发育,主要为石榴子石化、纤闪石化、透辉石化、硅化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化,与似层状矽卡岩型铜多金属矿化相伴。矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿、黄铜矿、硫镍钴矿等(图2),脉石矿物主要为方解石等碳酸盐矿物,成矿时代约为17 Ma(李光明等,2005)。

  • 甲玛矿床位于西藏特提斯构造域冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片(地体)的中南部。出露地层主要为林布宗组、多底沟组及典中组,主要发育的侵入岩为花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩,围岩蚀变强烈、裂隙发育。蚀变以矽卡岩化、硅化、角岩化为主,其次见绿泥石化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化、泥化、黑云母化、石膏化、萤石化等。矿体主要由细脉浸染状原生硫化物型矿石组成。矿石矿物主要为方铅矿、黄铜矿、黝铜矿、辉砷钴矿等,脉石矿物主要为石榴子石、透辉石、绿帘石等(图2),成矿时代约为15 Ma(应立娟等,2010屈挺等,2021)。

  • 表1 冈底斯成矿带代表性矽卡岩矿床地质特征

  • Table1 Geological characteristics of representative skarn deposits in the Gangdese metallogenic belt

  • 续表1

  • 邦浦矿床位于冈底斯陆缘火山岛弧构造带中部,主要分布在麦隆岗-旁那断片和少量的澎波-墨竹工卡断片Ⅲ级构造单元内。出露地层主要为洛巴堆组和典中组,二叠系和第三系中火山岩均较发育。矿区内侵入岩主要为花岗闪长斑岩。矿段内围岩蚀变以沿断裂发育的线型蚀变为主,具有典型热液矿床的蚀变特征。蚀变类型有绢云母化、硅化、角岩化、矽卡岩化、大理岩化、青磐岩化,其中角岩化、大理岩化、黄铁矿化、矽卡岩化与成矿关系最为密切。矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿等,脉石矿物主要为石榴子石,成矿时代约为14 Ma(王立强等,2012)。

  • 龙马拉矿床隶属于冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片中部的隆格尔-念青唐古拉中生代岛链带东段,位于冈底斯北成矿带东部、门巴-多其木断裂北侧。出露的地层主要有列龙沟组、鲁龙组、洛巴堆组、乌鲁龙组。矿区内未见明显岩体出露,蚀变类型为矽卡岩化、大理岩化、硅化、金云母化、碳酸盐化,可见绿泥石化、绿帘石化。矽卡岩类型主要有石榴子石矽卡岩、透辉石矽卡岩,部分矽卡岩被后期的方解石或石英脉切穿。矿石矿物主要有方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿,脉石矿物主要有石榴子石等(图2),成矿时代约为56 Ma(付强等,2014)。

  • 蒙亚啊矿床处于隆格尔-念青唐古拉断隆带东段,区内主要发育断裂构造及褶皱构造。出露的地层主要为诺错组、来姑组、洛巴堆组、帕那组,岩浆岩主要为中酸性侵入花岗斑岩(中新世),另外还有辉绿岩(古新世)、辉绿玢岩(中新世),该区未发现始新世岩浆岩。其中辉绿岩、辉绿玢岩呈岩脉(枝)状、近东西向成群成带产出,侵位于矿床中部和南部的洛巴堆组中。洛巴堆组中可见小岩株状花岗斑岩,多发育黄铁绢英岩化。蚀变类型包括矽卡岩化、硅化、绿帘石化、黄铁矿化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化及绢云母化,属中-低温热液蚀变。矿体主要产在来姑组碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩地层,受砂岩、板岩夹灰岩控制明显。矿石矿物主要为闪锌矿、黄铜矿等,脉石矿物主要为石榴子石等(图2),成矿时代大致在63 Ma(王立强等,2010)。

  • 2 实验方法

  • 2.1 样品描述

  • 样品为采自西藏冈底斯地区的甲玛、龙马拉、春哲、知不拉、蒙亚啊、努日、邦浦、浦桑果、亚圭拉、查个勒和帮布勒矿床的代表性矿石。甲玛南矿段露天采坑共采集样品36块,多为富含方铅矿-闪锌矿的矿石,主要矿物为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿,呈块状、细脉浸染状、条带状构造。龙马拉露天矿石堆共采集样品31块,多为富含闪锌矿的矽卡岩矿石,主要矿物为闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿,呈团块状构造。春哲矿床共采集样品32块样品,主要矿物为磁铁矿,呈细脉浸染状和块状构造。知不拉矿床共采集28块样品,主要为富含磁铁矿石榴子石和富含黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿的矽卡岩矿石,主要矿物为黄铜矿、磁铁矿、斑铜矿和黄铁矿,呈浸染状、块状、斑杂状和细脉状构造。蒙亚啊10号矿体露天采坑共采集10块样品,主要为富含闪锌矿绿泥石-阳起石-方解石的矽卡岩矿石和富含闪锌矿-黄铜矿的块状矿石,主要矿物为闪锌矿和黄铜矿,呈团块状、稀疏或稠密浸染状构造。努日矿床共采集20块样品,主要为含辉钼矿的石榴子石-石英的矽卡岩矿石和绿帘石矽卡岩叠加早期石榴子石的矽卡岩矿石,主要矿物为黄铜矿、黄铁矿和辉钼矿,多呈脉状构造。邦浦矿床共采集15块样品,主要为方铅矿-闪锌矿矿石,矿物主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿和斑铜矿,呈细脉浸染状和团块状构造。浦桑果矿床共采集195块岩芯样品,主要为含黄铜矿-黄铁矿的绿帘石矽卡岩矿石,矿物主要为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿,呈块状、浸染状、条带状构造。亚圭拉矿床的平硐和地表共采集样品4块,矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和闪锌矿,主要呈细脉浸染状和块状构造。查个勒矿床共采集25块样品,主要为富含闪锌矿矿石,矿物主要为闪锌矿和黄铁矿,多呈脉状构造。帮布勒矿床样品包括14块手标本及44块岩芯样品,主要为含磁铁矿和阳起石的矽卡岩矿石,主要矿物为磁铁矿。

  • 图2 冈底斯成矿带部分矿床手标本及反射光显微照片

  • Fig.2 Photographs and reflected light photomicrographs of parting mining areas in the Gangdese metallogenic belt

  • (a)—甲玛富含方铅矿矿石;(b)—甲玛方铅矿-闪锌矿矿物组合;(c)—知不拉条带状磁铁矿石榴子石矽卡岩;(d)—知不拉富含黄铜矿石榴子石矽卡岩;(e)—知不拉黄铜矿-磁铁矿矿物组合;(f)—龙马拉富含闪锌矿绿帘石矽卡岩;(g)—龙马拉黄铜矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿矿物组合;(h)—蒙亚啊含黄铁矿矽卡岩矿石;(i)—春哲磁铁矿矿石,含石榴子石

  • (a) —ore containing galena of Jiama; (b) —galena-sphalerite mineral assemblage of Jiama; (c) —banded magnetite-garnet skarn of Zhibula; (d) —ore containing chalcopyrite of Zhibula; (e) —chalcopyrite-magnetite mineral assemblage of Zhibula; (f) —epidote skarn containing sphalerite of Longmala; (g) —chalcopyrite-sphalerite-galena mineral assemblage of Longmala; (h) —skarn ore containing chalcopyrite of Mengyaa; (i) —magnetic ore containing garnet of Chunzhe

  • 观察样品的手标本(图2),通过Olympus手持X射线荧光(XRF)分析仪对主要矿石进行主量元素分析,对其中相对富钴的矽卡岩矿石样品进行了详细的矿相学和扫描电子显微镜鉴定,通过电子探针对钴含量最高的代表性矿石进行钴元素赋存状态研究。

  • 2.2 X射线荧光分析

  • 对手标本样品使用Olympus手持X射线荧光(XRF)分析仪Vanta型号进行分析。测试选用Olympus手持X射线荧光分析仪内附的“GeoChem-Au”分析模式。该方法先进行30 s、40 keV的X射线分析,可检出V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、 Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sn、Sb、Ba、W、Au、Hg、Pb、Bi、Th、U等元素含量,接着进行30 s、10 keV的X射线分析,可检出Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、Ca、Mn等元素。Co、As、Bi、Ag、Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn、Se、Sb元素的分析检出限分别为3×10-6、1×10-6、3×10-6、4×10-6、20×10-6、4×10-6、2×10-6、2×10-6、1×10-6、2×10-6。X射线的穿透深度在几十微米到一两百微米之间。针对样品的矿石矿物富集的区域选取测试点,每个样品依据体积大小及矿石矿物的类型不同,选取3~5个测试点,每个测试点进行1次分析,最后算取该矿床所有元素含量的平均值以减小误差。

  • 2.3 扫描电子显微镜能谱点分析和面扫描分析

  • 本次实验采用中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所矿产资源研究院重点实验的日立TM4000plus型号扫描电子显微镜系统来识别、分析矿物种类,并观察不同矿物之间的结构关系。在20 keV的加速电压下使用高真空模式拍摄清晰的背散射电子(BSE)图像以观察钴矿物以及其他矿物的形态特征。每张BSE图像的采集时间约1 min。同时使用扫描电镜系统中配备的Bruker Quantax 75能量色散光谱仪(EDS)对钴矿物和硫化物进行X射线面扫描分析,进一步确认矿物中不同元素的种类及含量。针对样品薄片中颗粒较大,形态发育较为典型的独立钴矿物,使用Esprit 2.1软件(Bruker,Billerica,MA,USA)中的QMap工具,在20 keV加速电压下扫描,每颗样品扫描时间约4 h。

  • 2.4 电子探针分析

  • 为进一步研究样品中钴的富集特征及赋存状态,在样品表面镀厚约20 nm的碳,在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所电子探针(EMPA)与扫描电镜实验室使用JEOL-JXA8100电子微探针进行矿物主量元素成分分析。该型号仪器配有钨丝电子枪、4个通道光谱仪、8个光谱晶体、Oxford公司的inca能谱仪和由Gatan公司研发的具有Monocl光谱扩展功能的阴极发光分析仪,其工作条件为15 keV加速电压,20 nA电子束电流和3 μm的束斑直径。实验中对Co元素的分析时间为20 s,对其他元素的分析时长均为10 s。以下为校正所使用的矿物:金(Au)、黄铜矿(Cu、Fe、S)、碲银矿(Ag、Te)、方铅矿(Pb、S)、镍(Ni)、铋(Bi)、硒(Se)、闪锌矿(Zn、S)、碲化锑(Sb、Te)。这些元素的检出限分别为金(550×10-6)、银(345×10-6)、铜(261×10-6)、铁(180×10-6)、铅(610×10-6)、锌(273×10-6)、镍(202×10-6)、钴(188×10-6)、硫(115×10-6)、砷(404×10-6)、碲(488×10-6)、铋(794×10-6)、硒(244×10-6)和锑(417×10-6)。

  • 3 实验结果

  • 3.1 手持XRF分析仪

  • 本次X射线荧光分析共对分别来自11个矿床的手标本选取测试点498个,除去明显不富钴的查个勒和帮布勒矿床,对剩下的各矿床有效数据采用简单平均方法估算其中钴元素的含量(表2和图3),并对数据进行正态分布拟合。其中努日和亚圭拉矿床样品的钴含量多低于仪器的检出限,故在图3中没有展示。

  • 分析结果显示,西藏冈底斯地区的众多矽卡岩型矿床典型矿石的富集元素主要为Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、S。其中以浦桑果、甲玛、知不拉三个矿床的Co元素富集较为明显,平均值可分别达460×10-6、853×10-6和410×10-6。甲玛矿床中As元素含量较高,平均值可达6115×10-6,Sb元素含量平均值可达683×10-6,Se元素含量平均值可达204×10-6。此外,龙马拉、努日和浦桑果矿床中的Bi元素含量较多,平均值分别可达3685×10-6、1203×10-6和3227×10-6

  • 3.2 扫描电子显微镜

  • 根据扫描电子显微镜(EDS)分析,甲玛矿床中主要发育辉砷钴矿,知不拉矿床中主要发育硫镍钴矿,浦桑果矿床中主要发育辉砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿。甲玛矿床中发育的辉砷钴矿在偏光显微镜下主要呈半自形—他形粒状结构,直径由十几微米至100 μm不等,多数颗粒在50 μm以下,颜色为略带玫红的锡白色,多伴生在黄铜矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿边缘(图4 a、b、d、e)。根据EDS分析(图4 c、f)确定其所含的化学元素主要有Co、As、S等,据此对Co、As、S等主要元素进行扫面分析,得到该区元素分布及丰度(图5、6),可知辉砷钴矿与黝铜矿伴生在一起,其余硫化物为方铅矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿。知不拉矿床中发育的硫镍钴矿在偏光显微镜下主要呈半自形—自形粒状结构,颗粒整体较甲玛矿床中的辉砷钴矿更大,颜色与辉砷钴矿相比略显黄色,多与黄铜矿、斑铜矿伴生,偶尔会有碲银矿与其伴生(图7a、b、d、e)。EDS分析(图7c、f)确定其所含的化学元素主要有Co、Ni、Cu、S,据此对Co、Ni、Cu、S等主要元素进行扫面分析(图8),初步判断矿物有硫镍钴矿和方解石。

  • 表2 冈底斯成矿带代表性矽卡岩矿石手持X射线荧光分析主要成矿元素平均含量及误差(×10-6

  • Table2 Average contents (×10-6) and errors of main ore-forming elements in representative skarn ores of Gangdese metallogenic belt by hand X-ray fluorescence analysis

  • 注:LOD代表元素检出限。

  • 图3 冈底斯成矿带各矿床Co含量直方图

  • Fig.3 Histogram of Co content in different mining area in the Gangdese metallogenic belt

  • 图4 甲玛矿床中的辉砷钴矿(包围状)镜下特征和EDS能谱图

  • Fig.4 Microscopic characteristics and EDS spectrum of cobaltite of Jiama (surrounded) independent minerals

  • (a)—辉砷钴矿包裹黝铜矿,同时与闪锌矿、方铅矿伴生;(b)—图4a中方框内的BSE图像;(c)—图4a中辉砷钴矿的EDS能谱图;(d)—辉砷钴矿包裹方铅矿,同时与闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿伴生;(e)—图4d中方框内的BSE图像;(f)—图4d中辉砷钴矿的EDS能谱图

  • (a) —cobaltite associated with sphalerite and galena and surrounds tetrahedrite; (b) —BSE image in the box of a; (c) —EDS spectrum of cobaltite of Fig.4a; (d) —the cobaltite associated with sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite and surrounds galena; (e) —BSE image in the box of Fig.4d; (f) —EDS spectrum of cobaltite of Fig.4d

  • 图5 甲玛矿床中与方铅矿、闪锌矿共生的辉砷钴矿元素面扫描图像

  • Fig.5 Elements mapping of cobaltite occur with galena and sphalerite in Jiama

  • (a)—辉砷钴矿BSE照片;(b)—S元素采集图;(c)—Fe元素采集图;(d)—Co元素采集图;(e)—Cu元素采集图;(f)—Zn元素采集图;(g)—Se元素采集图;(h)—Pb元素采集图;(i)—As元素采集图

  • (a) —BSE diagram of cobaltite; (b) —mapping diagram of S; (c) —mapping diagram of Fe; (d) —mapping diagram of Co; (e) —mapping diagram of Cu; (f) —mapping diagram of Zn; (g) —mapping diagram of Se; (h) —mapping diagram of Pb; (i) —mapping diagram of As

  • 图6 甲玛矿床中与黝铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿共生的辉砷钴矿元素面扫描图像

  • Fig.6 Elements mapping of cobaltite occur with tetrahedrite, galena and sphalerite in Jiama

  • (a)—辉砷钴矿BSE照片;(b)—S元素采集图;(c)—Co元素采集图;(d)—Cu元素采集图;(e)—Zn元素采集图;(f)—Se元素采集图;(g)—Pb元素采集图;(h)—As元素采集图;(i)—Sb元素采集图

  • (a) —BSE diagram of cobaltite; (b) —mapping diagram of S; (c) —mapping diagram of Co; (d) —mapping diagram of Cu; (e) —mapping diagram of Zn; (f) —mapping diagram of Se; (g) —mapping diagram of Pb; (h) —mapping diagram of As; (i) —mapping diagram of Sb

  • 图7 知不拉矿床中的硫镍钴矿镜下特征和EDS能谱图

  • Fig.7 Microscopic characteristics and EDS spectra of siegenite independent minerals in Zhibula

  • (a)—硫镍钴矿与斑铜矿、黄铜矿伴生;(b)—图7a的BSE图像;(c)—图7a中硫镍钴矿的EDS能谱图;(d)—硫镍钴矿与斑铜矿、碲银矿伴生;(e)—图7d中方框的BSE图像;(f)—图7d中硫镍钴矿的EDS能谱图

  • (a) —siegenite of Zhibula associated with bornite and chalcopyrite; (b) —BSE image in the box of Fig.7a; (c) —EDS spectrum of cobaltite of Fig.7a; (d) —siegenite of Zhibula associated with bornite and hessite; (e) —BSE image in the box of Fig.7d; (f) —EDS spectrum of cobaltite of Fig.7d

  • 浦桑果矿床中发育的辉砷钴矿在偏光显微镜下主要呈粒状结构,矿物特征与甲玛矿床中的类似(图9a、b、d、e)。EDS分析(图9c、f)确定其所含的化学元素主要有Cu、Co、S,据此对其主要元素进行扫面分析,得到该区元素分布及丰度(图10),初步判断矿物有硫铜钴矿和石英。

  • 图8 知不拉矿床中的硫镍钴矿背散射和面扫描图像

  • Fig.8 Elements mapping of siegenite in Zhibula

  • (a)—硫镍钴矿BSE照片;(b)—O元素采集图;(c)—Al元素采集图;(d)—Si元素采集图;(e)—S元素采集图;(f)—Ca元素采集图;(g)—Fe元素采集图;(h)—Co元素采集图;(i)—Ni元素采集图

  • (a) —BSE diagram of siegenite; (b) —mapping diagram of O; (c) —mapping diagram of Al; (d) —mapping diagram of Si; (e) —mapping diagram of S; (f) —mapping diagram of Ca; (g) —mapping diagram of Fe; (h) —mapping diagram of Co; (i) —mapping diagram of Ni

  • 图9 浦桑果矿床中的辉砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿镜下特征和EDS能谱图

  • Fig.9 Microscopic characteristics and EDS spectrum of cobaltite and carrollite of Pusangguo independent minerals

  • (a)—辉砷钴矿与黄铜矿伴生;(b)—图9a的BSE图像;(c)—图9a中辉砷钴矿的EDS能谱图;(d)—硫铜钴矿被石英包裹;(e)—图9d中方框内的BSE图像;(f)—图9d中辉铜钴矿的EDS能谱图

  • (a) —cobaltite associated with chalcopyrite; (b) —BSE image of Fig.9a; (c) —EDS spectrum of cobaltite of Fig.9a; (d) —the carrollite surrounded by quartz; (e) —BSE image Fig.9d; (f) —EDS spectrum of cobaltite of Fig.9d

  • 3.3 电子探针

  • 对春哲、甲玛、蒙亚啊、知不拉、浦桑果和龙马拉六个矿床样品薄片中典型的矿物颗粒进行电子探针分析,主要包括方铅矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、斑铜矿、黝铜矿、辉砷钴矿、硫镍钴矿、硫铜钴矿、金属铋和辉铋矿。典型矿物的元素含量见表3。根据数据可知,辉砷钴矿中,Co含量约占30%,As含量约40%,S含量约20%,含有少量Se元素;硫镍钴矿中,Co含量约占35%,Ni含量约占12%,S含量约占41.5 %,Cu含量约占9.5%,除此之外含有少量的Te元素;硫铜钴矿中Co含量约占38 %,Cu含量约占17.5%,S含量约占41%,除此之外还含有少量的Ni元素。

  • 除了三种独立钴矿物(硫镍钴矿、辉砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿)之外,闪锌矿、黝铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿和碲银矿中都含有少量的Co元素。闪锌矿中钴元素含量约为0.1%,黝铜矿中钴元素含量约为0.12%,斑铜矿中钴元素含量约为0.05 %,黄铁矿中钴元素含量约为0.18 %,碲银矿中钴元素含量约为0.45%。

  • 表3 冈底斯成矿带代表性矽卡岩矿石样品中硫化物代表性电子探针分析结果(%)

  • Table3 Results of electron microprobe analysis (%) of sulfides in representative skarn ore samples from the Gangetic metallogenic belt

  • 注:-代表未测或无数值。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 钴的时空分布特征

  • 冈底斯西段帮布勒和查个勒两个矽卡岩型矿床,利用手持XRF成矿元素仪分析矿石中Co元素含量结果基本低于检出限(3×10-6),初步揭示出冈底斯西段钴成矿潜力较弱。相反,通过手持XRF成矿元素仪分析浦桑果、春哲、甲玛、知不拉、蒙亚啊和龙马拉矽卡岩型矿床中矿石的Co元素含量相对较高,而邦浦、努日和亚圭拉矿床中的Co元素含量相对较低。甲玛、知不拉、浦桑果、龙马拉、蒙亚啊、春哲矿床中的矿石平均Co元素含量均超过200×10-6,其中春哲及甲玛矿床的矿石中平均Co含量可分别达到898.19×10-6与853.16×10-6。通过对矿石中不同Co含量的几个典型矿床空间分布进行对比,发现Co含量高的矿床所处位置基本位于冈底斯东段,而Co含量低的矿床所处位置则位于冈底斯西段。据此推测,在冈底斯东段地区中新世形成的矿床较西段地区早期形成的矿床Co元素富集程度更加明显,具有更高的钴矿化潜力。当然,西段的矿床样品数量较少,需后续深入研究才能得出更准确的判断。

  • 通过对比研究区内众多矿床的形成时代,发现甲玛、知不拉、帮浦、浦桑果、努日的成矿时代集中在14~25 Ma(李光明等,2005应立娟等,2010王立强等,2012陈雷等,2012Zhang Kaijun et al.,2012Cao Mingjian et al.,2021),其中,甲玛、知不拉、浦桑果的成矿年龄均小于20 Ma。本研究在这几个矿区均发现了钴的富集,并且在甲玛、知不拉和浦桑果矿区均找到了钴的独立矿物,帮布勒和查个勒的成矿年龄分别为77 Ma和61.5 Ma(表1,高顺宝等,2012田坎等,2018),其钴元素含量均低于前述的几个较年轻的矿床。初步判断钴在中新世形成的矽卡岩型矿床中赋存较多,并且钴的富集可能与新生下地壳的部分熔融相关。

  • 4.2 钴的赋存状态

  • 钴的赋存状态研究大多集中在沉积岩赋矿层控型Cu-Co矿床、风化型红土Ni-Co矿床及岩浆Cu-Ni硫化物型矿床等(赵俊兴等,2019),目前缺少对矽卡岩型矿床中钴的赋存状态研究。在这类矿床中钴主要以两种形式产出:一是钴的独立矿物,包括硫化物、砷化物、氧化物等,例如硫钴矿、方硫钴矿、硫钴镍矿、辉砷钴矿、菱钴矿、水钴矿等;二是以类质同象形式替代Mn、Fe、Cu、Ni等元素进入氧化物和硫化物中,常见的此类含钴矿物包括黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、硫镍矿、辉砷镍矿等(卢宜冠等,2020)。关于矽卡岩中钴元素的赋存状态,在西藏浦桑果和长江中下游一带的典型矿床均有研究,发现矽卡岩型铜铁矿床易富钴且均含有钴的独立矿物,如镍辉砷钴矿、硫钴矿、辉砷钴矿等。通过电子探针等分析发现Co元素主要赋存于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、毒砂等硫化物和磁铁矿等氧化物中(杨海锐等,2012周涛发等,2020;闫磊等,2021)。

  • 图10 浦桑果矿床中的硫铜钴矿元素面扫描图像

  • Fig.10 Elements mapping of carrollite in Pusangguo

  • (a)—硫铜钴矿BSE照片;(b)—Cu元素采集图;(c)—Co元素采集图;(d)—As元素采集图;(e)—Pb元素采集图;(f)—Fe元素采集图;(g)—S元素采集图;(h)—Si元素采集图;(i)—Ca元素采集图

  • (a) —BSE diagram of carrollite; (b) —mapping diagram of Cu; (c) —mapping diagram of Co; (d) —mapping diagram of As; (e) —mapping diagram of Pb; (f) —mapping diagram of Fe; (g) —mapping diagram of S; (h) —mapping diagram of Si; (i) —mapping diagram of Ca

  • 研究区内,钴的主要赋存状态为独立矿物和类质同象两种形式。甲玛矿床中的独立钴矿物主要为辉砷钴矿,知不拉矿床中的独立钴矿物为硫镍钴矿,浦桑果矿床中的独立钴矿物为辉砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿。甲玛矿床中的辉砷钴矿与闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、磁铁矿等矿石矿物共生(图4、5、6),共生的脉石矿物主要为石榴子石,并且还可见辉砷钴矿被石榴子石包围的形态(图4、5、6)。因此,初步判断辉砷钴矿的形成时间与黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿近同期,辉砷钴矿中的Co和As与Fe、Cu、Zn等金属元素可能具有相同的来源。在本研究重点观察的知不拉矿床中,明显观察到硫镍钴矿主要分布在斑铜矿中,且被斑铜矿包裹(图7、8),同时也可见其与黄铜矿共生,共生的脉石矿物主要为方解石等碳酸盐矿物。硫镍钴矿与斑铜矿呈明显的共结边关系,为共生矿物,初步判断硫镍钴矿的形成与斑铜矿同期。浦桑果矿床中的辉砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿主要与闪锌矿、黄铜矿等矿石矿物共生(图9、10),共生脉石矿物主要为石榴子石及方解石,根据辉砷钴矿及硫铜钴矿与闪锌矿及黄铜矿的接触关系可知其形成略晚于闪锌矿及黄铜矿,但基本近同期。

  • Co元素的地球化学性质与Fe、Ni元素类似,Co2+和Co3+离子半径分别为0.072 nm和0.063 nm(Shannon,1976),容易以类质同象的方式替代Mn4+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Ni2+、Fe2+、Fe3+进入硫化物和氧化物中。根据前人对浦桑果及长江中下游地区典型矿床的研究,Co主要以类质同象的形式进入黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿中(周涛发等,2010)。通过对新桥层状硫化物矿体中不同类型黄铁矿的微量元素分析发现,黄铁矿是主要的赋钴矿物,Co主要赋存于胶状黄铁矿和细粒黄铁矿内(钴含量为150×10-6~700×10-6)。矿物元素面扫描结果表明,Co以类质同象形式进入黄铁矿内。与此次电子探针实验中得到的结果类似。在研究区内,黄铁矿、斑铜矿、闪锌矿和碲银矿中的Co元素含量均较为可观,据此推测在甲玛、知不拉、龙马拉、蒙亚啊、春哲矿床中,Co主要以类质同象形式通过替换矿物晶格中的Fe2+或Fe3+进入黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿中。在本次研究的典型矿床中,富钴矿物的Co与Fe、Cu元素含量并无明显负相关性,因此,Co元素除以类质同象形式进入到硫化物和磁铁矿中,还可能有其他赋存形式。根据实验结果,可知冈底斯地区多处矽卡岩型矿床富钴,其中东段更具钴成矿潜力,但目前选取的西段矿床样品较少,是否还有其他富钴矿床还需进一步研究。

  • 4.3 冈底斯矽卡岩矿床钴富集成因机制

  • 根据已有研究成果,可揭示冈底斯部分矽卡岩型矿床富集Co元素,但Co富集的成因还需要进一步讨论。通过手持XRF检测仪对冈底斯东、西段不同矽卡岩型矿床矿石中的Co元素含量测量,显示相较于西段地区,东段地区具有更高的钴矿化潜力。前人发现拉萨地体在其中心有元古宙和太古宙(高达2870 Ma)的古老基底岩石,年轻和新生地壳(显生代)向其北部和南部边缘增生(Zhu et al.,2011),因此,本文推测冈底斯地区Co元素含量东段高西段低的显著差异可能与冈底斯地区岩石圈结构特征有关。前人通过对锆石Hf同位素的研究将冈底斯成矿带拉萨地体以岩石圈的结构分成了中部、北部和南部三块次地体(Hou et al.,2015),其中北部和南部显示出较低的TDM2值,表明这两个次地体有新生下地壳的参与,这与前面拉萨地体的中心和南北结构划分相吻合。结合典型矿床的空间分布和Co品位异常区的分布,大量矿床形成于拉萨地体的中部和南部,且目前发现的钴品位较高的矽卡岩型矿床均位于拉萨地体南部,表明新生下地壳的部分熔融可能参与到钴的富集阶段。

  • 此外,Co富集最终受控于物质来源和矿质沉淀机制,就成因而言,大多数矽卡岩型矿床成矿流体主要为岩浆热液流体,但一些与钨、金成矿相关的矽卡岩可能是变质热液的产物(Mueller et al.,19912004)。由于甲玛和知不拉矿床均发现钴的独立矿物,研究其物质来源和沉淀机制对判断矽卡岩型矿床中Co的富集成矿机理具有一定参考意义。

  • 甲玛矿床中硫化物的δ34S值为-13.6‰~+12.5‰,平均值为-1.33‰;硫酸盐δ34S值为+0.5‰~+1.8‰,平均值为+1.13‰;岩浆岩的δ34S值为-0.7‰~-0.2‰,平均值为-0.5‰(曲晓明等,2001姚鹏等,2002曲晓明等,2006孟祥金等,2006佘宏全等,2006李永胜,2009周云,2010)。硫同位素的组成受温度、氧逸度、酸碱度、流体中硫同位素组成和形成时体系封闭性质等因素的制约,岩浆硫δ34S值为0‰~3‰(Hiroshi and Ohmoto,1986; Ripley,1986; Ohmoto,1997)。甲玛矿床中硫化物的铅同位素比值206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb的范围分别为18.13~18.936、15.47~16.136、32.288~39.74(曲晓明等,20012006姚鹏等,2002李永胜,2009周云,2010)。通过对石英单矿物的氧同位素进行测定,发现δ18O范围为8.78‰~10.67‰(佘宏全等,2006李永胜,2009应立娟,2012),同时测得石榴子石单矿物中δ2H和δ18O分别为-104‰~-102‰和5.37‰~6.01‰(姚鹏等,2002)。结合甲玛硫化物、硫酸盐和岩浆岩的δ34S平均值接近岩浆硫的特征,揭示成矿物质主要来自深部岩浆。铅同位素比值与上地壳和造山带的比值接近,指示矿床具有上地壳和造山带的演化特征。石英和石榴子石的氢氧同位素组成均与岩浆水的同位素组成存在显著差异,反映了多种来源流体混合特征,成矿晚期可能是大气降水的参与所导致的沉淀。知不拉矿床的成矿花岗闪长岩εHft)为+3.2~+12之间,单阶段模式年龄(TDM)在209~563 Ma 之间(姚晓峰等,2015),显示与驱龙矿段成矿相关侵入岩相似的Hf 同位素地球化学特征,表明岩浆可能起源于软流圈物质上涌引起的新生下地壳部分熔融。知不拉矿床中石英的δ2H和δ18O分别为-91‰~-56‰和1.8‰~10.5‰(佘宏全等,2006),与岩浆水组成有差异,表明存在大气降水的混入。结合钴的独立矿物与硫化物接触关系,矽卡岩型矿床中Co沉淀与Cu沉淀机制大体一致,成矿物质主要来自深部岩体,但具体的Co元素富集机制还有待进一步研究。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)西藏冈底斯地区多处矽卡岩型矿床富Co,初步推测东段地区较西段地区具有更高的Co矿化潜力,后碰撞中新世矽卡岩矿床可能更具有富Co潜力。

  • (2)甲玛、浦桑果和知不拉矿床的Co主要以独立矿物形式存在,其中甲玛矿床中钴的独立矿物主要为辉砷钴矿,浦桑果矿床为辉砷钴矿和硫铜钴矿,知不拉矿床中为硫镍钴矿。在同样富Co的龙马拉、蒙亚啊和春哲地区,Co主要以类质同象的形式赋存在黄铁矿、磁铁矿中。

  • (3)冈底斯富Co矽卡岩型矿床中Co元素富集可能与新生下地壳的部分熔融相关,但矿质的最终沉淀不排除大气降水的影响。

  • 致谢:感谢赵俊兴副研究员在本论文撰写过程中提出的启发性意见。承蒙审稿人审阅初稿并提出的建设性意见。

  • 参考文献

    • Cao Mingjian, Qin Kezhang, Evans N J, Li Guangming, Ling Xiaoxiao, McInnes Brent I A, Zhao Junxing. 2021. Titanite in-situ SIMS U-Pb geochronology, elemental and Nd isotopic signatures record mineralization and fluid characteristics at the Pusangguo skarn deposit, Tibet. Mineralium Deposita, 56(5): 907~916.

    • Chen Lei, Qin Kezhang, Li Guangming, Li Jinxiang, Xiao Bo, Jiang Huazhai, Zhao Junxing, Fan Xin, Jiang Shanyuan. 2012. Geological and skarn mineral characteristics of Nuri Cu-W-Mo deposit in southeast Gangdese, Tibet. Mineral Deposits, 31(3): 417~437 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Du Baofeng, Yang Changqing, Chai Jianyu, He Kai, Zeng Xiang, Song Nana. 2018. Metallogenic regularity and prospective prediction of iron polymetallic deposits in Chunzhe area, Tibet. Geological Science and Technology Information, 37(3): 140~147 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Qiang, Yang Zhusen, Zheng Yuanchuan, Huang Kexian, Duan Lianfeng. 2014. Ar-Ar age of phlogopite from the Longmala copper-iron-lead-zinc deposit in Tibet and its geodynamic. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 33(2): 283~293 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Gao Shunbao, Zheng Youye, Tian Liming, Zhang Zhong, Qu Wenjun, Liu Minyuan, Zheng Haitao, Zheng Le, Zhu Jihua. 2012. Geochronology of magmatic intrusions and mineralization of Chagele copper-lead-zinc deposit in Tibet and its implications. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 37(3): 507~514 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Gao Yiming, Chen Yuchuan, Tang Juxing, Li Chao, Li Xinfa, Gao Ming, Cai Zhichao. 2011. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Yaguila porphyry molybdenum deposit in Gongbo'gyamda area, Tibet, and its geological significance. Geological Bulletin of China, 30(7): 1027~1036 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Hou Zengqian, Duan Lianfeng, Lu Yongjun, Zheng Yuanchuan, Zhu Dicheng, Yang Zhiming, Yang Zhusen Wang Baodi, Pei Yingru, Zhao Zhidan. 2015. Lithospheric architecture of the Lhasa Terrane and its control on ore deposits in the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Economic Geology, 110(6): 1541~1575.

    • Huang Hanxiao, Zhang Linkui, Liu hong, Li Guangming, Huang Yong, Lan Shuangshuang, Lv Menghong. 2019. Major types, mineralization and potential prospecting areas in western section of the Gangdise metallogenic belt, Tibet. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 44(6): 1876~1887 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Huang Kexian, Zheng Yuanchuan, Zhang Song, Li Wei, Sun Qingzhong, Li Qiuyun, Liang Wei, Fu Qiang, Hou Zengqian. 2012. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of two types of porphyry in the Yaguila mining area, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica, 31(3): 348~360 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • La MuCiren. 2013. Geological characteristics and metallogenic analysis of Chunzhe iron polymetallic deposit in Xietongmen County, Tibet. Master degree thesis of Southwest Jiaotong University (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Guangming, Liu Bo, Qu Wenjun, Lin Fangcheng, She Hongquan, Feng Chengyou. 2005. The porphyry-skarn ore-forming system in Gangdese metallogenic belt, southern Tibet: Evidence from molybdenite Re-Os age of porphyry-type copper deposits and skarn-type copper polymetallic deposits. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, (4): 60~68 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Yongsheng. 2009. Geological characteristics and genesis of polymetallic copper deposit of Jiama, Tibet. Master degree thesis of China University of Geosciences, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Zhuang, Lang Xinghai, Zhang Qizhi, He Liang. 2019. Petrogenesis and geodynamic settings of the intermediate-acid intrusions related to the Pusangguo copper-dominated polymetallic deposit in Tibet: Constraints from geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 35(3): 737~759 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Lu Yiguan, Hao Bo, Sun Kai, He Shengfei, Xu Kangkang, Gong Penghui, Zhang Hang. 2020. General situation of cobalt resource and its utilization analysis. Geological Survey and Research, 43(1): 72~80 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Monteiro L, Xavier R P, Carvalho E, Hitzman M W, Johnson C A, Filho C, Torresi I. 2008. Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Paragenesis and stable isotope constraints. Mineralium Deposita, 43(2): 129~159.

    • Mueller A G, Groves D I and Delor C P. 1991. The Savage Lode magnesian skarn in the Marvel Loch gold-silver mine, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia. Part 2: Pressure-temperature estimates and constraints on fluid sources. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28(5): 686~705.

    • Mueller A G, Nemchin A A, Frei R. 2004. The Nevoria gold skarn deposit, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia: II. Pressure-temperature-time path and relationship to postorogenic granites. Economic Geology, 99(3): 453~478.

    • Ohmoto H. 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 16(1): 491~559.

    • Ohmoto H. 1997. Sulfur and carbon isotopes. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits: 517~612.

    • Qu Ting, He Rizheng, Yu Pengliang, Wang Sufen, Chen Xiaolong, Liu Jianli. 2021. Statistics and application of petrophysical properties in the Jiama mining area, Tibet. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 45(3): 661~668 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Qu Xiaoming, Hou Zengqian, Huang Wei. 2001. Is Gangdese porphyry copper belt the second “Yulong” copper belt. Mineral Deposits, (4): 355~366 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Qu Xiaoming, Hou Zengqian, Mo Xuanxue, Dong Guochen, Xu Wenyi, Xin Hongbo. 2006. Relationship between Gangdese porphyry copper deposits and uplifting of southern Tibet plateau: Evidence from multistage zircon of ore-bearing porphyries. Mineral Deposits, (4): 388~400 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ripley E M. 1986. Origin and concentration mechanisms of copper and nickel in Duluth complex sulfide zones: A dilemma. Economic Geology, 81(4): 974~978.

    • Shannon R D. 1976. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallographica Section A, 32(5).

    • She Hongquan, Feng Chengyou, Zhang Dequan, Li Guangming, Liu Bo, Li Jinwen. 2006. Study on fluid inclusion from Jiama skarn copper polymetallic deposit and Qulong porphyry copper deposit in Gangdese copper belt, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica (3): 689~696 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Tang Juxing, Wang Liqiang, Zheng Wenbao, Zhong Kanghui. 2014. Ore deposits metallogenic regularity and prospecting in the Eastern section of the Gangdese metallogenic belt. Acta Geologica Sinica, 88(12): 2545~2555 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Tang Juxing, Wang Qin, Yang Huanhuan, Gao Xi, Zhang Zebin, Zou Bing. 2017. Mineralization, exploration and resource potential of porphyry-skarn-epithermal copper polymetallic deposits in Tibet. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 38(5): 571~613 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Tian Kan, ZhengYouye, Gao Shunbao, Wu Denghao, Jiang Xiaojia. 2018. Fluid source and evolution of the Bangbule skarn Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe deposit in Tibet: constraints from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 42(6): 1027~1045 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries. 2021. Technical Report, US Geological Survey.

    • Wang Liqiang, Gu Xuexiang, Cheng Wenbin, Tang Juxing, Zhong Kanghui, Liu Xiaoji. 2010. Sulfur and lead isotope composition and tracing for the sources of ore-forming materials in the Mengya'a Pb-Zn Deposit, Tibet. Geoscience, 24(1): 52~58 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Liqiang, Tang Juxing, Wang Huan, Li Chao, Luo Bingxue. 2012. Geological characteristics and Re-Os dating of the Hahaigang W-Mo polymetallic deposit, Tibet. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 31(1): 113~119 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Rui, Zhu Dicheng, Wang Qing, Hou Zengqian, Yang Zhiming, Zhao Zhidan, Mo Xuanxue. 2020. Porphyry mineralization in the Tethyan orogen. Science China Earth Sciences, 50: 1919~1946 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Williams-Jones A E, Vasyukova O V. 2022. Constraints on the genesis of cobalt deposits: Part I. theoretical considerations. Economic Geology, 117(3): 513~528.

    • Xu Jing, Zheng Youye, Sun Xiang, Jiang Junsheng, Geng Ruirui, Shen Yahui. 2014. Mineralogical characteristics of Zhibula skarn-type Cu deposit in Tibet and their geological Significance. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 39(6): 654~670 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yan Lei, Fan Yu, Liu Yinan. 2021. The occurrence and spatial distribution of cobalt inLongqiao iron deposit in Luzong Basin, Anhui Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(9): 2778~2796 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yang Hairui, Zhong Kanghui, Duoji, Pubu Tiren, Gao Yiming, Cui Xiaoliang. 2012. A study of the characteristics of ore minerals and the modes of occurrence of Co-Ni in the pusangguo copper polymetallic deposit, Nanmuling County, Tibet. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 33(4): 624~632 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yang Zhiming, Lu Yiguan, Hou Zengqian and Chang Zhaoshan. 2015. High-Mg diorite from Qulong in Southern Tibet: Implications for the genesis of adakite-like intrusions and associated porphyry Cu deposits in collisional orogens. Journal of Petrology, 56(2): 227~254.

    • Yang Zhiming, Hou Zengqian, Zhou Limin, Zhou Yiwei. 2020. Critical elements in porphyry copper deposits of China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 65: 3653~3664 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yao Peng, Wang Quanhai, Li Jingao. 2002. Ore and ore resource prospects of the Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area, Tibet. Geology in China (2): 197~202 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yao Xiaofeng, Tang Juxing, Ding Shuai, Zheng Wenbao, Yang Huanhuan, Zhang Wanyi, Feng Yanfang. 2015. Petrography, chronology and Hf isotope constraints on origin of the ore-bearing granodiorite in Zhibula copper deposit, Tibet. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 39(2): 315~324 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ying Lijuan, Wang Denghong, Tang Juxing, Chang Zhesheng, Qu Wenjun, Zheng Wenbao, Wang Huan. 2010. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit in Tibet and its metallogenic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(8): 1165~1174 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ying Lijuan. 2012. Metallogenic mechanism of Jiama copper-polymetallic deposit in Tibet. Doctor degree thesis of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Hongrui, Hou Zhengqian, Yang Zhiming, Song Yucai, Liu Yingchao, Chai Peng. 2020. A new division of genetic types of cobalt deposits: Implications for Tethyan cobalt-rich belt. Mineral Deposits, 39(3): 501~510 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Kaijun, Zhang Yuxiu, Tang Xianchun, Xia Bin. 2012. Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution and growth of the Tibetan plateau prior to the Indo-Asian collision. Earth-Science Reviews, 114(3-4): 236~249.

    • Zhang Yifan, Fan Yu, Chen Jing, Liu Lanhai, Li Mengmeng. 2021. Establishment of a research workflow for occurrence state of critical metal in ore concentrate powder: A case study of the cobalt-rich sulfur ore concentrate powder from the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(9): 2791~2807 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Junxing, Qin Kezhang, Li Guangming, Li Jinxiang, Xiao Bo, Chen Lei. 2012. Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of granitoids at Eocene Sharang porphyry Mo deposit in the main-stage of India-Asia continental collision, northern Gangdese, Tibet. Resource Geology, 62(1): 84~98.

    • Zhao Junxing, Qin Kezhang, Xiao Bo, McInnes B, Li Guangming, Evans N, Cao Mingjian and Li Jinxiang. 2016. Thermal history of the giant Qulong Cu-Mo deposit, Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet: Constraints on magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and exhumation. Gondwana Research, 36(1): 390~409.

    • Zhao Junxing, Li Guangming, Qin Kezhang, Tang Dongmei. 2019. A review of the types and ore mechanism of the cobalt deposits. Chinese Science Bulletin, 64(24): 2484~2500 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zheng Wenbao, Tang Juxing, Zhong Kanghui, Ying Lijuan, Leng Qiufeng, Ding Shuai and Lin Bin. 2016. Geology of the Jiama porphyry copper-polymetallic system, Lhasa region, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 74: 151~169.

    • Zhou Taofa, Zhang Lejun, Yuan Feng, Fan Yu, Cooke D R. 2010. LA-ICP-MS in situ trace element analysis of pyrite from the Xinqiao Cu-Au-S deposit in Tongling, Anhui, and its constraints on the ore genesis. Earth Science Frontiers, 17(2): 306~319 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Taofa, Fan Yu, Chen Jing, Xiao Xin, Zhang Shu. 2020. Critical metal resources in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt. Chinese Science Bulletin, 65(33): 3665~3677 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Yanjing, Li Jianwu, Wang Gaosheng, Ma Zhe. 2019. Analysis on import security of China's cobalt resources. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 39(5): 50~55 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Yun. 2010. Characteristic and evolution of ore-forming fluids from Jiama polymetallic copper deposit, Mozhugongka County, Tibet. Master degree thesis of Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhu Dicheng, Zhao Zhidan, Niu Yaoling, Mo Xuanxue, Wu Fuyuan. 2011. The Lhasa Terrane: Record of a microcontinet and its histories of drift and growth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 301(1): 241~255.

    • 陈雷, 秦克章, 李光明, 李金祥, 肖波, 江化寨, 赵俊兴, 范新, 江善元. 2012. 西藏冈底斯南缘努日铜钨钼矿床地质特征与矽卡岩矿物学研究. 矿床地质, 31(3): 417~437.

    • 杜保峰, 杨长青, 柴建玉, 何凯, 曾祥, 宋纳纳. 2018. 西藏春哲地区铁多金属矿成矿规律及远景预测. 地质科技情报, 37(3): 140~147.

    • 付强, 杨竹森, 郑远川, 黄克贤, 段连峰. 2014. 西藏龙马拉Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn多金属矿床金云母Ar-Ar定年及其地球动力学意义. 岩石矿物学杂志, 33(2): 283~293.

    • 高顺宝, 郑有业, 田立明, 张众, 屈文俊, 刘敏院, 郑海涛, 郑磊, 朱继华. 2012. 西藏查个勒铜铅锌矿成岩成矿时代及意义. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 37(3): 507~514.

    • 高一鸣, 陈毓川, 唐菊兴, 李超, 李新法, 高明, 蔡志超. 2011. 西藏工布江达地区亚贵拉铅锌钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os测年及其地质意义. 地质通报, 30(7): 1027~1036.

    • 黄勇, 董随亮, 闫国强, 游钦, 江化寨, 张凯. 2015. 冈底斯南缘努日矽卡岩铜-钼-钨矿成矿斑岩体的发现及其意义. 矿物学报, 35(S1): 126~127.

    • 黄瀚霄, 张林奎, 刘洪, 李光明, 黄勇, 兰双双, 吕梦鸿. 2019. 西藏冈底斯成矿带西段矿床类型、成矿作用和找矿方向. 地球科学, 44(6): 1876~1887.

    • 黄克贤, 郑远川, 张松, 李为, 孙清钟, 李秋耘, 梁维, 付强, 侯增谦. 2012. 西藏亚贵拉矿区两期岩体LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义. 岩石矿物学杂志, 31(3): 348~360.

    • 拉姆次仁. 2013. 西藏谢通门县春哲铁多金属矿地质特征及成矿初步分析. 西南交通大学硕士学位论文.

    • 李光明, 刘波, 屈文俊, 林方成, 佘宏全, 丰成友. 2005. 西藏冈底斯成矿带的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统: 来自斑岩矿床和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床的Re-Os同位素年龄证据. 大地构造与成矿学(4): 60~68.

    • 李永胜. 2009. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床地质物征及矿床成因探讨. 中国地质大学(北京)硕士学位论文.

    • 李壮, 郎兴海, 章奇志, 何亮. 2019. 西藏浦桑果铜多金属矿床中酸性岩石成因及动力学背景: 年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素约束. 岩石学报, 35(3): 737~759.

    • 卢宜冠, 郝波, 孙凯, 何胜飞, 许康康, 龚鹏辉, 张航. 2020. 钴金属资源概况与资源利用情况分析. 地质调查与研究, 43(1): 72~80.

    • 孟祥金, 侯增谦, 李振清. 2006. 西藏驱龙斑岩铜矿S、Pb同位素组成: 对含矿斑岩与成矿物质来源的指示. 地质学报(4): 554~560.

    • 屈挺, 贺日政, 鱼鹏亮, 王素芬, 陈小龙, 刘建利. 2021. 西藏甲玛矿区岩石物性统计及应用. 物探与化探, 45(3): 661~668.

    • 曲晓明, 侯增谦, 黄卫. 2001. 冈底斯斑岩铜矿(化)带: 西藏第二条“玉龙”铜矿带. 矿床地质, (4): 355~366.

    • 曲晓明, 侯增谦, 莫宣学, 董国臣, 徐文艺, 辛洪波. 2006. 冈底斯斑岩铜矿与南部青藏高原隆升之关系——来自含矿斑岩中多阶段锆石的证据. 矿床地质, (4): 388~400.

    • 佘宏全, 丰成友, 张德全, 李光明, 刘波, 李进文. 2006. 西藏冈底斯铜矿带甲马夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床与驱龙斑岩型铜矿流体包裹体特征对比研究. 岩石学报, (3): 689~696.

    • 唐菊兴, 王立强, 郑文宝, 钟康惠. 2014. 冈底斯成矿带东段矿床成矿规律及找矿预测. 地质学报, 88(12): 2545~2555.

    • 唐菊兴, 王勤, 杨欢欢, 高昕, 张泽斌, 邹兵. 2017. 西藏斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液铜多金属矿成矿作用、勘查方向与资源潜力. 地球学报, 38(5): 571~613.

    • 田坎, 郑有业, 高顺宝, 伍登浩, 姜晓佳. 2018. 西藏帮布勒矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe矿床流体来源及演化: 来自流体包裹体及稳定同位素的制约. 大地构造与成矿学, 42(6): 1027~1045.

    • 王立强, 顾雪祥, 程文斌, 唐菊兴, 钟康惠, 刘晓吉. 2010. 西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床S、Pb同位素组成及对成矿物质来源的示踪. 现代地质, 24(1): 52~58.

    • 王立强, 唐菊兴, 王焕, 李超, 罗炳学. 2012. 西藏哈海岗钨钼多金属矿床地质特征及辉钼矿铼-锇同位素定年. 岩矿测试, 31(1): 113~119.

    • 王瑞, 朱弟成, 王青, 侯增谦, 杨志明, 赵志丹, 莫宣学. 2020, 特提斯带斑岩成矿作用. 中国科学: 地球科学, 50: 1919~1946.

    • 徐净, 郑有业, 孙祥, 姜军胜, 耿瑞瑞, 申亚辉. 2014. 西藏知不拉矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征及地质意义. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 39(6): 654~670.

    • 阎磊, 范裕, 刘一男. 2021. 安徽庐枞盆地龙桥铁矿床中钴的赋存状态和空间分布规律. 岩石学报, 37(9): 2778~2796.

    • 杨海锐, 钟康惠, 多吉, 普布次仁, 高一鸣, 崔晓亮. 2012. 西藏南木林县浦桑果铜多金属矿床矿石矿物特征及钴、镍元素赋存状态研究. 地球学报, 33(4): 624~632.

    • 杨志明, 侯增谦, 周利敏, 周怿惟, 2020. 中国斑岩铜矿床中的主要关键矿产. 科学通报, 65: 3653~3664.

    • 姚鹏, 王全海, 李金高. 2002. 西藏甲马-驱龙矿集区成矿远景. 中国地质(2): 197~202.

    • 姚晓峰, 唐菊兴, 丁帅, 郑文宝, 杨欢欢, 张万益, 冯艳芳. 2015. 西藏知不拉矽卡岩矿床成矿母岩的新认识——来自花岗闪长岩岩相学、年代学和Hf同位素的指示. 大地构造与成矿学, 39(2): 315~324.

    • 应立娟, 王登红, 唐菊兴, 畅哲生, 屈文俊, 郑文宝, 王焕. 2010. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿辉钼矿Re-Os定年及其成矿意义. 地质学报, 84(8): 1165~1174.

    • 应立娟. 2012. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床的成矿机制. 中国地质科学院博士学位论文.

    • 张洪瑞, 侯增谦, 杨志明, 宋玉财, 刘英超, 柴鹏. 2020. 钴矿床类型划分初探及其对特提斯钴矿带的指示意义. 矿床地质, 39(3): 501~510.

    • 张一帆, 范裕, 陈静, 刘兰海, 李梦梦. 2021. 矿精粉中关键金属元素赋存状态研究方法流程的建立: 以长江中下游成矿带富钴硫矿精粉为例. 岩石学报, 37(9): 2791~2807.

    • 赵俊兴, 李光明, 秦克章, 李金祥, 肖波, 陈雷. 2012. 冈底斯北缘亚圭拉铅锌银多金属矿床矽卡岩成矿作用研究. 矿床地质, 31(S1): 1011~1012.

    • 赵俊兴, 李光明, 秦克章, 唐冬梅. 2019. 富含钴矿床研究进展与问题分析. 科学通报, 64(24): 2484~2500.

    • 周涛发, 张乐骏, 袁峰, 范裕, Cooke D R. 2010. 安徽铜陵新桥Cu-Au-S矿床黄铁矿微量元素LA-ICP-MS原位测定及其对矿床成因的制约. 地学前缘, 17(2): 306~319.

    • 周涛发, 范裕, 陈静, 肖鑫, 张舒. 2020. 长江中下游成矿带关键金属矿产研究现状与进展. 科学通报, 65(33): 3665~3677.

    • 周艳晶, 李建武, 王高尚, 马哲. 2019. 中国钴资源进口安全分析. 矿产保护与利用, 39(5): 50~55.

    • 周云. 2010. 西藏墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿成矿流体特征及演化. 成都理工大学硕士学位论文.

  • 参考文献

    • Cao Mingjian, Qin Kezhang, Evans N J, Li Guangming, Ling Xiaoxiao, McInnes Brent I A, Zhao Junxing. 2021. Titanite in-situ SIMS U-Pb geochronology, elemental and Nd isotopic signatures record mineralization and fluid characteristics at the Pusangguo skarn deposit, Tibet. Mineralium Deposita, 56(5): 907~916.

    • Chen Lei, Qin Kezhang, Li Guangming, Li Jinxiang, Xiao Bo, Jiang Huazhai, Zhao Junxing, Fan Xin, Jiang Shanyuan. 2012. Geological and skarn mineral characteristics of Nuri Cu-W-Mo deposit in southeast Gangdese, Tibet. Mineral Deposits, 31(3): 417~437 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Du Baofeng, Yang Changqing, Chai Jianyu, He Kai, Zeng Xiang, Song Nana. 2018. Metallogenic regularity and prospective prediction of iron polymetallic deposits in Chunzhe area, Tibet. Geological Science and Technology Information, 37(3): 140~147 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Fu Qiang, Yang Zhusen, Zheng Yuanchuan, Huang Kexian, Duan Lianfeng. 2014. Ar-Ar age of phlogopite from the Longmala copper-iron-lead-zinc deposit in Tibet and its geodynamic. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 33(2): 283~293 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Gao Shunbao, Zheng Youye, Tian Liming, Zhang Zhong, Qu Wenjun, Liu Minyuan, Zheng Haitao, Zheng Le, Zhu Jihua. 2012. Geochronology of magmatic intrusions and mineralization of Chagele copper-lead-zinc deposit in Tibet and its implications. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 37(3): 507~514 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Gao Yiming, Chen Yuchuan, Tang Juxing, Li Chao, Li Xinfa, Gao Ming, Cai Zhichao. 2011. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Yaguila porphyry molybdenum deposit in Gongbo'gyamda area, Tibet, and its geological significance. Geological Bulletin of China, 30(7): 1027~1036 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Hou Zengqian, Duan Lianfeng, Lu Yongjun, Zheng Yuanchuan, Zhu Dicheng, Yang Zhiming, Yang Zhusen Wang Baodi, Pei Yingru, Zhao Zhidan. 2015. Lithospheric architecture of the Lhasa Terrane and its control on ore deposits in the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Economic Geology, 110(6): 1541~1575.

    • Huang Hanxiao, Zhang Linkui, Liu hong, Li Guangming, Huang Yong, Lan Shuangshuang, Lv Menghong. 2019. Major types, mineralization and potential prospecting areas in western section of the Gangdise metallogenic belt, Tibet. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 44(6): 1876~1887 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Huang Kexian, Zheng Yuanchuan, Zhang Song, Li Wei, Sun Qingzhong, Li Qiuyun, Liang Wei, Fu Qiang, Hou Zengqian. 2012. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of two types of porphyry in the Yaguila mining area, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica, 31(3): 348~360 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • La MuCiren. 2013. Geological characteristics and metallogenic analysis of Chunzhe iron polymetallic deposit in Xietongmen County, Tibet. Master degree thesis of Southwest Jiaotong University (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Guangming, Liu Bo, Qu Wenjun, Lin Fangcheng, She Hongquan, Feng Chengyou. 2005. The porphyry-skarn ore-forming system in Gangdese metallogenic belt, southern Tibet: Evidence from molybdenite Re-Os age of porphyry-type copper deposits and skarn-type copper polymetallic deposits. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, (4): 60~68 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Yongsheng. 2009. Geological characteristics and genesis of polymetallic copper deposit of Jiama, Tibet. Master degree thesis of China University of Geosciences, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Zhuang, Lang Xinghai, Zhang Qizhi, He Liang. 2019. Petrogenesis and geodynamic settings of the intermediate-acid intrusions related to the Pusangguo copper-dominated polymetallic deposit in Tibet: Constraints from geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 35(3): 737~759 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Lu Yiguan, Hao Bo, Sun Kai, He Shengfei, Xu Kangkang, Gong Penghui, Zhang Hang. 2020. General situation of cobalt resource and its utilization analysis. Geological Survey and Research, 43(1): 72~80 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Monteiro L, Xavier R P, Carvalho E, Hitzman M W, Johnson C A, Filho C, Torresi I. 2008. Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Paragenesis and stable isotope constraints. Mineralium Deposita, 43(2): 129~159.

    • Mueller A G, Groves D I and Delor C P. 1991. The Savage Lode magnesian skarn in the Marvel Loch gold-silver mine, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia. Part 2: Pressure-temperature estimates and constraints on fluid sources. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28(5): 686~705.

    • Mueller A G, Nemchin A A, Frei R. 2004. The Nevoria gold skarn deposit, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia: II. Pressure-temperature-time path and relationship to postorogenic granites. Economic Geology, 99(3): 453~478.

    • Ohmoto H. 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 16(1): 491~559.

    • Ohmoto H. 1997. Sulfur and carbon isotopes. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits: 517~612.

    • Qu Ting, He Rizheng, Yu Pengliang, Wang Sufen, Chen Xiaolong, Liu Jianli. 2021. Statistics and application of petrophysical properties in the Jiama mining area, Tibet. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 45(3): 661~668 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Qu Xiaoming, Hou Zengqian, Huang Wei. 2001. Is Gangdese porphyry copper belt the second “Yulong” copper belt. Mineral Deposits, (4): 355~366 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Qu Xiaoming, Hou Zengqian, Mo Xuanxue, Dong Guochen, Xu Wenyi, Xin Hongbo. 2006. Relationship between Gangdese porphyry copper deposits and uplifting of southern Tibet plateau: Evidence from multistage zircon of ore-bearing porphyries. Mineral Deposits, (4): 388~400 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ripley E M. 1986. Origin and concentration mechanisms of copper and nickel in Duluth complex sulfide zones: A dilemma. Economic Geology, 81(4): 974~978.

    • Shannon R D. 1976. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallographica Section A, 32(5).

    • She Hongquan, Feng Chengyou, Zhang Dequan, Li Guangming, Liu Bo, Li Jinwen. 2006. Study on fluid inclusion from Jiama skarn copper polymetallic deposit and Qulong porphyry copper deposit in Gangdese copper belt, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica (3): 689~696 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Tang Juxing, Wang Liqiang, Zheng Wenbao, Zhong Kanghui. 2014. Ore deposits metallogenic regularity and prospecting in the Eastern section of the Gangdese metallogenic belt. Acta Geologica Sinica, 88(12): 2545~2555 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Tang Juxing, Wang Qin, Yang Huanhuan, Gao Xi, Zhang Zebin, Zou Bing. 2017. Mineralization, exploration and resource potential of porphyry-skarn-epithermal copper polymetallic deposits in Tibet. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 38(5): 571~613 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Tian Kan, ZhengYouye, Gao Shunbao, Wu Denghao, Jiang Xiaojia. 2018. Fluid source and evolution of the Bangbule skarn Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe deposit in Tibet: constraints from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 42(6): 1027~1045 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries. 2021. Technical Report, US Geological Survey.

    • Wang Liqiang, Gu Xuexiang, Cheng Wenbin, Tang Juxing, Zhong Kanghui, Liu Xiaoji. 2010. Sulfur and lead isotope composition and tracing for the sources of ore-forming materials in the Mengya'a Pb-Zn Deposit, Tibet. Geoscience, 24(1): 52~58 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Liqiang, Tang Juxing, Wang Huan, Li Chao, Luo Bingxue. 2012. Geological characteristics and Re-Os dating of the Hahaigang W-Mo polymetallic deposit, Tibet. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 31(1): 113~119 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Rui, Zhu Dicheng, Wang Qing, Hou Zengqian, Yang Zhiming, Zhao Zhidan, Mo Xuanxue. 2020. Porphyry mineralization in the Tethyan orogen. Science China Earth Sciences, 50: 1919~1946 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Williams-Jones A E, Vasyukova O V. 2022. Constraints on the genesis of cobalt deposits: Part I. theoretical considerations. Economic Geology, 117(3): 513~528.

    • Xu Jing, Zheng Youye, Sun Xiang, Jiang Junsheng, Geng Ruirui, Shen Yahui. 2014. Mineralogical characteristics of Zhibula skarn-type Cu deposit in Tibet and their geological Significance. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 39(6): 654~670 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yan Lei, Fan Yu, Liu Yinan. 2021. The occurrence and spatial distribution of cobalt inLongqiao iron deposit in Luzong Basin, Anhui Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(9): 2778~2796 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yang Hairui, Zhong Kanghui, Duoji, Pubu Tiren, Gao Yiming, Cui Xiaoliang. 2012. A study of the characteristics of ore minerals and the modes of occurrence of Co-Ni in the pusangguo copper polymetallic deposit, Nanmuling County, Tibet. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 33(4): 624~632 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yang Zhiming, Lu Yiguan, Hou Zengqian and Chang Zhaoshan. 2015. High-Mg diorite from Qulong in Southern Tibet: Implications for the genesis of adakite-like intrusions and associated porphyry Cu deposits in collisional orogens. Journal of Petrology, 56(2): 227~254.

    • Yang Zhiming, Hou Zengqian, Zhou Limin, Zhou Yiwei. 2020. Critical elements in porphyry copper deposits of China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 65: 3653~3664 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yao Peng, Wang Quanhai, Li Jingao. 2002. Ore and ore resource prospects of the Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area, Tibet. Geology in China (2): 197~202 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yao Xiaofeng, Tang Juxing, Ding Shuai, Zheng Wenbao, Yang Huanhuan, Zhang Wanyi, Feng Yanfang. 2015. Petrography, chronology and Hf isotope constraints on origin of the ore-bearing granodiorite in Zhibula copper deposit, Tibet. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 39(2): 315~324 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ying Lijuan, Wang Denghong, Tang Juxing, Chang Zhesheng, Qu Wenjun, Zheng Wenbao, Wang Huan. 2010. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit in Tibet and its metallogenic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(8): 1165~1174 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ying Lijuan. 2012. Metallogenic mechanism of Jiama copper-polymetallic deposit in Tibet. Doctor degree thesis of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Hongrui, Hou Zhengqian, Yang Zhiming, Song Yucai, Liu Yingchao, Chai Peng. 2020. A new division of genetic types of cobalt deposits: Implications for Tethyan cobalt-rich belt. Mineral Deposits, 39(3): 501~510 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Kaijun, Zhang Yuxiu, Tang Xianchun, Xia Bin. 2012. Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution and growth of the Tibetan plateau prior to the Indo-Asian collision. Earth-Science Reviews, 114(3-4): 236~249.

    • Zhang Yifan, Fan Yu, Chen Jing, Liu Lanhai, Li Mengmeng. 2021. Establishment of a research workflow for occurrence state of critical metal in ore concentrate powder: A case study of the cobalt-rich sulfur ore concentrate powder from the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(9): 2791~2807 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Junxing, Qin Kezhang, Li Guangming, Li Jinxiang, Xiao Bo, Chen Lei. 2012. Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of granitoids at Eocene Sharang porphyry Mo deposit in the main-stage of India-Asia continental collision, northern Gangdese, Tibet. Resource Geology, 62(1): 84~98.

    • Zhao Junxing, Qin Kezhang, Xiao Bo, McInnes B, Li Guangming, Evans N, Cao Mingjian and Li Jinxiang. 2016. Thermal history of the giant Qulong Cu-Mo deposit, Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet: Constraints on magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and exhumation. Gondwana Research, 36(1): 390~409.

    • Zhao Junxing, Li Guangming, Qin Kezhang, Tang Dongmei. 2019. A review of the types and ore mechanism of the cobalt deposits. Chinese Science Bulletin, 64(24): 2484~2500 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zheng Wenbao, Tang Juxing, Zhong Kanghui, Ying Lijuan, Leng Qiufeng, Ding Shuai and Lin Bin. 2016. Geology of the Jiama porphyry copper-polymetallic system, Lhasa region, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 74: 151~169.

    • Zhou Taofa, Zhang Lejun, Yuan Feng, Fan Yu, Cooke D R. 2010. LA-ICP-MS in situ trace element analysis of pyrite from the Xinqiao Cu-Au-S deposit in Tongling, Anhui, and its constraints on the ore genesis. Earth Science Frontiers, 17(2): 306~319 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Taofa, Fan Yu, Chen Jing, Xiao Xin, Zhang Shu. 2020. Critical metal resources in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt. Chinese Science Bulletin, 65(33): 3665~3677 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Yanjing, Li Jianwu, Wang Gaosheng, Ma Zhe. 2019. Analysis on import security of China's cobalt resources. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 39(5): 50~55 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhou Yun. 2010. Characteristic and evolution of ore-forming fluids from Jiama polymetallic copper deposit, Mozhugongka County, Tibet. Master degree thesis of Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhu Dicheng, Zhao Zhidan, Niu Yaoling, Mo Xuanxue, Wu Fuyuan. 2011. The Lhasa Terrane: Record of a microcontinet and its histories of drift and growth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 301(1): 241~255.

    • 陈雷, 秦克章, 李光明, 李金祥, 肖波, 江化寨, 赵俊兴, 范新, 江善元. 2012. 西藏冈底斯南缘努日铜钨钼矿床地质特征与矽卡岩矿物学研究. 矿床地质, 31(3): 417~437.

    • 杜保峰, 杨长青, 柴建玉, 何凯, 曾祥, 宋纳纳. 2018. 西藏春哲地区铁多金属矿成矿规律及远景预测. 地质科技情报, 37(3): 140~147.

    • 付强, 杨竹森, 郑远川, 黄克贤, 段连峰. 2014. 西藏龙马拉Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn多金属矿床金云母Ar-Ar定年及其地球动力学意义. 岩石矿物学杂志, 33(2): 283~293.

    • 高顺宝, 郑有业, 田立明, 张众, 屈文俊, 刘敏院, 郑海涛, 郑磊, 朱继华. 2012. 西藏查个勒铜铅锌矿成岩成矿时代及意义. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 37(3): 507~514.

    • 高一鸣, 陈毓川, 唐菊兴, 李超, 李新法, 高明, 蔡志超. 2011. 西藏工布江达地区亚贵拉铅锌钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os测年及其地质意义. 地质通报, 30(7): 1027~1036.

    • 黄勇, 董随亮, 闫国强, 游钦, 江化寨, 张凯. 2015. 冈底斯南缘努日矽卡岩铜-钼-钨矿成矿斑岩体的发现及其意义. 矿物学报, 35(S1): 126~127.

    • 黄瀚霄, 张林奎, 刘洪, 李光明, 黄勇, 兰双双, 吕梦鸿. 2019. 西藏冈底斯成矿带西段矿床类型、成矿作用和找矿方向. 地球科学, 44(6): 1876~1887.

    • 黄克贤, 郑远川, 张松, 李为, 孙清钟, 李秋耘, 梁维, 付强, 侯增谦. 2012. 西藏亚贵拉矿区两期岩体LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义. 岩石矿物学杂志, 31(3): 348~360.

    • 拉姆次仁. 2013. 西藏谢通门县春哲铁多金属矿地质特征及成矿初步分析. 西南交通大学硕士学位论文.

    • 李光明, 刘波, 屈文俊, 林方成, 佘宏全, 丰成友. 2005. 西藏冈底斯成矿带的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统: 来自斑岩矿床和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床的Re-Os同位素年龄证据. 大地构造与成矿学(4): 60~68.

    • 李永胜. 2009. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床地质物征及矿床成因探讨. 中国地质大学(北京)硕士学位论文.

    • 李壮, 郎兴海, 章奇志, 何亮. 2019. 西藏浦桑果铜多金属矿床中酸性岩石成因及动力学背景: 年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素约束. 岩石学报, 35(3): 737~759.

    • 卢宜冠, 郝波, 孙凯, 何胜飞, 许康康, 龚鹏辉, 张航. 2020. 钴金属资源概况与资源利用情况分析. 地质调查与研究, 43(1): 72~80.

    • 孟祥金, 侯增谦, 李振清. 2006. 西藏驱龙斑岩铜矿S、Pb同位素组成: 对含矿斑岩与成矿物质来源的指示. 地质学报(4): 554~560.

    • 屈挺, 贺日政, 鱼鹏亮, 王素芬, 陈小龙, 刘建利. 2021. 西藏甲玛矿区岩石物性统计及应用. 物探与化探, 45(3): 661~668.

    • 曲晓明, 侯增谦, 黄卫. 2001. 冈底斯斑岩铜矿(化)带: 西藏第二条“玉龙”铜矿带. 矿床地质, (4): 355~366.

    • 曲晓明, 侯增谦, 莫宣学, 董国臣, 徐文艺, 辛洪波. 2006. 冈底斯斑岩铜矿与南部青藏高原隆升之关系——来自含矿斑岩中多阶段锆石的证据. 矿床地质, (4): 388~400.

    • 佘宏全, 丰成友, 张德全, 李光明, 刘波, 李进文. 2006. 西藏冈底斯铜矿带甲马夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床与驱龙斑岩型铜矿流体包裹体特征对比研究. 岩石学报, (3): 689~696.

    • 唐菊兴, 王立强, 郑文宝, 钟康惠. 2014. 冈底斯成矿带东段矿床成矿规律及找矿预测. 地质学报, 88(12): 2545~2555.

    • 唐菊兴, 王勤, 杨欢欢, 高昕, 张泽斌, 邹兵. 2017. 西藏斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液铜多金属矿成矿作用、勘查方向与资源潜力. 地球学报, 38(5): 571~613.

    • 田坎, 郑有业, 高顺宝, 伍登浩, 姜晓佳. 2018. 西藏帮布勒矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe矿床流体来源及演化: 来自流体包裹体及稳定同位素的制约. 大地构造与成矿学, 42(6): 1027~1045.

    • 王立强, 顾雪祥, 程文斌, 唐菊兴, 钟康惠, 刘晓吉. 2010. 西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床S、Pb同位素组成及对成矿物质来源的示踪. 现代地质, 24(1): 52~58.

    • 王立强, 唐菊兴, 王焕, 李超, 罗炳学. 2012. 西藏哈海岗钨钼多金属矿床地质特征及辉钼矿铼-锇同位素定年. 岩矿测试, 31(1): 113~119.

    • 王瑞, 朱弟成, 王青, 侯增谦, 杨志明, 赵志丹, 莫宣学. 2020, 特提斯带斑岩成矿作用. 中国科学: 地球科学, 50: 1919~1946.

    • 徐净, 郑有业, 孙祥, 姜军胜, 耿瑞瑞, 申亚辉. 2014. 西藏知不拉矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征及地质意义. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 39(6): 654~670.

    • 阎磊, 范裕, 刘一男. 2021. 安徽庐枞盆地龙桥铁矿床中钴的赋存状态和空间分布规律. 岩石学报, 37(9): 2778~2796.

    • 杨海锐, 钟康惠, 多吉, 普布次仁, 高一鸣, 崔晓亮. 2012. 西藏南木林县浦桑果铜多金属矿床矿石矿物特征及钴、镍元素赋存状态研究. 地球学报, 33(4): 624~632.

    • 杨志明, 侯增谦, 周利敏, 周怿惟, 2020. 中国斑岩铜矿床中的主要关键矿产. 科学通报, 65: 3653~3664.

    • 姚鹏, 王全海, 李金高. 2002. 西藏甲马-驱龙矿集区成矿远景. 中国地质(2): 197~202.

    • 姚晓峰, 唐菊兴, 丁帅, 郑文宝, 杨欢欢, 张万益, 冯艳芳. 2015. 西藏知不拉矽卡岩矿床成矿母岩的新认识——来自花岗闪长岩岩相学、年代学和Hf同位素的指示. 大地构造与成矿学, 39(2): 315~324.

    • 应立娟, 王登红, 唐菊兴, 畅哲生, 屈文俊, 郑文宝, 王焕. 2010. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿辉钼矿Re-Os定年及其成矿意义. 地质学报, 84(8): 1165~1174.

    • 应立娟. 2012. 西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床的成矿机制. 中国地质科学院博士学位论文.

    • 张洪瑞, 侯增谦, 杨志明, 宋玉财, 刘英超, 柴鹏. 2020. 钴矿床类型划分初探及其对特提斯钴矿带的指示意义. 矿床地质, 39(3): 501~510.

    • 张一帆, 范裕, 陈静, 刘兰海, 李梦梦. 2021. 矿精粉中关键金属元素赋存状态研究方法流程的建立: 以长江中下游成矿带富钴硫矿精粉为例. 岩石学报, 37(9): 2791~2807.

    • 赵俊兴, 李光明, 秦克章, 李金祥, 肖波, 陈雷. 2012. 冈底斯北缘亚圭拉铅锌银多金属矿床矽卡岩成矿作用研究. 矿床地质, 31(S1): 1011~1012.

    • 赵俊兴, 李光明, 秦克章, 唐冬梅. 2019. 富含钴矿床研究进展与问题分析. 科学通报, 64(24): 2484~2500.

    • 周涛发, 张乐骏, 袁峰, 范裕, Cooke D R. 2010. 安徽铜陵新桥Cu-Au-S矿床黄铁矿微量元素LA-ICP-MS原位测定及其对矿床成因的制约. 地学前缘, 17(2): 306~319.

    • 周涛发, 范裕, 陈静, 肖鑫, 张舒. 2020. 长江中下游成矿带关键金属矿产研究现状与进展. 科学通报, 65(33): 3665~3677.

    • 周艳晶, 李建武, 王高尚, 马哲. 2019. 中国钴资源进口安全分析. 矿产保护与利用, 39(5): 50~55.

    • 周云. 2010. 西藏墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿成矿流体特征及演化. 成都理工大学硕士学位论文.