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作者简介:

黄磊,男,1983年生。博士,副教授,主要从事水文地质与环境地质研究。E-mail:lei_huang@yeah.net。

通讯作者:

李钢柱,男,1975年生。博士,教授,主要从事岩石学与大地构造学研究。E-mail:gli@imau.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    鄂尔多斯盆地东北部内蒙古伊金霍洛旗乌兰木伦地区是我国重要的能源矿产地,含煤岩系赋存在侏罗系延安组中,延安组岩石组合以灰白色砂岩、灰色粉砂岩、灰色泥岩为主,夹多层煤层;延安组上覆直罗组以灰色、灰绿色砂岩、灰色粉砂岩、紫红色泥岩为主。通过对乌兰木伦地区武家塔露天煤矿剖面延安组和直罗组孢粉化石分析,在延安组中识别出Cyathidites-Lycopodiumsporites-Neoraistrickia-Cycadopites孢粉组合带,以桫椤科、石松科孢子繁盛,紫萁科孢子和单沟/原始沟类、松柏类两气囊花粉发育,卷柏科孢子及柏科花粉较常见为主要特征,时代为中侏罗世早期(阿林期—巴柔期)。根据延安组孢粉母体植物的生态环境分析,本区在这一沉积时期的气候属于温暖湿润的亚热带—温带型气候。直罗组孢粉化石较少,主要见Cyathidites minor, Osmundacidites parvus, Concentrisporites fragilis, Cycadopites spp.等。综合地层岩性、孢粉组合及古植被分析,延安组到直罗组沉积时期总体上呈现从温暖湿润的亚热带—温带型向半干旱—干旱炎热型的气候变化过程。

    Abstract

    The Wulanmulun area in Ejin Horo Banner, Inner Mongolia, which is located in the northeast of Ordos basin, is an important energy base in China. The Jurassic Yan'an Formation is the most important coal-bearing strata in the area. The rock assemblage is mainly gray-white sandstone, gray siltstone, gray mudstone, and multilayer coal seams. The Yan'an Formation is overlain by Zhiluo Formation. The rock assemblage of Zhiluo Formation is mainly gray, gray-green sandstone, gray siltstone and purplish red mudstone. Based on the analysis of sporopollen fossils of Yan'an Formation and Zhiluo Formation in the profile of Wujiata coalmine in Wulanmulun area, the sporopollen assemblage zone of Cyathidites-Lycopodiumsporites-Neoraistrickia-Cycadopites is identified in the Yan'an Formation. In this assemblage, Cyatheaceae and Lycopodiaceae spores are abundant, Osmundaceae spores, Monocolpates/Praecolpates and coniferous Disaccate pollen are developed, and Selaginellaceae spores and Cupressaceae pollen are common. This indicates that the age of Yan'an Formation is the early Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian period). The palynological record confirms that a warm and humid subtropical/temperate climate in the Wulanmulun area during the Yan'an Formation deposition period. There are few sporopollen fossils found in Zhiluo Formation which mainly include Cyathidites minor, Osmundacidites parvus, Concentrisporites fragilis, Cycadopites spp., etc. Based on the analysis of stratigraphic lithology, sporopollen assemblage and palaeovegetation, the sedimentary period from Yan'an Formation to Zhiluo Formation generally presented a climate change process from warm and humid subtropical/temperate type to semi-arid/arid and hot type.

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地是位于华北板块西部的大型中—新生代陆相盆地,是我国重要的煤炭、石油、天然气及铀等能源矿产地。盆地保存沉积厚度达5 km的地层,其中侏罗系是煤和铀矿的重要赋矿层位。随着近几年“煤铀兼探”找矿的重大突破,特别是诸如中侏罗世延安组赋存煤矿,而上覆直罗组含铀矿,其成矿机理与古气候古环境有怎样的耦合关系,这一时期古气候发生了怎样的变化等科学问题,受到地质学者重点关注(李思田等,2004; 孙立新等,2017; 李子颖等,2020; 焦养泉等,2021)。因此,对鄂尔多斯盆地中侏罗世延安组与直罗组沉积时期古气候古环境的研究不仅具有重要科学意义,也对指导矿产勘查具有重要价值。

  • 侏罗纪是地质历史时期典型的温室气候时期,大气CO2浓度高达现在的4倍,气温比现在高5~10℃(Sellwood et al.,2008; 邓胜徽等,2017; Zhou Ning et al.,2020),侏罗纪也是重要的成煤期。地球演化经历了冰室气候(icehouse)与温室气候(greenhouse)的交替,人类是在冰室气候演化而来,但地质历史时期地球多数时间处于温室气候(王成善等,2017)。近年来随着CO2过量排放导致全球气候变暖,其造成的地球环境改变以及对人类生存的威胁,越来越受到各国政府和科学家重视。这种气候变化规律以及未来可能进入的温室气候状态下地球系统如何运行,可以从深时地球中找到对应的温室气候状态及其气候转变过程的关键岩石和化石记录,了解和探索温室气候状态下气候的变化机制与其对生物圈的影响,从而深刻理解其运行机理并有效预测和应对未来气候变化。

  • 从三叠纪到侏罗纪全球气候变暖,被认为与中大西洋火成岩省(CAMP)喷发释放巨量CO2等温室气体造成的气候和生态环境扰动有关(Ruhl and Kürschner,2011; Capriolo et al.,2020; Shen Jun et al.,2022)。侏罗纪虽然整体处于温暖的气候环境,但经历了多次冷暖波动(Price,2009; Dera et al.,2011; Korte,2015)。Dera et al.(2011)根据海相生物化石氧同位素重建古海水温度,进而识别出侏罗纪气候变化的两个周期:早侏罗世海水温度总体下降,到Toarcian早期突然升温形成Toarcian期高温平台; 中侏罗世阿林期(Aalenian)早期温度急剧下降,中侏罗世晚期逐渐回升,到晚侏罗世晚期形成牛津期(Oxfordian)—钦莫利期(Kimmeridgian)高温平台; 并认为升温与火山活动对气候的扰动有关。大洋缺氧事件也记录了侏罗纪古气候的剧烈变化(Hesselbo et al.,2000; 邓胜徽等,2012; Jin Xin et al.,2020; 邱若原等,2021)。

  • 我国海相侏罗系保存较少,主要限于滇藏高原地区; 而陆相侏罗系在鄂尔多斯等大型沉积盆地保存较为完整,且含有种类丰富的植物及孢粉化石,为侏罗纪古气候重建提供了很好的素材。孢粉作为反映气候变化的高分辨率指标,被广泛用于古植被恢复与古气候重建,以及确定地层时代。鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪孢粉和古气候研究前人取得很多成果,徐钰林和张望平(1980)获得陕西富县、延安、内蒙古准格尔旗等地富县组、延安组、直罗组和安定组孢粉组合,推断上述各地层时代分别为早侏罗世晚期、中侏罗世、中侏罗世晚期及晚侏罗世早、中期; 杜宝安等(1982)在盆地南缘甘肃崇信延安组、直罗组中鉴定出孢粉42属53种,时代确定为中侏罗世; 阎存凤(1992)对榆林—横山地区富县组开展孢粉学研究,确定其时代为早侏罗世,气候为亚热带半干旱气候; 尚玉珂(1995)在东胜地区延安组识别出孢粉62属125种,确定其时代为中侏罗世早期,气候为温暖湿润的亚热带—温带型; 王双明等(1997)建立延安组孢粉Cyathidites-Cycadopites组合带,确定时代为中侏罗世早期,气候为亚热带湿润型; 尹凤娟和侯宏伟(1999)报道了盆地南缘陕西彬县地区延安组孢粉组合,确定其时代为中侏罗世早期,气候为大陆性亚热带气候; 孙立新等(2017)基于东胜地区神山沟剖面孢粉学和元素地球化学研究,提出延安组到直罗组古气候存在一次从温暖潮湿的亚热带向半干旱—干旱炎热的升温事件; Jin Xin et al.(2020)通过对榆林地区富县组湖相沉积孢粉学及碳同位素研究,识别出早侏罗世Toarcian期大洋缺氧事件的记录。张弘等(1998)钟筱春等(2003)主要利用孢粉组合对我国北方侏罗纪古气候进行系统分析,得出我国北方侏罗纪处于亚热带到暖温带过渡地带,并发生了两次升温事件。邓胜徽等(2017)主要基于古生物学和沉积学资料将我国侏罗纪气候分区并划分出5个演化阶段,显示侏罗纪气温明显比现代高,但温度和湿度均经历了强烈变化; 并指出各阶段气候还存在一定幅度频繁的波动,需要进一步研究。这些成果为侏罗纪古气候研究提供了很好的资料,但报道的鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪孢粉化石主要见于盆地南缘、陕北延安、榆林以及东胜地区,因此古气候变化更详细的波动期次及影响范围,还需更多地区不同地层剖面资料的对比研究,特别是孢粉及同位素等高精度资料的获取。

  • 本文利用鄂尔多斯盆地东北部内蒙古伊金霍洛旗乌兰木伦地区武家塔露天煤矿地层剖面,重点对延安组、直罗组开展研究,系统采集了孢粉化石样品,进行化石处理、分析、鉴定,从而确定地层时代,并探讨延安组—直罗组沉积时期气候变化的细节过程,进而为侏罗纪古气候重建提供更细致的实际资料和更详实的证据。

  • 1 区域地质特征

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地为华北克拉通基底之上发育的大型叠合沉积盆地(李思田等,1992; 何登发,2022)。盆地北缘与河套地堑和阴山造山带相邻,东缘以吕梁山为界,南缘与秦岭造山带相接,西缘与北祁连造山带东端及贺兰山毗邻; 表现为相对稳定的盆地被周围活动造山带及新生代地堑所环绕的构造地貌格局(彭恒等,2022)。盆地可划分为伊盟隆起、天环坳陷、伊陕斜坡、西缘逆冲带、晋西挠褶带和渭北隆起等6个构造单元(张抗,1989)(图1a)。

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地结晶基底为太古宇—古元古界变质岩系,直接基底为中元古界—古生界变质—沉积岩系。寒武系—奥陶系为陆表海盆地碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩建造; 石炭系—二叠系为海陆交互相含煤地层; 上二叠统—中三叠统为陆内坳陷盆地河湖相碎屑岩沉积(潘桂棠等,2016)。中生代经历了大规模的沉降—充填,发育成为大型叠合盆地。晚三叠世以来是盆地的重要演化期,晚三叠世全盆沉积、湖域广阔; 早侏罗世构造变动、沉积间断; 早中侏罗世富县—延安期填平补齐、全盆沉积; 中侏罗世直罗—安定期沉积、晚期改造; 晚侏罗世形成区域东隆西坳格局; 早白垩世全盆沉积; 晚白垩世至今整体抬升剥蚀改造,形成现在的格局(翟明国,2021)。

  • 图1 鄂尔多斯盆地构造区划(a)及乌兰木伦地区地质简图(b)(据张抗,1989及东胜市幅(J49C001002)1∶250000区域地质图修改)

  • Fig.1 Tectonic division of the Ordos basin (a) and geological sketch of the Wulamulun area (b) (after Zhang Kang, 1989 and 1∶250000 Regional Geological Map of Dongsheng City (J49C001002) )

  • 研究区位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部内蒙古伊金霍洛旗乌兰木伦地区,构造单元属伊陕斜坡,沉积地层自下而上发育三叠系、侏罗系、下白垩统、新近系和第四系。三叠系在研究区东北部出露,向南西倾伏于侏罗系之下; 侏罗系在东部准格尔召—大柳塔一带呈近南北向带状大面积出露,向西倾伏于白垩系之下; 区内白垩系仅有下统较为发育,主要分布在西部; 新近系主要在盆地东南部少量出露(图1)。

  • 本次研究主体中侏罗统延安组(J2y)和直罗组(J2z)在盆地内分布稳定,厚度均达300 m左右,露头见于盆地周缘,以盆地东南部延安—榆林地区,以及东北部神木—准格尔—东胜一带分布最广。延安组从底部到顶部为曲流河—三角洲沉积体系(张雪映等,2021),主要由灰色、灰白色砂岩及深灰色泥岩、砂质泥岩和煤层组成,是研究区主要的含煤地层,与下伏下侏罗统富县组平行不整合接触。直罗组从底部到顶部为辫状河—曲流河沉积体系(刘鑫扬等,2022),主要由灰白、灰黄、灰绿、灰紫色细、中粒砂岩、泥岩组成,含有龟背石和铁质结核,在垂向上具有“泥-砂-泥”沉积组合特征,底部与下伏延安组平行不整合接触,顶部与上覆安定组整合接触。

  • 2 样品与分析方法

  • 本次研究样品采自鄂尔多斯盆地东北部内蒙古伊金霍洛旗乌兰木伦镇武家塔煤矿露天采坑,自延安组下部到直罗组不同岩性系统采集了8件孢粉样品,其中延安组6件(WJ-1,WJ-2,WJ-2-1,WJ-3,WJ-4,WJ-5),直罗组2件(WJ-6,WJ-6-1),岩性主要为泥岩、粉砂岩及煤层(图2)。

  • 孢粉样品的分析和鉴定在中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所完成,孢粉化石由季兴开和孙珏鉴定。

  • 样品处理采用实验室孢粉标准分析方法(SY/T5915—2018),其原理是利用化学方法溶去沉积岩中的矿物或促其化石与围岩分离,富集包括孢粉、浮游藻类等微体化石及其他各种类别的有机物。具体分析流程为:取50 g样品,碎至粒径小于0.5 mm的颗粒; 用HCl(10%)浸泡,去除样品中的钙质; 加HF(250 mL)浸泡5~7天后,加清水洗至中性; 用180 μm的筛子过筛,去除大颗粒,沉淀; 加150 mL HCl(36%),置于电炉上加热约2 h,至样品漂浮或液体澄清; 加清水洗至中性后过筛浮选获得全部悬浮物质。

  • 化石和有机物富集后制片,每件样品一般制作4个盖片(20 mm×20 mm),在生物双目显微镜(型号:ZEISS Scope. A1; 目镜:10×,物镜20×和40×)下观察鉴定,并对其中化石数量大于50粒的样品进行百分含量计算。

  • 图2 鄂尔多斯盆地武家塔露天煤矿野外照片、剖面地层柱状图及采样位置

  • Fig.2 Field photos and stratigraphic column of Wujiata coalmine section, Ordos basin showing sampling horizons

  • 3 研究结果(孢粉组合特征)

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地东北部乌兰木伦镇武家塔煤矿8件孢粉样品,经镜下鉴定、统计,均发现了孢粉化石,各样品中化石丰度和分异度不一,保存状况较好。延安组和直罗组地层孢粉特征如下,主要孢粉属种及百分含量统计见表1,代表性化石光学照片见图3和图4。

  • 表1 鄂尔多斯盆地武家塔露天煤矿剖面主要孢粉属种及其百分含量

  • Table1 The principal sporopollen taxa and their percentage of Wujiata coalmine section, Ordos basin

  • 续表1

  • 注:“+”表示零星出现。

  • 3.1 延安组孢粉组合特征

  • 延安组共6件样品,孢粉化石较丰富,总计36属52种及部分未定种(表1、图5)。各样品中化石面貌相似,属同一地质时期的沉积,其组合特征为:

  • (1)以苔藓、蕨类植物孢子占优势,含量37.9%~93.5%,平均70.1%; 裸子植物花粉居次要位置,含量6.5%~62.1%,平均29.9%; 未见任何被子植物花粉和藻类。

  • (2)蕨类植物孢子中,桫椤科含量最高,占15.2%~46.7%,平均33.9%,主要为Cyathidites minor,次为DeltoidosporaperpusillaD. hallii等; 石松科和紫萁科也有较高含量,前者占3.3%~49.8%,平均19.4%,主要为LycopodiumsporitesaustroclavatiditesL. paniculatoidesL. subrotundum等; 后者占1.0%~17.7%,平均9.5%,主要为OsmundaciditesparvusO. wellmaniiO. elegans等; 卷柏科占0~15.9%,平均3.9%,主要为Neoraistrickia minorN. rotundiformisN. clavula等; 其余分子多为零星出现,如双扇蕨科的Concavisporitestoralis、蚌壳蕨科的Cibotiumsporaparadoxa、瓶儿小草科的Undulatisporitesfossulatus、海金沙科的Klukisporites variegatus、水龙骨科的Laevigatosporites以及GranulatisporitesConverrucosisporitesLophotriletesApiculatisporisAsseretosporagyrataA. parva等形态属种; 苔藓类植物孢子稀少,仅见个别水藓科的Sphagnumsporitespsilatus

  • (3)裸子植物花粉中,单沟/原始沟类含量最高,占2.0%~21.0%,平均12.9%,主要为CycadopitesChasmatosporites elegansC. hians等; 两气囊松柏类也有较高含量,包括两气囊分化不完善的原始松柏类,占3.5%~30.9%,平均10.2%,主要为Abietineae/Pinuspollenites和未能鉴定到具体属种的Disacciatrileti,次为QuadraeculinaanellaeformisPodocarpiditesProtoconiferus flavusPseudopicearotundiformisPseudowalchialandesii等; 柏科占0.5%~13.3%,平均5.4%,主要为Concentrisporites fragilisPerinopolleniteselatoides; 其余分子多为零星出现,如南洋杉科的Callialasporitesdampieri、掌鳞杉科的Classopollisannulatus、无口器类的Psophosphaera等。

  • 3.2 直罗组孢粉组合特征

  • 直罗组共2件样品,孢粉化石较少,主要见Cyathidites minorDeltoidosporaOsmundaciditesparvusO. wellmaniiConcentrisporites fragilisPerinopolleniteselatoidesCycadopites spp.等。

  • 图3 鄂尔多斯盆地武家塔煤矿样品中的部分孢粉照片

  • Fig.3 Representative photographs of spores and pollen of Middle Jurassic from Wujiata coalmine section, Ordos basin

  • 1 —Sphagnumsporites cf.granulus; 2—Cibotiumsporajuncta; 3—Cibotiumsporaparadoxa; 4—Deltoidosporaperpusilla; 5, 7, 8, 9, 20—Cyathidites minor; 6, 13, 23—Lycopodiumsporitesaustroclavatidites; 10, 11, 22—Asseretospora parva; 12—Lycopodiumsproitespaniculatoides; 14, 24—Osmundaciditesparvus; 15—Sphagnumsporitespsilatus; 16, 26—Neoraistrickia sp.; 17—Lycopodiumsporitesreticulumsporites; 18—Klukisporites variegatus; 19, 30—Neoraistrickia minor; 21—Neoraistrickiarotundiformis; 25, 32—Osmundaciditesdiversispinulatus; 27, 28—Osmundacidites elegans; 29—Osmundaciditeswellmanii; 31—Lycopodiumsporitessubrotundum; 33—Converrucosisporitesvenitus

  • 图4 鄂尔多斯盆地武家塔煤矿样品中的部分孢粉照片

  • Fig.4 Representative photographs of spores and pollen of Middle Jurassic from Wujiata coalmine section, Ordos basin

  • 1 —Cycadopites pyriformis; 2, 3—Perinopolleniteselatoides; 4, 7—Concertrisporites fragilis; 5, 6—Classopollisannulatus; 8—Chasmatosporiteselegans; 9—Callialasporitesdampieri; 10—Chasmatosporitesapertus; 11, 17—Abietineae/Pinuspollenites spp.; 12—Quadraeculinaenigmata; 13—Pseudopicearotundiformis; 14—Pseudopiceamagnifica; 15—Quadraeculina minor; 16—Caytonipollenites pallidus; 18—Pseudowalchialandesii

  • 图5 鄂尔多斯盆地武家塔煤矿样品主要孢粉属种百分含量图谱

  • Fig.5 Palynomorphs diagram showing the percentages of the principal taxa of the Wujiata coalmine section, Ordos basin

  • 4 分析和讨论(地质时代与古气候分析)

  • 4.1 时代

  • 4.1.1 延安组时代

  • 乌兰木伦地区延安组本次所见孢粉化石以桫椤科、石松科孢子繁盛,紫萁科孢子和单沟/原始沟类、松柏类两气囊花粉发育,卷柏科孢子及柏科花粉也较常见为主要特征,可称为Cyathidites-Lycopodiumsporites-Neoraistrickia-Cycadopites组合。

  • 主要分子中,DeltoidosporaCyathidites虽然在中、新生代均有出现,但主要还是集中在侏罗纪地层中,尤以中侏罗世最为繁盛,其中C.minor最早出现于晚三叠世,早侏罗世逐渐兴起,到中侏罗世发展到鼎盛时期,它的高含量出现是我国北方地区中侏罗世孢粉组合的重要特征,如鄂尔多斯盆地延安组、直罗组(徐钰林和张望平,1980; 孙立新等,2017),新疆准噶尔盆地和三塘湖盆地西山窑组、头屯河组(张望平,1990; 黄嫔,2002),柴达木盆地大煤沟组中部(阎存凤等,2006),内蒙古包头石拐煤田召沟组和长汉沟组(刘兆生,1982),甘肃靖远王家山龙凤山组(杜宝安,1985),河北下花园组(甘振波,1986),山西大同大同组(刘兆生,1986)等中侏罗世孢粉组合中,这类孢子均占优势; 在英国和前苏联西伯利亚中侏罗世孢粉组合中,桫椤科孢子的含量均可达20.0%~40.0%(Couper,1958)。Osmundacidites分布广泛,几乎遍及全球,这类孢子在我国一些地区早、中侏罗世孢粉组合中含量都比较高,如辽西早侏罗世北票组(蒲荣干和吴洪章,1985),鄂尔多斯盆地早侏罗世富县组(徐钰林和张望平,1980),新疆吐哈盆地早侏罗世煤窑沟组(黄嫔,1995),阿拉善地区中侏罗世青土井组(阎存凤等,2006),鄂尔多斯盆地中侏罗世延安组(孙立新等,2017),江苏南京中侏罗统(黄嫔,2000)等。Lycopodiumsporites austroclavatiditesL.paniculatoides首见于英国侏罗系(Couper,1958),在我国普遍分布于各地中、下侏罗统中,如鄂尔多斯盆地富县组、延安组和直罗组(徐钰林和张望平,1980),内蒙古包头石拐煤田五当沟组、召沟组和长汉沟组(刘兆生,1982),新疆准噶尔盆地三工河组和西山窑组(张望平,1990)等。Neoraistrickia是侏罗纪的常见分子,在中侏罗世孢粉组合中有一定含量,其中N.gristhorpensis首次发现于英国中侏罗世早期(Couper,1958),虽然含量不高,但仅见于相当中侏罗统格里斯索普(Gristhorpe)层以上的地层,在欧亚大陆分布广泛,如德国、法国、瑞典的中侏罗统及我国鄂尔多斯盆地延安组和直罗组(杜宝安等,1982)、准噶尔盆地西山窑组(张望平,1990)、内蒙古包头石拐煤田召沟组(刘兆生,1982)以及山西大同的大同组(刘兆生,1986)等; N.clavulaN.minorN.krikoma徐钰林和张望平(1980)建立的种,首见于鄂尔多斯盆地中侏罗世延安组,后在新疆准噶尔盆地西山窑组(张望平,1990)也有发现。苏铁、银杏类的Cycadopites高含量出现反映了我国侏罗纪孢粉植物群的面貌,尤其是北方地区早、中侏罗世的面貌(黄嫔,2002)。两气囊松柏类花粉丰富,是我国许多地区,特别是北方早、中侏罗世孢粉组合的重要特征之一,如鄂尔多斯盆地富县组和延安组(徐钰林和张望平,1980; 孙立新等,2017),内蒙古包头石拐煤田五当沟组(刘兆生,1982),辽西北票组(蒲荣干和吴洪章,1985),新疆温泉煤矿艾肯拜尔段及柯克它乌组(刘兆生等,1992),新疆准噶尔盆地八道湾组、三工河组(张望平,1990; 黄嫔,1993),新疆拜城阳霞组(张望平和李永安,1990)以及三塘湖盆地三工河组、西山窑组、头屯河组(黄嫔,20012002)等早、中侏罗世孢粉组合。

  • 其他数量较少但具有时代意义的分子中,Cibotiumspora通常与桫椤科孢子共生,在侏罗纪相对繁盛,其中C.paradoxaC.juncta常见于前苏联侏罗纪—早白垩世,在我国常见于中侏罗世(黄嫔等,2003)。虽然,Perinopollenites在世界各地侏罗纪—早白垩世地层中都有分布,但主要还是出现于侏罗系,在我国主要见于下、中侏罗统,如鄂尔多斯盆地富县组和延安组(徐钰林和张望平,1980),准噶尔盆地八道湾组、三工河组、西山窑组以及头屯河组(张望平,1990),山西大同永定庄组和大同组(刘兆生,1986),河北下花园组(甘振波,1986)等,其中P.elatoides首见于英国约克郡的中侏罗世格里斯索普(Gristhorpe)层(Couper,1958)。Concentrisporites fragilisCallialasporites dampieri仅限于早侏罗世以后地层,可一直延续至早白垩世中期(黄嫔等,2003)。Chasmatosporites在我国南北方晚三叠世—早白垩世地层中均有发现,以晚三叠世—中侏罗世较为发育(钱丽君等,1987)。Classopollis一般自中、晚三叠世开始出现,其分布区域性很强,同一时期横向变化大,在我国北方侏罗纪有两次发展高峰期,第一次是在早侏罗世晚期,第二次是在中侏罗世晚期至晚侏罗世早期,达到了极其繁盛的程度,此属花粉受气候和生态环境的控制(宋之琛等,2000; 师天明等,2003)。

  • 由此可见,本组合的地质时代属于中侏罗世应无疑问,为中侏罗世早期的可能性大。

  • 位于乌兰木伦地区南部的陕北地区延安组孢粉化石丰富,可称为CyathiditesDeltoidospora)-Neoraistrickia-Lycopodiumsporites-Cycadopites组合(徐钰林和张望平,1980),其地质时代确定为中侏罗世早期,组合特征为:① 蕨类植物孢子和裸子植物花粉交替占优势; ② 孢子以CyathiditesDeltoidospora为多,占总量的30.0%~50.0%或更多,其次是NeoraistrickiaOsmundaciditesLycopodiumsporites,种类较多,各自含量可达5.0%左右,其余分子多不占重要位置; ③ 裸子植物的单沟类花粉,如Cycadopites等众多,其含量占15.0%左右; 两气囊松柏类花粉也有一定含量,CallialasporitesClassopollis虽经常见到,但含量不高。该组合与本组合对比,两者无论是组成分子还是各自百分含量都相差不大,完全可以对比,属于同一地质时期的产物。

  • 乌兰木伦地区西南部的甘肃崇信中侏罗世早期延安组孢粉化石可称为Cyathidites-Osmundacidites-Cycadopites-Psophosphaera组合(杜宝安等,1982),其组合特征为:① 蕨类植物孢子占54.0%,裸子植物花粉占46.0%; ② 孢子中以Cyathidites为多,占30.6%,Osmundacidites占8.1%,Deltoidospora占4.7%,Asseretospora占2.0%; 另外还有少量的LycopodiumsporitesNeoraistrickiaCibouiumspora等存在; ③ 花粉以Cycadopites为主,占17.3%,Psophosphaera占7.5%,Pinuspollenites占6.0%,Piceapollenites占4.5%,Quadraeculina占2.4%,Classopollis占1.5%; 另外还有PodocarpiditesCallialasporitesCerebropollenites等。该组合与本组合对比,除了Lycopodiumsporites的含量不如本组合高以及Psophosphaera的含量高于本组合外,其余特征基本一致,可以对比。

  • 乌兰木伦地区北部的内蒙古东胜地区中侏罗世早期延安组孢粉组合(尚玉珂,1995)与本组合也十分相似,可以对比,共同特征为:① 蕨类植物孢子均以Cyathidites占绝对优势,LycopodiumsporitesNeoraistrickiaOsmundacidites也有一定含量,其余如ConcavisporitesCibotiumsporaKlukisporitesAsseretospora等少见; ② 裸子植物花粉均以单沟/原始沟类含量居首,主要为Cycadopites,次为Chasmatosporites; ③ 两气囊松柏类为除单沟/原始沟类以外又一主要类群,包括两气囊分化不完善的原始松柏类; ④ 其余如ConcentrisporitesPerinopollenitesClassopollisCallialasporites等少量或零星出现。内蒙古东胜煤田铜匠川区延安组Cyathidites-Deltoidospora-Osmundaicidtes-Lycopodiumsporites-Cycadopites-Piceites-Monosulcites组合(贾高隆,2000),东胜煤田公尼召勘探区延安组Cyathidites-Deltoidospora-Sulcatisporites组合(段剑威等,2013),东胜地区神山沟剖面延安组中、上部Cyathidites-Osmundacidites-Lycopodiumsporites-Concentrisporites-Disacciatrileti组合(孙立新等,2017)与本组合主要特征也基本一致,可以对比。

  • 乌兰木伦地区西部的阿拉善地区潮水雅布赖盆地中侏罗世早期青土井组孢粉化石称为Cyathidites-Osmundacidites-Disacciatrileti组合(阎存凤等,2006),其组合特征为:① 蕨类植物孢子丰富多彩,CyathiditesDeltoidospora繁盛,其他常见或重要的分子有OsmundacidiyesNeoraistrickiaLycopodiumsporitesCibouiumspora以及Asseretospora等; ② 裸子植物花粉以Cycadopites为多,其他常见或重要的分子有CallialasporitesPinuspollenitesQuadraeculinaPodocarpiditesPiceites以及Perinopollenites等,Classopollis的含量一般都小于1.0%。这些特征与本组合十分相似,两组合完全可以对比。

  • 乌兰木伦地区东部的山西大同中侏罗世早期大同组孢粉化石(刘兆生,1986)也与本组合具有相似的面貌,即:蕨类植物孢子均以Cyathidites minor含量最为显著,LycopodiumsporitesNeoraistrickia也很常见; 裸子植物花粉均以银杏和苏铁类的单沟花粉最为丰富,次为两气囊松柏类的一些分子。它们的地质时代相当。其他与本组合大致可对比的还有甘肃兰州窑街组(杜圳等,2018)、甘肃靖远龙凤山组(杜宝安,1985)、河北下花园组(甘振波,1986)等我国北方中侏罗世早期的一些孢粉组合。

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地东北部延安组共有区域可对比的5个工业煤层组(焦养泉等,2021),本文孢粉样品取自武家塔煤矿剖面延安组自上而下第2煤层组之上层位(图2),与邻区东胜地区神山沟延安组剖面中、上部可对比,神山沟延安组剖面中、上部孢粉Cyathidites-Osmundacidites-Lycopodiumsporites-Concentrisporites-Disacciatrileti组合,时代为中侏罗世早期(孙立新等,2017)。Zhang Zhihui et al.(2021)测得东胜地区延安组6层火山灰夹层/凝灰质泥岩锆石U-Pb年龄173.992~171.975 Ma,将延安组主要沉积时期限定为中侏罗世早期。

  • 上述分析可见,本文乌兰木伦地区延安组孢粉组合与邻区中侏罗世早期的一些孢粉组合都能够进行很好的对比,因此其时代应为中侏罗世早期(Aalenian—Bajocian期)。

  • 4.1.2 直罗组时代

  • 直罗组所见孢粉化石分子中,Concentrisporites fragilisPerinopollenites elatoides的分布时代为侏罗纪—早白垩世。孙立新等(2017)获得邻区东胜地区直罗组孢粉化石Cyathidites-Osmundacidites-Cycadopites-Disacciatrileti组合,时代为中侏罗世晚期。

  • 4.2 古气候

  • 根据地层中孢粉组合特征,参照现代植物的生态习性,可恢复沉积时期的古植被面貌并重建古气候。一些学者将孢粉植被类型划分为针叶树、常绿阔叶树、落叶阔叶树、灌木与草本,孢粉气候类型划分为热带、亚热带、温带及广温性的热带—亚热带、热带—温带植物,孢粉干湿度带划分为旱生、中生、湿生、水生和沼生等(赵秀兰等,1992; 钟筱春等,2003; 蒋宜勤等,2018)。本次乌兰木伦地区武家塔露天煤矿剖面主要孢粉化石的母体植物及生态习性见表2。

  • 蕨类植物多喜阴湿,其中桫椤科主要分布于热带、亚热带潮湿地区; 紫萁科分布于热带—温带潮湿地区; 石松科除干旱地区外均有生长; 卷柏科主要分布于热带、亚热带地区; 蚌壳蕨科分布于热带。裸子植物中,松科、单沟类苏铁科分布于热带—温带地区; 罗汉松科分布于热带、亚热带地区; 原始松柏类和柏科分布于温带地区(钟筱春等,2003; 蒋宜勤等,2018)。

  • 在乌兰木伦地区武家塔煤矿延安组剖面中,以蕨类植物/苔藓孢子占优势,平均含量70.1%; 裸子植物花粉次之,平均含量29.9%。蕨类中,桫椤科孢子CyathiditesDeltoidospora含量最高,占33.9%,显示植被以热带/亚热带潮湿环境的阔叶树为主; 指示温湿气候的紫萁科Osmundacidites含量也较高,占9.5%; 石松科Lycopodiumsporites和卷柏科Neoraistrickia,含量分别为19.4%和3.9%; 反映植被以中湿生为主。裸子植物以苏铁银杏类单沟花粉和松柏类两气囊花粉为主,分别占12.9%和 10.2%; 前者主要为CycadopitesChasmatosporites; 后者(包括原始松柏类)主要为Abietineaepollenites/PinuspollenitesDisacciatrileti,次为QuadraeculinaPodocarpiditesProtoconiferusPseudopiceaPseudowalchia等,反映热带—温带半干旱—半湿润气候条件; 指示干旱环境的掌鳞杉科的Classopollis仅在部分样品中零星出现(图5,表2)。植被面貌呈现以喜温湿的蕨类常绿阔叶树和草本为主,湿生灌木和苏铁、银杏及针叶树也有分布的特征。总体上孢粉组合植被类型反映乌兰木伦地区在中侏罗世早期延安组沉积时期的气候应属于温暖湿润的亚热带—温带型。

  • 表2 鄂尔多斯盆地武家塔煤矿剖面主要孢粉化石的母体植物及生态习性表

  • Table2 Parent plants and ecological habits of main sporopollen fossils of Wujiata coalmine section, Ordos basin

  • 本次研究样品直罗组孢粉化石较少,主要见Cyathidites minorOsmundacidites parvusConcentrisporites fragilisCycadopites spp.等。研究区邻区东胜地区直罗组前人获得孢粉Cyathidites-Osmundacidites-Cycadopites-Disacciatrileti组合,指示干旱亚热带—温带温暖型气候(孙立新等,2017)。本次武家塔露天煤矿剖面直罗组地层虽然孢粉化石较少,但是其紫红色夹黄绿色碎屑岩建造、含钙质结核(龟背石)等沉积特征显示,该沉积时期应处于氧化作用较强的半干旱—干热气候。

  • 一些学者从气候与成矿关系的角度探讨了古气候变化,众所周知温暖湿润的气候有利于陆生植物的繁茂生长,为成煤的有利气候,鄂尔多斯盆地中—下侏罗统为盆地主要含煤地层,其中延安组为含煤主体,揭示该时期气候温暖湿润; 而古气候由温湿向干旱变化有利于氧化—还原带的形成和铀矿物质迁移和聚集(李思田等,2004; 陈戴生等,2011; 孙立新等,2017; 李子颖等,2020),研究区乌兰木伦地区和邻区东胜地区砂岩型铀矿赋存于直罗组下段辫状河沉积的黄绿色夹紫红色碎屑岩中,直罗组上段以红色碎屑沉积为主,显示从延安组到直罗组下段再到上段沉积时期古气候存在由温暖湿润的亚热带—温带型到氧化作用较强的半干旱—干热气候的变化过程。焦养泉等(2021)研究了鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系聚煤规律、砂岩型铀成矿与古气候的关系,得出侏罗纪成煤“始于富县组沉积末期的托阿尔期(Toarcian)晚期,于延安组沉积期的阿林期(Aalenian)—巴柔期(Bajocian)达到鼎盛,结束于直罗组沉积早中期的巴通期(Bathonian)”,鄂尔多斯盆地“巴通期总体处于由潮湿向干旱转换的古气候背景中,在直罗组下段下亚段沉积期,盆地大部分地区的古气候已经演变为半潮湿—半干旱型; 至直罗组下段上亚段沉积期,盆地南部、中部和东部已经演变为干旱型古气候”,与本次研究揭示的盆地东北部中侏罗世延安组到直罗组时期气候变化规律相一致。

  • 这次气候变化在我国北方其他盆地也多有记录,例如塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地的孢粉组合反映中侏罗世晚期发生干热化事件,气候变得炎热干旱(刘兆生,2002; 阎存凤等,2006; 江德昕等,2009); 银额盆地的孢粉化石组合特征也显示由早中侏罗世温暖潮湿的气候环境向晚侏罗世酷热干旱环境的演化规律(李素萍等,2021)。中侏罗世晚期我国北方盆地孢粉组合中反映干旱炎热气候的掌鳞杉科花粉Classopollis大幅增加,而晚侏罗世Classopollis含量更高,一般达50%以上,局部地区达90%甚至更高,反映中侏罗世晚期北方地区的气候由前期的温暖潮湿型向干旱炎热型转变,这次全球性升温干旱化事件基本持续了整个晚侏罗世(邓胜徽等,2017)。全球其他地区包括海相侏罗系的研究也显示,中侏罗世晚期(巴通期)全球气温升高且趋向干旱化(Vakhrameev,1991; Dera et al.,2011)。本次研究区武家塔煤矿剖面沉积特征及孢粉化石也清晰地反映了这次升温事件。

  • 因此,鄂尔多斯盆地东北部乌兰木伦地区中侏罗世延安组到直罗组沉积时期古气候总体上呈现从温暖湿润的亚热带—温带型到半干旱—干旱炎热型的变化过程。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)鄂尔多斯盆地东北部乌兰木伦地区延安组孢粉组合以桫椤科、石松科孢子繁盛,紫萁科孢子和单沟/原始沟类、松柏类两气囊花粉发育,卷柏科孢子及柏科花粉较常见为主要特征,可总结为Cyathidites-Lycopodiumsporites-Neoraistrickia-Cycadopites组合带,时代为中侏罗世早期(阿林期—巴柔期); 通过对孢粉母体植物及生态环境分析,确定该地区中侏罗世早期属于温暖湿润的亚热带—温带型气候。

  • (2)直罗组孢粉化石较少,主要见Cyathidites minorOsmundacidites parvusConcentrisporites fragilisCycadopites spp.等; 综合地层岩性、孢粉组合及古植被分析,延安组到直罗组沉积时期总体上呈现从温暖湿润的亚热带—温带型向半干旱—干旱炎热型的气候变化过程。

  • 致谢:感谢“内蒙古自治区科技领军人才团队(2022LJRC0007)”和“内蒙古自治区高等学校创新团队发展计划(NMGIRT2313)”的支持,感谢武家塔煤矿领导和专家在野外工作及样品采集过程中给予的大力支持与帮助,感谢中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所孙珏工程师在孢粉样品处理与鉴定过程中给予的指导和帮助,感谢两位审稿人提出的宝贵修改意见!

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