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作者简介:

胡训宇,男,1992年生。博士,讲师,从事成矿作用过程数值模拟研究。E-mail:xunyu.hu@cumt.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    成矿元素富集作用是煤型关键金属矿床研究面临的主要问题之一。针对云南临沧煤型锗矿床中锗富集过程进行热-流-化-质多场耦合数值模拟研究。结果表明,数值模拟结果与前人研究结果吻合,验证了煤型锗矿床成矿理论及数值模拟方法在矿床学理论研究中的作用。岩体上表面形态是临沧锗矿床成矿的关键控制因素,具有穹隆形态的岩体上表面能够使含煤盆地底部产生9.1×103倍的锗富集(相较于反应物浓度),在岩体规模减小50%的情况下仍有6.9×103倍的富集,而凹陷和水平的岩体上表面分别只产生了589倍和9.3倍的锗富集。因此,具有穹隆形态的岩体上表面更有利于其上部的含煤盆地形成高品位的锗矿化,穹隆状岩体的上表面可为岩浆热液成因的煤型锗矿床深、边部找矿勘探提供有利信息。

    Abstract

    The enrichment process of ore-forming materials is a key problem facing ore geology researchin the coal-hosted critical metal deposits. Numerical simulation linking pressure, heat transfer, fluid-flow and chemical reaction processes is conducted to quantitatively describe the enrichment process of Ge within the Lincang coal-hosted Ge deposit, Yunnan, China. Modeling results are consistent with previous research, verifying the metallogeny of coal-hosted Ge deposits and the effectiveness of numerical modeling approach within ore geology research. The morphology of the upper surface of intrusions is a key factor controlling the enrichment process of ore-forming materials, and intrusions with dome upper surface results in 9.1×103 times of the concentration of Ge compared to the concentration of Ge participating in chemical reaction. With half the size of intrusion, the enrichment rate can still approach 6.9×103. However, intrusions with depressed and flat upper surfaces can only lead to Ge enrichment of 589 times and 9.3 times, respectively. Therefore, intrusions with dome upper surface can boost the generation of high-grade Ge mineralization within the coal basin, which can provide useful information for future deep prospecting and exploration of coal-hosted Ge deposits with magmatic-hydrothermal origins.

  • 关键金属主要指“四稀”矿产,即稀有金属(Li、Be、Rb、Cs、Nb等)、稀散金属(Ga、Ge、Se、Cd、In等)、稀土金属(La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm等)和其他稀少稀贵金属(PEG、Cr、Co)。在新能源、新材料、信息技术、航空航天和国防等新兴产业中发挥着不可替代的关键作用,随着这些产业的飞速发展,全世界关键金属需求量也日益高涨(翟明国等,2019; 侯增谦等,2020)。该类型矿产的主要特征是“稀”、“细”、“伴”,即:地壳丰度较低(通常为n×10-6或更低),全球分布不均,其超常富集条件与成矿机制尚不清楚;载体细小,通常呈吸附态、类质同象及固溶态,微观尺度赋存状态不明了;多为其他矿种的共、伴生矿产,找矿效率低、资源回收率低、环境污染严重(翟明国等,2019)。因此,关键金属的成矿作用、时空分布、共伴生规律、清洁利用等是目前亟待解决的科学与技术难题(侯增谦等,2020)。

  • 煤型关键金属矿床是多种关键金属的主要赋存对象之一。按照“四稀”矿产划分,可将煤型关键金属矿产分为四类,主要包括:① 煤型稀有金属矿床,如俄罗斯远东地区的Krylovsk和Verkhne-Bikinsk锂矿床(Seredin et al.,2013),中国的大红柳滩矿集区锂-铍矿床、内蒙古准格尔和桌子山煤田、山西平朔煤田等(王佟等,2016; 涂其军等,2019; Zhao Lei et al.,2019);② 煤型稀土金属矿床,主要分布于俄罗斯、美国以及中国(Hower et al.,1999; Dai Shifeng et al.,2016)。其中,中国的煤型稀土金属矿床主要分布于滇东、黔西、重庆及川南的含煤盆地(Dai Shifeng et al.,2015);③ 煤型稀贵金属矿床,如中国的内蒙古胜利煤田、乌兰图嘎高锗煤田(Dai Shifeng et al.,2012)和俄罗斯Pavlovka煤田(Seredin,2007);④ 煤型稀散金属矿床,如俄罗斯远东Spetzugli矿床,中国云南临沧锗矿床(Dai Shifeng et al.,2016)及潜在的内蒙古五牧场锗矿床等(图1; Dai Shifeng et al.,2012; Li Jing et al.,2014)。当前,煤型关键金属矿产的研究工作同样面临大量亟待解决的科学问题,如矿床中元素赋存状态的控制因素、岩浆活动对煤层中关键金属元素富集过程的影响与控制作用等(代俊峰等,2021)。

  • 图1 世界上主要煤型锗矿床分布图(据Seredin et al.,2013; 代俊峰等,2021修改)

  • Fig.1 Map showing the locations of main coal-hosted Ge deposits throughout the world (after Seredin et al., 2013; Dai Junfeng et al., 2021)

  • 随着数学地球科学的发展,三维地质建模、矿产资源预测评价、成矿作用过程数值模拟等多种应用,数学理论、计算机技术的地质学和矿床学研究方法应运而生(Houlding,1994; Hobbs et al.,2000; Ord et al.,2012; Zhao Chongbin,20152016; 毛先成等,2016; 袁峰等,2019),在隐伏矿床三维可视化、成矿理论研究、深部成矿预测、成矿时间尺度等多个方面发挥重要作用(Weis et al.,2012; Porwal and Carranza,2015; Zou Yanhong et al.,2017; Zhao Chongbin et al.,2018; Li Xiaohui et al.,2019; Mao Xiancheng et al.,2019; Sun Tao et al.,20192020; Chen Yongliang et al.,2021; Zuo Renguang et al.,2021; Guo Jiateng et al.,2022; Hu Xunyu et al.,2022)。其中,成矿作用过程数值模拟方法能够有效地定量刻画成矿作用过程,细致刻画其中涉及的岩石形变、导热、流体运移、化学反应、成矿物质迁移等物理化学过程及其复杂的耦合作用关系,揭示成矿过程信息,为矿床成矿机理研究和深部找矿预测提供理论支撑(Hobbs et al.,2000; 刘亮明等,2008; 李增华等,2019; Zou Yanhong et al.,2019)。

  • 云南临沧煤型锗矿床是我国20世纪末发现的具备独立工业开采价值、矿床规模接近超大型的锗矿床(胡瑞忠等,1996)。前人研究表明,临沧锗矿床中的锗主要赋存于煤田基底低变质褐煤或次烟煤中,在煤层、夹矸中均可富集,主要为热液成因,即深部岩浆沿基底断裂上侵,在深部近煤层位置降温形成岩浆岩,低温热液携带深部运移或围岩淋滤的有机态锗进入含煤盆地底部,被盆地中的有机质还原并最终沉淀,形成穹隆状、透镜状的锗矿体(图2; Seredin et al.,2013; Dai Shifeng et al.,2015; 代俊峰等,2021)。目前,临沧锗矿床在成矿理论、找矿勘探等方面仍有诸多疑问。基于Comsol Multiphysics软件与有限元方法,针对临沧矿床中锗富集过程及构造的成矿控制作用进行热-流-化-质多场耦合数值模拟研究,定量表征其成矿作用及锗的时-空富集过程,并尝试回答以下问题:① 临沧煤型锗矿床成矿过程中锗富集的动态过程;② 岩体形态因素对锗富集成矿过程的影响与控制作用;③ 上述研究结果对临沧型煤型锗矿床的找矿勘探启示。

  • 1 矿床地质概况

  • 临沧煤型锗矿床位于滇西临沧县帮卖含煤碎屑岩盆地(图3),盆地为新近纪不对称的山间断陷盆地,面积16.4 km2,轴向北北西向,同时受北北西向和东西向断裂控制。盆地中地层最大厚度约1140 m(胡瑞忠等,1996)。该矿床具体的位置在帮卖盆地北翼中部,按岩层产状可分为东西两翼,其中东翼岩层产状平缓,地层出露较全,厚度大,但煤层少而薄,未见锗矿化;西翼岩层产状较陡,煤层厚而多,是锗的主要矿化区。矿床中的工业锗矿体主要赋存于盆地底部,位于含层状硅质岩和薄层状灰岩的第一含煤段褐煤中(胡瑞忠等,1996)。主矿体走向长472 m,平均厚度可达4 m,最大厚度14.25 m,锗的平均品位可达0.055%,该矿体规模大、品位高,其锗金属含量占矿床已探明总储量的80%,矿石主要可分为锗煤型矿石和锗砂岩型矿石。前人已对临沧矿床中锗的来源进行了地球化学分析测试和讨论,得出临沧矿区中矿石样品微量元素总体变化特征与基底花岗岩类似,说明临沧锗矿床中锗的主要来源是花岗岩,随成矿热液迁移至煤层并沉淀成矿(戚华文和胡瑞忠,2002)。

  • 2 数值建模

  • 成矿作用过程数值模拟的工作流程可概括为“四个模型”,分别是建立成矿概念模型、简化地质几何模型、数学模型以及计算模型(Zou Yanhong et al.,2017; Hu Xunyu et al.,2020)。其中,成矿概念模型由矿床成矿模式提炼而来,是对研究对象整体成矿作用的图、文描述,也是后续建模工作的依据(图2)。简化地质几何模型是数值计算和结果分析的主要载体,即简化研究对象的地质特征,保留构造形态、矿床空间尺度等重要信息,忽略地表高程等不重要特征并作为后续计算结果展示、分析的主要载体。数学模型是成矿过程中涉及的各物理、化学过程及其耦合作用关系的数学描述,即控制方程。计算模型则是对上述各模型信息的综合,根据概念模型的定性或半定量描述及分析测试结果,在简化地质几何模型中赋予初始条件、边界条件和各项参数,基于数学模型进行模拟计算,最终进行连续、定量的结果分析与研究。综上,本研究的工作流程可概括为图4。

  • 2.1 成矿概念模型与简化地质几何模型

  • 临沧煤型锗矿床的成矿过程可以简述如下:岩浆从深部上侵至沉积岩层中停止并降温、固结成岩;伴随着降温过程,低温热液中的锗元素析出,锗在低温热液中以有机态的形式存在并达到含煤盆地的底部,与褐煤中有机质发生化学反应并被还原,进而富集沉淀形成锗矿化(图5)。

  • 图2 云南临沧煤型锗矿床成矿模式(据Dai Shifeng et al.,2015; 代俊峰等,2021修改)

  • Fig.2 Diagram showing the metallogenic model of the Lincang coal-hosted Ge deposit, Yunnan (after Dai Shifeng et al., 2015; Dai Junfeng et al., 2021)

  • 图3 帮卖含煤盆地地质简图(a)与临沧矿床典型剖面(b)(据刘正义等,2014修改)

  • Fig.3 Map showing geology of the Bangmai coal basin (a) and typical cross-section of the Lincang deposit (b) (after Liu Zhengyi et al., 2014)

  • 图4 本研究技术流程图

  • Fig.4 Workflow used in this research

  • 结合临沧矿床前期勘探资料、成矿模式、成矿概念模型,建立简化地质几何模型(图6a),该模型长5000 m,高2000 m,其底部为岩浆冷却形成的岩浆岩,中部马鞍状地层为沉积岩,顶部透镜状部分为煤层。为研究岩体形态对含煤盆地中锗的富集作用造成影响,在其他条件均不改变的情况下,仅改变岩体形态,分别建立模型A(岩体规模缩小50%,图6c)、模型B(岩体上表面凹陷,图6e)和模型C(岩体上表面水平,图6g)。建模完成后,分别对原始模型及模型A、B、C进行了剖分(图6b、d、f、h)。其中,原始模型剖分后含顶点5508个,三角形10728个(图6b);模型A剖分后含顶点6131个,三角形11974个(图6d);模型B剖分后含顶点5615个,三角形10942个(图6f);模型C剖分后含顶点5388个,三角形10488个(图6h)。

  • 图5 临沧煤型锗矿床成矿概念模型图示

  • Fig.5 The conceptual model showing the ore-forming processes of the Lincang coal-hosted Ge deposit

  • 2.2 数学模型

  • 结合临沧煤型锗矿床成矿模式对其成矿作用过程进行系统拆解,可以确定临沧锗矿床成矿作用过程中涉及的主要物理化学指标,包括压力、传热、流体运移、成矿化学反应和物质扩散。各过程控制方程及符号解释如下。

  • (1)传热:地质体间的热交换及整个系统的降温过程主要由方程(1~5)描述:

  • dzρCpeffTt+dzρCpνT+q=dzQ+q0+dzQvd
    (1)
  • q=-dzkeffT
    (2)
  • ρCpeff=θpρpCp,p+1-θpρCp
    (3)
  • keff=θpCpr+1-θpCm+kdisp
    (4)
  • θp=1-ε
    (5)
  • 其中,T(℃)为温度,dz(m)为简化地质几何模型的厚度,ρ(kg/m3)为低温热液密度,Cp(J/(kg·K))为热液比热容,t(a)为计算时间,ν(m/s)为流体速度,q(J)为热传导通量,q0(J)为总流入热量,Q(J)为总反应热,Qvd(J)为模型与周围环境的热交换量,ρp(kg/m3)为多孔介质(即岩体、沉积岩或煤层)密度,θp为多孔介质孔隙变化,Cp,p(J/(kg·K))为含热液的多孔介质的比热容,Cpr(W/(m·K))为多孔介质导热系数,Cm(W/(m·K))为热液导热系数,keff(W/(m·K))为有效导热系数,kdisp(W/(m·K))为环境导热系数,ε为多孔介质孔隙度。

  • (2)流体运移:岩体、地层和煤层中的低温热液运移过程可用达西定律进行描述(方程6):

  • ν=-kμGP+gρl
    (6)
  • 其中,k(m2)为多孔介质渗透率,μ(Pa·s)为热液黏度,g为重力常数(本文中设置为9.8 m/s2),ρl(kg/m3)是流体密度。

  • (3)锗还原化学反应:方程7可用于描述有机态锗被煤层中有机质还原的过程。基于质量作用定律,可用方程8、9计算其化学反应速率(Miroslav,2012)。由于有机质组成复杂,难以用明确的化学式表达,此处仅用AB代指参与反应与反应生成的有机质:

  • Ge4++A=Ge2++B
    (7)
  • R=i viRi
    (8)
  • Ri=kifi react ci-vi
    (9)
  • 其中,A代表煤层中的有机质,B代表有机质将Ge4+还原为Ge2+之后的副产物,R(mol/(m3·s))为总反应率,vi为反应物系数,Ri(mol/(m3·s))为反应物反应速率,kif是正反应速率常数,ci(mol/m3)为反应物浓度,i指代特定的反应物或生成物。

  • (4)多孔介质中物质扩散:方程10、11可用于描述锗元素在地质体间的扩散(Hu Xunyu et al.,2022):

  • 图6 临沧煤型锗矿床数值模拟简化模型及比较模型A、B、C

  • Fig.6 Simplified model of the Lincang coal-hosted Ge deposit and comparison model A, B and C

  • (a)—原始模型;(b)—原始模型剖分;(c)—模型A;(d)—模型A剖分;(e)—模型B;(f)—模型B剖分;(g)—模型C;(h)—模型C剖分

  • (a)—the original model; (b)—divided original model; (c)—model A; (d)—divided model A; (e)—model B; (f)—divided model B; (g)—model C; (h)—divided model C

  • cit+-Dici+νci=Ri
    (10)
  • Ni=-Dici+νci
    (11)
  • 其中,Di(m2/s)是物质扩散系数,Ni(mol)为沉淀的物质的量。

  • 2.3 计算模型与模拟条件设置

  • 上述建模过程完成后,即可设定计算模型。基于地温梯度和模型深度为整个模型(除岩体外)赋初始温度(方程12),基于地压梯度和模型深度为整个模型赋地层压力(方程13),方程如下:

  • T=T0-yGT
    (12)
  • P=PA-yGP
    (13)
  • 其中,T(℃)为温度,T0(℃)为模型顶部温度(即地表温度,设定为20℃),GT为地温梯度,设置为25℃/km(Bickle,1978; Anderson,1989);PA为地表大气压(设置为101.325 kPa),y为模型深度(地表记0 m,向下取负值),GP为地层压力梯度(取26 GPa/km,据Hart et al.,1995; Hu Baoqun et al.,2003)。

  • 前人曾对临沧盆地中锗/铀成矿机理进行物理模拟实验,在锗浸出与吸附过程的实验中,岩体的温度定为160~200℃(刘正义等,2014),因此,本研究中岩体初始温度设定为300℃(稍高于前人实验温度,以保证模拟设定合理),其他区域(沉积岩、煤层)的初始温度根据地温梯度(25℃/km)、深度及方程12计算,模型上边界(地表)和下边界(岩体底面)均设为固定边界,温度值分别设定为为20℃和300℃,模型两侧为绝热边界条件。岩体及岩体外边界Ge4+浓度设定为1×10-8mol/m3戚华文等,2002),煤层中有机质A浓度设定为设定为1×10-8 mol/m3,模型中其他区域内反应物及所有区域内生成物浓度均设置为0 mol/m3;计算时间设定为60000 a,时间步长为40 a,最终输出瞬态结果。数值模拟过程中使用的岩石物性参数见表1。

  • 表1 本研究使用的岩石物理性质参数 (据Hu Xunyu et al.,2022

  • Table1 Material parameters used in this study (after Hu Xunyu et al., 2022)

  • 3 研究结果

  • 3.1 温度变化

  • 原始模型温度变化如图7所示。在煤层底部锗富集位置设定探针点P1(2500 m,-525 m),在岩体顶部设定探针点P2(2500 m,-1050 m),分别记录其温度变化曲线(图7g)。由图7可知,在30000 a以内,模型内各部分的温度变化较为明显,在30000 a以后,模型进入了一个缓慢的降温过程。

  • 3.2 原始模型锗元素时-空富集特征

  • 原始模型中Ge2+随时间变化在含煤盆地基底沉淀成矿过程如图8所示。由于岩体不与煤层直接接触,在模拟开始的前10000 a间,Ge4+尚未到达煤层底部,煤层底部的锗矿化并未发育(图8a、b)。在经历了一段时间的向上迁移过程后,有机态Ge4+随低温热液到达煤层底部,与煤层中有机物发生反应并被还原为Ge2+。整体矿化分布呈透镜状,煤层底部与沉积层接触带处浓度最高,并沿矿化中心向远端逐步降低,与前人研究中描述的锗矿化空间分布相基本吻合(图8c~f; Dai Shifeng et al.,2015; 代俊峰等,2021)。在60000 a时整个模型范围内Ge2+的最大浓度为9.1015×10-5 mol/m3,相较于反应物的设定浓度(1×10-8 mol/m3)发生了9.1×103倍的富集。

  • 3.3 模型A、B、C计算结果与对比

  • 基于模型A计算所得的锗元素空间富集结果如图9b所示。同样在经历一段时间的向上迁移后,Ge4+随低温热液到达煤层底部,并与煤层中的有机物发生反应并沉淀成矿。与原结果相比,模型A中Ge2+的富集程度稍弱,在60000 a时浓度最大值为6.9312×10-5 mol/m3,富集倍数为6.9×103倍,其原因可能是底部岩浆岩岩体规模仅为原模型的50%,而源区岩体的规模能够直接影响着参与反应的Ge4+含量。

  • 基于模型B计算所得的锗元素空间富集结果如图9c所示。Ge4+随低温热液到达煤层底部,并与煤层中有机物发生反应并沉淀成矿。与原结果相比,模型B中Ge2+的富集程度大幅度减小,在60000 a时浓度最大值为5.8940×10-6 mol/m3,说明表面凹陷形态的岩体上表面对锗富集成矿的作用不如隆起形态的岩体上表面,但仍有一定程度的促进富集作用,其浓度最大值相对于反应物浓度增大了589倍。

  • 基于模型C计算所得的Ge2+空间富集结果如图9d所示。Ge4+随低温热液到达煤层底部,并与煤层中有机物发生反应并被还原,但结果差异较大。可能有两种原因:① 模型C中Ge2+的富集程度远不如原模型中Ge2+的富集程度,在60000 a时Ge2+最大浓度仅为9.3020×10-8 mol/m3,相较于反应物浓度仅增大了9.3倍,与原模型、模型A和模型B模拟结果相比,富集作用极不明显;② 模型C中产生的Ge2+主要存在于煤层与沉积岩接触带的沉积岩一侧,而原模型的Ge2+主要存在于接触带的煤层一侧。

  • 为了更直观地表达各模型模拟结果差异,分别在各模型的Ge2+浓度最高处设定数据探针P3~P6,以记录4点处的Ge2+浓度变化(图9e),各点坐标分别为P3(2500 m,-525 m)、P4(2500 m,-525 m)、P5(2500 m,-525 m)、P6(2500 m,-560 m)。在30000 a以内,模型A的Ge2+浓度增长超过原始模型,但最终由于反应物总量受限,在60000 a时Ge2+浓度稍小于原始模型。模型B和C受岩体形态影响较大,在60000 a时P5和P6处Ge2+浓度远远小于P3和P4。

  • 3.4 压力分布与流体运移

  • 原始模型与模型A、B、C计算结果中的压力异常分布如图10所示,该压力异常值由方程14计算:

  • PAnomaly =P-yGP
    (14)
  • 图7 原始模型温度变化模拟结果

  • Fig.7 Diagrams showing the temperature variations of the original model

  • (a)—模拟时长0 a;(b)—模拟时长12000 a;(c)—模拟时长24000 a;(d)—模拟时长36000 a;(e)—模拟时长48000 a;(f)—模拟时长60000 a;(g)—P1与P2位置温度变化曲线

  • (a)—t=0 a; (b) —t=12000 a; (c) —t=24000 a; (d) —t=36000 a; (e) —t=48000 a; (f) —t=60000 a; (g) —temperature variations at the locations of P1 and P2

  • 结果显示,压力异常主要集中在含煤盆地底部,引发异常的主要原因是煤层低渗透率。岩体冷却后,热液向上运移,但受致密煤层影响,热液从两侧流出模型,而煤层底部压力在热液上侵的作用下变大,最终形成压力异常区域(图10)。未改变流向的热液携带Ge4+在煤层底部与有机质发生化学反应并形成Ge2+。结合Ge2+的空间富集特征(图9),能够发现压力异常的空间分布与Ge2+的空间富集位置具有高度重合性,即Ge2+更容易在压力异常偏高的位置富集成矿。

  • 4 讨论

  • 成矿作用过程数值模拟方法能够深入研究成矿相关的一系列基础问题,包括成矿时间的尺度研究、成矿作用的定量化研究、成矿理论与成矿模式验证、辅助矿产勘查等(Weis et al.,2012; Zou Yanhong et al.,2017; Zhao Chongbin et al.,2018; Li Xiaohui et al.,2019; Hu Xunyu et al.,20202022)。本文利用热-流-化-质多场耦合数值模拟方法,对云南临沧煤型锗矿床中锗元素富集过程进行了数值模拟,并针对不同的岩体形态进行了一系列对比研究,得出结论如下:

  • 图8 原始模型锗矿化时-空分布模拟结果

  • Fig.8 Diagrams showing the temporal-spatial distribution of Ge mineralization within the original model

  • (a)—模拟时长0 a;(b)—模拟时长12000 a;(c)—模拟时长24000 a;(d)—模拟时长36000 a;(e)—模拟时长48000 a;(f)—模拟时长60000 a

  • (a)—t=0 a; (b) —t=12000 a; (c) —t=24000 a; (d) —t=36000 a; (e) —t=48000 a; (f) —t=60000 a

  • 在临沧锗矿床的形成过程中,低温热液携锗元素运移是最为重要的过程之一(Seredin et al.,2013; Dai Shifeng et al.,2015; 代俊峰等,2021)。有机态锗随热液迁移至含煤盆地基底时,与煤层中的有机质发生反应并被还原、沉淀,在煤层底部形成透镜状矿化。矿化范围内沉淀的Ge2+浓度从中心向四周呈下降趋势,且矿化主要分布在煤层与沉积层接触带的煤层一侧,与本文的模拟结果一致(图8),这表明本文建立的计算模型是正确、有效的。成矿元素在化学反应期间的迁移行为主要受热液运移影响(Ord et al.,2012),其中,低温热液的主要驱动力为静岩压力梯度,热液运移方向自下向上,但随着化学反应的进行,运移距离越远的含矿热液中有机态锗的浓度越低,这可能是煤层底部形成浓度逐步降低的矿化晕的主要原因。煤型关键金属矿床的成矿作用与一些岩浆-热液成因的金属矿床具有较多相似之处,如斑岩型矿床和矽卡岩型矿床的成矿过程,随着热液成分、温度、压力、氧逸度等因素的变化,含矿热液不断演化,能够形成具有典型特征的矿化蚀变分带(Meinert et al.,2005; Sillitoe,2010),是矿床学研究的重点研究对象,也是找矿勘探的主要标志之一。厘清煤型关键金属矿床的矿化空间分布及其控制作用,将有可能推进该类型矿床成矿理论的研究,为深、边部找矿勘探提供有利信息。

  • 模型A(岩体规模缩小50%)模拟结果表明,尽管模型底部岩浆岩(含矿热液的源区)规模仅为原模型的50%,但最终形成的Ge2+矿化面积、最大浓度仅略小于原模型模拟结果,说明对于矿床尺度的锗富集、成矿过程而言,源区岩体的大小是控制因素之一,但不是最主要的控制因素,稍小的岩体也能够为含煤盆地中的成矿过程提供相对充足的锗。在反应物足够、温压适宜的情况下,最主要的成矿控制因素是成矿化学反应速率,而成矿化学反应速率受反应物浓度直接控制,其本质上是深部岩浆活动造成的元素的超常富集。未来,针对深部的动力学过程进行研究或可揭示元素超常富集的根本原因。

  • 相比之下,模型B、C结果中Ge2+矿化偏弱,在60000 a时Ge2+最大浓度远远小于原始模型和模型A模拟结果,这表明Ge2+的富集成矿受岩体上表面形态的强烈影响。模型B模拟结果显示,在60000 a时Ge2+最大浓度仅为原始模型Ge2+最大浓度的6.47%;模型C结果显示,在60000 a时Ge2+最大浓度仅为原始模型Ge2+最大浓度的0.1%;,且矿化中心偏向沉积岩一侧。对比所有模拟结果可知,Ge2+的富集成矿受岩体上表面形态的强烈影响,具有穹隆结构的岩体上表面是其上部含煤盆地中有锗强富集的关键控制因素之一,且穹隆的岩体上表面导致的锗富集效果要远远好于凹陷和水平上表面(图9)。这一侵入岩构造特征同样也是矽卡岩型矿床的找矿标志。众多三维成矿预测研究以岩体隆起区域作为矽卡岩型矿床找矿要素之一进行成矿预测研究,进而圈定研究区内的深部找矿靶区(Hu Xunyu et al.,2018; Li Xiaohui et al.,2019; Mao Xiancheng et al.,2019)。本文模拟结果成功揭示了岩体上表面形态与锗元素富集的空间相关性,为岩浆热液成因煤型锗矿床的深、边部找矿预测提供理论依据。模型C的模拟结果也表明,虽然临沧锗矿床的矿化主要存在于含煤盆地基底的煤层一侧(图9),但在煤层下方的沉积岩内也有可能存在矿化偏弱的“第二矿化空间”(图10),至于是否存在经济价值,则要依据矿床中锗的富集、赋存情况而定。

  • 图9 原始模型(a)与模型A(b)、模型B(c)、模型C(d)中Ge2+在60000 a时的空间分布结果对比及P3~P6处的Ge2+浓度变化曲线(e)

  • Fig.9 Comparison of the spatial distribution of Ge2+ of the original model (a) , model A (b) , model B (c) , and model C (d) , and the variations of concentrations of Ge2+ at the location of P3 to P6 (e)

  • 图10 压力异常分布模拟结果

  • Fig.10 Diagrams showing pressure anomalies of the simulation results

  • (a)—原始模型模拟结果;(b)—模型A模拟结果;(c)—模型B模拟结果;(d)—模型C模拟结果

  • (a)—the result of the original model; (b) —the result of model A; (c) —the result of model B; (d) —the result of model C

  • 然而,本研究仍存在一些不足。首先,本文建立的多物理-化学场耦合数学模型中,使用了质量作用定律对成矿化学反应速率进行限制。质量作用定律能够用于限定基元反应中的化学反应速率,且效果较好,但基元反应是单一过程的化学反应(即从反应物到生成物仅需一步)。但对于具有多过程化学反应方程组而言,质量作用定律并不完全适用(Miroslav,2012)。当前,主流的解决办法是将方程组进行拆分,且认为每一个子方程的反应过程都符合质量作用定律,仍然基于质量作用定律计算其反应速率,这显然是有一定缺陷的。因此,未来的多场耦合数值模拟研究应聚焦解决成矿化学反应速率问题,对质量作用定律进行改进,以适应成矿过程数值模拟研究中复杂的化学反应案例。

  • 其次,随着矿床组合模型概念的提出(毛景文等,2020),多矿床组合、矿床类型整体、系统性研究的重要性逐渐凸显。本文进行的临沧煤型锗矿床成矿作用过程数值模拟研究,能够定量回答临沧矿床及同类型矿床的成矿理论、找矿勘探等方面的部分问题,但对于其他煤型关键金属矿床的启示意义则较弱,如成矿作用过程较为相近的内蒙古乌兰图噶煤型锗矿床(代俊峰等,2021)、俄罗斯Pavlovka煤田稀贵金属矿床(Seredin,2007)等。煤型关键金属矿床同时具备煤矿与金属矿床的部分地质特征与矿床成因,是矿床组合研究的理想对象,未来应基于矿床组合模型,针对煤型关键金属矿床进行多矿床类型组合的综合性数值模拟研究,以打破个例研究固有的局限性缺陷,获得更深层次、更具综合性的矿床学认识。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)本文数值模拟结果验证了煤型锗矿床成矿理论,揭示成矿过程数值模拟方法在矿床学理论研究中的有效性。

  • (2)岩体外表面形态是临沧锗矿床中锗富集成矿的关键控制因素之一,具有穹隆表面的岩体上表面更有利于其上部的含煤盆地形成高品位的锗矿化;岩体规模和大小是成矿的次要控制因素,对形成的锗矿化规模有一定程度的影响。研究结果可为岩浆热液成因的煤型锗矿床深、边部找矿勘探提供理论依据。

  • (3)未来的煤型关键金属矿床成矿过程数值模拟研究应基于改进的质量作用定律和矿床组合模型进行系统、全面的研究。

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    • 毛景文, 周涛发, 谢桂青, 袁峰, 段超. 2020. 长江中下游地区成矿作用研究新进展和存在问题的思考. 矿床地质, 39(4): 547~558.

    • 毛先成, 张苗苗, 邓浩, 邹艳红, 陈进. 2016. 矿区深部隐伏矿体三维可视化预测方法. 地质学刊, 40(3): 363~371.

    • 戚华文, 胡瑞忠. 2002. 临沧锗矿床的微量元素地球化学. 煤田地质与勘探, 30: 1~3.

    • 涂其军, 韩琼, 李平, 王登红, 李建康. 2019. 西昆仑大红柳滩一带锂辉石矿基本特征和勘查新进展. 地质学报, 93(11): 2862~2873.

    • 王佟, 冯帆, 江涛, 王庆伟, 夏玉成, 韦波, 杨曙光. 2016. 新疆准噶尔含煤盆地基本构造格架与认识. 地质学报, 90(4): 628~638.

    • 袁峰, 李晓晖, 胡训宇, 李跃, 贾蔡, Ord A, 张明明, 戴文强, 李贺. 2019. 热液矿床成矿作用研究新途径: 数值模拟. 地质科学, 54(3): 678~690.

    • 翟明国, 吴福元, 胡瑞忠, 蒋少涌, 李文昌, 王汝成, 王登红, 齐涛, 秦克章, 温汉捷. 2019. 战略性关键金属矿产资源: 现状与问题. 中国科学基金, 2: 106~111.

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