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作者简介:

杨文鹏,男,1984年生。高级工程师,主要从事区域地质矿产调查与研究工作。E-mail:214139670@qq.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    内蒙古中部地区位于中亚造山带东南端,晚古生代古亚洲洋的闭合时间及位置一直存在争论。野外地质调查发现内蒙古巴林右旗地区发育晚古生代枕状玄武岩,为古亚洲洋的构造演化研究提供了重要线索。枕状玄武岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为256.6±2.6 Ma,成岩时代为晚二叠世。枕状玄武岩具低SiO2(平均48.73%)、TiO2(平均1.47%)和高Al2O3(平均17.17%)特征,显示亚碱性玄武岩和安山岩/玄武岩之间的过渡类型,Mg#低于幔源岩浆原生岩浆值(68~72)。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线形态微弱右倾,呈近平坦型,与典型的E-MORB型玄武岩稀土元素配分特征相似。枕状玄武岩相对富集大离子亲石元素LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U等)和微弱富集高场强元素HFSE(Nb、Hf等)。根据前人研究成果,结合枕状玄武岩主量、微量元素、构造环境及同位素年代学特征,认为巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩类似于俯冲带上盘型(SSZ)蛇绿岩组成成分,是古亚洲洋板块俯冲消减过程中亏损地幔和富集地幔混合形成的,表明研究区晚二叠世仍存在古亚洲洋残余洋盆,综合分析认为古亚洲洋在晚二叠世—早三叠世最终闭合。

    Abstract

    Central Inner Mongolia is located in the southeastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The closing time and location of the Late Paleozoic Paleo-Asian Ocean has always been controversial. Geological field investigations discovered Late Paleozoic pillow basalt developed in the Bairin Youqi, Inner Mongolia, which provided an important clue for the study of regional tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Geochronology, petrography and geochemistry show that the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordia age of the pillow basalt is 256.6±2.6 Ma and it was formed in the Late Permian. The pillow basalts are characterized by low SiO2 (average 48.73%), low TiO2(average 1.47%) and high Al2O3 (average 17.17%), which show the transition type between subalkaline basalt and andesite/basalt, and the Mg# values are lower than the original magma value of mantle-derived magma (68~72). The normalized REE distribution curve of chondrite is weak to right-leaning and is nearly flat, which is similar to the REE distribution characteristics of the typical E-MORB. Pillow basalts are relatively enriched in large iron lithophile elements (LILEs: Rb, Ba, Th and U), with a slight enrichment of high field strength elements (HFSEs: Nb and Hf), and have geochemical characteristics of the E-MORB. Compared with the previous studies, combined with the characteristics of the major element geochemistry, trace element geochemistry, tectonic environment and isotope geochronology of the pillow basalts, it is considered that the pillow basalts in Bairin Youqi, Inner Mongolia are similar to the composition of the ophiolite in the supra subduction zone (SSZ), which were formed by the mixing of depleted mantle and enriched mantle during subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean plate, indicating that there was still a remnant ocean basin of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the region in the Late Permian. Our comprehensive analysis shows that the Paleo-Asian Ocean finally closed in the Late Permian-Early Triassic.

  • 中亚造山带横亘于西伯利亚克拉通与塔里木-华北克拉通之间(图1a),是显生宙以来最大的增生造山带之一(Sengör et al.,1993; Wu Fuyuan et al.,2011)。位于中亚造山带东南部的内蒙古地区(图1b),具有复杂的构造演化史,包括古亚洲洋的俯冲消减、碰撞造山、造山后伸展等一系列构造-岩浆活动(Miao Laicheng et al.,2008; Xiao et al.,2003; 李锦轶等,2019; 唐爽等,2023; Wu Xinwei et al.,2023),大地构造自南向北划分为索伦-林西SSZ型蛇绿岩带、宝力道-锡林浩特岛弧杂岩带、二连浩特-贺根山-西乌珠穆沁旗蛇绿岩带和南蒙古大陆边缘造山带(Song Shuguang et al.,2015)。索伦-林西SSZ型蛇绿岩带(也称为索伦缝合带,Jian Ping et al.,2010)作为古亚洲洋最终闭合和华北板块与西伯利亚板块的最终缝合位置被越来越多的学者所认同(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003; 李锦轶等,2007; Song Shuguang et al.,2015),然而两大板块的碰撞时限仍有分歧,多数学者认为是晚二叠世—早三叠世(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003; 李锦轶等,2007; Jian Ping et al.,2010; Wu Fuyuan et al.,2011; 刘建峰等,2016),部分学者认为是晚泥盆世—早石炭世(Xu Bei et al.,2013),而晚古生代构造演化的研究是解决这一争议问题的关键。

  • 近年来,索伦-林西SSZ型蛇绿岩带东段的研究已取得重要进展,但一些关键科学问题仍有争论,如王炎阳等(2014)认为克什克腾旗五道石门枕状玄武岩(277 Ma)形成于早二叠世的板内拉张环境,而Song Shuguang et al.(2015)对该套岩石开展的岩石地球化学研究表明其形成于正常洋中脊环境。王玉净和樊志勇(1997)对杏树洼蛇绿岩的硅质岩中放射虫化石研究,认为中二叠世古亚洲洋仍处于开放状态,存在大洋俯冲。李锦轶等(2007)通过双井子二云母花岗岩(237.5~229.2 Ma)的研究,认为其为同碰撞型花岗岩,标志着碰撞造山作用的结束,而邵济安等(2017)基于对区域火山岩的分析认为,此时双井子地区处于伸展构造环境,同时认为这种伸展构造环境起始于早二叠世末期。刘建峰等(2016)对巴林左旗九井子蛇绿岩内辉长岩(275 Ma)和粉砂岩(最小锆石年龄为249 Ma)的研究,认为古亚洲洋最终闭合于晚二叠世末—早三叠世初。可见,以上争论焦点在于区域构造背景和晚二叠世是否仍存在古亚洲洋。笔者在区域地质调查基础上,在双井子和巴林左旗之间的巴林右旗地区新发现了枕状玄武岩,通过详尽的野外与室内综合研究,并对其开展了岩石学、地球化学及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究,初步探讨其形成时代、成因及形成的构造背景。以期为古亚洲洋演化,华北板块与西伯利亚板块的最终缝合时代、位置及区域构造演化的认识提供新的地质依据。

  • 1 地质背景及岩相学特征

  • 研究区位于索伦-林西SSZ型蛇绿岩带的东段(图1b)。区内出露最老的地层为双井子片岩(Ssch),规模较小,分布于研究区西南部,主要由片麻状花岗岩和片岩组成(图1c),上石炭统乌达哈达组(C2w)主要为中基性火山岩及其火山碎屑岩(未公开出版资料),下二叠统大石寨组(P1d)主要为中酸性火山岩及其火山碎屑岩,中二叠统哲斯组(P2zs)为浅海-滨浅海相砂岩板岩组合夹灰岩透镜体,发育腕足等丰富的古生物化石,与大石寨组在研究区内多呈断层接触,上二叠统林西组(P3l)则主体由砂岩、板岩组成,局部夹灰岩透镜体,二叠纪末期出现陆相沉积地层(Zhang Yongsheng et al.,2014; 刘建峰等,2016)。中生代地层分布较广泛,为侏罗纪—白垩纪火山-沉积地层,主要有上侏罗统满克头鄂博组、玛尼吐组和下白垩统白音高老组中性—中酸性火山岩及其火山碎屑岩。新生界第四系为松散沉积盖层。侵入体主要有早二叠世二长花岗岩及早白垩世二长花岗岩、流纹斑岩和花岗斑岩。

  • 枕状玄武岩发现于内蒙古巴林右旗东约18 km处(图1c),具体位于古力古台河西岸,古日本哈拉山山脚人工露头处。通过野外地质剖面测量和露头观察,剖面露头地质体主体岩性为辉长岩、辉绿岩、块状玄武岩、变玄武岩、大理岩、硅(泥质)岩、泥质板岩、泥质粉砂岩、细砂粉砂岩以及枕状玄武岩,各岩性之间多以断层或韧性剪切带相接触,韧性剪切带多由片理化泥质粉砂岩与片理化中基性火山岩组成,带内眼球状旋转碎斑较发育,断层产状倾向介于310°~355°之间,倾角介于43°~52°之间(图2a)。

  • 枕状玄武岩出露宽度15~30 m,两侧与块状玄武岩、辉长岩及硅质岩呈断层接触,局部在剖面中未出露地表。枕状玄武岩多呈灰绿色—青灰色,风化后多呈黑绿色、灰褐色,发育细小的碳酸盐岩裂隙,岩石具有枕状构造(图2b),岩枕保存较完整,呈群产出,多呈椭球状、球状及肾状,岩枕大小不一,短轴20~50 cm和长轴110~120 cm不等,岩枕间填隙物为碳酸盐类矿物,成三角状或条带状形态。显微镜下,斜长石多呈自形—半自形板状,发育较宽双晶纹,体积百分含量介于5%~8%,粒径介于0.2~0.4 mm;辉石呈自形—半自形粒状,体积百分含量介于1%~2%,粒径介于0.05~0.1 mm,基质由微晶斜长石及玻璃质组成,发育中空骸晶结构,微晶空隙多被玻璃质充填(图2h)。

  • 辉绿岩呈深灰色—灰黑色,辉绿结构,风化后多呈灰黑色,块状构造(图2c),斜长石呈半自形板状、柱状,聚片双晶发育,体积百分含量介于60%~65%,粒径介于0.5~1.0 mm,辉石呈他形粒状、柱状,呈浅褐色,高突起,二级干涉色,体积百分含量介于30%~40%,粒径介于0.2~1.0 mm(图2i)。

  • 块状玄武岩呈灰黑色—黑绿色,风化后多呈灰褐色,斑状结构,块状构造(图2e),斑晶斜长石呈自形窄板状,体积百分含量介于6%~10%,粒径介于0.15~0.3 mm,基质为斜长石微晶及玻璃质(图2j)。

  • 硅质岩呈灰绿色—紫红色,块状构造,多与枕状玄武岩呈构造接触(图2d、k)。

  • 2 分析方法

  • 2.1 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年

  • LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年测试在中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室完成,锆石定年分析所用仪器为Teledyne Cetac Technologies公司Analyte Excite型ICP-MS及与之配套的Newwave UP 193 激光剥蚀系统。激光剥蚀斑束直径为32 μm,激光剥蚀样品的深度为20~40 μm,锆石年龄计算采用国际通用的标准锆石GJ-1作为外标,元素含量采用美国国家标准物质局人工合成硅酸盐玻璃NIST SRM610作为外标,29Si作为内标元素进行校正(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2010a; Hu Zhaochu et al.,2011)。数据处理采用 ICPMSDataCal8.4程序(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2010a2010b),年龄计算及谐和图绘制采用ISOPLOT ver 3.0完成(Ludwig,2003; Yuan Honglin et al.,2004)。

  • 图1 研究区区域地质简图

  • Fig.1 Geological map of the study area

  • (a)—大地构造位置图(据Song Shuguang et al.,2015修改);(b)—内蒙古东部构造简图(据Song Shuguang et al.,2015修改);(c)—内蒙古巴林右旗地区地质简图

  • (a) —geotectonic position of the study area (modified from Song Shuguang et al., 2015) ; (b) —structural sketch of eastern Inner Mongolia (modified from Song Shuguang et al., 2015) ; (c) —geological map of Bairin Youqi, Inner Mongolia

  • 图2 内蒙古巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩实测剖面(a)及枕状玄武岩野外(b~g)和显微照片(h~k,正交偏光)

  • Fig.2 Geological profile (a) , representative photographs (b~g) and photomicrographs (h~k, cross-polarized light) of the pillow basalt in Bairin Youqi, Inner Mongolia

  • 1 —细砂粉砂岩;2—泥质粉砂岩;3—泥质板岩;4—硅泥质岩;5—大理岩;6—变玄武岩(阳起石片岩);7—枕状玄武岩;8—玄武岩;9—辉绿岩;10—辉长岩;11—闪长玢岩;12—安山玢岩;13—测年样品位置;14—主微量元素样品采样位置;15—实测逆断层;16—产状;Pl—斜长石;Py—辉石;Chl—绿泥石

  • 1 —fine sand siltstone;2—pelitic siltstone;3—argillaceous slate;4—siliceous mudstone;5—marble;6—ateration basalt(actinolite schist);7—pillow basalt;8—basalt;9—diabase;10—gabbro;11—diorite-porphyrite;12—andesitic porphyrite;13—age sample position;14—major and trace elements sample position;15—measured reverse fault;16—attitude; Pl—plagioclase; Py—pyroxene; Chl—chlorite

  • 2.2 主量和微量元素测试

  • 本次研究于所测剖面枕状玄武岩出露区连续采集新鲜无蚀变样品硅酸盐、稀土及微量样品共8件,样品位置见图2a。岩石主量元素、稀土元素及微量元素测试在核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心完成。主量元素分析所用仪器为Philips PW2404型X荧光光谱仪(XRF),分析偏差1%~5%,其中用湿化学方法测定FeO含量;微量元素和稀土元素分析仪器为Finnigan MAT Element I型高分辨率等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS),分析偏差1%~3%,测试依据与方法参照DZ/T0223—2001电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),测试过程中室温为20℃,相对湿度30%。采用国际标准AGV-1、BHVO-1和BCR-1标定样品的元素浓度(李献华等,2002)。

  • 3 分析结果

  • 3.1 锆石U-Pb年代学

  • 本次用于定年的枕状玄武岩样品(DB183DB01)采自于剖面上新鲜无蚀变岩石,采样坐标为43°30′33″N和18°25′58″E,测试结果见表1。共测定了16颗锆石,粒径介于50~120 μm,长宽比介于1∶1~2∶1(图3a),颗粒大小不一,呈浑圆状、宽板状、短柱状,除少数颗粒有残缺外,多数晶形较完整。锆石U-Pb年龄有多组,从最老的1830±19 Ma到最年轻的255±4 Ma均有分布(图3c),从所测年龄范围,结合锆石晶形及内部结构可分为3组。第1组锆石颗粒相对较小(3颗,年龄为1830±19 Ma、824±8 Ma和538±7 Ma),呈浑圆状、不规则状,内部多具有继承核,部分具有微弱环带,CL图像颜色较暗,表现出捕获锆石特征。第2组锆石颗粒分布最多(8颗),206Pb/238U年龄在322±3~303±3 Ma,Th/U比值介于0.49~0.92,显示岩浆型锆石特征(Corfu Fernando et al.,2003; Wu Yuanbao et al.,2004),自形—半自形柱状,CL图像颜色呈透明、半透明,一部分具有继承核,一部分具有环带,锆石颗粒多呈不规则状破碎残体,且颗粒相对较小,可能是岩浆在喷发过程中捕获的较老地质体中的锆石,该组锆石中一个最年轻的年龄(No.15,303±3 Ma)位于谐和线下方,锆石内部结构较复杂,可能代表了后期的Pb丢失事件,其余7颗锆石计算的206Pb/238U谐和年龄为320.5±2.5 Ma,MSWD=0.036(图3d)。第3组锆石颗粒(5颗)呈透明—半透明状,多数呈自形板柱状,晶型较完整,内部发育较宽的岩浆振荡环带,206Pb/238U年龄在258±3~255±3 Ma,Th/U比值介于0.45~0.92,显示基性岩浆型锆石特征(Corfu Fernando et al.,2003; Wu Yuanbao et al.,2004),其谐和度较高,206Pb/238U谐和年龄为256.6±2.6 Ma,MSWD=0.18(图3e),代表枕状玄武岩的形成年龄。

  • 表1 内蒙古巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年数据

  • Table1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb data for pillow basalt in the Bairin Youqi, Inner Mongolia

  • 图3 内蒙古巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩测年锆石阴极发光图像和锆石U-Pb谐和年龄图

  • Fig.3 CL images and concordia U-Pb diagrams of zircons from the pillow basalt in Bairin Youqi, Inner Mongolia

  • 为进一步限定枕状玄武岩的形成年龄,我们对出露于剖面中的辉绿岩(DB182DL01)同时开展了锆石U-Pb测年工作,共测定了19颗锆石,锆石颗粒粒径介于60~130 μm,长宽比介于1∶1~3∶1(图3b),颗粒大小不一,呈浑圆状、板柱状及棱角状,除少数颗粒有残缺外,多数晶形较完整。锆石U-Pb年龄有多组,从最老的2629±26 Ma至260±3 Ma均有分布(图3f),2629±26~343±4 Ma锆石为捕获锆石年龄。1、8、14、18等四颗锆石的Th/U比值介于0.48~0.84,显示岩浆型锆石特征,计算的206Pb/238U谐和年龄为302.2±1.1 Ma,MSWD=0.21(图3g),结合锆石特征,该组年龄为捕获锆石年龄。5、9、11、15、16、19等六颗锆石呈透明—半透明状,多数呈自形板柱状,晶型较完整,内部发育较宽的岩浆振荡环带,Th/U比值介于0.37~1.26,其谐和度较高,206Pb/238U谐和年龄为261.8±3.1 Ma,MSWD=0.12(图3h),代表了辉绿岩的形成年龄。

  • 3.2 主量元素

  • 主量元素分析结果(表2)显示,枕状玄武岩的SiO2含量介于47.36%~49.80%之间,平均为48.73%;TiO2含量介于1.38%~1.59%之间,平均为1.47%;Al2O3含量介于16.88%~17.61%之间,平均为17.17%,具高铝玄武岩(>16.5%)特征(Crawford et al.,1987);CaO含量介于8.55%~10.60%之间;TFeO含量介于7.84%~8.94%之间;MgO含量介于5.98%~6.34%之间;Mg#介于54.4~58.1之间;Na2O含量介于2.43%~4.32%之间,K2O含量介于0.20%~0.78%之间。TiO2含量介于岛弧拉班玄武岩(平均为0.8%)与洋中脊玄武岩(平均为1.48%)之间(Sun et al.,1989),Mg#低于幔源岩浆原生岩浆值(68~72,Frey et al,1978),Na2O含量高于K2O含量。岩石样品的烧失量(LOI)介于1.27%~3.40%之间,因此选用Nb、Ce、Zr、Y等相对稳定的、抗蚀变能力较强的高场强元素(Pearce et al.,1973)进行岩石类型划分,在Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y图中(图4a),枕状玄武岩样品落在亚碱性玄武岩和安山岩/玄武岩的边界上,说明枕状玄武岩属于亚碱性玄武岩和安山岩/玄武岩之间的过渡类型;在SiO2-TFeO/MgO图解(图4b)中显示岩石为拉斑玄武岩系列。

  • 表2 巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩主量(%)和微量元素(×10-6)含量表

  • Table2 Major (%) and trace element (×10-6) compositions for the Bairin Youqi pillow basalt

  • 续表2

  • 注:Mg# =(MgO/40.31)/(MgO/40.31+TFe2O3×0.8998/71.85×0.85)×100; δEu=EuN/SQRT(SmN×GdN); δCe=CeN/(La/2+Pr/2)N; TFeO=FeO+0.8998×Fe2O3; TFe2O3=FeO/0.8998+Fe2O3

  • 3.3 稀土及微量元素

  • 微量元素分析结果(表2)显示,枕状玄武岩稀土元素总量(ΣREE)介于80.97×10-6~100.58×10-6之间,平均为89.61×10-6,(La/Sm)N介于1.60~2.05,平均为1.82,(La/Yb)N介于2.68~3.25,平均为2.98,(Gd/Yb)N介于1.36~1.54,平均为1.44,ΣLREE/ΣHREE介于3.50~3.90之间,δEu介于0.98~1.08之间。稀土元素总量均介于OIB(198.96×10-6)与E-MORB(49.09×10-6)之间,更接近E-MORB含量,具弱的正Eu异常。(La/Sm)N、(La/Yb)N、(Gd/Yb)N值更接近E-MORB(1.52、1.79、1.01),反映轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特点,轻、重稀土元素分馏较一般。在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(图5a)上的配分曲线微弱右倾且彼此之间近似平行,显示稀土分异程度相当,与典型的E-MORB型玄武岩稀土元素特征相似。

  • 图4 内蒙古巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y图解(a,据Winchester et al.,1977)和 SiO2-TFeO/MgO图解(b,据Miyashiro,1974

  • Fig.4 Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y diagram (a, after Winchester et al., 1977) and SiO2-TFeO/MgO diagram (b, after Miyashiro, 1974) of the the Bairin Youqi pillow basalt, Inner Mongolia

  • 相比主量元素,微量元素具有更丰富的有关岩浆作用过程的信息。在微量元素原始地幔蛛网图上(图5b),随元素不相容性的降低微量元素的变化变小,与典型大陆板内玄武岩的“驼峰” 式和大洋岛弧玄武岩的“大隆起”式微量元素配分形式相区别。Rb、Th相对亏损,Ba、U、Nb、Ta 相对富集,Nb含量(8.4×10-6~9.8×10-6,平均为9.3×10-6)与E-MORB的值(8.3×10-6)相似,Sr含量(293×10-6~449×10-6)明显高于E-MORB的值,介于E-MORB与OIB之间。与E-MORB相比,相对富集大离子亲石元素LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U等)和微弱富集高场强元素HFSE(Nb、Hf等),总体上微量元素曲线配分型态与E-MORB类似。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 枕状玄武岩形成时代

  • 前人在开展1∶5万区域地质矿产调查时,根据区域地层对比,将本次研究对象归属于下—中二叠统大石寨组,在1∶20万区域地质调查中将其划归于上侏罗统玛尼吐组。本次LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示,巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩测年样品的锆石年龄较复杂,从晚太古代到早中生代均有,年龄跨度较大,不同样品之间的具体年龄分布和频率存在一定差异,显示锆石颗粒来源的复杂性。其中,大于600 Ma的年龄可能是华北克拉通及其北部兴蒙造山带前寒武纪地质事件的反映(Zhao Guochun et al.,2000; Xu Bei et al.,2013; Song Shuguang et al.,2015),600~477 Ma的年龄可能是邻区早古生代岛弧岩浆事件的反映(Jian Ping et al.,2008; 李承东等,2012)。枕状玄武岩样品中获得了一组320.5±2.5 Ma的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄是区域上石炭纪—二叠纪(340~270 Ma)大规模岩浆事件的反映(Song Shuguang et al.,2015; 刘建峰等,2016; Zhang Jinrui et al.,2016)。本次通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得的枕状玄武岩和辉绿岩的锆石谐和年龄分别为256.6±2.6 Ma和261.8±3.1 Ma,指示他们形成于晚二叠世,与半拉山地区256 Ma的辉长岩(Miao Laicheng et al.,2008)、林东地区255~253 Ma高镁安山岩(李宏钊等,2021)和巴林右旗地区257 Ma具有O型埃达克质岩石性质的安山岩(杨文鹏等,2018)可能为区域上晚古生代一期重要的构造岩浆活动事件的反映。

  • 图5 巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩稀土元素配分曲线(a,据Boynton,1984)和微量元素标准化蛛网图(b,据Sun et al.,1989

  • Fig.5 Rare earth element (REE) patterns (a, after Boynton, 1984) and primitive mantle normalized multi-element diagrams (b, after Sun et al., 1989) of the Bairin Youqi pillow basalt, Inner Mongolia

  • 正常洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)、富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)和洋岛玄武岩(OIB)数据据Sun et al.,1989

  • Normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) , enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) and oceanic island basalt (OIB) values are after Sun et al., 1989

  • 4.2 枕状玄武岩形成构造环境

  • 蛇绿岩作为大洋岩石圈残片,是增生带与缝合带的标志,是一种独特的镁铁质-超镁质岩石组合,在研究古大洋的发展演化史中起着至关重要的作用(Dilek et al.,20112014)。然而,受构造的破坏肢解作用,一套发育完整的蛇绿岩(从底部到顶部为变质橄榄岩、堆晶辉长质杂岩、镁铁质席状岩墙杂岩、枕状熔岩以及侵入岩、喷出岩、硅质岩、页岩和灰岩)极其罕见,现今发现保存的多为其某一单元成分。从本次所测地质剖面来看,出露的岩石组合类型为辉长岩、辉绿岩、块状玄武岩、变玄武岩、大理岩、硅(泥质)岩以及枕状玄武岩,岩石之间多呈断层接触,片理化带较发育,整体上呈混杂堆积状,类似于蛇绿岩的组成成分,而蛇绿岩的形成环境主要有MOR型和SSZ型(Dilek et al.,2011),而产于大洋中脊环境的玄武岩一般不具有复杂的锆石年龄特征,本文枕状玄武岩中复杂的锆石年龄暗示其产出环境非洋中脊环境,是否属于SSZ型构造环境还需进一步判别。

  • 在Hf/3-Th-Nb/16图上(图6a),枕状玄武岩样品位于富集型洋中脊玄武岩区域内。在V-Ti图上(图6b),所有岩石样品均位于洋中脊和弧后盆地玄武岩区域内,而枕状玄武岩的TiO2含量(介于1.38%~1.59%之间,平均为1.47%)并不支持其为弧后盆地环境形成的玄武岩(Zhang Zhaochong et al.,2009)。在Ti-Zr图上(图6c),枕状玄武岩样品均位于洋中脊玄武岩区域内。在Th/Yb-Ta/Yb图上(图6d),枕状玄武岩样品位于富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)附近,有向大洋岛弧靠近的趋势。枕状玄武岩样品与E-MORB相似,表明其应起源于一个类似于E-MORB的源区,尽管部分微量元素组成和稀土配分型式与E-MOBR相似,但还是有一定区别,如枕状玄武岩样品的Al2O3含量具高铝玄武岩的特征,高铝玄武岩通常认为是由俯冲板片之下地幔部分熔融形成的熔体在经历分离后的派生岩浆形成的(Crawford et al.,1987),另外在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图中(图5a)稀土元素配分曲线型态类似于E-MORB型,介于E-MORB和OIB之间,有向OIB方向的演化趋势。

  • 在ThN-NbN(图7a)图上,枕状玄武岩位于富集型洋中脊玄武岩区内,所有样品均与俯冲带上盘型富集组分(SSZ-E)演化趋势相一致(Saccani,2015)。在(Tb/Yb)P与(Yb/Sm)P的关系图中(图7b),石榴子石橄榄岩的熔融产生了与尖晶石橄榄岩的熔融明显不同的轨迹。巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩的样品数据,在石榴子石存在的情况下对熔体的贡献为10%~50%(Zhang Zhaochong et al.,2006),并且部分熔融程度相对较低,约为6%~13%,样品投点数据更接近尖晶石橄榄岩的熔体演化趋势,而非石榴子石橄榄岩的熔体演化趋势。然而,因熔体模型、分布系数、来源组成或者矿物比例的不同选择会产生不同的结论,因此,还需要进一步的证据加以验证。中国巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩具有富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)特征,其形成的大地构造环境类似于富集型洋中脊构造环境(Pearce,2008),与挪威索伦德-斯塔夫湾蛇绿岩带内枕状玄武岩(Furnes et al.,2012)和印度阿曼达群岛邦波卡枕状玄武岩形成的构造环境相似(Jafri et al.,2013)。因此,合理推测巴林右旗地区具有富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)特征的枕状玄武岩应是在古亚洲洋板块俯冲过程中亏损地幔与富集地幔混合形成的,并在上升过程中受到了地壳物质的混染。

  • 4.3 枕状玄武岩发现的地质意义

  • 古亚洲洋从起始俯冲(~510 Ma)到最终闭合,期间经历了复杂的构造演化历程(Miao Laicheng et al.,2008; Jian Ping et al.,2010; Song Shuguang et al.,2015; Zhang Jinrui et al.,2016; 胡飞等,2023)。晚石炭世—早中二叠世,从锡林浩特到巴林右旗地区发育广泛的岩浆岩带,主要岩石类型为钙碱性、高钾钙碱性及碱性岩体,岩石组合和地球化学特征表明这套岩浆岩具有俯冲带成因的岛弧特征(张晓飞等,2018)。早二叠世,杏树洼蛇绿混杂岩中的异剥钙榴岩(280 Ma)形成于弧前-岛弧环境(Song Shuguang et al.,2015),五道石门枕状玄武岩(277 Ma)形成于正常洋中脊(N-MORB)环境(Song Shuguang et al.,2015),这些岩石的形成与古亚洲洋的俯冲消减作用有关,暗示该时期古亚洲洋尚未闭合。中—下二叠统发育的寿山沟组、大石寨组及哲斯组海相碎屑-沉积岩系,以及杏树洼蛇绿岩内硅质岩中二叠纪放射虫化石的发育(王玉净和樊志勇,1997),表明中二叠世古亚洲洋仍处于开放状态。

  • 图6 巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩Th-Hf-Nb图解(a,据Wood,1980)、V-Ti图解(b,据Shervais,1982)、 Zr-Ti图解(c,据Pearce et al.,1973)和Ta/Yb-Th/Yb图解(d,据Pearce,1982

  • Fig.6 Th-Hf-Nb diagram (a, after Wood, 1980) , V-Ti diagram (b, after Shervais, 1982) , Zr-Ti diagram (c, after Pearce et al., 1973) and Ta/Yb-Th/Yb diagram (d, after Pearce, 1982) of the Bairin Youqi pillow basalt, Inner Mongolia

  • 晚二叠世,在西拉木伦河北岸,上二叠统林西组出现了海相到陆相的变化,与残余洋盆的沉积特征相似,而非伸展裂谷环境(郑月娟等,2014),本文研究的枕状玄武岩(256.6±2.6 Ma)具有类似于富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)的地球化学亲缘性,结合辉绿岩(261.8±3.1 Ma)测年结果,暗示此时还存在古亚洲洋残余洋盆(图8)。晚二叠世晚期,西拉木伦河两侧已出现了北部安加拉植物群和南部华夏植物群的混生(郑月娟等,2014)。

  • 三叠纪,区域上发育大规模的同碰撞或后碰撞型岩浆岩带(李锦轶等,2007; Wu Fuyuan et al.,2011; Eizenhöfer et al.,2014; Zhao Shuo et al.,2021),松辽盆地西缘晚二叠世—三叠纪整体处于构造抬升阶段(何大双等,2023),暗示古亚洲洋残余洋盆的闭合可能发生在晚二叠世或之后。

  • 研究区西部发现的柯单山、杏树洼以及东部的九井子蛇绿岩(Jian Ping et al.,2008; Song Shuguang et al.,2015; 刘建峰等,2016),与巴林右旗地区发现的枕状玄武岩为古亚洲洋洋盆的演化提供了新的地质依据,枕状玄武岩的形成时代为256.6±2.6 Ma,类似于俯冲带上盘型(SSZ)蛇绿岩(Dilek et al.,20112014)组成成分,为晚二叠世古亚洲洋俯冲作用的产物。基于上述分析,我们认为古亚洲洋残余洋盆的闭合时间应为晚二叠世末—早三叠世初,同时预示着柯单山—杏树洼—巴林右旗—巴林左旗一线的蛇绿岩带可能代表了古亚洲洋的最终闭合位置。

  • 图7 巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩ThN-NbN图解(a,据Saccani,2015)和(Yb/Sm)P-(Tb/Yb)P 图解(b,据Zhang Zhaochong et al.,2006

  • Fig.7 ThN-NbN diagram (a, after Saccani, 2015) and (Yb/Sm) P- (Tb/Yb) P-diagram (b, after Zhang Zhaochong et al., 2006) of the Bairin Youqi pillow basalt, Inner Mongolia

  • 图8 古亚洲洋构造演化模式图

  • Fig.8 A geologic model for the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

  • 5 结论

  • (1)巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,成岩时代为256.6±2.6 Ma,与辉绿岩261.8±3.1 Ma同属晚二叠世岩浆活动产物,而不是前人认为的早—中二叠世或晚侏罗世。

  • (2)巴林右旗地区枕状玄武岩具E-MORB的地球化学特征,类似于俯冲带上盘型(SSZ)蛇绿岩组成成分,枕状玄武岩是古亚洲洋板块俯冲消减过程中亏损地幔和富集地幔混合形成的,并在上升过程中受到地壳物质的混染。

  • (3)巴林右旗枕状玄武岩是古亚洲洋壳俯冲作用的体现,结合前人研究成果和区域资料,古亚洲洋残余洋盆的闭合时间应为晚二叠世末—早三叠世初,柯单山—杏树洼—巴林右旗—巴林左旗一线的蛇绿岩带可能代表了古亚洲洋的最终闭合位置。

  • 致谢:衷心感谢匿名审稿专家提出的建议性宝贵意见和研究团队成员郑博和赵瑞君的帮助。

  • 注释

  • ❶ 内蒙古第五地质矿产勘查开发院.2012. 内蒙古自治区赤峰市查干沐沦、大板镇、古力古台、召胡都格幅1∶5万地质矿产调查成果报告.

  • ❷ 内蒙古第二区调队.1971.1∶20万林西县幅、白塔子庙幅联测.

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    • Liu Jianfeng, Li Jinyi, Sun Lixin, Yin Dongfang, Zheng Peixi. 2016. Zircon U-Pb dating of the Jiujingzi ophiolite in Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia: Constraints on the formation and evolution of the Xar Moron River suture zone. Geology in China, 43(6): 1947~1962 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Liu Yongsheng, Hu Zhaochu, Zong Keqing, Gao Changgui, Gao Shan, Xu Jun, Chen Haihong. 2010a. Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(15): 1535~1546.

    • Liu Yongsheng, Gao Shan, Hu Zhaochu, Gao Changgui, Zong Keqing, Wang Dongbing. 2010b. Continental and oceanic crust recycling-induced melt-peridotite interactions in the Trans-North China Orogen: U-Pb dating, Hf isotopes and trace elements in zircons from mantle xenoliths. Journal of Petrology, 51(1-2): 537~571.

    • Ludwig K R. 2003. User's Manual for Isoplot 3. 00: A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication, 4: 1~71.

    • Miao Laicheng, Fan Weiming, Liu Dunyi, Zhang Fuqin, Shi Yuruo, Guo Feng. 2008. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Hegenshan ophiolitic complex: Implications for late-stage tectonic evolution of the Inner Mongolia-Daxinganling Orogenic Belt, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32(5-6): 348~370.

    • Miyashiro A. 1974. Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins. American Journal of Science, 274(4): 321~355.

    • Pearce J A. 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate bounda. In: Thrope R S, ed. Andesites. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 528~548.

    • Pearce J A. 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos, 100(1): 14~48.

    • Pearce J A, Cann J R. 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19 (2): 290~300.

    • Saccani E. 2015. A new method of discriminating different types of post-Archean ophiolitic basalts and their tectonic significance using Th-Nb and Ce-Dy-Yb systematics. Geoscience Frontiers, 6(4): 481~501.

    • Sengör A M C, Natal'In B A, Burtman V S. 1993. Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Palaeozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature, 364: 299~307.

    • Shao Jian, Wang You, Tang Kedong. 2017. A reflection on the Xar moron tectono magmatic belt, Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 33(10): 3002~3010 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Shervais J W. 1982. Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 59: 101~118.

    • Song Shuguang, Wang Mingming, Xu Xin, Wang Chao, Niu Yaoling, Allen M B, Su Li. 2015. Ophiolites in the Xing'an-Inner Mongolia accretionary belt of the CAOB: Implications for two cycles of seafloor spreading and accretionary orogenic events. Tectonics, 34: 2221~2248.

    • Sun S S, McDonough W F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A D, Norry M J, eds. Magmatism in Oceanic Basins. Geological Society Special Publication, 42(1): 313~345.

    • Tang Shuang, Zhang Jinrui, Jiang Ling, Wei Chunjing, Chu Hang. 2023. Metamorphic P-T path and zircon geochronology of the mica schists in the Baoyintu Group, central western Inner Mongolia. Acta Geologica Sinica, 97(3): 705~724 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Yanyang, Xu Bei, Cheng Shengdong, Liao Wen, Shao Jun, Wang Yan. 2014. Zircon U-Pb dating of the mafic lava from Wudaoshimen, Hexigten, Inner Mongolia and its geological significance. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(7): 2055~2062 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Yujing, Fan Zhiyong. 1997. Discovery of Permian radiolarians inophiolite belt on northern side of Xar Moron River, Inner Mongolia and its geological significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 36(1): 58~69 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Winchester J A, Floyd P A. 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20: 325~343.

    • Wood D A. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 20: 11~30.

    • Wu Fuyuan, Sun Deyou, Ge Wenchun, Zhang Yanbin, Grant M L, Wilde S A, Jahn Bor-Ming M. 2011. Geochronology of the Phanerozoic granitoids in northeastern China. Journalof Asian Earth Sciences, 41(1): 1~30.

    • Wu Xinwei, Liu Zhenghong, Liu Yongjiang, Shao Jun, Zhang Chao, Zhang Yujin, Guo Wei, Liu Baoshan, Zhang Guangyu. 2023. Neoarchean magmatic events in the western Songnen massif, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Timing and tectonic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 97(2): 436~448.

    • Wu Yuanbao, Zheng Yongfei. 2004. Genesis of zircon and its constraints on interpretation of U-Pb age. Chinese Science Bulletin, 49(15): 1554~1569.

    • Xiao Wenjiao, Windley B F, Hao Jie, Zhai Mingguo. 2003. Accretion leading to collision and the Permian Solonker suture, Inner Mongolia, China: Termination of the central Asian orogenic belt. Tectonics, 22(6): 1069~1078.

    • Xu Bei, Charvet Jacques, Chen Yan, Zhao Pan, Shi Guanzhong. 2013. Middle Paleozoic convergent orogenic belts in western Inner Mongolia (China): Framework, kinematics, geochronology and implications for tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research, 23: 1342~1364.

    • Yang Wenpeng, Zhang Shengxu, Jiang Haiyang, Liu Hongda, Sui Chengyu, Sun Jiangjun, Zhang Jianfeng, Lv Shijia, Li Xinpeng. 2018. Characteristics and geological implications of the Late Permian adakitic volcanic rocks from Bairin Right Banner area, Inner Mongolia. Geological Bulletin of China, 37(9): 1710~1721 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yuan Honglin, Gao Shan, Liu Xiaoming, Li Huiming, Günther Detlef, Wu Fuyuan. 2004. Accurate U-Pb age and trace element determinations of zircon by laser ablation inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 28(3): 353~370.

    • Zhang Jinrui, Wei Chunjing, Chu Hang, Chen Yaping. 2016. Mesozoic metamorphism and its tectonic implication along the Solonker suture zone in central Inner Mongolia, China. Lithos, 261: 262~277.

    • Zhang Xiaofei, Zhou Yi, Liu Junlai, Li Shucai, Wang Biren, Teng Chao, Cao Jun, Zhang Huachuan. 2018. Geochronology and geochemistry for volcanic rocks of Dashizhai Formation and its geological significance in Xi Ujimqin Banner, Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 34(6): 1775~1791 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhang Yongsheng, Tian Shugang, Li Zizhun, Gong Yuexuan, Xing Enyuan, Wang Zhuozhuo, Zhai Daxing, Jie Cao, Kui Su, Meng Wang. 2014. Discovery of marine fossils in the upper part of the Permian Linxi Formation in Lopingian, Xingmeng area, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(1): 62~74.

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    • Zhao Shuo, Liu Jianfeng, Zhang Yuting, Zhang Jin, Xu Wenliang, Li Jinyi. 2021. Geochronology and petrogenesis of the Yuanbaoshan leucogranite in southeast Inner Mongolia: Implications for the collision between the Sino-Korean and Siberian paleo-plates. Lithos, 384-385: 105981.

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    • 李锦轶, 刘建峰, 曲军峰, 郑荣国, 赵硕, 张进, 孙立新, 李永飞, 杨晓平, 王励嘉, 张晓卫. 2019. 中国东北地区主要地质特征和地壳构造格架. 岩石学报, 35(10): 2989~3016.

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    • 刘建峰, 李锦轶, 孙立新, 殷东方, 郑培玺. 2016. 内蒙古巴林左旗九井子蛇绿岩锆石U-Pb定年: 对西拉木伦河缝合带形成演化的约束. 中国地质, 43(6): 1947~1962.

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    • 杨文鹏, 张生旭, 姜海洋, 刘洪大, 隋成禹, 孙江军, 张俭峰, 吕石佳, 李新鹏. 2018. 内蒙古巴林右旗晚二叠世埃达克质火山岩特征及其地质意义. 地质通报, 37(9): 1710~1721.

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    • Liu Jianfeng, Li Jinyi, Sun Lixin, Yin Dongfang, Zheng Peixi. 2016. Zircon U-Pb dating of the Jiujingzi ophiolite in Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia: Constraints on the formation and evolution of the Xar Moron River suture zone. Geology in China, 43(6): 1947~1962 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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    • Miao Laicheng, Fan Weiming, Liu Dunyi, Zhang Fuqin, Shi Yuruo, Guo Feng. 2008. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Hegenshan ophiolitic complex: Implications for late-stage tectonic evolution of the Inner Mongolia-Daxinganling Orogenic Belt, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32(5-6): 348~370.

    • Miyashiro A. 1974. Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins. American Journal of Science, 274(4): 321~355.

    • Pearce J A. 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate bounda. In: Thrope R S, ed. Andesites. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 528~548.

    • Pearce J A. 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos, 100(1): 14~48.

    • Pearce J A, Cann J R. 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19 (2): 290~300.

    • Saccani E. 2015. A new method of discriminating different types of post-Archean ophiolitic basalts and their tectonic significance using Th-Nb and Ce-Dy-Yb systematics. Geoscience Frontiers, 6(4): 481~501.

    • Sengör A M C, Natal'In B A, Burtman V S. 1993. Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Palaeozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature, 364: 299~307.

    • Shao Jian, Wang You, Tang Kedong. 2017. A reflection on the Xar moron tectono magmatic belt, Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 33(10): 3002~3010 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Shervais J W. 1982. Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 59: 101~118.

    • Song Shuguang, Wang Mingming, Xu Xin, Wang Chao, Niu Yaoling, Allen M B, Su Li. 2015. Ophiolites in the Xing'an-Inner Mongolia accretionary belt of the CAOB: Implications for two cycles of seafloor spreading and accretionary orogenic events. Tectonics, 34: 2221~2248.

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    • Tang Shuang, Zhang Jinrui, Jiang Ling, Wei Chunjing, Chu Hang. 2023. Metamorphic P-T path and zircon geochronology of the mica schists in the Baoyintu Group, central western Inner Mongolia. Acta Geologica Sinica, 97(3): 705~724 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Yanyang, Xu Bei, Cheng Shengdong, Liao Wen, Shao Jun, Wang Yan. 2014. Zircon U-Pb dating of the mafic lava from Wudaoshimen, Hexigten, Inner Mongolia and its geological significance. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(7): 2055~2062 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Yujing, Fan Zhiyong. 1997. Discovery of Permian radiolarians inophiolite belt on northern side of Xar Moron River, Inner Mongolia and its geological significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 36(1): 58~69 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Winchester J A, Floyd P A. 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20: 325~343.

    • Wood D A. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 20: 11~30.

    • Wu Fuyuan, Sun Deyou, Ge Wenchun, Zhang Yanbin, Grant M L, Wilde S A, Jahn Bor-Ming M. 2011. Geochronology of the Phanerozoic granitoids in northeastern China. Journalof Asian Earth Sciences, 41(1): 1~30.

    • Wu Xinwei, Liu Zhenghong, Liu Yongjiang, Shao Jun, Zhang Chao, Zhang Yujin, Guo Wei, Liu Baoshan, Zhang Guangyu. 2023. Neoarchean magmatic events in the western Songnen massif, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Timing and tectonic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 97(2): 436~448.

    • Wu Yuanbao, Zheng Yongfei. 2004. Genesis of zircon and its constraints on interpretation of U-Pb age. Chinese Science Bulletin, 49(15): 1554~1569.

    • Xiao Wenjiao, Windley B F, Hao Jie, Zhai Mingguo. 2003. Accretion leading to collision and the Permian Solonker suture, Inner Mongolia, China: Termination of the central Asian orogenic belt. Tectonics, 22(6): 1069~1078.

    • Xu Bei, Charvet Jacques, Chen Yan, Zhao Pan, Shi Guanzhong. 2013. Middle Paleozoic convergent orogenic belts in western Inner Mongolia (China): Framework, kinematics, geochronology and implications for tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research, 23: 1342~1364.

    • Yang Wenpeng, Zhang Shengxu, Jiang Haiyang, Liu Hongda, Sui Chengyu, Sun Jiangjun, Zhang Jianfeng, Lv Shijia, Li Xinpeng. 2018. Characteristics and geological implications of the Late Permian adakitic volcanic rocks from Bairin Right Banner area, Inner Mongolia. Geological Bulletin of China, 37(9): 1710~1721 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Yuan Honglin, Gao Shan, Liu Xiaoming, Li Huiming, Günther Detlef, Wu Fuyuan. 2004. Accurate U-Pb age and trace element determinations of zircon by laser ablation inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 28(3): 353~370.

    • Zhang Jinrui, Wei Chunjing, Chu Hang, Chen Yaping. 2016. Mesozoic metamorphism and its tectonic implication along the Solonker suture zone in central Inner Mongolia, China. Lithos, 261: 262~277.

    • Zhang Xiaofei, Zhou Yi, Liu Junlai, Li Shucai, Wang Biren, Teng Chao, Cao Jun, Zhang Huachuan. 2018. Geochronology and geochemistry for volcanic rocks of Dashizhai Formation and its geological significance in Xi Ujimqin Banner, Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 34(6): 1775~1791 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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