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作者简介:

王文宝,男,1989年生。硕士,助理工程师,构造地质学专业。E-mail:wangwenbao1989@163.com。

通讯作者:

雷聪聪,男,1990年生。硕士,助理工程师,构造地质学专业。E-mail:742934975@qq.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    望湖山韧性剪切带位于中亚造山带中段南缘的雅干断裂带内。本文应用野外和显微构造解析、40Ar/39Ar和U-Pb同位素地质年代学手段来恢复该剪切带的构造演化史,并探讨了其与中亚造山带碰撞造山的关系。望湖山韧性剪切带走向近东西,具右行走滑性质。糜棱岩中长石和石英的动态重结晶方式限定了其变形温度在400~500℃,属高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相动力变质带。剪切带内岩株状产出的糜棱岩化闪长岩结晶年龄为331.3±5.7 Ma,侵入其中的同构造花岗岩脉结晶年龄为304.8±2.3 Ma。咸水湖组中同构造糜棱岩化黑云母二长花岗岩脉结晶年龄为308.9±2.0 Ma。侵入剪切带且未变形正长花岗岩结晶年龄为288.4±1.3 Ma。以上限定了该期韧性剪切变形时代在331~288 Ma之间。剪切带中糜棱岩的黑(白)云母40Ar-39Ar同位素测年获得了253~237 Ma坪年龄,与侵入剪切带的三叠纪花岗岩年龄近一致,为晚期岩浆热事件的记录。综合分析,望湖山韧性剪切带应为中亚造山带在晚石炭世—早二叠世碰撞造山的直接记录,并在早二叠世晚期本区域碰撞造山结束。

    Abstract

    The Wanghushan ductile shear zone (WHSSZ) is located in the Yagan fault zone in Southernmost Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). In this study, we applied structural, microstructural and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology, and U-Pb zircon geochronology to constrain the tectonic evolution of WHSSZ, and discussed its relations with subduction/collision dynamics in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The WHSSZ is a nearly E-W striking ductile strike-slip shear zone, and various kinematic indicators indicate dextral shearing. The dynamic recrystallization characteristics of quartz and plagioclase indicate that the dextral ductile shearing belt is a high greenschist facies to low amphibolite facies dynamical metamorphism belt and the deformation temperature is approximately 400~500℃. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating were conducted on zircons from the mylonitized diorite, granite dikes, and undeformed syenogranite The weighted mean ages of diorite and syntectonic granitic vein are 331.3±5.7 Ma and 304.8±2.3 Ma. The crystallization ages of syntectonic mylonitized granite dikes and undeformed syenogranite are 308.9±2.0 Ma and 288.4±1.3 Ma, suggesting that the dextral shearing took place after 331 Ma and before 288 Ma. 40Ar-39Ar plateau age of muscovite and biotite samples from metamorphic-deformed rocks of the WHSSZ range from 253 Ma to 237 Ma, which are consistent with the age of the Triassic magmatic rocks intrusive in the WHSSZ, and should be the record of that magmatic thermal event. We infer that the WHSSZ should be the direct record of the assembly of the middle segment of the southern CAOB during Late Carboniferous to Early Permian, and probably ended in Late Early Permian.

  • 中亚造山带是全球最大的增生型造山带,北为西伯利亚板块,南为华北-塔里木板块,其形成与古亚洲洋及其陆缘的演化密切相关(Şengör et al.,1993; Khain et al.,2003; Jahn,2004; Kovalenko et al.,2004; Kröner et al.,20072014; Song Dongfang et al.,2020; 王盟等,2022)。关于古亚洲洋闭合的时限仍存在不同的认识:有学者认为是在泥盆纪—早石炭世(Tang Kedong,1990; Charvet et al.,2007; Xu Bei et al.,2013; 邵济安等,2014);也有学者认为是在二叠纪至早—中三叠世(Wu Tairan et al.,1998; Xiao Wenjiao et al.,20032018; Li Jinyi,2006; Windley et al.,2007; Jian Ping et al.,2008; Didenko et al.,2016; Liu Qian et al.,20172018; Eizenhöfer and Zhao Guochun,2018; Zhang Donghai et al.,20182021; Ren Qiang et al.,2020; Zheng Rongguo et al.,20202021; Wu Didi et al.,2021)。雅干断裂带位于中亚造山带中段南缘(图1a),前人对比了构造带两侧的地层、火山岩和岩浆岩特征,且其中的超基性岩可能是蛇绿岩残片,认为其具划分构造单元的意义,构造带以北为奥陶纪—石炭纪岛弧,南侧为珠斯楞海尔罕大陆边缘(王廷印等,1993; 吴泰然和何国琦,1993; Wu Tairan et al.,1998; 郑荣国等,2013; Song Dongfang et al.,2020)。此外,在蒙古南部的研究中亦将雅干断裂作为重要的地体边界(Badarch et al.,2002; Windley et al.,2007),是恩格尔乌苏和查干础鲁蛇绿岩带以北一条重要的地质界线。关于雅干断裂的存在和活动时代均依靠构造带两侧地质体的对比来限定(如吴泰然和何国琦,1993郑荣国等,2013),其变形特征、构造样式和活动时限仍不清楚。在区域地质调查过程中发现雅干断裂带内的望湖山地区有较多糜棱岩。造山带内的韧性剪切带记录了大陆山链形成、生长、隆升和剥露的重要信息,是研究造山带动力学的重要场所(许志琴等,2013)。该韧性剪切带的变形特征和演化史对理解雅干断裂这一构造单元边界乃至中亚造山带构造演化均具有重要意义。

  • 本文以记录造山带内块体运动的韧性剪切带为研究对象,利用野外和显微构造解析、锆石U-Pb和云母40Ar/39Ar年代学方法厘定了雅干断裂带内望湖山韧性剪切带的几何学、运动学特征,限定了其活动时代,探讨了剪切带与中亚造山带南缘增生碰撞造山的关系,是雅干断裂带研究的新成果,对中亚造山带古生代构造演化史重建具有重要意义。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 雅干断裂带南侧属珠斯楞—海尔罕大陆边缘,地层和火山岩地球化学特征显示该区在石炭纪由被动大陆边缘转为活动大陆边缘(吴泰然和何国琦,1993; 郑荣国等,2013)。马军等(2021)报道的中国天鹅湖复式岩体中存在872.6±2.0 Ma的花岗质片麻岩,王振义等(2021)在中国少木尚德地区报道存在碎屑锆石最小年龄为1075.7 Ma的一套低角闪岩相变质陆源碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩组合,说明本区存在前寒武纪基底,是Windley et al.(2007)在蒙古境内所划南戈壁微陆块的自然延伸(图1a)。新元古界圆藻山群为研究区内最古老的地层,呈飞来峰产出于上泥盆统西屏山组之上,可能是侏罗纪逆冲推覆的外来地质体。西屏山组在区内主要见大理岩,被晚泥盆世岩体侵入,在岩体内呈捕虏体产出。

  • 雅干断裂带北侧属奥陶纪—石炭纪逐渐成熟的岛弧(吴泰然和何国琦,1993; Wu et al.,1998)。中—下奥陶统咸水湖组底部为一套浅海—半深海复理石建造岩石组合,上部为一套具有一定成熟度的洋岛弧地球化学特征的火山岩组合(中国人民武装警察部队黄金第二支队,2019)。石炭系白山组主要为一套中酸性火山熔岩及火山碎屑岩,夹少量沉积碎屑岩和大理岩,为滨海相火山岩建造,地球化学特征显示具有大陆边缘弧火山岩特征(雷聪聪等,2023)。

  • 研究区内识别出了多期岩浆活动,晚泥盆世花岗闪长岩、早石炭世闪长岩、晚石炭世石英闪长岩,早二叠世基性—酸性侵入岩和三叠纪花岗岩岩体(图1b),为剪切带变形时代的约束提供了很好的条件。

  • 2 韧性剪切带特征

  • 望湖山韧性剪切带总体近NEE向延伸,西起中国巴丹吉林沙漠北东缘,向东可延伸至蒙古境内,韧性剪切带南北宽度大于11 km,向北可延伸至研究区外4~5 km,向南包含天鹅湖、红石山复式岩体,南北两侧均被下白垩统巴音戈壁组不整合覆盖。根据其物质组成的时代和断层接触关系将剪切带分为三个部分进行研究,北部为咸水湖组及侵入其中的岩株、岩脉,南部包括天鹅湖和戈壁音乌兰复式岩体,中部主体为石炭系白山组。

  • 望湖山韧性剪切带北部中—下奥陶统咸水湖组被闪长岩岩株和花岗岩脉侵入,共同发生糜棱岩化,东西两侧被晚三叠世花岗岩岩基侵入并截切,敦德乌苏幅和勃温陶来幅 1∶5万区域地质矿产调查报告(中国人民武装警察部队黄金第二支队,2019)报道了岩体结晶年龄分别为236 Ma、242 Ma(图1b)。咸水湖组变质碎屑岩矿物粒度细小,糜棱叶理较发育,其上可见新生黑云母组成的矿物拉伸线理(图2a)。糜棱岩化闪长岩被花岗岩脉侵入,共同发生糜棱岩化。花岗岩脉局部被拉断,脉岩产状与糜棱叶理近平行,为同构造的脉岩(图2b)。糜棱岩化角闪闪长岩、二长花岗岩岩脉近东西向侵入咸水湖组,脉岩产状与糜棱叶理产状近平行,发生糜棱岩化,推测为同构造脉岩(图1b)。剪切带北部的糜棱面理近东西向,走向多在70°~100°之间,面理倾角较陡(如图1b、c)。矿物拉伸线理多呈低角度向西倾伏,侧伏角平均值为31°W,指示剪切运动方向为斜向走滑剪切(图2a)。糜棱岩化角闪闪长岩和二长花岗岩岩脉野外露头可见斜长石、钾长石旋转碎斑、S-C组构、不对称同构造脉等剪切标志,均指示右行剪切(图2c、d)。咸水湖组变质细碎屑岩中的矿物在显微镜下表现出强烈的定向性,长石形成具不对称拖尾的“σ”型残斑,云母多呈“云母鱼”状,S-C组构及“σ”型残斑均指示右行剪切,与野外观测结果一致。石英见亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶(SGR)和云母的塑性变形显示高绿片岩相变质作用特征(图2e)。糜棱岩化角闪闪长岩镜下观察见“σ”型残斑、“S-C”组构和“角闪石鱼”,亦指示右行剪切,角闪石和斜长石具分层现象,斜长石发生膨凸动态重结晶(BLG)并细粒化,显示高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相动力变质作用特征(图2f)。

  • 望湖山剪切带南部天鹅湖和戈壁音乌兰复式岩体中识别出了多期岩浆活动。新元古代花岗质片麻岩、晚泥盆世花岗闪长岩、晚石炭世石英闪长岩及早二叠世闪长岩、二长花岗岩均发生糜棱岩化,而早二叠世石英二长斑岩、正长花岗岩未变形(图1b;年龄据本文,马军等(2021)及未刊数据)。上泥盆统西屏山组结晶灰岩中见能干性相对较小的夹层中形成书斜构造,指示右行剪切变形(图3c)。天鹅湖岩体中糜棱面理产状变化较大,走向多为NE和NNE向,倾角20°~60°不等,矿物拉伸线理变化较大,多向SWW倾伏,倾伏角10°~40°(图1d)。剪切带总体走向NE向,其中局部发生弱糜棱岩化的早二叠世二长花岗岩的产出状态与剪切带方向近一致(图1b)。戈壁音乌兰岩体晚泥盆世花岗闪长岩糜棱岩化明显,早二叠世石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩中可见暗色矿物定向(图3f)。而早二叠世正长花岗岩中矿物均较自形,未见韧性剪切变形(图3g),正长花岗岩中见早二叠世弱糜棱岩化闪长岩捕虏体(图3e)。糜棱面理自西向东由NEE向转为近E-W向,矿物拉伸线理多为走向线理,侧伏角多为10°~30°之间(图1e)。野外露头上见走向矿物拉伸线理,水平面上可见右行剪切标志(图3a、b)。剪切带整体表现出右旋压扭性变形特征。晚泥盆世糜棱岩化花岗闪长岩定向薄片镜下见矿物分层现象,其中长石动态重结晶方式为膨凸动态重结晶,石英发生亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶,云母呈鱼状(图3d),限定其变形温度为450~500℃(Passchier and Trouw,2005)。

  • 图1 内蒙古西部大地构造简图(a)(修改自吴泰然和何国琦,1993; 辛后田等,2020)、研究区地质简图(b)及糜棱面理(弧)和矿物拉伸线理(点)下底面等面积赤平投影图(c~e)

  • Fig.1 Tectonic map of the western Inner Mongolia (a) (modified after Wu Tairan and He Guoqi, 1993; Xin Houtian et al., 2020) , sketch geological map of the study area (b) and stereographic projections (lower hemisphere, equal area projections) of mylonitic foliations (circle) and stretching lineations (dots) (c~e)

  • ①—红石山—百合山蛇绿岩带; ②—石板井—小黄山构造带;③—牛圈子—洗肠井奥陶纪蛇绿岩带; ④—雅干断裂带;⑤—恩格尔乌苏蛇绿岩带

  • ①—Hongshishan-Baiheshan ophiolitic mélanges; ②—Shibanjing-Xiaohuangshan tectonic zone; ③—Niujuanzi-Xichangjing ophiolitic mélanges; ④—Yagan fault zone; ⑤—Engger Us ophiolitic mélanges

  • 图2 望湖山韧性剪切带北部变质变形岩石野外(a~d)和镜下(e、f)特征

  • Fig.2 Representative field photographs (a~d) and photomicrographs (e, f) of the metamorphic-deformed rocks in the northern of Wanghushan ductile shear zone

  • (a)—咸水湖组含石榴子石二云母石英片岩中的矿物拉伸线理;(b)—闪长岩及同构造花岗岩脉;(c)—角闪闪长岩脉露头;(d)—二长花岗岩脉中长石残斑指示右行剪切;(e)—咸水湖组糜棱岩化含石榴子石二云石英片岩镜下照片;(f)—糜棱岩化角闪闪长岩定向薄片镜下照片; Bt—黑云母;Ms—白云母;Qtz—石英;Pl—斜长石;Hb—普通角闪石

  • (a) —foliation and mineral stretching lineation in the garnet-bearing two-mica quartz schist of the Xianshuihu Formation; (b) —diorite and syntectonic granite dikes; (c) —plagioclase in the hornblende diorite yields a dextral ductile shearing deformation; (d) —K-feldspar in the hornblende diorite yields a dextral ductile shearing deformation; (e) —photomicrographs of the garnet-bearing two-mica quartz schist of the Xianshuihu Formation; (f) —mylonitized hornblende diorite; Bt—biotite; Ms—muscovite; Qtz—quartz; Pl—plagioclase; Hb—hornblende

  • 图3 望湖山韧性剪切带南部变质变形岩石野外(a~c、e~g)和镜下(d)特征

  • Fig.3 Representative field photographs (a~c, e~g) and photomicrographs (d) of the metamorphic-deformed rocks in the southern of Wanghushan ductile shear zone

  • (a、b)—晚泥盆世糜棱岩化花岗闪长岩的矿物拉伸线理和剪切标志;(c)—西屏山组中的书斜构造;(d)—晚泥盆世强糜棱岩化花岗闪长岩定向薄片镜下照片;(e)—正长花岗岩侵入并捕虏糜棱岩化石英闪长岩;(f)—糜棱岩化石英闪长岩;(g)—未变形正长花岗岩; Pl—斜长石;Kfs—钾长石;Bt—黑云母;Qtz—石英;Grt—石榴子石

  • (a, b) —foliation and mineral stretching lineation in the Late Devonian mylonitized granodiorite; (c) —bookshelf structure in the Xipingshan Formation; (d) —photomicrographs of Late Devonian mylonitized granodiorite; (e) —the outcrop of syenitized granodiorite and mylonitized tonalite xenoliths; (f) —outcrop of mylonitized tonalite; (g) —outcrop of undeformed syenogranite; Pl—plagioclase; Kfs—K-feldspar; Bt—biotite; Qtz—quartz; Grt—garnet

  • 望湖山剪切带中部主要为石炭系白山组中酸性火山岩,其中糜棱岩化具明显强弱分带现象,可能变形时处于相对更浅层次。其中糜棱面理走向多近东西向,矿物拉伸线理亦多为走向线理,局部侧伏角较大(图4a、b)。剪切带受后期逆断层和相关褶皱构造叠加改造,在糜棱岩化流纹岩中可见“杆状”构造,故糜棱叶理和矿物拉伸线理产状变化亦较大。糜棱岩化流纹岩和流纹质含砾晶屑岩屑凝灰岩镜下见长石旋转碎斑和S-C组构,指示右行剪切,其中长石以脆性破裂和膨凸动态重结晶(BLG)细粒化变形为主,形成核幔构造,石英亚颗粒旋转重结晶,云母呈鱼状(图4c、d),限定变形温度约为450~500℃(Passchier and Trouw,2005)。

  • 图4 望湖山韧性剪切带中部变质变形岩石野外(a、b)和显微镜下(c、d)特征

  • Fig.4 Representative field photographs (a, b) and photomicrographs (c, d) of the metamorphic-deformed rocks in the middle of Wanghushan ductile shear zone

  • (a)—石炭系白山组糜棱岩化流纹岩;(b)—大理岩夹层中的韧性剪切变形;(c)—糜棱岩化流纹岩显微镜下照片;(d)—糜棱岩化流纹质含砾晶屑岩屑凝灰岩显微镜下照片; Pl—斜长石; Kfs—钾长石

  • (a) —mylonitized rhyolite in the Carboniferous Baishan Formation; (b) —ductile shear deformation in the marble of Baishan Formation; (c) —photomicrographs of mylonitized rhyolite; (d) —photomicrographs of mylonitized rhyolitic crystal tuff; Pl—plagioclase; Kfs—K-feldspar

  • 3 地质年代学

  • 3.1 样品采集及分析测试方法

  • 为了限定韧性剪切带的变形时间,本文选取剪切带内的糜棱岩化二长花岗岩脉(PM21TW47)、侵入剪切带但未变形正长花岗岩(PM22TW53)和糜棱岩化闪长岩岩株(TWTK20)进行LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb同位素测年。选取剪切带中糜棱岩化二云母石英片岩(Ar002)、糜棱岩化二长花岗岩脉(Ar003)、糜棱岩化花岗闪长岩(Ar005)进行40Ar-39Ar同位素测年(具体采样位置见图1b)。

  • 样品PM21TW47的粉碎加工、锆石分选、阴极发光照相和锆石U-Pb同位素分析工作均在中国冶金地质总局山东局测试中心完成,锆石U-Pb同位素分析在电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(Thermo ICAP Q)上完成,分析测试方法与Liu Chaohui et al.(2017)相同。样品TWTK20 和PM22TW53的粉碎加工、锆石分选在河北省区调地质勘查有限公司完成,锆石制靶及阴极发光照相、锆石U-Pb同位素分析在中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心实验室完成,锆石U-Pb同位素分析在激光烧蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(Agilent 7500a)系统上完成,分析测试方法与李怀坤等(2009)相同。

  • 样品Ar002挑选白云母单矿物,样品Ar003和Ar005挑选黑云母单矿物,该项工作由河北省区调地质勘查有限公司完成。样品辐照工作在中国原子能科学研究院反应堆中进行。40Ar-39Ar同位素测试在核工业北京地质研究院Argus VI上完成,具体分析测试方法与陈公正等(2021)相同。

  • 3.2 锆石U-Pb测年

  • PM21TW47样品锆石多为自形短柱状晶体,其长轴100~260 μm,长宽比值在1~3之间,阴极发光(CL)图像显示锆石具有清晰的振荡环带,均为岩浆锆石(图5a)。对PM21TW47样品中的30个锆石进行了同位素分析,详细分析结果见表1。除20、30号点谐和度较低外,其他28个点Th元素含量81.0×10-6~377.9×10-6,U元素含量196.1×10-6~879.5×10-6,Th/U比值为0.28~0.59(均>0.1),锆石206Pb/ 238U年龄变化于318~302 Ma之间, 28个点测试结果均位于谐和线上,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为308.9±2.0 Ma(MSWD=1.7,n=28)(图5b),代表了浅肉红色糜棱岩化黑云母二长花岗岩的结晶年龄。

  • PM22TW53样品锆石多为自形短柱状,长宽比值集中在1~2之间,阴极发光(CL)图像显示锆石具有清晰的振荡环带,为典型岩浆锆石(图5c)。对PM21TW53样品中的30个锆石进行了同位素分析,详细分析结果见表1。其中18、30号点谐和度较低。17号点获得385 Ma的单颗粒锆石年龄,可能为继承锆石年龄。而22号点获得了251 Ma的单颗粒锆石年龄,与东西两侧三叠纪花岗岩年龄相近,可能受更晚期脉岩的侵入影响。其他26个点Th元素含量69.6×10-6~226.5×10-6,U元素含量172.1×10-6~453.6×10-6,Th/U比值为0.33~0.66(均>0.1),锆石206Pb/ 238U年龄变化于293~283 Ma之间, 26个点测试结果均位于谐和线上,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为288.4±1.3 Ma(MSWD=0.75,n=26)(图5d),代表了浅肉红色糜棱岩化黑云母二长花岗岩的结晶年龄。

  • TWTK20样品锆石自形长柱状和浑圆状均有,阴极发光(CL)图像显示锆石具有清晰的振荡环带,Th/U比值为0.21~0.63(均>0.1),均为岩浆锆石。对样品中的33个锆石进行了同位素分析(详细分析结果见表1),除去两个不谐和样品点外(9、15号点),获得了复杂的单颗粒锆石年龄,主要集中于三个不同区间(图6a、b)。其中一部分锆石短柱状,206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值331.3±5.7 Ma(MSWD=2.4,n=8)(图6a、c),应代表了闪长岩侵入年龄。另一部分锆石长轴100~150 μm,长宽比值集中在1.5~3之间,206Pb/238U年龄加权平均年龄为304.8±2.3 Ma(MSWD=0.51,n=15)(图6a、d,表1),这一年龄值与PM21TW47测年结果一致,应代表了混入其中的细小的花岗岩脉的结晶年龄。而13、14号点分别获得了356 Ma、359 Ma的单颗粒锆石年龄,可能为岩体或岩脉侵位过程中捕获的锆石。另外还获得了6颗287~253 Ma的单颗粒锆石年龄,与区域更晚期岩浆活动时代相近,可能受更晚期岩浆岩脉沿糜棱面理侵入影响。

  • 图5 望湖山韧性剪切带中糜棱岩化二长花岗岩脉和未变形正长花岗岩代表性锆石阴极发光(CL)图像及U-Pb年龄谐和图

  • Fig.5 CL images of typical zircon grains and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon concordia diagram of mylonitized monzogranite dikes and undeformed syenogranite in Wanghushan ductile shear zone

  • 表1 望湖山韧性剪切带中岩石的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 测年结果

  • Table1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results of the rocks in the Wanghushan ductile shear zone

  • 续表1

  • 图6 望湖山韧性剪切带中糜棱岩化闪长岩锆石CL图像及样品U-Pb年龄谐和图

  • Fig.6 CL images of zircon grains and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon concordia diagram of mylonitized diorite in the Wanghushan ductile shear zone

  • 3.3 40Ar-39Ar同位素年代学

  • 采集的3个40Ar-39Ar同位素分析测试样品分析结果见表2。灰黑色糜棱岩化石英云母片岩(Ar002)的坪年龄为253.67± 0.95 Ma(MSWD=1.75),包含了97.4%的39Ar释放,反等时线年龄为254.36±1.11 Ma(MSWD= 1.73)(图7a、b)。浅肉红色糜棱岩化黑云母二长花岗岩脉中黑云母(Ar003)的坪年龄为242.24±1.04 Ma(MSWD=2.37),包含了53.5%的39Ar释放,反等时线年龄为242.05±1.37 Ma(MSWD=4.34)(图7c、d)。灰黑色糜棱岩化花岗闪长岩中黑云母(Ar005)的坪年龄为236.60±0.88 Ma(MSWD=2.58),包含了23.6%的39Ar释放,反等时线年龄为237.76±2.16 Ma(MSWD= 3.41)(图7e、f)。各样品坪年龄与反等时线年龄在误差范围内一致。

  • 表2 望湖山韧性剪切带变质—变形岩石的40Ar-39Ar 同位素测试结果

  • Table2 40Ar-39Ar analytical results for metamorphic-deformed rocks from the Wanghushan ductile shear zone

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 变形时代

  • 本次测得剪切带内未变形的正长花岗岩结晶年龄为288.4±1.3 Ma。韧性剪切带内同构造糜棱岩化二长花岗岩脉结晶年龄为308.9±2.0 Ma。糜棱岩化的闪长岩岩株(TWTK20)样品中8颗锆石获得的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均年龄为331.3±5.7 Ma,可能代表了闪长岩侵入年龄;而15颗锆石获得的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均年龄为304.8±2.3 Ma,这一年龄值与同构造的糜棱岩化二长花岗岩脉的结晶年龄在误差范围内一致,与剪切带中部石炭系白山组流纹岩年龄相近(308~300 Ma,据雷聪聪等,2023),可能为与白山组火山岩同期的岩浆沿糜棱岩化闪长岩的早期糜棱面理侵入形成的脉岩的结晶年龄,并与围岩共同经历了后续的变质变形。以上测试结果限定了韧性剪切变形在331.3 Ma之后开始,并在288.4 Ma之前结束,308.9~304.8 Ma剪切变形过程中伴随有岩浆活动。研究区内晚石炭世糜棱岩化闪长岩较早二叠世糜棱岩化闪长岩、二长花岗岩糜棱叶理更为发育,剪切变形更强,该期韧性剪切变形具有长期活动的特点,其活动时限应为晚石炭世—早二叠世之间。

  • 此外,在望湖山剪切带南东约20 km的少木尚德附近,中国人民武装警察部队黄金第二支队(2019)曾报道早二叠世二长花岗岩(292.7 Ma、286.2 Ma)、花岗斑岩(284.5 Ma)中见明显韧性剪切变形,而侵入其中的早二叠世正长花岗岩(283.6 Ma)、辉石闪长岩(284.2 Ma)未发生明显韧性剪切,与本次所限定的剪切带活动结束的时代相近。

  • 本次在剪切带内糜棱岩化地质体中获得了白云母或黑云母40Ar-39Ar同位素年龄253.67 Ma、242.24 Ma、236.60 Ma。限定了黑(白)云母40Ar-39Ar体系封闭温度以上的最后一次热事件应在236.6 Ma之前,与剪切带内早二叠世正长花岗岩、石英二长斑岩未发生变形的事实不符。我们注意到该年龄与研究区侵入剪切带未变形的三叠纪花岗岩(>120 km2)(236 Ma、242 Ma,图1b)和研究区东二长花岗岩(249 Ma,项目组未刊资料)结晶年龄相近。黑云母40Ar-39Ar体系封闭温度为280~310℃,白云母40Ar-39Ar体系封闭温度比黑云母高50℃(Harrison,1981)。本次所获得的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄并非该期动力变质作用的记录,应是三叠纪岩浆热事件的记录,糜棱岩带内地质体受到了热接触变质作用。同时也暗示,在糜棱岩化二长花岗岩(PM21TW47)和糜棱岩化闪长岩(TWTK20)的锆石U-Pb同位素测年中获得的287~251 Ma的单颗粒锆石年龄解释为晚期岩浆活动影响的记录是合理的。

  • 图7 望湖山韧性剪切带变质-变形岩石的云母40Ar-39Ar同位素坪年龄和36Ar/40Ar反等时线年龄

  • Fig.7 40Ar-39Ar plateau age and 36Ar/40Ar inverse isochron diagrams of muscovite and biotite samples from metamorphic-deformed rocks in the Wanghushan ductile shear zone

  • 4.2 地质意义

  • 古地磁研究认为在中亚造山带形成过程中存在块体旋转和相互运动(Wang Bo et al.,2007; Edel et al.,2014; Didenko et al.,2016; Zhang Donghai et al.,2021),而块体在球体表面运动过程中总是绕着某一欧拉极旋转(Díaz-Azpiroz et al.,2016),如果两个运动块体的欧拉极不同,那么他们的相对运动俯冲碰撞过程会产生水平方向的剪切分量。走滑型韧性剪切带常与地体之间的斜向汇聚和碰撞有关(许志琴等,1997; Díaz-Azpiroz et al.,2016)。中亚造山带及其周缘曾识别出大量韧性剪切带,Shu Liangshu et al.(1999,2002)报道了中天山地区阿奇克库都克—尾亚右行走滑韧性剪切带变形时代为 269±5 Ma,为塔里木板块与西伯利亚板块的碰撞后的陆内调整阶段的产物;蔡志慧等(2012)系统研究了天山—北山地区大型韧性剪切带,早二叠世(298~277 Ma)北天山洋闭合碰撞造山形成了大量右行韧性剪切带;Charvet et al.(2007)认为二叠纪由于西伯利亚和塔里木的相向运动,导致已拼贴的地块又经历了强烈的剪切变形,天山造山带发生右行剪切,蒙古褶皱带发生左行剪切;Zhang Beihang et al.(2021)在阿拉善南部获得了多条右行韧性剪切带的活动时代(269~240 Ma),认为与中亚造山带的演化由汇聚转为走滑。正如古亚洲洋的在不同位置得出的闭合时限存在不同的解释一样,这些剪切带的形成可能也并不是同时的。望湖山右行韧性剪切带的形成可能与古亚洲洋的增生造山过程中不同块体的斜向汇聚碰撞过程有关。

  • 雅干构造带北地层沉积环境和火山岩地球化学特征显示奥陶纪—早石炭世区域为岛弧逐渐成熟的过程(吴泰然和何国琦,1993; 郑荣国等,2013)。而雷聪聪等(2023)认为石炭系白山组火山岩地球化学特征显示岛弧火山岩特征,将这一岛弧成熟过程延伸至晚石炭世(308.7~300.2 Ma)。二叠系沉积环境由海相向陆相转变,为碰撞后的持续隆升阶段(郑荣国等,2013)。大量晚石炭世—早二叠世火山岩和侵入岩的出露说明区域在此期间发生了强烈构造-热事件。宋嘉佳(2017)认为干江嘎顺岩体中的早二叠世闪长岩(288.5±1.9 Ma)和查干陶勒盖东早二叠世花岗岩(284.2±1.7 Ma 和 269.3±2.4 Ma)形成于同碰撞向后碰撞转化环境。Liu Qian et al.(2017,2018)根据岩浆岩锆石Hf同位素和全岩Nd同位素研究成果判断在约280~265 Ma 发生由俯冲向后造山的构造转换。郑荣国等(2013)认为研究区东部雅干岩体(283.2±2.2 Ma)形成于后碰撞环境;Zhang Wen et al.(2013)认为在恩格尔乌苏蛇绿岩带所代表的古亚洲洋在晚石炭世向南俯冲,早二叠世闭合,晚二叠世进入后碰撞阶段。辛后田等(2020)根据北山造山带内红石山—百合山SSZ型蛇绿岩带及白山岩浆弧的研究认为310~290 Ma为俯冲峰期并形成岩浆弧,蛇绿岩带内也存在强烈的韧性变形,中—晚二叠世进入后造山伸展期。望湖山韧性剪切带的活动时限与区域向后碰撞转换的构造时代近一致。可能为雅干构造带以北的奥陶纪—石炭纪岛弧与构造带以南的珠斯楞海尔罕被动陆缘(南戈壁微陆块)拼贴造山形成的。剪切变形结束后研究区及邻区处于后碰撞阶段,形成了大量未变形的早二叠世花岗岩(如郑荣国等,2013; 宋嘉佳,2017; Liu Qian et al.,2017; 2018)。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)望湖山剪切带近东西向展布,为右行走滑韧性剪切带,变形时的温度可达400~500℃,属高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相动力变质带。

  • (2)韧性剪切带在308~304 Ma正在活动或之后开始活动,并在~288 Ma前结束。

  • (3)该期变形可能是中亚造山带晚石炭世—早二叠世在本区俯冲/碰撞造山作用的直接记录。

  • 致谢:两位审稿人专业的意见建议和编辑老师的审阅修订极大地提高了本文的质量和可读性,同事薄海军和王振义的区域资料成果为笔者提供了重要参考,在此致以诚挚的感谢。

  • 注释

  • ❶ 中国人民武装警察部队黄金第二支队.2019. 内蒙古自治区额济纳旗呼仍巴斯克(K47E010023)、查布汗其啥尔乌拉(K47E010024)、敦德乌苏(K47E011023)、勃温陶来(K47E011024)幅1∶5万区域地质矿产调查报告.

  • ❷ 中国人民武装警察部队黄金第二支队.2019. 内蒙古自治区额济纳旗生格嘎顺(K48E013001)、霍布哈尔(K48E013002)幅1∶5万区域地质矿产调查报告.

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    • Ma Jun, Lei Congcong, Wang Wenbao, Li Weixing. 2021. A study on geochemistry, zircon U-Pb dating and tectonic setting of the Zhuxiaobuhe mylonitized granite in the Yagan area of northern margin of the Alxa terrain. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 40(6): 1357~1368 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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    • Shao Ji'an, Tang Kedong, He Guoqi. 2014. Early Permian tectono-palaeogeographic reconstruction of Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(7): 1858~1866 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Shu Liangshu, Charvet J, Guo Lingzhi, Lu Huafu, Laurent S C. 1999. A large-scale Palaeozoic dextral ductile strike-slip zone: The Aqqikkudug- Weiya zone along the northern margin of the Central Tianshan belt, Xinjiang, NW China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 73: 148~162.

    • Shu Liangshu, Charvet J, Lu Huafu, Laurent S C. 2002. Paleozoic accretion-collision events and kinematics of ductile deformation in the eastern part of the southern-central Tianshan belt, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, (3): 308~323.

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    • Song Jiajia. 2017. Characteristics of Late Paleozoic granite around the Yagan fault zone in northern Alxa Block. Master degree dissertation of China University of Geosciences (Beijing)(in Chinese with English abstract).

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    • Wang Zhenyi, Li Gangzhu, Ding Haisheng, Yu Yang, Yan Zhenjun, Huang Lei. 2021. Determination and geological significance of Beishan Group in Yagan area, Ejiana, Inner Mongolia. Earth Science, 47(4): 1177~1193 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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    • Xiao Wenjiao, Windley B F, Han Chunming, Liu Wei, Wan Bo, Zhang Jien, Ao Songjian, Zhang Zhiyong, Song Dongfang. 2018. Late Paleozoic to Early Triassic multiple roll-back and oroclinal bending of the Mongolia collage in Central Asia. Earth Science Reviews, 186: 94~128.

    • Xin Houtian, Niu Wenchao, Tian Jian, Teng Xuejian, Duan Xiaolong. 2020. Spatio-temporal structure of Beishan orogenic belt and evolution of Paleo-Asian Ocean, Inner Mongolia. Geological Bulletin of China, 39(9): 1297~1316 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Xu Bei, Charvet J, Chen Yan, Zhao Pan, Shi Guanzhong. 2013. Middle Paleozoic convergent orogenic belts in western Inner Mongolia (China): Framework, kinematics, geochronology and implications for tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research, 23(4): 1342~1364.

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    • Zhang Beihang, Zhang Jin, Zhao Heng, Qu Junfeng, Zhang Yiping, Niu Pengfei, Hui Jie, Yun Long. 2021. Kinematics and geochronology of Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic ductile deformation in the Alxa block, NW China: New constraints on the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Lithosphere, (1): 1~22.

    • Zhang Donghai, Huang Baochun, Zhao Jie, Meert J G, Zhang Ye, Liang Yalun, Bai Qianhui, Zhou Tinghong. 2018. Permian paleogeography of the Eastern CAOB: Paleomagnetic constraints from volcanic rocks in central eastern Inner Mongolia, NE China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(4): 2559~2582.

    • Zhang Donghai, Huang Baochun, Zhao Guochun, Meert J G, Williams S, Zhao Jie, Zhou Tinghong. 2021. Quantifying the extent of the Paleo-Asian Ocean during the late Carboniferous to Early Permian. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(15): e2021GL094498.

    • Zhang Wen, Wu Tairan, Feng Jicheng, Zheng Rongguo, He Yuankai. 2013. Time constraints for the closing of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the Northern Alxa Region: Evidence from Wuliji granites. Science China Earth Sciences, 56(1): 153~164.

    • Zheng Rongguo, Wu Tairan, Zhang Wen, Feng Jicheng, Xu Cao, Meng Qingpeng, Zhang Zhaoyu. 2013. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Yagan granite in the northern margin of the Alxa block: Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the southern Altaids. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29(8): 2665~2675 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zheng Rongguo, Li Jinyi, Zhang Jin, Xiao Wenjiao, Wang Qianjun. 2020. Permian oceanic slab subduction in the southmost of Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Evidence from adakite and high-Mg diorite in the southern Beishan. Lithos, 358: 105406.

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