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作者简介:

黄志刚,男,1974年生。博士,讲师,主要从事盆地热史及油气地质研究。E-mail:huangzhg2012@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    宁武盆地及周缘岩体的抬升剥蚀对于山西地块中—新生代构造演化具有重要的指示意义。本文对宁武盆地及周缘岩体进行裂变径迹分析,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄97~47 Ma,锆石裂变径迹年龄161~141 Ma。裂变径迹记录了早白垩世早期(145~125 Ma)、晚白垩世(85~70 Ma)、古新世晚期—始新世早期(59~53 Ma)和渐新世晚期(28 Ma)的4次抬升剥蚀事件。综合分析山西地块的裂变径迹数据,表明隆起区晚古生代以来发生了多期抬升剥蚀事件。山西地块中—新生代构造演化具有时空差异。周缘岩体样品的裂变径迹年龄大于盆地内沉积地层样品的年龄,指示了周缘山体先于盆地抬升剥蚀。晋东北抬升剥蚀时限早于晋西南。山西裂谷系西南端裂开较早。裂谷系发育具有由南向北扩展的特征,这与地层保留记录相一致。山西地块现今地貌格局是在中生代发育一系列雁行状排列的复背斜和复向斜构造基础上发展而成的。

    Abstract

    Uplift-erosion of Ningwu basin and its peripheral plutons has important significance for the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Shanxi block. The fission track analysis made from Ningwu basin and peripheral plutons shows that apatite fission track ages vary from 97 Ma to 47 Ma, and zircon fission track ages vary from 161 Ma to 141 Ma. The fission track recorded four uplift erosion events: the early stage of Early Cretaceous (145~125 Ma), the late stage of Late Cretaceous (85~70 Ma), the early stage of Eocene (59~53 Ma) and the late stage of Late Oligocene (28 Ma). The fission track data show that multiple uplift erosion events have occurred since Late Paleozoic. Meso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Shanxi block has temporal and spatial differences. The fission track age of peripheral plutons samples is older than sedimentary strata samples, indicating that peripheral plutons was uplifted erosion prior to the basin and the uplift erosion of northeast Shanxi block was earlier than that of southwest. The formation of fracture was earlier in the southwest of Shanxi rift system. The development of rift system extends from south to north, which is consistent with strata conservation record. In the Mesozoic, the regional tectonics formed a series of en-echelon complex anticlines and synclines. In the Cenozoic, Indian Ocean plate compression on Eurasia may have formed the current geomorphological pattern of Shanxi block. It is closely related to the multi-stage tectonic movement in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau.

  • 山西地块是华北克拉通中部重要的构造单元,东西两侧的太行山脉和吕梁山脉以及中部的地堑系构成其主体,西部是相对稳定的鄂尔多斯地块,东部是克拉通破坏明显的东部陆块,独特的地理位置一直是学术界关注的热点地区之一。与西部的鄂尔多斯盆地和东部的渤海湾盆地相比山西地块是一个隆起构造,中—新生代构造演化的研究,对于明确相对稳定地块和克拉通破坏明显区域的边界具有重要的意义,同时也可探索东西陆块发生构造作用可能影响的范围和程度。多数研究认为,燕山期是华北克拉通中部构造演化的重要时期(赵越,1990; Davis et al.,1998; 和政军等,1998; 张岳桥等,2007; Zhang Changhou et al.,2011; 李振宏等,2014; 陈宣华等,2019),也是山西地块现今构造地貌形成的关键时期。囿于研究目的与方法等,以往的成果侧重于局部山体的隆升和盆地热演化史(陈刚,1997; 任战利等,2005; Li Xiaoming et al.,2010; 李建星等,2015; Zhao Junfeng et al.,2015; 黄志刚等,2018; Liu Ruichuan et al.,2021),对于山西地块整体构造演化过程以及形成的时空差异等缺乏相应研究。宁武盆地是山西地块上NE-SW走向构造残留盆地,周缘出露前寒武系结晶和变质岩,盆地内部分布古生代到中生代晚期的沉积地层,由它们变形后形成的构造,大都裸露地表,记录了山西地块中—新生代构造演化的重要信息,成为探讨山西地块中—新生代构造及其形成和演化的理想区域。裂变径迹分析主要利用矿物的封闭温度理解部分退火区(PAZ)与部分保留区(PRZ),根据自发径迹数(Ns)和诱发径迹数(Ni)总计数比率或者基于单个径迹密度(ρsi)平均比等讨论构造事件的年龄,从而为约束地质体构造演化提供关键点限制条件,使系统地反演一段时期内地质热历史和构造演化历史成为可能(任战利等,2014; Chew et al.,2015; Braun et al.,2016; Yu Qiang et al.,2019; 邱楠生等,2020; 田朋飞等,2020)。近年来,裂变径迹技术在探讨地质热历史和构造演化方面获得长足进展,尤其是更为精细的退火正演模型(Ketcham,2005)的开发以及与其他方法的联合应用弥补了裂变径迹方法的局限性。基于此,针对区域地质特征和裂变径迹方法特点,本文在前人研究成果的基础上,采集山西地块中北部宁武盆地侏罗系及周缘花岗岩样品,开展裂变径迹研究,对山西地块中—新生代构造演化过程进行约束,进而为华北克拉通中部构造演化提供新的证据。

  • 1 地质背景和样品采集

  • 山西地块的基本构造主要是中生代形成的以太行山脉为主的晋东北隆起带和以吕梁山脉为主的晋西南隆起带以及新生代形成的以地堑为主的叠加构造(图1、2)(赵重远等,1990)。山西地块上地层发育比较齐全,且大都出露地表,可看到多期构造作用以及由其生成的地质构造。吕梁山和太行山地区太古宙—元古宙结晶和变质岩层广泛出露,古生代地层普遍分布,中生代的三叠系和侏罗系也较发育。中部地堑内有新生代沉积充填。宁武盆地由晋西南隆起带上的复向斜构造演化而成,受多期构造运动挤压抬升,具有叠合盆地的性质。东侧为吕梁山脉北段的云中山,海拔约2393 m,西侧为吕梁山构造带的芦芽山,海拔约2739 m。北部为洪涛山背斜,西南部为吕梁山脉最高峰关帝山,海拔约2831 m。盆地结晶基底为前寒武系的变质岩系。核部出露三叠系和侏罗系,翼部依次出露三叠纪到前寒武纪的变质岩系及花岗岩体。东西两侧逆冲断裂构造发育,地层产状较陡(图3)。

  • 本次样品采自宁武盆地西翼芦芽山岩体、侏罗系和东翼云中山岩体、侏罗系。芦芽山岩体和云中山岩体为形成于古元古代末期的后造山花岗岩,结晶年龄约1800 Ma(耿元生等,2000)。岩体采样按垂向150~200 m间距,近似直线采集样品。选取新鲜露头,芦芽山岩体沿西马坊剖面(西马坊村西北),云中山岩体沿达达店村西辉顺沟剖面布置采样点。在宁武盆地西翼陈家半沟剖面和东翼庄车坪剖面采集侏罗系大同组砂岩样品。采样点避开断裂带及破碎变形区等,尽量减小断裂等构造活动对岩样热演化的影响。样品位置和海拔利用便携式GPS结合区域地质图及地形图标定(图3,表1)。

  • 图1 山西地块大地构造背景图

  • Fig.1 Tectonic background map of the Shanxi block

  • 图2 山西地块中生代(a)和第三纪(b)构造简图(据赵重远等,1990

  • Fig.2 Mesozoic (a) and Tertiary (b) tectonic schematics of the Shanxi block (after Zhao Zhongyuan et al., 1990)

  • 2 测试结果

  • 岩石样品裂变径迹测试在中国地质大学实验室完成。裂变径迹分析流程按照岩石样品预处理,制靶、抛光、蚀刻和辐照流程,然后统计径迹长度计算年龄(Yuan Wanming et al.,2013)。本次测试磷灰石样品Zeta常数为410±17.6 a/cm2。封闭温度设定为110±10℃,部分退火带温度范围设定110±10~60℃。锆石样品Zeta常数为90.9±2.8 a/cm2,封闭温度设定为205±10℃。测试结果见表1。

  • 磷灰石裂变径迹测试数据显示,样品的表观年龄小于地层或岩体的形成时间,指示样品发生了完全退火,可用于抬升剥蚀历史分析(图4)。样品的封闭径迹长度均小于16.3±0.9 μm,反映样品经历热演化过程较为复杂。岩体封闭径迹长度与花岗质基岩型分布特征一致。芦芽山岩体3个样品,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在59~53 Ma之间,LY-1和L-4单颗粒年龄直方图呈单峰正态分布。样品LY-1的P(χ2)<5%,指示为混合年龄,其他2个样品L-3、L-4的P(χ2)>5%,可代表冷却年龄。样品封闭径迹长度11.9~12.9 μm。云中山岩体4个样品,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄97~70 Ma。单颗粒年龄直方图呈单峰正态分布。P(χ2)>5%,可代表冷却年龄。样品封闭径迹长度12.4~13.0 μm。西翼侏罗系大同组砂岩样品磷灰石裂变径迹年龄47±3 Ma,单颗粒年龄直方图呈双峰分布,P(χ2)<5%,指示为混合年龄。样品封闭径迹长度12.7±2.1 μm。东翼侏罗系砂岩样品磷灰石裂变径迹年龄52±3 Ma,单颗粒年龄直方图呈单峰正态分布,P(χ2)>5%,可代表冷却年龄。样品封闭径迹长度11.4±2.0 μm。除样品NW-6外,其余样品磷灰石裂变径迹长度分布总体呈现单峰特征,受隆升冷却作用明显。径迹长度分布呈现左缓右陡、短径迹较多的特点,说明样品早期经历了缓慢的抬升冷却过程(图5)。

  • 图3 宁武盆地地质简图及采样点位置图

  • Fig.3 Simplified geological map of the Ningwu basin and sampling locations

  • 表1 宁武盆地及周缘山体裂变径迹测试数据表

  • Table1 Fission-track data of Ningwu basin and its peripheral orogens

  • 注: n—测量的磷灰石颗粒数; ρs—自发径迹密度; ρi—诱发径迹密度; ρd—铀标准玻璃对应外探测器的诱发径迹密度; Ns—自发径迹数; Ni—诱发径迹数; Nd—铀标准玻璃的诱发径迹数; Px2)—χ2概率; L—径迹长度; N—为测量封闭径迹长度的径迹条数。

  • 西翼侏罗系砂岩样品锆石裂变径迹组合年龄161±6 Ma,东翼侏罗系砂岩锆石裂变径迹组合年龄141±6 Ma,单颗粒年龄直方图呈单峰正态分布,P(χ2)<5%,利用Brandon(2002)提出的二项式拟合峰值年龄法,对样品进行了峰值年龄分离。结果表明,2个样品均由具不同比例的3个年龄组分构成,其中145.2 Ma、134.2 Ma和124.3 Ma具有很好的一致性,指示了早白垩世盆地两翼褶皱变形抬升事件。其余3个年龄组大于地层年龄,反映了物源区的特征(图6)。

  • 3 抬升历史恢复

  • 3.1 磷灰石裂变径迹记录的抬升时限与过程

  • 统计分析已发表的宁武盆地及周缘岩体磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(Zhao Junfeng et al.,2015; Cao Xianzhi et al.,2015; 黄志刚等,2018李占元,2019),结合本次测试结果,宁武盆地沉积地层磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分布于75~33 Ma,周缘岩体磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分布于154~49 Ma。从磷灰石裂变径迹年龄直方图可看出(图7),周缘岩体样品的年龄集中在早白垩世早期(145~125 Ma)、晚白垩世(85~70 Ma)、古新世晚期—始新世早期(59~53 Ma)和渐新世晚期(28 Ma)四个阶段,宁武盆地沉积地层样品的年龄集中在白垩世晚期到古新世早期(75~62 Ma)和古新世晚期到始新世早期(58~47 Ma)两个阶段,指示了研究区经历了多期抬升作用。周缘岩体的年龄普遍大于盆地沉积地层的年龄,显示周缘先抬升,中心后抬升的时间顺序。盆地东部云中山岩体磷灰石裂变径迹年龄大于西部芦芽山岩体,指示云中山岩体隆升时限早于芦芽山岩体。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄北部大于南部,显示了北部抬升剥蚀早于南部地区。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄记录了晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期研究区北东部云中山岩体抬出部分退火带,开始快速隆升。白垩世晚期到古新世早期,宁武盆地及周缘岩体整体快速抬升。古新世晚期到始新世早期,宁武盆地及周缘岩体再次整体快速抬升。渐新世晚期以来抬升至现今位置。

  • 图4 宁武盆地及周缘岩体磷灰石单颗粒裂变径迹年龄分布雷达图(a、c、e、g、i、k、m、o)、直方图与频率曲线(b、d、f、h、j、l、n、p)

  • Fig.4 Radial plots (a, c, e, g, i, k, m, o) , histograms and their frequency curves (b, d, f, h, j, l, n, p) of single apatite grain ages for the Ningwu basin and peripheral plutons

  • 3.2 锆石裂变径迹记录地质信息

  • 宁武盆地侏罗系样品锆石裂变径迹年龄145~124 Ma,与周缘岩体样品记录早白垩世早期的抬升时限一致。晚三叠世样品锆石裂变径迹年龄110 Ma,与晚侏罗世—早白垩世的构造热事件对应(赵俊峰等,2009)。云中山岩体南部样品锆石裂变径迹年龄81.9~73.9 Ma,与晚白垩世抬升时限一致(Li Xiaoming et al.,2010)。

  • 3.3 热历史模拟

  • 为了更好地理解宁武盆地及周缘岩体中—新生代构造热演化历史,基于实测的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄、径迹长度和动力学参数(Ketcham,2005),利用热史模拟软件(HeFTy)对云中山顶部、芦芽山顶部和东西两翼侏罗系4个样品进行热历史模拟。宁武盆地及周缘地区构造及岩石学特征显示,印支期地层抬升剥蚀,缺失晚三叠世地层。早白垩世晚期以来,经历了强烈的抬升剥蚀,上侏罗统、白垩系剥蚀殆尽。盆地二叠系煤系镜质组反射率0.7%~2.0%,经历的最大古地温远高于磷灰石裂变径迹的封闭温度。三叠系到侏罗系热演化程度低于二叠系煤系。本次热模拟现今地温梯度值来自煤矿井田的测温,现今地温梯度平均值约2.21℃/100 m,属正常地温梯度(黄志刚等,2017)。宁武盆地地表温度根据裂变径迹热史模拟方法要求设定为15℃(Wygrala,1989)。模拟温度从磷灰石裂变径迹退火带底部温度(120℃)到现今地表温度(15℃),模拟时间从早白垩世至今。宁武盆地沉积埋藏作用是样品的主要增温因素。东西两侧的逆冲断裂活动也对局部温度的增高产生影响,样品温度降低的主要因素是抬升剥露作用。云中山和芦芽山岩体样品模拟的拟合度(GOF值)均大于50%,盆地东翼侏罗系样品模拟的年龄GOF值为51%,Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验值(K-S)为43%; 盆地西翼侏罗系样品模拟的年龄GOF值45%,K-S值32%,模拟结果具有较好的可信度(图8)。

  • 图5 宁武盆地及周缘岩体磷灰石裂变径迹长度分布图

  • Fig.5 Histograms of the fission track length distribution for Ningwu basin and peripheral plutons

  • 图6 宁武盆地锆石裂变径迹测年数据分析结果(据Brandon,2002

  • Fig.6 ZFT grain ages of Ningwu basin using the binomial peak fitting method (after Brandon, 2002)

  • 左图为单颗粒年龄雷达图,直线代表峰值年龄; 右图为单颗粒年龄分布直方图,实线代表单颗粒年龄直方图拟合曲线,虚线代表每个峰值年龄拟合曲线

  • Left: radial plot of grain ages, straight line is peak age; right: histogram of single-grain ages; solid curve is for fitted age of single grain; dashed curve is for fitted peak age

  • 图7 宁武盆地及周缘岩体磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分布直方图

  • Fig.7 Histograms of the apatite fission track age distribution of Ningwu basin and peripheral plutons

  • 宁武盆地侏罗系大同组样品模拟显示相对一致的抬升路径,早白垩世晚期(约100 Ma)达到最大埋深,晚白垩世—早古新世样品快速抬升冷却,东翼样品NG-1抬升时间略早于西翼样品NW-6。之后总体处于抬升状态,始新世早期抬升加速,渐新世晚期以来样品快速抬升至地表温度范围内。云中山岩体样品ZY-1热史模拟显示,样品早白垩世晚期埋藏较浅,指示隆起时间较早。晚白垩世—早古新世(97~65 Ma)样品快速通过磷灰石部分退火带,之后缓慢抬升,直到渐新世晚期,样品快速抬升至地表温度范围内。西侧芦芽山岩体样品LY-2热史模拟显示,早白垩世晚期样品埋藏较东侧云中山岩体较深。晚白垩世—早古新世(80~59 Ma)样品快速抬升冷却,之后进入缓慢抬升阶段,渐新世以来快速抬升至地表温度范围内。

  • 图8 宁武盆地及周缘岩体磷灰石样品热演化史模拟结果

  • Fig.8 Modeling sketches depicting the time-temperature paths of Ningwu basin and peripheral plutons

  • 4 讨论

  • 裂变径迹数据为宁武盆地所在的山西地块中—新生代的演化过程提供了新的制约和比对基础。裂变径迹数据指示了山西地块抬升剥蚀具有时空差异。宁武盆地磷灰石裂变径迹年龄75~33 Ma,锆石裂变径迹年龄145~124 Ma,周缘岩体磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分布于154~49 Ma,记录了早白垩世早期(145~125 Ma)、晚白垩世(85~70 Ma)、古新世晚期—始新世早期(59~53 Ma)和渐新世晚期(28 Ma)4次抬升事件。北侧的大同盆地锆石裂变径迹年龄202~157 Ma,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄78~36 Ma,晚三叠世(202±18 Ma)发生了自晚古生代以来的第一次抬升冷却事件,晚侏罗世—早白垩世(157±7 Ma)发生第二次抬升冷却事件,始新世(45±3 Ma)发生第三次抬升冷却事件(刘东娜,2015)。大同盆地南缘的恒山花岗岩磷灰石裂变径迹年龄172~65 Ma,存在晚白垩世—古新世和中新世以来的2次快速隆升事件(高新宇,2018)。五台山区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄80.9~15 Ma,指示了存在晚白垩世—始新世(74~58 Ma)、始新世—渐新世(46~31 Ma)及中新世(15 Ma)左右3期快速隆升事件(庆建春等,2008; 赵仕亮,2016)。山西地块南部沁水盆地锆石裂变径迹年龄150~100 Ma(任战利等,2005),磷灰石裂变径迹年龄108~16.5 Ma,指示了沁水盆地从晚侏罗世开始处于缓慢冷却的状态,中新世末期以来存在一期快速冷却事件(承金等,2009; 朱晓青,2013)。太行山南段霍山磷灰石裂变径迹年龄62~33.7 Ma,记录了始新世末(40~35 Ma)的快速剥蚀事件,中条山磷灰石裂变径迹年龄145.4~58.2 Ma,记录了始新世(50~40 Ma)的快速剥蚀事件(Su Peng et al.,2020)。宁武盆地南部吕梁山中段磷灰石裂变径迹年龄138.7~39.9 Ma,发生了晚侏罗世—早白垩世和渐新世至今的2次快速抬升剥蚀事件(任星民等,2015)。吕梁山南段磷灰石裂变径迹年龄49~15 Ma,记录了23 Ma和10 Ma的快速抬升剥蚀事件(李建星等,2015)。

  • 裂变径迹年龄与采样高程无明显相关性,说明样品在进入磷灰石部分退火带之前地层已经经历了挤压变形作用,之后才抬升冷却,在地堑系周缘发育逆冲断裂构造。山西地块上盆地周缘岩体的裂变径迹年龄普遍大于盆地沉积地层年龄。大同盆地所在的山西地块东北部晚三叠世开始快速抬升。大同盆地缺失三叠系,中侏罗统直接不整合在前三叠纪地层之上,周缘恒山地区也未发现保存的三叠系。晚侏罗世—早白垩世山西地块东北部发生第二次快速抬升,导致白垩系左云组与中侏罗系不整合。吕梁山脉最高峰关帝山地区也快速抬升剥蚀。晚白垩世—古新世的快速抬升剥蚀事件发生在恒山、五台山区和宁武盆地所在的吕梁山脉北段,宁武盆地及周缘缺失白垩系。始新世的快速抬升剥蚀事件发生在宁武盆地、五台山区以及太行山南段的霍山和中条山,快速剥蚀事件指示山西裂谷系的形成,最西南端的汾河地堑沉积有古近系,其余地堑区充填着上新统和第四系,分析山西地堑系西南端裂开较早,地堑发育具有由南向北扩展的特征。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)山西地块中—新生代构造演化具有多阶段性。晚古生代以来发生了晚三叠世、晚侏罗世—早白垩世、晚白垩世—古新世、始新世以及渐新世以来等多期抬升剥蚀事件。

  • (2)山西地块中—新生代构造演化具有时空差异。隆起区盆地周缘山体的裂变径迹年龄普遍大于盆地沉积地层年龄。晋东北抬升剥蚀早于晋西南,山西地堑系西南端裂开较早,地堑系发育具有由南向北扩展的特征。

  • (3)山西地块现今地貌格局的形成,是在中生代发育一系列雁行状排列的复背斜和复向斜构造基础上发展而成的。

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    • Chen Xuanhua, Li Jiangyu, Dong Shuwen, Shi Wei, Bai Yanfei, Zhang Yiping, Ding Weicui. 2019. Tectonic deformation of Jurassic Ningwu-Jingle basin and its implication for the beginning of Yanshanian orogeny in central North China Craton. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 43(3): 389~408 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Cheng Jin, Wang Xinwen, Wang Xiaoniu. 2009. The thermal history of the Qinshui basin in Shanxi Province. Geoscience, 23(6): 1093~1099 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Chew D, Spikings R. 2015. Geochronology and thermochronology using apatite: Time and temperature of lower crust to surface. Elements, 11: 189~194.

    • Davis Gregory A, Wang Cong, Zheng Yadong, Zhang Jinjiang, Zhang Changhou, George E Gehrels. 1998. The enigmatic Yinshan fold-and-thrust belt of Northern China: New views on its intraplate contractional styles. Geology, 26: 43~46.

    • Gao Xinyu. 2018. Mesozoic low thermochronology and geodynamics of the Heigoubei granitie pluton in the middle segment of Hengshan mountion. Master thesis of Hebei GEO University (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Geng Yuansheng, Wan Yusheng, Shen Qihan, Li Huimin, Zhang Ruxin. 2000. Chronological framework of the early Precambrian important events in the Lüliang area, Shanxi Province. Acta Geologica Sinica, 74(3): 216~223(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • He Zhengjun, Li Jinyi, Niu Baogui, Ren Jishun. 1998. A late Jurassic intense thrusting-uplifting event in the Yanshan-Yinshan area, northern China, and its sedimentary response. Geological Review, 44(4): 407~418(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Huang Zhigang, Yang Zhenyu. 2017. Tectonic-thermal history reconstruction of Ningwu-Jingle coal-bearing basin. Chinese Journal of Geology, 52(1): 46~57(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Huang Zhigang, Zheng Qingrong, Sun Erhu, Wang Dandan. 2018. Fission track evidence of tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic granitic pluton in the north central part of Lüliang mountain. Acta Geologica Sinica, 92(6): 1216~1227(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ketcham R A. 2005. Forward and inverse modeling of low-temperature thermochronometry data. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58(1): 275~314.

    • Li Jianxing, Liu Chiyang, Yue Leping, Wang Jianqiang. 2015. Apatite fission track evidence for the Cenozoic uplift of the Lüliang mountains and a discussion on the uplift mechanism. Geology in China, 42(4): 960~972(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Xiaoming, Song Yougui. 2010. Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic exhumation history of the Lüliang mountains, North China Craton: Constraint from fission-track thermochronology. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 84(2): 296~305.

    • Li Zhanyuan. 2019. The fault system and tectonic evolution of Ningwu-jingle basin. Master thesis of China University of Petroleum (Beijing) (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Zhenhong, Dong Shuwen, Qu Hongjie. 2014. Sedimentary evidences of Jurassic orogenic process and key time limit on the northern margin of North China Craton. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 44(5): 1553~1574(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Liu Dongna. 2015. The coupling relationship of coal metamorphism and sedimentary tectonic magmatic activity for Datong double period coal-bearing basin. PhD thesis of Taiyuan University of Technology (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Liu Runchuan, Ren Zhanli, Yang Peng, He Huaiyu, Smith Thomas M, Guo Wei, Wu Lin. 2021. Mesozoic tectono-thermal event of the Qinshui basin, central North China Craton: Insights from illite crystallinity and vitrinite reflectance. Frontiers of Earth Science, 9: 765497.

    • Qing Jianchun, Ji Jianqing, Wang Jinduo, Peng Qinglan, Niu Xianglong, Ge Zhihong. 2008. Apatite fission track study of Cenozoic uplifting and exhumation of Wutai mountain, China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51(2): 384~392 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Qiu Nansheng, He Lijuan, Chang Jian, Zhu Chuanqing. 2020. Research progress and challenges of thermal history reconstruction in sedimentary basins. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 42(5): 790~802 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ren Xingmin, Zhu Wenbin, Zhu Xiaoqing, Wang Xi, Luo Meng. 2015. Mesozoic-Cenozoic uplift-exhumation history in Lüliangshan area of Shanxi: Evidences from apatite fission track. Journal of Earch Sciences and Environment, 37(4): 63~73 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ren Zhanli, Xiao Hui, Liu Li, Zhang Sheng, Qin Yong, Wei Chongtao. 2005. Determination of Mesozoic tectonic heat event in Qinshui basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 32(1): 43~47.

    • Ren Zhanli, Tian Tao, Li Jinbu, Wang Jiping, Cui Junping, Li Hao, Tang Jianyun, Guo Ke. 2014. Review on methods of thermal evolution history in sedimentary basins and thermal evolution history reconstruction of superimposed basins. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 36(3): 1~20(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Su Peng, He Honglin, Tan Xibin, Liu Yiduo, Shi Feng, Kirby Eric. 2021. Initiation and evolution of the Shanxi rift system in North China: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology in a plate reconstruction framework. Tectonics, 40: e2020TC006298.

    • Tian Pengfei, Yuan Wanming, Yang Xiaoyong. 2020. The basics, essential concepts and geological applications of thermochronology. Geological Review, 66(4): 975~1004 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wygrala B P. 1989. Integrated study of an oil field in the southern Po basin, northern Italy. Berichte Kernforschungsanlage Julich, 2313(B6): 1~217.

    • Yu Qiang, Ren Zhanli, Li Rongxi, Tao Ni, Qi Kai, Jiang Cheng, Wang Baojiang. 2019. Meso-Cenozoic tectonothermal history of Permian strata, southwestern Weibei uplift: Insights from thermochronology and geothermometry. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 93(6): 1647~1661.

    • Yuan Wanming, Mo Xuanxue, Zhang Aikui, Chen Xiaoning, Duan Hongwei, Li Xi, Hao Nana, Wang Xianmei. 2013. Fission track thermochronology evidence for multiple periods of mineralization in the Wulonggou gold deposits, eastern Kunlun mountains, Qinghai Province. Journal of Earth Science, 24(4): 471~478.

    • Zhang Changhou, Li Chenming, Deng Hongling, Liu Yang, Liu Lei, Wei Bo. 2011. Mesozoic contraction deformation in the Yanshan and northern Taihang mountains and its implications to the destruction of the North China Craton. Science China Earth Sciences, 54: 798~822.

    • Zhang Yueqiao, Dong Shuwen, Zhao Yue, Zhang Tian. 2007. Jurassic tectonics of North China: A synthetic view. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(11): 1462~1480 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Junfeng, Liu Chiyang, Wang Xiaomei, Ma Yanping, Huang Lei. 2009. Uplifting and evolution characteristics in the Lüliang mountain and its adjacent area during the Meso-Cenozoic. Geological Review, 55(5): 663~672 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Junfeng, Liu Chiyang, Mountney N, Lu Jianjun, Cao Jilong, Yang Yao, Xue Rui. 2015. Timing of uplift and evolution of the Lüliang mountains North China Craton. Science China Earth Sciences, 59(1): 58~69.

    • Zhao Shiliang. 2016. Late-Cenozoic uplift-exhumation history of the Wutai mountain and the activity of the north piedmont fault. Master thesis of Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Yue. 1990. The Mesozoicorogenies and tectonic evolution of the Yanshan area. Geological Review, 36(1): 1~13 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Zhongyuan, Liu Chiyang. 1990. The Formation and Evolution of the Sedimentary Basins and Their Hydrocarbon Occurrence in the North China Craton. Xi’an: Northwest University Press, 85~91(in Chinese).

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    • 陈宣华, 李江瑜, 董树文, 施炜, 白彦飞, 张义平, 丁伟翠. 2019. 华北克拉通中部宁武-静乐盆地侏罗纪构造变形与燕山期造山事件的启动. 大地构造与成矿学, 43(3): 389~408.

    • 承金, 汪新文, 王小牛. 2009. 山西沁水盆地热史演化特征. 现代地质, 23(6): 1093~1099.

    • 耿元生, 万渝生, 沈其韩, 李惠民, 张如心. 2000. 吕梁地区早前寒武纪主要地质事件的年代框架. 地质学报, 74(3): 216~223.

    • 高新宇. 2018. 恒山中段黑狗背花岗岩体中生代低温热年代学及地球动力学背景研究. 河北地质大学硕士学位论文.

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    • 黄志刚, 杨振宇. 2017. 宁武-静乐含煤盆地构造-热演化史恢复. 地质科学, 52(1): 46~57.

    • 黄志刚, 郑庆荣, 孙二虎, 王丹丹. 2018. 吕梁山脉中北段元古代花岗岩体隆升演化的裂变径迹证据. 地质学报, 92(6): 1216~1227.

    • 李建星, 刘池洋, 岳乐平, 王建强. 2015. 吕梁山新生代隆升的裂变径迹证据及其隆升机制探讨. 中国地质, 42(4): 960~972.

    • 李占元. 2019. 宁武-静乐盆地断裂系统及构造演化研究. 中国石油大学(北京)硕士学位论文.

    • 李振宏, 董树文, 渠洪杰. 2014. 华北克拉通北缘侏罗纪造山过程及关键时限的沉积证据. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 44(5): 1553~1574.

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    • Huang Zhigang, Yang Zhenyu. 2017. Tectonic-thermal history reconstruction of Ningwu-Jingle coal-bearing basin. Chinese Journal of Geology, 52(1): 46~57(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Huang Zhigang, Zheng Qingrong, Sun Erhu, Wang Dandan. 2018. Fission track evidence of tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic granitic pluton in the north central part of Lüliang mountain. Acta Geologica Sinica, 92(6): 1216~1227(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ketcham R A. 2005. Forward and inverse modeling of low-temperature thermochronometry data. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58(1): 275~314.

    • Li Jianxing, Liu Chiyang, Yue Leping, Wang Jianqiang. 2015. Apatite fission track evidence for the Cenozoic uplift of the Lüliang mountains and a discussion on the uplift mechanism. Geology in China, 42(4): 960~972(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Xiaoming, Song Yougui. 2010. Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic exhumation history of the Lüliang mountains, North China Craton: Constraint from fission-track thermochronology. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 84(2): 296~305.

    • Li Zhanyuan. 2019. The fault system and tectonic evolution of Ningwu-jingle basin. Master thesis of China University of Petroleum (Beijing) (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Li Zhenhong, Dong Shuwen, Qu Hongjie. 2014. Sedimentary evidences of Jurassic orogenic process and key time limit on the northern margin of North China Craton. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 44(5): 1553~1574(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Liu Dongna. 2015. The coupling relationship of coal metamorphism and sedimentary tectonic magmatic activity for Datong double period coal-bearing basin. PhD thesis of Taiyuan University of Technology (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Liu Runchuan, Ren Zhanli, Yang Peng, He Huaiyu, Smith Thomas M, Guo Wei, Wu Lin. 2021. Mesozoic tectono-thermal event of the Qinshui basin, central North China Craton: Insights from illite crystallinity and vitrinite reflectance. Frontiers of Earth Science, 9: 765497.

    • Qing Jianchun, Ji Jianqing, Wang Jinduo, Peng Qinglan, Niu Xianglong, Ge Zhihong. 2008. Apatite fission track study of Cenozoic uplifting and exhumation of Wutai mountain, China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51(2): 384~392 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Qiu Nansheng, He Lijuan, Chang Jian, Zhu Chuanqing. 2020. Research progress and challenges of thermal history reconstruction in sedimentary basins. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 42(5): 790~802 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ren Xingmin, Zhu Wenbin, Zhu Xiaoqing, Wang Xi, Luo Meng. 2015. Mesozoic-Cenozoic uplift-exhumation history in Lüliangshan area of Shanxi: Evidences from apatite fission track. Journal of Earch Sciences and Environment, 37(4): 63~73 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ren Zhanli, Xiao Hui, Liu Li, Zhang Sheng, Qin Yong, Wei Chongtao. 2005. Determination of Mesozoic tectonic heat event in Qinshui basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 32(1): 43~47.

    • Ren Zhanli, Tian Tao, Li Jinbu, Wang Jiping, Cui Junping, Li Hao, Tang Jianyun, Guo Ke. 2014. Review on methods of thermal evolution history in sedimentary basins and thermal evolution history reconstruction of superimposed basins. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 36(3): 1~20(in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Su Peng, He Honglin, Tan Xibin, Liu Yiduo, Shi Feng, Kirby Eric. 2021. Initiation and evolution of the Shanxi rift system in North China: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology in a plate reconstruction framework. Tectonics, 40: e2020TC006298.

    • Tian Pengfei, Yuan Wanming, Yang Xiaoyong. 2020. The basics, essential concepts and geological applications of thermochronology. Geological Review, 66(4): 975~1004 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wygrala B P. 1989. Integrated study of an oil field in the southern Po basin, northern Italy. Berichte Kernforschungsanlage Julich, 2313(B6): 1~217.

    • Yu Qiang, Ren Zhanli, Li Rongxi, Tao Ni, Qi Kai, Jiang Cheng, Wang Baojiang. 2019. Meso-Cenozoic tectonothermal history of Permian strata, southwestern Weibei uplift: Insights from thermochronology and geothermometry. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 93(6): 1647~1661.

    • Yuan Wanming, Mo Xuanxue, Zhang Aikui, Chen Xiaoning, Duan Hongwei, Li Xi, Hao Nana, Wang Xianmei. 2013. Fission track thermochronology evidence for multiple periods of mineralization in the Wulonggou gold deposits, eastern Kunlun mountains, Qinghai Province. Journal of Earth Science, 24(4): 471~478.

    • Zhang Changhou, Li Chenming, Deng Hongling, Liu Yang, Liu Lei, Wei Bo. 2011. Mesozoic contraction deformation in the Yanshan and northern Taihang mountains and its implications to the destruction of the North China Craton. Science China Earth Sciences, 54: 798~822.

    • Zhang Yueqiao, Dong Shuwen, Zhao Yue, Zhang Tian. 2007. Jurassic tectonics of North China: A synthetic view. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(11): 1462~1480 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Junfeng, Liu Chiyang, Wang Xiaomei, Ma Yanping, Huang Lei. 2009. Uplifting and evolution characteristics in the Lüliang mountain and its adjacent area during the Meso-Cenozoic. Geological Review, 55(5): 663~672 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Junfeng, Liu Chiyang, Mountney N, Lu Jianjun, Cao Jilong, Yang Yao, Xue Rui. 2015. Timing of uplift and evolution of the Lüliang mountains North China Craton. Science China Earth Sciences, 59(1): 58~69.

    • Zhao Shiliang. 2016. Late-Cenozoic uplift-exhumation history of the Wutai mountain and the activity of the north piedmont fault. Master thesis of Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Yue. 1990. The Mesozoicorogenies and tectonic evolution of the Yanshan area. Geological Review, 36(1): 1~13 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Zhao Zhongyuan, Liu Chiyang. 1990. The Formation and Evolution of the Sedimentary Basins and Their Hydrocarbon Occurrence in the North China Craton. Xi’an: Northwest University Press, 85~91(in Chinese).

    • Zhu Xiaoqing. 2013. Tectonic evolution of the central North China Craton since the late Paleozoic—A case study of the Qinshui basin. PhD thesis of Nanjing University (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • 陈刚. 2005. 沁水盆地燕山期构造热事件及其油气地质意义. 西北地质科学, 18(2): 63~67.

    • 陈宣华, 李江瑜, 董树文, 施炜, 白彦飞, 张义平, 丁伟翠. 2019. 华北克拉通中部宁武-静乐盆地侏罗纪构造变形与燕山期造山事件的启动. 大地构造与成矿学, 43(3): 389~408.

    • 承金, 汪新文, 王小牛. 2009. 山西沁水盆地热史演化特征. 现代地质, 23(6): 1093~1099.

    • 耿元生, 万渝生, 沈其韩, 李惠民, 张如心. 2000. 吕梁地区早前寒武纪主要地质事件的年代框架. 地质学报, 74(3): 216~223.

    • 高新宇. 2018. 恒山中段黑狗背花岗岩体中生代低温热年代学及地球动力学背景研究. 河北地质大学硕士学位论文.

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    • 黄志刚, 杨振宇. 2017. 宁武-静乐含煤盆地构造-热演化史恢复. 地质科学, 52(1): 46~57.

    • 黄志刚, 郑庆荣, 孙二虎, 王丹丹. 2018. 吕梁山脉中北段元古代花岗岩体隆升演化的裂变径迹证据. 地质学报, 92(6): 1216~1227.

    • 李建星, 刘池洋, 岳乐平, 王建强. 2015. 吕梁山新生代隆升的裂变径迹证据及其隆升机制探讨. 中国地质, 42(4): 960~972.

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