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作者简介:

杨忠虎,男,1990年生。工程师,矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业。E-mail:yangzhonghu@stu.cdut.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

熊韬,男,1984年生。工程师,从事金矿勘查工作。E-mail:xiongtao1984_ren@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    位于西秦岭文县弧形构造带的阳山金矿,是勉略缝合带内已探明金资源最大的独立金矿,且金矿形成后经历多期次构造活动,因此阳山金矿是研究矿床热演化、变化与保存的理想选区,其研究成果可用来约束金成矿时限,同时定量的隆升剥蚀数据可为深部找矿及矿床储藏提供远景潜力评价依据。本文采集钻孔矿化接触带中英云闪长斑岩脉,利用LA-ICP-MS技术进行裂变径迹测年。3件样品磷灰石裂变径迹年龄中心值为124.3±6.4 Ma、146.4±6.3 Ma和117±13 Ma,其中一件样品磷灰石裂变径迹平均长度为12.11 μm。热历史反演的时间-温度曲线表明,在146 Ma阳山金矿带内英云闪长斑岩脉体温度下降到磷灰石裂变径迹封闭温度区间(60~120℃),即在侏罗纪晚期或白垩纪早期之后,研究区几乎没有大规模岩浆活动或热液活动,缺乏与燕山期同时期区域性岩浆活动相对应的热事件。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据分析认为,即使金矿带在喜马拉雅期可能存在微弱的热事件扰动,但岩浆热液活动规模较小且对金成矿作用贡献微乎其微。结合磷灰石热历史时间-温度曲线,阳山金矿带大规模成矿事件的时间集中在210~195 Ma区间,且热历史反演曲线未显示有后期成矿叠加。通过与阳山金矿带三个矿段热历史对比,证实阳山金矿带与区域相比存在差异化隆升剥蚀,且安坝矿段相较于葛条湾、泥山矿段剥蚀程度弱,是成矿与储矿的理想地段,推测剥蚀少的复背斜核部有较大的找矿潜力。

    Abstract

    The Yangshan gold ore belt is located in the arc-shaped structural belt of the Wenxian County in the West Qinling, which is an independent gold deposit belt with the largest proven gold resources in the Mianlue suture zone. After the formation of the gold deposit, the area has experienced multiple stages of tectonic activities. Therefore, the Yangshan gold ore belt is an ideal selection area for studying the thermal history evolution, change and preservation of the deposit. The research results can indirectly limit the time of gold mineralization, and the quantitative uplift and denudation data can provide prospective potential evaluation for deep ore prospecting and deposit storage.After systematically analyzing the data, in this paper, samples of the tonalite porphyry dike in the mineralized contact zone of the borehole were collected, and the LA-ICP-MS fission track dating technology was used to obtain the dating data and track information. The central values of apatite fission track ages of ZK6001-001, ZK0110-001 and ZK1820-001 are 124.3 ± 6.4 Ma (1σ), 146.4 ± 6.3 Ma (1σ) and 117 ± 13 Ma (1σ), respectively. In addition to ZK0110-001, 22 apatite fission track lengths (mean 12.11 μm, D par mean 2.27 ± 0.28 μm) are obtained. The time-temperature curve of thermal history inversion shows that the temperature of the tonalite porphyry vein body in the Yangshan gold ore belt had dropped to the closed temperature range of the apatite fission track (120~60℃) at 146 Ma, that is, in the late Jurassic or after the early Cretaceous. There was almost no large-scale magmatic fluid or hydrothermal activity in the study area, and there is no record of thermal events corresponding to the regional Yanshanian magmatic activity in the same period. Analysis of apatite fission track dating data shows that although there may be a weak thermal event disturbance in the Himalayan period of the gold ore belt, the magmatic hydrothermal activity was small scale and had little contribution to the gold mineralization. Combined with the thermal history time-temperature curve of apatite, the metallogenic time of large-scale mineralization in the Yangshan gold ore belt was concentrated in the range of 210~195 Ma, and the thermal history inversion curve does not show superimposition of mineralization. The comparison with the thermal history of the three ore sections of the Yangshan gold ore belt shows that the Yangshan gold ore belt has differential uplift and denudation, and the Anba ore section is weaker in denudation than the Getiaowan and Nishan ore sections. It is inferred that the ideal location for orebody formation and preservation is the core of the compound anticline with less denudation and greater prospecting potential.

  • 阳山金矿由武警黄金部队第十二支队1997年发现,通过二十多年持续不断地投入,已探明资源量达超大型规模,是西秦岭勉略缝合带内现存最大的独立造山型金矿。前人在阳山金矿成矿系统的成矿物质来源(李楠,2013; 梁金龙,2015; 赵静等,2016)、成矿流体特征(李晶等,20072008; 袁士松等,2014)、成矿热年代学(齐金忠等,200320052006; Yang Liqiang et al.,2015; 郭耀宇,2016)、金赋存状态(李楠等,20182019)、成矿模式与矿床成因(张闯,2013; 袁世松,2015; 王治华,2018)等方面做了较为详实的工作,但在成矿类型归于造山型、卡林-类卡林型分歧依旧很大,同时在成矿期次是否有多期次叠加也存在争论,因此本文通过研究金矿体热历史,为解决阳山金矿带多期次叠加与单期次成矿争论提供可参考证据。成矿后区域地层的隆升与剥蚀作用对矿床的规模有显著控制作用,阳山金矿带热历史研究可对地层隆升剥蚀定量评估,弥补成矿后矿床变化与保存研究不足。总之对阳山金矿带成矿后区域地层隆升与剥蚀的研究,一方面是对金成矿系统“源、运、储、变、保”的闭环进行完善,另一方面也为当前找矿与深部储矿远景评价提供理论依据。

  • 近年来,LA-ICP-MS在热年代学领域的应用成熟度与精准度逐步得到修正和完善(刘建辉,2009; Paton et al.,2011),使低U含量矿物的直接测量也逐渐成为可能,并能同时获得U-Pb年龄和微量元素数据(Ansberque et al.,2021)。越来越多的研究者尝试使用LA-ICP-MS技术对238U含量进行直接测量,以进行裂变径迹定年研究(Hasebe et al.,200420092013; Donelick et al.,2005; Hadler et al.,2009; Soares et al.,2013; 袁万明,2016; 张良等,2016; Marco et al.,2019; 张雄等,2019; Díaz et al.,2020)。庞建章(2019)在国内实验室首次建立了基于LA-ICP-MS的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试方法。闵康等(2020)以赣东北德兴铜矿和银山铅锌矿床为研究对象,通过对已进行外探测器法测年的磷灰石裂变径迹样品,再进行LA-ICP-MS磷灰石裂变径迹与外探测器法测试,得到LA-ICP-MS磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值为51.2±6.3 Ma,P(χ2)为0.18,对应外探测器法得到年龄值57.3±3.6 Ma,P(χ2)为0.29,测试结果在误差范围内一致,表明所建立的实验方法准确可靠。

  • 笔者前期沿西秦岭南缘阳山金矿带马连河公路、泥山东,进行锆石与磷灰石裂变径迹研究(杨忠虎等,2019)。由于当时条件所限,采样剖面露头未见金矿化信息。针对阳山金矿带面临拓展深部找矿靶区与探寻成矿远景区的困境,迫切需要科学理论指导找矿勘查施工作业的现状,本文对阳山金矿带内已探明金资源最富集的安坝与葛条湾矿段钻孔中含金与非含金的英云闪长斑岩脉,进行磷灰石裂变径迹的LA-ICP-MS测年研究,并结合项目组前期的英云闪长斑岩脉的LA-ICP-MS的锆石U-Pb定年数据以及前人在成矿流体、成矿热年代学方面研究成果,进一步完善阳山金矿带成岩成矿后的热演化历史,评估阳山金矿带重点矿段成矿后矿体的变化与保存情况,同时为厘清阳山金矿带成矿时限提供新的思路。

  • 1 区域地质

  • 西秦岭阳山金矿带大地构造位置处于扬子板块、华北板块和松潘-甘孜造山带交汇的“倒三角”部位(张国伟等,1996; 裴先治等,2002),金矿带产出于勉-略构造带内北部的文县弧形构造带中(杜子图等,1998; 阎凤增等,2010)。区域上出露的地层从老到新包括:古生代碧口群,分布于矿区东南部摩天岭推覆构造带,为一套浅变质的火山-沉积岩建造,岩性以凝灰岩、白云岩、灰岩、砂板岩为主; 泥盆系,分布广泛,为一套巨厚浅海相碎屑岩-泥质岩-碳酸盐岩沉积建造,其中阳山金矿矿体主要赋存于泥盆系三河口群中(具体各段岩性见表1); 石炭系,分布于文县弧形构造带周边,为一套滨海陆棚相碳酸盐沉积建造,以厚层状灰岩为主; 二叠系,分布于区域西北、西南方向,由海相碳酸盐岩和正常沉积碎屑岩组成,岩性以灰岩、白云质灰岩、砂板岩为主; 三叠系,分布研究区北部中路河及戈地沟一带,由滨海-浅海相陆源碎屑岩组成,夹少量碳酸盐岩,岩性以砂岩、砂质板岩为主; 侏罗系,分布在堡子南坝—桥头磨坝一带,以红色砂砾岩沉积为主,此外,还可见大规模出露的新生界第三系黄土以及第四系冲、洪积物(杨荣生,2006; 张闯,2013)。

  • 表1 泥盆系三河口群地层岩性特征

  • Table1 Lithological characteristics of the Devonian Sanhekou Group

  • 区域内岩浆岩分布广泛,多呈岩脉或岩株产出,未见规模较大的岩体,是西秦岭造山带多期构造-岩浆事件叠加的结果。前人对研究区内岩浆岩的研究结果表明:① 区内岩浆岩分布广泛且零散,多沿区域性断裂或板块接触部位分布,与区域构造线平行,明显受区域构造控制; ② 类型齐全,不同岩性的喷出岩和侵入岩均有出露,岩性主要为英云闪长斑岩、细晶花岗斑岩、花岗斑岩; ③ 活动时间集中,主要集中于三个阶段:加里东-华力西期、印支期、燕山期。具体岩浆活动分布特征及岩性特点见表2,其中印支期晚期和燕山期早期的岩浆岩与阳山金矿带在时空分布上面存在着较为密切的联系,但对岩浆与成矿的关系,尚存在争议(杜子图等,1998; 裴先治等,2007; 李王晔,2008)。

  • 表2 区域各时期岩浆活动及地质特征

  • Table2 Magmatic activity and geological characteristics of different periods in the region

  • 西秦岭造山带构造格架主要由4个由北向南呈带状分布的弧形逆冲推覆构造带组成,在弧形构造带顶部集中发育复式背、向斜褶皱构造等(杜子图,1997)。如图1所示,由北向南,依次发育夏河-岷县,碌曲-成县,迭部-武都和郎木寺-康县4个逆冲推覆构造带; 由北向南,褶皱构造依次为礼县-夏河倾伏背斜构造,碌曲-成县向斜构造和白龙江(迭部-舟曲)倾伏背斜构造(梁文天,2009)。

  • 图1 西秦岭区域地质简图(据李楠等,2018

  • Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the West Qinling orogen (after Li Nan et al., 2018)

  • 2 矿区地质

  • 阳山金矿带,位于西秦岭南亚带勉略缝合带西段文县弧形构造带的弧顶及东部(杜子图等,1998; 阎凤增等,2010),西起汤卜沟,东至固镇,全长约30 km,主要有6个矿段组成,其中安坝矿段已探明金资源储量最高,约占阳山金矿带已探明储量的83%(李在春,2016)。金矿带内构造格架整体为草坪梁-葛条湾复背斜,后期的次级断裂、面理、线理、伴生构造均叠加于其上。阳山金矿带矿体主要受控于安昌河-观音坝断裂及其次级断裂,主要分布在草坪梁复背斜的两翼(张闯,2013)。赋矿地层主要为泥盆系千枚岩、碎裂蚀变岩,部分灰岩,以及少量的脉岩。区内热液蚀变主要有硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化、高岭石-蒙脱石化、绿泥石化和绿帘石化,且在空间上未见明显分带性,金成矿与硅化、绢云母化蚀变关系最为密切(张志超等,2015)。前人将阳山金矿带成岩-成矿期次划分为沉积成岩期、热液成矿期和表生氧化期3个阶段,其中热液成矿期又划分成为4个主要成矿阶段:Ⅰ 黄铁矿-石英阶段、Ⅱ 黄铁矿-毒砂-石英阶段、Ⅲ 黄铁矿-毒砂-辉锑矿-石英阶段、Ⅳ 自然金-辉锑矿-绢云母-石英-碳酸盐脉阶段。金矿化主要集中热液成矿期阶段Ⅱ和Ⅲ(李楠,2013; 李楠等,2019)。阳山金矿带内发育有较多中酸性岩脉,结合地表露头与钻孔数据,岩性主要为英云闪长斑岩(前人资料多称为斜长花岗斑岩,沿用前苏联命名方式,本文根据IUGS火成岩分类的QAP图解,统一命名为英云闪长斑岩)、花岗细晶岩脉、花岗斑岩脉、英云花岗岩(图3),具体特征见表2。区内岩脉主要沿构造断裂带分布在矿区的北西、北东东方向,宽约0.5~30 m,延伸长度几十米至几百米。围岩主要为泥盆系三河口群的钙质、碳质、钙泥质千枚岩,接触关系多为侵入接触关系,部分围岩可见烘烤边现象。其中与金矿化关系最为密切的是英云闪长斑岩脉、花岗细晶岩,部分斑岩脉有全岩金矿化现象,尤其与千枚岩接触带附近金品位更高。阳山金矿带内地表及平硐出露的中酸性岩脉成岩时代主要集中于晚三叠世—早侏罗世(209~171 Ma),极少见白垩纪早期(约116 Ma)、始新世(约51.2 Ma)锆石单颗粒年龄(齐金忠等,2003; 陈衍景等,2004; 孙树浩等,2005; 杨荣生等,2006; 雷时斌等,2010; Yang Liqiang et al.,2015; 杨贵才,2019),金矿带内花岗岩脉成岩年龄(表3),与西秦岭地区大规模碰撞型花岗岩开始形成的时间(220~205 Ma)相一致。总体来看,区内脉岩形成时代在印支期晚期至燕山期早期,金矿带成矿时代基本限定于此区间内,而且花岗质脉岩中磷灰石前期的热历史已被重置,阳山金矿带的成矿主阶段温度在300~210℃(李晶等,2007),成矿晚阶段的温度在271.3~288.3℃(李楠等,2018),因此具备金矿化的花岗质岩脉中锆石与磷灰石记录的热历史能代表金矿带成矿及成矿后热历史,表明区内具金矿化的花岗质岩脉是研究金矿带内热历史的理想对象。

  • 表3 阳山金矿带花岗质脉岩地质特征

  • Table3 Geological characteristics of granitic dikes in the Yangshan gold ore belt

  • 图2 阳山金矿带矿区地质图与构造剖面图(据Yang Liqiang et al.,2015

  • Fig.2 Geological map and structural sections of the Yangshan gold ore belt (after Yang Liqiang et al., 2015)

  • 图3 阳山金矿带花岗岩脉露头、手标本及矿化照片

  • Fig.3 Granite vein outcrops, rock specimens and mineralisation photographs in the Yangshan gold ore belt

  • (a)—花岗细晶岩脉(图3b)侵入于中粗粒英云闪长斑岩脉(图3c)野外露头照片,汤卜沟,泥山矿段;(b)—花岗细晶岩脉,灰绿色,节理发育,未见矿化,汤卜沟,泥山矿段;(c)—英云闪长斑岩脉,可见斜长石斑晶,斑晶大小约2 mm×2 mm,主要成分斜长石、石英,少量暗色矿物,未见矿化,汤卜沟,泥山矿段;(d)—花岗细晶岩脉,浅灰绿色,可见黑云母颗粒,颗粒大小在2 mm×2 mm左右,星点状分布在细晶岩基质中,三才矿业,葛条湾矿段;(e)—花岗斑岩脉,未见明显斑晶,绢云母化、硅化蚀变发育,见稀疏浸染状的微细粒黄铁矿、毒砂,少量粒径较大,裂隙发育,钻孔ZK4501,高楼山矿段;(f)—花岗斑岩脉,可见少量斜长石斑晶,大小在1.5 mm×1.5 mm左右,绢云母化、硅化发育,可见星点状黄铁矿颗粒,大小约0.5 mm×0.5 mm左右,岩脉裂隙中可见宽5 mm的石英细脉,钻孔ZK4501,高楼山矿段;(g)—英云闪长斑岩脉,可见大量斜长石斑晶,大小在2 mm×2 mm左右,绢云母化、硅化发育,可见星点状黄铁矿颗粒,大小约0.5 mm×0.5 mm左右,钻孔ZK4501,高楼山矿段;(h)—英云闪长斑岩脉,发育星点状黄铁矿化,黄白色,立方体-五角三八面体,自形—半自形,颗粒大小在0.05 mm左右,钻孔ZK4501,高楼山矿段;(i)—花岗斑岩脉,见辉锑矿脉沿裂隙中石英细脉分布,宽3 mm,长10 cm,同时可见黄铁矿、毒砂矿化呈星点状分布在脉岩中,311号脉明金洞,安坝矿段;(j)-花岗斑岩脉,硅化、绢云岩化强烈,可见黄铁矿颗粒,星点状分布在斑岩脉中,自形—半自形,五角三八面体,颗粒大小在1.5 mm×1.5 mm左右,311号脉明金洞,安坝矿段;(k)—花岗斑岩脉中,明金矿化,明金主要分布在脉岩裂隙石英细脉内,大小0.01~0.1 mm,金色光泽,与辉锑矿伴生,311号脉明金洞,安坝矿段;(l)-花岗斑岩脉中,辉锑矿化,烟灰色,分布在石英脉中,长条状,大小在0.1 mm×0.3 mm左右,311号脉明金洞,安坝矿段; Pl—斜长石; Qtz—石英; Bt—黑云母; Stn—辉锑矿; Py—黄铁矿; Au—金

  • (a) —A granitic aplite vein (Fig.3b) intruded into a medium-coarse-grained tonalite porphyry vein (Fig.3c) field outcrop photo, Tangbugou, Nishan ore section; (b) —a fine-grained granitoid vein, diabase color, joint development, no mineralization, Tangbugou, Nishan ore block; (c) —a tonalite porphyry vein with plagioclase phenocrysts, with about 2 mm×2 mm in size, the main components of plagioclase, quartz, a small number of dark minerals, no mineralization, Tangbugou, Nishan ore section; (d) —a fine-grained granitoid vein, pale gray-green, with biotite grains, the size of which is about 2 mm×2 mm, distributed in the fine-grained matrix, Sancai mining company, Getiaowan ore section; (e) —a granite porphyry vein, no obvious phenocryst, sericite, silicification and alteration developed, seeing sparse disseminated fine-grained pyrite, arsenopyrite, a small amount of particles size are large, crack development, drill hole ZK4501, Gaoloushan ore section; (f) —a granite porphyry vein with a small amount of plagioclase phenocrysts, about 1.5 mm×1.5 mm in size, sericitization and silicification developed, and star shaped pyrite particles can be seen, with a size of 0.5 mm×0.5 mm, 5 mm wide quartz veinlets can be seen in the vein fissures, drill hole ZK4501, Gaoloushan ore section; (g) —a tonalite porphyry vein with a large number of plagioclase phenocrysts, about 2 mm×2 mm in size, sericitization and silicification developed, and seeing star-spotted pyrite grains, about 0.5 mm×0.5 mm in size, drill hole ZK4501, Gaoloushan ore section; (h) —a tonalite porphyry vein, with star-like pyrite mineralization, yellow-white, cube-pentagonal octahedron, self-shaped-semi-self-shaped, particle size about 0.05 mm, drill hole ZK4501, Gaoloushan ore section; (i) —a granite porphyry vein, seeing stibnite vein along the fracture quartz veinlets distribution, 3 mm wide, 10 cm long, at the same time can see pyrite, arsenopyrite mineralization star-point distribution in the granite porphyry vein, No.311 vein, Mingjindong, Anba ore section; (j) —a granite porphyry vein, strongly silicified and sericized, with pyrite grains, star-like distribution in the porphyry veins, self-shaped-semi-self-shaped, pentagonal octahedron, the size of which is about 1.5 mm×1.5 mm, No.311 vein, Mingjindong, Anba ore section; (k) —a granite porphyry vein, gold mineralization, and gold is mainly distributed in the quartz veinlets of granite porphyry vein, with a size of 0.01~0.1 mm, golden luster, associated with stibnite, No.311 vein, Mingjindong, Anba ore section; (1) —a granite porphyry vein, stibnite mineralization, smoke gray, distributed in quartz veins, long strip, size about 0.1 mm×0.3 mm, No.311 vein, Mingjindong, Anba ore section; Pl—plagioclase; Qtz—quartz; Bt—biotite; Stn—stibnite; Py—pyrite; Au—glod

  • 表4 阳山金矿带花岗岩脉成岩年龄

  • Table4 Diagenetic age of granite vein in the Yangshan gold ore belt

  • 3 样品与测试

  • 3.1 样品采集

  • 样品采集自安坝矿段与葛条湾矿段的钻孔中含金矿化英云闪长斑岩脉,共采集10件英云闪长斑岩脉样品,其中3件样品挑选出的晶体完整性好、未受到较强蚀变改造、未见明显外物污染的磷灰石晶体颗粒用于实验测试。其中安坝矿段2件样品,葛条湾矿段1件,岩性均为英云闪长斑岩,取样标高多分布在1100~1400 m之间,具体信息见表5,图4、5。

  • 葛条湾矿段,ZK6001,孔口坐标:X =3657549.172,Y =35465132.688,H =1512.812 m,钻孔方位:336.775°,ZK6001-001取样标高海拔1348 m。样品岩性为英云闪长斑岩,灰-灰绿色,斑状结构,块状构造,主要成分为斜长石(50%)、石英(40%),可见少量的黑云母、角闪石等暗色—半透明矿物(<10%),斑晶主要为石英(30%)、斜长石(40%),斑晶大小在1.5 mm×2.0 mm左右,基质为石英与斜长石(20%),可见少量的黑云母和角闪石矿物分布在基质中(<10%),多已发生绢云母化、绿泥石化,残留晶体假象。岩脉硅化作用明显,斑岩内发育有细小石英脉,乳白色,油脂光泽,半透明,脉宽约1 cm。斑岩产出位置附近多处发育强烈碎裂岩化作用,岩芯松散破碎。主要矿化为黄铁矿化,浅黄色,微细粒结构,半自形—自形,稀疏浸染状分布。偶见少量银白色细粒针状毒砂呈星点状分布。钻孔岩芯样品Au品位分析结果,显示斑岩中Au品位达1.56 g/t,斑岩碎裂程度较高或千枚岩接触带附近见矿较好,Au品位较高。安坝矿段,ZK0110,孔口坐标:X =3658273.975,Y =35468186.119,H =1866.029 m,钻孔方位:336.775°,ZK0110-001取样标高海拔1162 m。样品岩性为英云闪长斑岩,灰绿色,斑状结构,块状构造,主要成分为斜长石(45%)、石英(45%),可见少量的黑云母、绿泥石等暗色—半透明矿物(10%),其斑晶主要为斜长石(35%),斑晶大小约2.0 mm×3.0 mm,基质为斜长石、石英等(55%)。岩石较完整,见较强的硅化、绿泥石化。具较弱的黄铁矿化,浅黄色,微细粒结构,他形,呈星点状分布。钻孔岩芯样品Au品位分析结果,显示斑岩中金品位<0.1 g/t,未到达检测线,可能表明金矿化与英云闪长斑岩上没有直接的成因关系。安坝矿段,ZK1820,孔口坐标:X =3657991.025,Y =35467215.726,H =2037.408 m,ZK1820-001取样标高海拔1387 m。样品为英云闪长斑岩,浅灰色,斑状结构,块状构造,主要成分为斜长石(45%)、石英(50%),可见少量的黑云母、角闪石等暗色—半透明矿物(5%),斑晶主要为石英(30%)、斜长石(35%),斑晶大小在1.5 mm×1.5 mm左右,基质为斜长石(10%)、石英(20%)等隐晶质矿物,可见少量黑云母、角闪石等暗色矿物(5%)。主要蚀变有强硅化、弱绿泥石化,见黄铁矿化,浅黄白色,微细粒结构,半自形—他形结构,浸染状构造。英云闪长斑岩节理发育,岩芯较为破碎。钻孔岩芯样品Au品位分析结果,显示斑岩中金品位达1.40~2.28 g/t,此条斑岩脉见矿均匀,且与其下盘接触的千枚岩也见Au矿化,而上盘未见Au矿化。

  • 表5 阳山金矿带采样记录表

  • Table5 Sampling record of the Yangshan gold ore belt

  • 图4 阳山金矿带钻孔岩芯取样位置剖面图

  • Fig.4 Section of sampling location of drilled rock core in the Yangshan gold ore belt

  • 3.2 分析方法

  • 野外采集的样品,重量保证在5~6 kg左右,内用塑料袋隔水,外套样品编织带防污。样品在廊坊岩拓地质服务有限公司,进行单矿物挑选,在颚式破碎机破碎后,过筛后得到60目粗样,经过重选和磁选,再于双目镜下挑选出磷灰石。磷灰石裂变径迹测年是在北京快科赛默科技有限公司进行的,样品实验流程参考墨尔本大学磷灰石裂变径迹处理流程。抛光支架在5 mol/L HNO3中在20℃下蚀刻20 s,以显示自发轨迹。金涂层(5~7 nm厚度)应用于真空装置内的蚀刻底座,以增强抛光表面的反射率,并最小化显微镜下的内部反射(Gleadow et al.,2009)。使用Zeiss Axio Imager M2m显微镜选择抛光表面与棱柱形晶体面平行且轨迹分布均匀的磷灰石晶粒。利用高灵敏度、快速的iDS相机,在透射光和反射光的作用下,用100倍物镜拍摄磷灰石晶体的高分辨率数字图像。图像的像素大小已精确校准。使用符合映射协议进行轨道计数(Gleadow et al.,2009)。使用Agilent 8900 ICP-MS / MS和ESI New Wave NWR 193UC(TwoVol2)激光烧蚀系统,通过LA-ICP-MS方法对选定晶粒进行铀测量(Hasebe et al.,2004)。在选定的晶粒和校准标准品(NIST-612玻璃和磷灰石泥浆罐)上进行了25 s的烧蚀处理,光束直径为30 μm,能量约为2.5 J/cm2,重复频率为5 Hz。同时还测定了计数轨迹的颗粒的蚀坑直径(D par)。然后使用雷达图绘制各个晶粒年龄的分布和D par值,以反映磷灰石裂变径迹的不同退火动力学信息(Donelick et al.,2005; Vermeesch,20092017)。

  • 图5 阳山金矿带岩芯手标本、显微镜下及磷灰石裂变径迹照片

  • Fig.5 Hand specimens, microphotographs and apatite fission track photographs for the cores from Yangshan gold ore belt

  • (a)~(c)—英云闪长斑岩脉钻孔手标本,可见大量斜长石斑晶(Pl),颗粒在0.5 mm×1.0 mm左右,岩芯局部破碎,硅化、绢云母蚀变较为强烈;(d)~(f)—英云闪长斑岩脉镜下照片(正交偏光); 可见斜长石斑晶(Pl)发生交代产生绢云母(Ser)、白云母(Ms)的假象或骸晶,基质中分布有较多的石英(Qtz)、绢云母(Ser)、(Ms)白云母矿物,后期热液蚀变较强;(g)~(i)—在磷灰石颗粒的镜下照片中,可见大量的磷灰石裂变径迹

  • (a) ~ (c) —A large number of plagioclase phenocrysts (Pl) with particles of 0.5 mm×1.0 mm can be seen in the core sample of tonalite porphyry vein, the core was partially broken, with strong silicification and sericite alteration; (d) ~ (f) —in the micrograph of tonalite porphyry vein (orthogonal polarization) , it can be seen that the plagioclase porphyry (Pl) were metasomatized to produce the illusion or skeletal crystal of sericite (Ser) and muscovite (Ms) ; there were more quartz (Qtz) , sericite (Ser) and muscovite (Ms) minerals in the matrix, and the hydrothermal alteration was strong in the later stage; (g) ~ (i) —a large number of apatite fission tracks can be seen in the microscopic photographs of the apatite particles

  • 4 测试结果与分析

  • 4.1 测试结果

  • 3件样品的单矿物磷灰石裂变径迹选数结果如附表1~3,单矿物点磷灰石裂变径迹雷达图(图6),所得磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值均通过卡方检验(P(χ2)>0.05)(Galbraith,1981),磷灰石颗粒数较为充分在14~42之间,颗粒晶体结构较好,自发径迹密度大,测年数据可信度高。本次磷灰石裂变径迹试验测试值,ZK0110-001磷灰石裂变径迹年龄中心值为146.4±6.3 Ma(1σ),磷灰石裂变径迹年龄池年龄值为138.8±6.4 Ma(1σ); ZK1820-001磷灰石裂变径迹年龄中心值为116.5±13.1 Ma(1σ),磷灰石裂变径迹年龄池年龄值为101.0±14.4 Ma(1σ); ZK6001-001样品获得磷灰石裂变径迹年龄中心值为124.3±6.4 Ma(1σ),磷灰石裂变径迹年龄池年龄值为121.5±7.8 Ma(1σ)。样品具体年龄特征及其他参数见表6。本次磷灰石样品ZK0110-001,同时获得磷灰石裂变径迹长度22条,平均值为12.11 μm,获得D par平均值2.27±0.28 μm; ZK1820-001,获得D par平均值1.53±0.43 μm; ZK1820-001,获得D par平均值2.02±0.35 μm。

  • 图6 阳山金矿带磷灰石裂变径迹年龄雷达图

  • Fig.6 Radial plots of apatite fission track age for the Yangshan gold ore belt

  • 其中单颗粒年龄为过原点和颗粒点的直线相交于右侧弧线上的值; X轴σ/τ和τ/σ分别为数据相对误差和精度; Y轴为测量标准误差; 单颗粒年龄点颜色代表磷灰石D par值,单位为 μm,并对应雷达图下方颜色比例尺

  • The single particle age is the value on the right arc where the straight line of the crossing point and the particle point intersects the right arc; the X axis σ/τ and τ/σ are the relative error and accuracy of the data, respectively; the Y axis is the standard error of the measurement; the single particle age point color represents the apatite D par value in μm and corresponds to the color scale below the radar image

  • 表6 阳山金矿带LA-ICP-MS磷灰石裂变径迹年龄

  • Table6 LA-ICP-MS apatite fission track age of the Yangshan gold belt

  • 注:n —测试单颗粒数目; n s—所有单颗粒磷灰石统计自发径迹数目的总和; ρS—所有单颗粒样品的自发径迹的平均密度; 238U—所有单颗粒磷灰石样品的平均铀浓度; P(χ2)—卡方检验,自由度为n-1的卡方概率值(Galbraith,1981)。

  • 4.2 磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟

  • 本次磷灰石样品中,ZK0110-001,同时获得磷灰石裂变径迹长度22条(表7),平均值为12.11 μm,获得D par平均值2.27±0.28 μm,其中径迹长度的分布范围在9.42~15.79 μm,具单峰式特征,峰值在11~12 μm,占全部径迹总和的40%以上,显示径迹长度处于相对集中特征,表明斑岩快速通过部分退火域。

  • 通过HeFTy软件拟合本次英云闪长斑岩磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,结合花岗斑岩脉锆石裂变径迹年龄(杨忠虎等,2019),获得阳山金矿带安坝矿段成矿后热历史演化曲线(图7)。其中磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值GOF(拟合度)最低值是94%,裂变径迹长度GOF最低值是94%,两者均远大于50%,表明模拟的高可靠性。阳山金矿带成岩成矿后,193~165 Ma,英云闪长斑岩急速降温,温度从215℃降到68℃,进入磷灰石封闭温度区间,此过程反应安坝矿段构造隆升并伴随英云闪长斑岩体冷却热扩散过程; 165~45 Ma,英云闪长斑岩处于缓慢冷却状态,温度从68℃降至65℃,降温速率近似为0.025℃/Ma,表明地层一直处于稳定的构造环境,几乎没有地层抬升; 45 Ma至今,英云闪长斑岩加速降温,温度从65℃降到20℃,降温速率1.0℃/Ma,表明地层快速隆升。

  • 图7 锆石磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟和磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟裂变径迹直方图

  • Fig.7 Zircon and apatite fission track thermal history simulation and apatite fission track thermal history simulation fission track histogram

  • 模拟采用HeFTy软件(Ketcham,2005); 图中紫色和绿色区域分别代表较好的和可接受的模拟结果,黑色实线为最佳热历史模拟曲线; GOF代表模拟值和测量值之间的拟合度,当结果GOF值大于0.5时,便认为结果是好的

  • The simulation adopts HeFTy software (Ketcham, 2005) ; the purple and green areas in the figure represent good and acceptable simulation results respectively, and the black solid line is the best thermal history simulation curve; GOF represents the fit between the simulated value and the measured value; when the GOF value of the result is greater than 0.5, it is considered that the result is good

  • 表7 阳山金矿带样品 ZK0110-001 单矿物点磷灰石裂变径迹长度结果

  • Table7 LA-ICP-MS/FT length results of the ZK0110-001 apatite from the Yangshan gold belt

  • 研究区早白垩世—古新世地温梯度取20℃/km(王玮,2011),根据磷灰石热历史演化图(图7),可知最佳模拟曲线上任意一点的时间与温度,由此可以获得一个阶段内的地层剥蚀厚度h=T1-T2k,其中T代表温度(单位为℃),k代表地温梯度(单位为℃/km),h代表剥蚀厚度(单位为km)。因此可以计算出每个时间段,大致的地层剥蚀厚度。根据公式可得,各阶段地层大致剥蚀厚度,分别为h1=7.35 km(193~165 Ma,212℃降到68℃,此区间地层剥蚀厚度),h2= 0.15 km(165~45 Ma,68℃降到65℃,此区间地层剥蚀厚度),h3= 2.25 km(45 Ma至今,温度:65℃降到20℃,此区间地层剥蚀厚度),总计h= 9.75 km。

  • 5 讨论

  • 5.1 磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据分析

  • 本文共获得3件磷灰石裂变径迹年龄样品,ZK0110-001、ZK1820-001位于安坝矿段,ZK6001-001位于葛条湾矿段,且3件样品的P(χ2)为卡方检验均>0.05,取样高程在1160~1390 m之间,年龄值范围分布在150~110 Ma之间,显示矿物颗粒年龄为单一源年龄且较为集中。笔者前期在泥山与葛条湾矿段共获得3件磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(基于外探测器法),取样高程在1360~1690 m之间,年龄值范围分布在69~46 Ma之间(杨忠虎等,2019),与本次获得磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值有差异。笔者认为其主要原因与以下几点相关:① 两次采样位置及高程的差异; ② 前期取样位置构造活动发育较强,成矿后区域内金矿带由北向南发生大规模的逆冲推覆构造易使千枚岩中磷灰石裂变径迹退火重置,从而表现出更新的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄; ③ 前期采样位置更靠近文县弧形构造带前锋的中心,强烈的构造活动造成研究区内当前地层的岩性与来源复杂多样,从而导致碎屑岩样品中磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的差异性。

  • 本次安坝矿段ZK1820-001与葛条湾矿段ZK6001-001的英云闪长斑岩脉中均有金矿化现象,金品位在1.40~2.28 g/t之间(图4)。其中ZK1820-001,英云闪长斑岩样品,显示全岩金矿化,自上到下金品位为1.40~2.28 g/t,且在该取样下层位的钙质千枚岩中也有金矿化信息,金品位在0.51~1.79 g/t之间。钙质千枚岩下层位的英云闪长斑岩脉的金品位由<0.1 g/t转变为1.36 g/t。英云闪长斑岩脉下层位的钙质千枚岩的金品位为1.46 g/t,钙质千枚岩下层位的英云闪长斑岩脉金品位由2.41~0.62 g/t。英云闪长斑岩脉下层的钙质千枚岩无金矿化显示。由此可见成矿流体在英云闪长斑岩脉与钙质千枚岩的接触界限上不断运移并向两侧扩散。ZK6001-001,英云闪长斑岩,斑岩内多处发育强烈碎裂岩化作用,岩芯松散破碎。主要矿化为黄铁矿化,偶见少量银白色细粒针状毒砂呈星点状分布。斑岩金品位自上到下由<0.1变化至1.56 g/t,且斑岩与千枚岩接触带附近,金品位最高达1.56 g/t,表明成矿在斑岩形成之后且与构造活动关系较为密切。ZK0110-001,安坝矿段,英云闪长斑岩中斑晶颗粒较大,显示成岩深度相对较深,处于一个相对缓慢冷却的环境。钻孔岩芯样品金品位分析结果显示斑岩金品位<0.1 g/t,未到达检测线,且斑岩与千枚岩接触界线也未见金矿化信息,可能表明金矿化与中粗粒英云闪长斑岩上没有直接的成因联系。同时在研究区泥山矿段汤卜沟,可见细晶花岗岩侵入于中粗粒英云闪长斑岩内(图3a),表明细晶花岗岩成岩稍晚于中粗粒英云闪长斑岩。而研究区内具金矿化的岩脉,主要细晶花岗岩脉或细粒花岗斑岩脉,极少数破碎蚀变的中细粒英云闪长斑岩脉,表明研究区内岩浆活动是由多期次或多阶段组成,且斑岩中金矿化也受构造控制,因此可用细晶花岗斑岩或中细粒花岗岩脉成岩年龄来约束研究区金成矿年龄上限。ZK1820-001英云闪长斑岩中获得磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(116.5±13.1 Ma,高程1387 m)、ZK6001-001英云闪长斑岩中获得磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(124.3±6.4 Ma,高程1348 m),显示在白垩纪早期,区域内含金矿化的英云闪长斑岩脉温度已经下降到磷灰石裂变径迹封闭温度区间(60~120℃)。ZK0110-001英云闪长斑岩中获得磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(146.4±6.3 Ma,1162 m),显示侏罗纪晚期,区域内未见金矿化的英云闪长斑岩脉温度已下降到磷灰石裂变径迹封闭温度区间(60~120℃)。英云闪长斑岩侵位后,排除其他干扰因素外,正常情况下高程与磷灰石裂变径迹年龄呈正相关,即高程越高,年龄越老,而本次获得年龄值显示高程与年龄呈负相关,且具金矿化的英云闪长斑岩年龄较新,未见金矿化的英云闪长斑岩年龄较老的特征,表明阳山金矿带成矿的热液活动事件对英云闪长斑岩中的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄是有影响的,成矿热液在花岗岩脉与千枚岩间的构造裂隙运移时,由于含矿热液温度较高,会使花岗岩脉的磷灰石裂变径迹发生退火,从而重置磷灰石裂变径迹年龄。

  • 前人研究成果表明,阳山金矿带的成矿主阶段温度为300~210℃(李晶等,2007),成矿晚阶段温度为288.3~271.3℃(李楠等,2018),而且前人研究表明区域内的英云闪长斑岩的成岩年龄主要集中在印支期晚期,燕山期有少量岩浆活动事件(齐金忠等,2003; 杨荣生等,2006; 杨贵才,2019; 葛良胜等,2020)。阳山金矿带的成矿准确定年或难以确定,但在前人的研究成岩成矿定年研究基础上,结合本文磷灰石裂变径迹年龄与热历史演化曲线,可确定阳山金矿带金矿化时限分布范围大概率应在210~195 Ma之间,燕山期研究区内或有岩浆构造热事件,但是否成矿证据还不够充分,而早白垩纪之后,区域内岩浆构造活动进一步减弱,本次三件样品中,只有ZK1820-001中有4颗磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值记录了喜马拉雅期热事件扰动,说明喜马拉雅期岩浆或热液活动几乎停滞,且热历史演化曲线显示当时地层温度距金矿化的成矿温度有较大差距,金矿带在喜马拉雅期仍能成矿的几率微乎其微。

  • 5.2 阳山金矿安坝矿段热历史演化

  • 杨忠虎等(2019)对阳山金矿带的热历史演化进行初步探讨,根据磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟、锆石裂变径迹年龄、锆石U-Pb定年数据(齐金忠等,2003; Yang et al.,2015),以及与金成矿密切相关的绢云母、白云母40Ar-39Ar年龄的综合约束(阎凤增等,2010; 郭耀宇,2016),阳山金矿带葛条湾矿段、泥山矿段发生快速隆升的事件大致在白垩纪晚期128~74.0 Ma、9.6 Ma至今这两个时间段。而本次结合前期锆石裂变径迹年龄(杨忠虎等,2019)、磷灰石裂变径迹年龄与获得安坝矿段热历史演化曲线(图8),显示193~165 Ma、45 Ma至今,发生两次快速隆升降温事件,且178~45 Ma时安坝矿段地层处于相对稳定的阶段,与葛条湾与泥山矿段热历史曲线差异性较大,表明阳山金矿带内各矿段存在差异性隆升剥蚀。

  • 5.3 阳山金矿带矿段热历史对比

  • 通过对比阳山金矿带内葛条湾矿段与泥山矿段的热历史演化曲线,发现安坝矿段先于葛条湾矿段与泥山矿段隆升剥蚀,且在相当长时间内处于缓慢剥蚀的阶段。由图8可知,安坝矿段的英云闪长斑岩脉(215 Ma,高程1162 m)从侵位开始之后,便急速冷却降温,然后进入到金成矿温度(210~205 Ma,320~270℃),为金矿化提供持续大概10 Ma的热量,迅速降到磷灰石裂变径迹(165 Ma,120℃)的封闭区间内,显示出安坝矿段内在早侏罗世可能存在一次规模较大的构造活动事件,之后安坝矿段内地层缓慢冷却,反映安坝矿段从中侏罗纪至中新世(165~45 Ma)一直处于极度缓慢冷却降温阶段,直到45 Ma左右,再一次发生快速降温,表明安坝矿段开始新的一次构造活动,造成地层隆升剥蚀。

  • 葛条湾、泥山矿段英云闪长斑岩侵位年龄与安坝矿段几乎一致(216 Ma,高程1364~1384 m),在早侏罗世至早白垩世(193~125 Ma),地层处于相对缓慢冷却阶段,而在125~100 Ma时泥山先于葛条湾发生地层隆升剥蚀事件,持续时间大概约50 Ma左右,而安坝矿段的磷灰石裂变径迹未记录到此次隆升剥蚀事件。个人倾向于认为安坝矿段未经受到此次隆升剥蚀的影响,或受此次影响较弱,主要原因是泥山与葛条湾矿段相对于安坝矿段更靠近安昌河-观音坝断裂带,在成矿后扬子板块不断向北俯冲到秦岭微板块之下,区域内发生较大规模逆冲推覆构造活动,致使阳山金矿带西侧地层,相对于安坝矿段隆升剥蚀更多。鉴于本次安坝矿段取样海拔标高1162 m,相对于前期葛条湾(1360~1365 m)与泥山矿段(1686 m)的磷灰石样品高程有不同程度差异,结合地温梯度20℃/km,计算出安坝矿段地层剥蚀量约9.75 km,而葛条湾矿段地层剥蚀量12.24 km,而泥山矿段相对葛条湾矿段多剥蚀1.32 km(杨忠虎等,2019),反映出阳山金矿带从西至东地层隆升剥蚀逐步减弱的趋势。进一步说明,阳山金矿带安坝矿段金矿体可能相对于泥山与葛条湾矿段,有更好的储藏保存条件。

  • 图8 阳山金矿带安坝、葛条湾、泥山矿段热历史演化图(据杨忠虎等,2019修改)

  • Fig.8 Thermal history evolution map of Anba, Getiaowan and Nishan ore sections in the Yangshan gold ore belt (modified after Yang Zhonghu et al., 2019)

  • 杨忠虎等(2019)通过磷灰石裂变径迹反演的地层隆升剥蚀,预测葛条湾矿段靠近复背斜核部灰岩地层之下成矿与储矿的潜力较好,经过2019,2020年度钻孔施工验证,在葛条湾矿段ZK4005发现厚大矿体,金资源量增加1.2 t,ZK2616碳质千枚岩中发现明金矿化,金资源量增加1.5 t,反映出利用磷灰石裂变径迹热历史反演区域隆升剥蚀,对阳山金矿带深部远景评价与找矿攻坚具有科学指导意义。

  • 5.4 阳山金矿带成矿后与区域构造活动时-空对应关系

  • 根据前人研究成果,西秦岭地区在125~95 Ma、9.6 Ma至今,地层发生两次快速的冷却事件,指示地层遭受强烈的隆升剥蚀作用(Enkelmann et al.,2006; 刘建辉,2009; Chen Hong et al.,2015; Zhao Yang et al.,2017; 庞建章,2019)。其中Chen Hong et al.(2015)通过对西秦岭糜署岭地区三叠纪晚期的花岗岩进行磷灰石裂变径迹测年,并通过磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟得到120~60 Ma发生一次大规模的隆升事件,在中新世晚期发生一次快速的隆升剥蚀。而本次阳山金矿带安坝矿段的英云闪长斑岩获得磷灰石裂变径迹热历史模拟结果,表明在晚侏罗世至早白垩世,安坝矿段内地层并未发生强烈隆升剥蚀事件,推测阳山金矿带安坝矿段与西秦岭地区发生差异化隆升剥蚀,这是安坝矿段内矿体得以较好保存的一个重要原因。

  • 多数学者认为秦岭晚新生代的快速隆升作用与青藏高原晚新生代隆升和对外扩展具有直接的联系(Enkelmann et al.,2006; 刘建辉,2009; Chen Hong et al.,2015; Zhao Yang et al.,2017; 庞建章,2019)。刘建辉等(2010)对秦岭山脉进行采样与磷灰石裂变径迹测年分析,揭示了秦岭山脉太白山及华山10.5~7 Ma的快速隆升作用。庞建章(2019)在祁连山新生代扩展研究中应用磷灰石LA-ICP-MS方法获得青藏高原东北缘开始变形的时间为中中新世,变形模式为整体启动而后向南北两例扩展。本文安坝矿段磷灰石热历史反演,表明区域上45 Ma至今有一期快速隆升剥蚀作用,而在中新世并未出现急剧隆升,说明安坝矿段受青藏高原晚新生代隆升和对外扩展影响较弱。

  • 6 结论

  • 通过对西秦岭南缘阳山金矿带英云闪长斑岩脉磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究,得到以下认识:

  • (1)英云闪长斑岩脉磷灰石裂变径迹年龄范围为(146.4±6.3~117±13 Ma),与泥盆系千枚岩磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(69~46 Ma)具有较大差异。导致差异性原因主要归结于采样位置、岩性、后期构造活动等因素。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的差异性,为阳山金矿带矿段差异化隆升剥蚀提供了证据。

  • (2)通过Hefty软件拟合得到英云闪长斑岩热历史演化曲线,显示阳山金矿带安坝矿段在中侏罗世—古新世之间以单调且缓慢的冷却方式通过磷灰石裂变径迹的封闭温度,反映英云闪长斑岩脉Au成矿后,磷灰石裂变径迹未遭受到大规模的热事件的退火作用,表明金成矿作用集中在早白垩世之前的燕山期,而早白垩世之后研究区内存在大规模岩浆活动或热液成矿事件的可能性微乎其微。

  • (3)通过对研究区内不同类型花岗岩脉的成岩年龄及相互接触关系的厘定表明阳山金矿带金矿化作用上限晚于细晶花岗斑岩脉或中细粒英云闪长斑岩脉成岩年龄,更晚于中粗粒英云闪长斑岩脉成岩年龄,再结合金矿化英云闪长斑岩脉的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄及热历史曲线,金矿化下限应早于晚侏罗世,金矿化时限分布范围应在210~195 Ma之间,且发生后期成矿叠加事件的几率很低。

  • 致谢:感谢两位匿名审稿人给出的极具建设性的修改意见,对于论文不断修改完善提供极大的帮助,同时感谢阳山野外项目组成员在样品采集,寄送提供的协助,在成文过程中感谢于皓丞博士,黄勇高级工程师给出的建设性意见和建议。

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1~3)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=202201195& flag=1

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