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作者简介:

吕奇奇,男,1986年生。博士,讲师,主要从事沉积学研究。E-mail:lvqiqiabcd@163.com。

通讯作者:

罗顺社,男,1961年生。教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积学及储层地质学研究。E-mail:201673021@yangtzeu.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    中—新元古界的油气资源潜力业已引起国际地质界的密切关注。近年来,新的钻探资料证实,华北克拉通中—新元古代发育多个克拉通内拗拉槽,且拗拉槽内发育多套优质烃源岩及生储盖组合,显示具有巨大的油气勘探潜力。本文以华北克拉通东北缘燕辽拗拉槽和南缘熊耳拗拉槽中—新元古代地层为研究对象,以6条典型基干剖面实测、9条重点辅助剖面观察、3口单井岩芯观察与描述,主要从岩石颜色、岩石组合类型、岩石结构、沉积构造、地球化学等众多方面,对华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古界的沉积体系类型和特征以及古地理环境的整体演化进行了全面、系统的研究。结果表明:①研究区中—新元古界发育障壁型海岸相、无障壁型海岸相、浅海陆棚相、碳酸盐台地相、生物礁相、扇三角洲相以及冰川相等7种沉积相、15种亚相及21种微相。②在研究区不同时期岩相古地理格局具有明显差异;中元古代,研究区由长城纪晚期海相碎屑沉积体系转变成蓟县纪海相碳酸盐沉积体系,再向待建纪早期海相碎屑沉积体系、海相碳酸盐沉积体系共存转变;新元古代,研究区由青白口纪海相碎屑沉积体系转变到仅熊耳拗拉槽发育震旦纪冰川-碎屑岩沉积体系,且南北差异明显。

    Abstract

    The potential of oil and gas resources in the Meso-Neoproterozoic has attracted close attention of the international geological community. Proterozoic high-quality source rocks in other countries also developed in the North China Craton basin in China at the same time, indicating that the Meso-Neoproterozoic in North China also has great exploration potential. This paper considers Meso-Neoproterozoic strata in Yanliao Aulacogen and Xiong'er Aulacogen of the north-eastern margin of North China Craton as the research object. Based on 6 field backbone profile measurements and 9 key auxiliary profile observations, the types and characteristics of Meso-Neoproterozoic sedimentary systems and the overall evolution of palaeogeographic environment in the typical aulacogens of North China Craton are systematically studied from the aspects of rock color, rock association type, rock structure, sedimentary structure and geochemistry. The results shows that: 1) the Meso-Neoproterozoic in the study area can be divided into seven sedimentary facies of barrier-type coastal facies, barrier-free coastal facies, neritic shelf facies, carbonate platform facies, biohermal facies, fan delta facies and glacial facies. According to its sedimentary characteristics, fifteen subfacies and twenty one microfacies are further divided. 2) The lithofacies and palaeogeographic characteristics in different periods of the study area are obviously different. In Mesoproterozoic, the study area sedimentary systems changed from clastic rock sedimentary system of the later Changcheng System to carbonate rock sedimentary system of the Jixian System, and then to the coexistence of clastic rock sedimentary system and carbonate rock sedimentary system of the early Daijian System. In Neoproterozoic, the study area changed from clastic rock sedimentary system of the Qingbaikou System to glacial-clastic rock sedimentary system of the Sinian System developed only in Xiong'er aulacogen, and the difference between north and south is obvious.

  • 中—新元古界的油气资源潜力业已引起国际地质界的密切关注。迄今为止,世界上多个国家和地区中—新元古界油气勘探获重大发现,已发现了数十个原生油气田,并形成了商业性油气开采,从而表明中—新元古界完全具备形成与富集规模性油气资源的条件(Sun Shu et al.,2016; Zhao Wenzhi et al.,2019)。国际上其他国家元古宇优质烃源岩发育的层位在我国的华北克拉通盆地也有同期发育,表明华北中—新元古界也具有重大勘探潜力。

  • 华北克拉通在1.90~1.85 Ga完成了最终的克拉通化之后,在结晶基底之上沉积了一套分布广、较为完整的中—新元古代地层。近年来,新的钻探资料证实,华北克拉通中—新元古代发育多个克拉通内拗拉槽,且拗拉槽内发育多套优质烃源岩及生储盖组合,显示具有巨大的油气勘探潜力(Zhao Wenzhi et al.,20182019; Wang Tieguan et al.,2018)。

  • 多年来,众多学者对于华北克拉通中—新元古界的油气勘探做出了巨大贡献,并形成了优质烃源岩分布及生储盖组合与盆地内的沉积体系和相应的古地理演化具有密不可分的关系的共识(Sun Shu et al.,2016; Zhao Wenzhi et al.,20182019; Wang Tieguan et al.,2018)。但前人对于盆地内沉积体系和古地理的研究在纵向上主要是针对某个层系(如长城系、蓟县系、青白口系等)(Deng Kun et al.,2006; Zhou Hongrui et al.,2006; Song Tianrui,2007; Luo Shunshe et al.,2009; Huang Xiu,2009; Fu Shun et al.,2011; Zheng Wei et al.,2013)、某个组(如常州沟组、兵马沟组、大红峪组、高于庄组、杨庄组、雾迷山组、铁岭组等)(Liu Bo et al.,2004; Liu Zhirong,2007; Liu Ziliang et al.,2009; Chen Xiaojun et al.,2010; Luo Shunshe et al.,2010; Yang Yunxiang et al.,2011; Huo Yong et al.,2012; Lü Qiqi et al.,2012; Xu Debin et al.,2012; Zhao Yu,2016; Wang Pengxiao,2016)开展,且平面上一般仅局限于某个较小的区域,而缺乏对华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古界的沉积体系类型和古地理演化进行系统、全面的分析。因此,本文基于对华北克拉通燕辽(东北缘)、熊耳(南缘)2个典型拗拉槽的冀北坳陷(河北宽城、辽宁凌源)、宣龙坳陷(河北张家口怀来县、赤城县)、山西永济、山西黎城、豫西(河南鲁山、黛眉山)、河南伊川万安山等6条典型基干剖面实测,天津蓟县、河北曲阳、河北保定易县、山西五台、山西吕梁、山西左权、山西阳城、河南焦作云台山、陕西洛南等9条重点辅助剖面观察(见图1),JQ1井、JQ2井及JQ3井等3口单井岩芯观察与描述的基础上(其中JQ1井、JQ2井位于河北省宽城县化皮溜子乡北杖子村,JQ3井位于河北省宽城县尖山子村),主要从岩石颜色、岩石组合类型、岩石结构、沉积构造、地球化学等众多方面,对华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古界各层系的沉积体系类型及特征和古地理环境的整体演化进行了全面、系统地分析研究,从而为区内油气勘探提供重要的依据。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 华北克拉通位于中国东部,是由祁连-秦岭-大别造山带和兴蒙造山带围限起来的一个早前寒武纪稳定地块。该克拉通是我国最古老、面积最大的克拉通,记录了最早~3.8 Ga的构造历史。与其他克拉通相比,华北克拉通经过长期的构造演化(>3.8 Ga),复杂的构造过程,且与多块体的相互作用,记录了几乎所有的地球早期发展的重大构造事件; 其主要经历了三个重要的地质演化阶段:①结晶基底形成阶段(3800~1800 Ma),②盖层发展阶段(1800~250 Ma)和③地壳强烈活动阶段(250 Ma至今)。

  • 华北克拉通前寒武纪构造格架是由三个主要构造单元所组成:即东部陆块、中部造山带和西部陆块(Zhao Guochun et al.,2003),而东、西陆块经历了古元古代晚期的变质事件(吕梁运动或称中条运动),在约~1.85 Ga沿中部带拼合导致华北克拉通基底的最终形成(Zhao Guochun et al.,199920002001a2001b)。之后,华北克拉通开始进入了裂谷系的发育与演化,并在结晶基底之上沉积了一套分布广、较为完整的中—新元古代地层; 裂谷系可大致分为燕辽拗拉槽(或裂陷槽)、熊耳拗拉槽(或裂陷槽)、北缘裂谷带、东缘裂谷带等。燕辽拗拉槽位于华北克拉通东北缘,范围主要包括燕山地区及太行山中北段,总体呈近东西向展布(图1); 主要依据地层发育特征、接触关系、重要地质事件及其同位素年龄资料(Lu Songnian et al.,2008; Gao Wei et al.,2008; Gao Linzhi et al.,20082009; Li Huaikun et al.,2009201020112014; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2009; Su Wenbo et al.,2010; He Zhengjun et al.,2011),认为其中新元古代地层由下至上发育长城系常州沟组、串岭沟组、团山子组及大红峪组,蓟县系高于庄组、杨庄组、雾迷山组、洪水庄组及铁岭组,待建系下马岭组,以及青白口系骆驼岭组和景儿峪组(表1)。熊耳拗拉槽位于华北克拉通南缘的豫晋陕三省交界处的中条山、熊耳山地区,呈三叉裂谷状; 由于该区地理环境的差异,中—新元古代地层表现出不同的沉积特征。根据区内的中—新元古代地层的发育特征、层序特征、沉积类型及古地理条件等基本地质因素,结合区域地质志及前人对该地区的研究成果(Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Hebei Province,1989; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Henan Province,1989; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shaanxi Province,1989; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shanxi Province,1989; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Beijing City,1991; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Tianjin City,1992),本文将熊耳拗拉槽划分为渑池—确山、嵩山—箕山、小秦岭—栾川以及中条山—王屋山等四个地层小区(图1),主要依据地层发育特征、接触关系、重要地质事件及其同位素年龄资料(Ren Fugen et al.,2000; Hu Guohui et al.,2013; Su Wenbo,2014; Wang Xiaofeng,2014; Jia Chao,2018; Li Zhensheng et al.,2020; Wang Miao et al.,2020),各小区中—新元古代地层发育特征如表1所示。

  • 2 沉积体系类型及特征

  • 在6条野外基干剖面实测(厚14740.91 m)、9条野外重点剖面观察(厚18802.07 m)以及3口岩芯观察与描述(厚1355.33 m)基础上,依据岩石颜色、岩石组合类型、岩石结构、沉积构造、地球化学等沉积相划分标志,将华北克拉通燕辽、熊耳2个典型拗拉槽中—新元古界沉积相划分为海相碎屑沉积体系、海相碳酸盐沉积体系、海陆过渡相沉积体系以及冰川沉积体系(表2); 其中海相碎屑沉积体系主要包括障壁型海岸相、无障壁型海岸相及浅海陆棚相; 海相碳酸盐沉积体系主要包括碳酸盐台地相和生物礁相; 海陆过渡相沉积体系主要为扇三角洲相; 冰川沉积体系主要为冰川相; 并根据其沉积特征进一步划分出15种亚相及21种微相。

  • 图1 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽各地层分区及剖面位置图

  • Fig.1 Division and profile positions of each stratum in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • 2.1 海相碎屑沉积体系

  • 2.1.1 障壁型海岸相

  • 该沉积相由于障壁岛的阻隔,使海岸与海域隔开。研究区障壁型海岸相进一步划分为碎屑潮坪、障壁坝和潟湖3种亚相。

  • (1)碎屑潮坪亚相:研究区碎屑潮坪亚相以黏土岩、粉砂岩和中—细砂岩为主; 受潮汐作用影响,由海向陆,其沉积物粒度由粗变细,具有明显的分带性。该亚相主要发育在山西永济的白草坪组、北大尖组,山西黎城常州沟组,以及河北宽城串岭沟组。①潮上带:主要由泥岩或粉砂质泥岩组成,泥岩颜色多呈紫红色、棕红色等氧化色(图2a); 发育水平层理、波状纹层、微生物成因构造及石盐假晶。②潮间带:沉积物具有泥砂混合的特点,发育透镜状、脉状、波状层理、波痕(图2b)等; 其粒度概率曲线主要为两段式,跳跃组分多为两个次总体,含量较高,悬浮组分次之。③潮下带:在潮下带的潮汐通道内,沉积物粒度较潮间带粗,以中—细粒石英砂岩为主,泥岩比较少见,经过海水的淘洗,碎屑物比较纯净,分选和磨圆都比较好,成分成熟度和结构成熟度较高,发育羽状(图2c)、板状、楔状等大型交错层理、平行层理、波痕等沉积构造; 其砂岩粒度概率曲线主要呈现为两段式,由三个或两个粒度次总体组成,以跳跃组分为主,悬浮组分、滚动组分含量较少。

  • (2)障壁坝亚相:研究区障壁坝亚相的沉积物粒度较碎屑潮坪亚相粗,以中—粗粒石英砂岩为主,经过海水的淘洗,其分选性和磨圆度较好,成分、结构成熟度均较高,发育双向交错层理、迁移层理、波痕等,砂体主要为透镜状(图2d); 其砂岩粒度概率曲线以跳跃组分为主,分选性较好,滚动和悬浮组分少。该亚相主要发育在山西黎城常州沟组、河北宽城的串岭沟组。

  • (3)潟湖亚相: 研究区潟湖亚相的岩性主要表现为灰黑色、黑色、灰绿色泥页岩(图2e),在靠近潮下带的地方,通常有砂岩透镜体发育,砂岩粒度较细,主要为粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩,水平层理发育。该亚相主要发育在山西永济的北大尖组,山西黎城的赵家庄组、串岭沟组。

  • 表1 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽各地层分区中一新元古界对比表

  • Table1 Comparison table of the Meso-Neoproterozoic in the zonal division of the typical aulacogen in North China Craton

  • 表2 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古界沉积相类型及发育层位

  • Table2 The sedimentary types and development horizons of Meso-Neoproterozoic in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • 2.1.2 无障壁型海岸相

  • 该沉积相发育在无障壁岛阻隔的开阔海域的滨岸环境。根据其沉积构造特征,研究区无障壁型海岸相可进一步划分为后滨、前滨和近滨3种亚相。

  • (1)后滨亚相:该亚相以薄层细粒砂岩为主,碎屑成分较为纯净,以石英为主,分选磨圆较好; 发育低角度交错层理(图2f)、小型板状交错层理、平行层理及小型波痕等; 其砂岩粒度概率曲线带主要为两段式,或三段式,以跳跃组分为主,悬浮、滚动组分含量较少。该相带主要发育在渑池—确山地层小区云梦山组,嵩山—箕山地层小区马鞍山组。

  • (2)前滨亚相:该亚相以中—细砂岩为主,砂质纯净,成分主要为石英,含量约90%,碎屑物分选磨圆极好,多为次圆状,层理构造也极为发育,见冲洗交错层理、大型板状交错层理、楔状交错层理(图2g)、平行层理、波痕,并发育海绿石。在砂岩层面中代表间歇性暴露标志的微生物成因构造也极为发育,而且形态各异,有网格状、鸟足状、纺锤状等; 其砂岩粒度概率曲线带主要为两段式,以跳跃组分、悬浮组分为主,滚动组分含量较少。该相带主要发育在渑池—确山地层小区的云梦山组、白草坪组、北大尖组、三教堂组和董家组,嵩山—箕山地层小区的马鞍山组,小秦岭—栾川地层小区的二道河组和三川组,燕辽拗拉槽的常州沟组、下马岭组和骆驼岭组。

  • (3)近滨亚相:该亚相水体动能最大,碎屑物主要成分为石英,粒径主要为细砂,分选磨圆较好,由于受波浪作用影响强烈,低角度交错层理、平行层理、大型板状交错层理、波痕发育。在近滨的下部由于水深较大,波浪影响作用有限,沉积物粒度变细,可见粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩及少量泥岩薄层,水平层理发育; 其砂岩粒度概率曲线带主要呈两段式,以跳跃组分为主、悬浮组分次之,滚动组分几乎不发育。该相带主要发育层位与前滨亚相相同。该相带主要发育在渑池—确山地层小区的云梦山组、白草坪组、北大尖组、三教堂组和董家组,嵩山—箕山地层小区的马鞍山组,小秦岭—栾川地层小区的二道河组和三川组,燕辽拗拉槽的常州沟组、下马岭组和骆驼岭组。

  • 2.1.3 浅海陆棚相

  • 研究区浅海陆棚相可进一步划分为过渡带、滨外陆棚2种亚相。

  • (1)过渡带亚相:该亚相主要为粉砂岩、灰绿色页岩(图2h)、褐黄色页岩夹灰白色粉砂岩条带,局部含海绿石及鲕绿泥石自生矿物,可见微细水平层理。该相带主要发育在渑池—确山地层小区的崔庄组和罗圈组,燕辽拗拉槽常州沟组和下马岭组。

  • 图2 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古界海相碎屑沉积体系特征

  • Fig.2 Characteristics of marine clastic rock sedimentary system of Meso-Neoproterozoic Era in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • (a)—紫红色泥岩,潮上带,山西永济,白草坪组;(b)—干涉波痕,潮间带,山西黎城,常州沟组;(c)—羽状交错层理,潮下带,山西永济,白草坪组;(d)—透镜状层理,障壁坝,河北宽城,串岭沟组;(e)—深灰色页岩,潟湖,山西黎城,串岭沟组;(f)—低角度交错层理,后滨,河南云台山,云梦山组;(g)—楔状交错层理,前滨,河北宽城,常州沟组;(h)—灰绿色与深灰色页岩互层,过渡带,河北宽城,下马岭组;(i)—黑色页岩,滨外陆棚,山西永济,崔庄组

  • (a) —Purplish red mudstone, supratidal zone, Baicaoping Formaion, Yongji, Shanxi Province; (b) —interference ripple, intertidal zone, Changzhougou Formation, Licheng, Shanxi Province; (c) —pinnately intersectional bedding, subtidal zone, Baicaogou Formation, Yongji, Shanxi Province; (d) —lenticular bedding, barrier bar, Cuanlinggou Formation, Kuancheng, Hebei Province; (e) —dark gray shale, lagoon, Cuanlinggou Formation, Licheng, Shanxi Province; (f) —low angle intersectional bedding, backshore, Yunmengshan Formation, Yuntai Mountain, Henan Province; (g) —cuneiform intersectional bedding, foreshore, Changzhougou Formation, Kuancheng, Hebei Province; (h) —the grey-green and dark grey shale interlayers, the transition zone, Xiamaling Formation, Kuancheng, Hebei Province; (i) —black shale, offshore shelf, Cuizhuang Formation, Yongji, Shanxi Province

  • (2)滨外陆棚亚相:该亚相主要为灰黑、深灰色页岩(图2i)、黑色硅质页岩,水平层理发育,有机质含量较高,为优质烃源岩发育的有利相带。该相带主要发育在渑池—确山地层小区的崔庄组和罗圈组,中条山—王屋山地层小区的崔庄组,燕辽拗拉槽下马岭组。

  • 2.2 海相碳酸盐沉积体系

  • 2.2.1 碳酸盐台地相

  • (1)碳酸盐潮坪亚相:根据岩性、沉积构造、叠层石形态等将碳酸盐潮坪亚相进一步划分为潮上带、潮间带及潮下带3个微相。该亚相主要发育在熊耳拗拉槽的北大尖组上部、洛峪口组、黄连垛组、龙家园组,燕辽拗拉槽的景儿峪组、铁岭组、洪水庄组、雾迷山组、杨庄组、高于庄组、大红峪组上部、团山子组以及串岭沟组上部。①潮上带:岩性以浅灰、褐灰色、棕红色泥晶白云岩、泥质白云岩(图3a)为主,含陆源碎屑物质,可见石膏及石盐假晶、干裂(图3b)等构造。②潮间带:该地带白云石结晶粒度较潮上带沉积物粗,可形成粉晶白云岩(图3c)、细晶白云岩,由于海水动荡,经常有砂屑卷入白云岩中,形成砂屑粉晶白云岩,叠层石(图3d)尤其发育,并可见燧石团块、燧石条带,沉积构造主要为藻纹层、透镜状、波痕等。③潮下带:岩性以细—粉晶白云岩或灰岩、凝块石白云岩、鲕粒白云岩为主; 白云石经常以粉—细晶出现,甚至结晶为中晶,潮下带沉积环境动荡,鲕粒、内碎屑较为常见(图3e、g),可见大型交错层理及平行层理。夹风暴岩(图3f)。

  • 图3 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古界海相碳酸盐沉积体系特征

  • Fig.3 Characteristics of marine carbonate sedimentary system of the Meso-Neoproterozoic Era in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • (a)—棕红色泥质白云岩,潮上带,河北宽城,杨庄组;(b)—干裂构造,潮上带,辽宁凌源,雾迷山组;(c)—粉晶白云岩,潮间带,山西永济,洛峪口组,(+)×50;(d)—半球状叠层石,潮间带,山西永济,龙家园组;(e)—含粉砂内碎屑白云岩,潮下带,山西永济,北大尖组,(+)×50;(f)—砾屑灰岩,潮下带,河北宽城,铁岭组;(g)—核形石云岩,潮下带,辽宁凌源,雾迷山组;(h)—黑灰色页岩,海湾-潟湖,河北宽城,洪水庄组;(i)—障积-黏结岩,生物礁相,河北赤城,高于庄组

  • (a) —Brown-red argillaceous dolomite, supratidal zone, Yangzhuang Formatin, Kuancheng, Hebei Province; (b) —dry crack structure, supratidal zone, Wuminshan Formation, Lingyuan, Liaoning Province; (c) —powder-crystal dolomite, intertidal zone, Luoyukou Formation, Yongji, Shanxi Province, (+) ×50; (d) —hemispherical stramotolite, intertidal zone, Longjiayuan Formaiton, Yongji, Shanxi Province; (e) —silt contained internal clastic dolomite, subtidal zone, Beidajian Formation, Yongji, Shanxi Province, (+) ×50; (f) —calcirudite, subtidal zone, Tieling Formation, Kuancheng, Hebei Province; (g) —oncolitic dolomite, subtidal zone, Wuminshan Formation, Lingyuan, Liaoning Province; (h) —black-grey shale, gulf-lagoon, Hongshuizhuang Formation, Kuancheng, Hebei Province; (i) —bafflestone-bonded rock, bioherm, Gaoyuzhuang Formation, Chicheng, Hebei Province

  • (2)海湾-潟湖亚相: 研究区海湾-潟湖亚相岩性以深色页岩为主(图3h),夹泥晶(泥质)白云岩薄层,发育水平层理,含铁锰结核及黄铁矿。该亚相主要发育在燕辽拗拉槽的高于庄组、洪水庄组。

  • 2.2.2 生物礁相

  • 生物礁一种由造礁生物和附礁生物原地堆积而成、在地形上呈隆起状态、具抗风浪的沉积体。研究区内生物礁相仅在河北兴隆潘家店剖面和河北赵家山古子房剖面高于庄组第九、十段可见,为浅灰色粉—细晶藻白云岩(图3i),可见宏观藻或藻丝体,藻类为蓝绿藻和宏观藻,藻间充填粉—细晶白云石,藻体呈垂直、分枝状原地固着生长,形成建隆-叠层石丘。

  • 2.3 海陆过渡相沉积体系

  • 研究区中—新元古界海陆过渡相沉积体系主要为扇三角洲相。根据其岩性和岩相组合特征,研究区扇三角洲相进一步划分为扇三角洲平原和前缘2种亚相。

  • 2.3.1 扇三角洲平原亚相

  • 该亚相为扇三角洲的水上部分,根据其沉积物岩性、沉积构造特征,可将该亚相进一步划分为分流河道和分流间湾2个微相。该亚相主要发育在河南黛眉山小沟背组、河南万安山兵马沟组(图4a、b、c)。

  • 分流河道:岩性为紫红色砾岩、含砾砂岩、粗砂岩组成,呈厚层或块状,砾石成分混杂,粒径多为1~15 cm,砾石磨圆度较好,呈次棱角状—次圆状; 发育楔状、槽状及板状交错层理(图4a)、透镜状层理等,底部可见冲刷面(图4b)。

  • 分流间湾:主要由杂色泥质砂岩、粉砂岩、泥页岩组成(图4d),呈中至薄层状; 层理不甚发育。该微相一般位于分流河道的两侧。

  • 2.3.2 扇三角洲前缘亚相

  • 扇三角洲前缘亚相为扇三角洲的水下部分。根据其沉积物岩性、沉积构造特征,可将其分为水下分流河道和支流间湾2个微相。该亚相也主要发育在河南黛眉山小沟背组、河南万安山兵马沟组。

  • 水下分流河道:岩性为紫红色含砾砂岩、粗砂岩组成,呈厚层至中层状; 底部为含砾砂岩,砾石一般小于1 cm,呈次棱角状—次圆状; 发育浪成交错层理、槽状、楔状及板状交错层理、透镜状层理等,底部可见冲刷面; 单个砂体多呈透镜状,具正粒序。

  • 支流间湾:岩性为灰色粉砂质泥岩与细—粉砂岩互层,呈薄—中层状; 水平层理较发育,但交错层理不发育。该微相一般位于水下分流河道的两侧。

  • 2.4 冰川沉积体系

  • 研究区冰川相主要发育冰碛和冰海2个亚相,主要分布在灵宝以西、宜阳、确山、汝州、鲁山下汤、汝阳、遂平等地区。

  • 2.4.1 冰碛亚相

  • 冰碛亚相主要岩性由一套冰碛砾岩、块状杂砾岩组成,其成分混杂,较为常见的为石英砂岩,其次为碳酸盐岩、石英岩、燧石及脉石英等; 砾石大小不一,分选磨圆极差,呈棱角状—次棱角状(图4e); 在较大砾石表面可见冰川擦痕(条痕、刻痕及冰溜面等)(图4f)。

  • 2.4.2 冰海亚相

  • 冰海亚相可以细分为浅水冰海微相,其主要岩性为含冰碛砾石砂质页岩,紫红色、灰绿色粉砂质页岩。相比冰碛亚相,其细粒物质较多,表现出韵律层,具有零散而间断性坠落的砾石所形成的落石构造,常表现出与纹层杂砾岩共生。

  • 3 岩相古地理特征及差异演化

  • 本文在对华北克拉通中—新元古界基干剖面实测、重点剖面及岩芯观察的基础上,通过大量的相标志资料收集和相分析并利用相序规律或相变法则,结合区域地质特征,在“点—线—面—体”分析思路下,对研究区中—新元古界沉积相类型及特征、基干剖面相、沉积相剖面等进行研究,确定不同地质时期的沉积相类型和纵横向变化规律,恢复中—新元古代长城纪晚期、蓟县纪、待建纪早期、青白口纪、震旦纪岩相古地理,并开展北部和南部拗拉槽沉积演化差异对比分析,重塑其沉积演化历史。

  • 图4 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古界海陆过渡相沉积体系和冰川沉积体系特征

  • Fig.4 Characteristics of marine-continental transition and glacial sedimentary systems of Meso-Neoproterozoic Era in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • (a)—大型交错层理,扇三角洲平原分流河道,河南新安,小沟背组;(b)—冲刷面,扇三角洲平原分流河道,河南伊川,兵马沟组;(c)—肉红色砾岩层,砾石砾径大小不一,河南伊川,兵马沟组;(d)—棕红色粉砂质泥岩,扇三角洲平原分流间湾,河南黛眉山,小沟背组;(e)—冰碛砾岩,冰川,鲁山下汤,罗圈组;(f)—冰碛砾岩,冰川,鲁山下汤,罗圈组

  • (a) —Large intersectional bedding, fan delta plain distributary channel, Xiaobeigou Formation, Xinan, Henan Province; (b) —flushing surface, fan delta plain distributary channel, Bingmagou Formation, Yichuan, Henan Province; (c) —fleshy red gravel layer, its diameter is not uniform, Bingmagou Formation, Yichuan, Henan Province; (d) —brown-red silty mudstone, fan delta plain interdistributary bay, Xiaogoubei Formaion, Dameishan, Henan Province; (e) —glacial gravel, glacier, Luoquan Formation, Xiatang, Lushan; (f) —glacial gravel, glacier, Luoquan Formation, Xiatang, Lushan

  • 图5 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽长城纪晚期地层残余厚度等值线图(a)和岩相古地理图(b)

  • Fig.5 Residual thickness contour map (a) and paleogeography map (b) of the later Changcheng period formation in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • 图6 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽蓟县纪地层残余厚度等值线图(a)和岩相古地理图(b)

  • Fig.6 Residual thickness contour map (a) and paleogeography map (b) of the Jixian period formation in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • 3.1 岩相古地理特征

  • 根据6条典型剖面的实测数据、9条重点辅助露头的野外地质调查资料分析,结合研究区各省市区域地质报告等,统计了研究区各剖面点地层残余厚度,各系地层残余厚度值数据点如下:长城系23个、蓟县系24个、待建系23个、青白口系24个、震旦系13个,并根据构造演化趋势,编制出了研究区中—新元古代各时期地层残余厚度等值线图。并通过综合分析各个剖面点的优势相,结合横向对比剖面沉积相对比、区域地质资料分析等进行综合的定性判断,恢复了研究区中—新元古代各时期岩相古地理。

  • 图7 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽待建纪早期地层残余厚度等值线图(a)和岩相古地理图(b)

  • Fig.7 Residual thickness contour map (a) and paleogeography map (b) of the early Daijian period formation in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • 3.1.1 长城纪晚期

  • 长城纪晚期地层残余厚度特征:研究区中元古代长城纪晚期地层残余厚度变化较大; 总体呈现出熊耳、燕辽拗拉槽区较厚; 在两个拗拉槽之间的吕梁—五台—太行山地层小区具有减薄的趋势; 其余地区地层残余厚度几乎为零。在熊耳拗拉槽区长城纪地层主要分布于豫陕-吕梁三叉裂谷系中; 该区整体沉积厚度较大,表明沉积中物源供给充足、沉积速率较高、沉降幅度较大,沉降中心位于河南渑池—陕西洛南一带,河南渑池最大厚度约7936.5 m,陕西洛南黄龙铺-留题口剖面厚6860.8 m,整体呈北北东向展布。燕辽拗拉槽区长城纪地层受燕山裂陷带控制明显,沉降中心主要位于蓟县—宽城一带,天津蓟县剖面厚约6700 m,整体呈北东向展布(图5a)。

  • 图8 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽青白口纪地层残余厚度等值线图(a)和岩相古地理图(b)

  • Fig.8 Residual thickness contour map (a) and paleogeography map (b) of the Qingbaikou period formation in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • 图9 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽震旦纪地层残余厚度等值线图(a)和岩相古地理图(b)

  • Fig.9 Residual thickness contour map (a) and paleogeography map (b) of the Sinian System formation in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • 长城纪晚期岩相古地理特征:本次将地层残余厚度等值线为零的区域定为古陆或剥蚀区,将研究区该时期的岩相古地理划分出古陆(或剥蚀区)和古海域两大一级古地理单元,又在古海域中划分出无障壁海岸(碎屑滨岸)、碎屑潮坪、潟湖、障壁坝和浅海陆棚5个次一级的古地理单元; 本区长城纪晚期以无障壁海岸相为主体,在山西永济—山西黎城一带发育碎屑潮坪、潟湖、障壁坝亚相; 在燕辽拗拉槽的天津蓟县—河北宽城南部—辽宁朝阳南部—沈阳一带发育呈北东向展布的浅海陆棚相,熊耳拗拉槽的南部(洛南—渑池—鲁山以南)发育浅海陆棚相,仅在兵马沟组(或小沟背组)沉积期沿济源、渑池、伊川、鲁山、舞钢一带发育扇三角洲相(图5b)。

  • 图10 华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古代各期沉积模式图

  • Fig.10 Sedimentary model of Meso-Neoproterozoic in the typical aulacogen of North China Craton

  • (a)—长城纪;(b)—蓟县纪;(c)—待建纪早期;(d)—青白口纪;(e)—震旦纪

  • (a) —Later Changcheng period; (b) —Jixian period; (c) —Early Daijian period; (d) —Qingbaikou period; (e) —Sinian system

  • 3.1.2 蓟县纪

  • 蓟县纪地层残余厚度特征:研究区中元古代蓟县纪地层残余厚度变化也较大; 总体呈现出燕辽拗拉槽区较厚; 熊耳拗拉槽区相对较薄,分布范围相对缩小; 在吕梁—太行山地层小区残余厚度为零。在燕辽拗拉槽区蓟县纪地层继承了长城纪晚期的分布特征,地层残余厚度增大,分布范围扩大,表明该时期沉积速率较高、沉降幅度较大,整体也呈北东向展布,沉降中心主要位于蓟县—迁西—宽城一带,天津蓟县剖面沉积厚度最大,厚约5896 m。在熊耳拗拉槽区蓟县纪残余地层厚度和分布范围明显变小,厚度多为131.95~1618.5 m,表明该时期沉积速率变小,沉降幅度稳定,沉降中心向南迁移(图6a)。

  • 蓟县纪岩相古地理特征:研究区蓟县纪岩相古地理划分出古陆(或剥蚀区)和古海域两大一级古地理单元,又在古海域中划分出碳酸盐潮坪、生物礁和浅海陆棚3个次一级的古地理单元。本区蓟县纪以碳酸盐潮坪亚相为主体; 在燕辽拗拉槽区的宣龙坳陷宣化、古子房等地发育生物礁相,在燕辽拗拉槽的蓟县—唐山—锦州—沈阳一带发育呈北东向展布的浅海陆棚相; 而熊耳拗拉槽区岩相古地理较为单一,仅发育碳酸盐潮坪亚相(图6b)。

  • 3.1.3 待建纪早期

  • 研究区待建纪地层主要是燕辽拗拉槽的下马岭组,熊耳拗拉槽的大庄组,其时代限定在1.38~1.32 Ga,对应于国际年代表的延展纪,近年也有学者将待建系分为西山系和玉溪系,因此华北克拉通该时期地层形成于待建纪早期或西山纪。

  • 待建纪早期地层残余厚度特征:研究区中元古界待建纪早期地层残余厚度较小,分布较为局限。主要在燕辽拗拉槽区分布; 熊耳拗拉槽区仅在其南缘有较少分布; 其余地区残余地层厚度为零。与蓟县纪相比,在燕辽拗拉槽区待建纪早期地层残余厚度分布范围明显缩小,厚度明显减薄,厚度一般在130~540 m,整体呈北东向展布,最大沉降中心位于河北怀来赵家山一带,最大厚度约540.63 m; 在熊耳拗拉槽区待建纪早期地层残余厚度和分布范围进一步变小(图7a)。

  • 待建纪早期岩相古地理特征:研究区待建纪早期岩相古地理以碳酸盐潮坪亚相和浅海陆棚相为主体; 按照待建纪早期地层残余厚度等值线图,在燕辽拗拉槽区张家口—保定—天津—北京—唐山—承德—朝阳—锦州—阜新—沈阳一带主要发育浅海陆棚相,推测外围可能发育碎屑滨岸沉积; 在熊耳拗拉槽区岩相古地理较为单一,仅发育碳酸盐潮坪亚相(图7b)。

  • 3.1.4 青白口纪

  • 青白口纪地层残余厚度特征:研究区新元古代青白口纪地层残余厚度较小,分布较为局限,主要分布在燕辽拗拉槽区,以及熊耳拗拉槽区南缘,其余地区地层残余厚度为零。在燕辽拗拉槽区青白口纪地层残余厚度分布范围较待建系有所增大,厚度有所减薄,厚度一般在46~232 m,整体呈北东向展布,最大沉降中心位于天津蓟县一带; 在熊耳拗拉槽区青白口纪地层残余厚度多为131~198 m,分布范围有所增加(图8a)。

  • 青白口纪岩相古地理特征:研究区新元古代青白口纪沉积环境以无障壁海岸相为主体; 在燕辽拗拉槽区青白口系主要发育无障壁海岸和浅海陆棚相,浅海陆棚相主要位于该拗拉槽的北部(宽城—朝阳以北); 而熊耳拗拉槽区仅发育无障壁海岸相(图8b)。

  • 3.1.5 震旦纪

  • 震旦纪地层残余厚度特征:研究区新元古代震旦纪残余地层厚度较小,分布更为局限,仅在熊耳拗拉槽区南部分布(图9a)。

  • 震旦纪岩相古地理特征:研究区新元古代震旦纪以冰海陆源碎屑滨岸、冰海陆棚相和冰碛环境为主体; 按照震旦纪地层残余厚度等值线图,在燕辽拗拉槽区主要为古陆(或剥蚀区),在熊耳拗拉槽区,岩相古地理由北向南依次发育冰碛—冰海陆源碎屑滨岸—冰海陆棚环境(图9b)。

  • 3.2 典型拗拉槽中—新元古代沉积演化

  • 3.2.1 长城纪晚期

  • 中元古代长城纪晚期,华北克拉通内部发生地壳拉张,开始进入了“裂谷系的发育与演化阶段”。东北缘燕辽拗拉槽和南缘熊耳拗拉槽两者在地表没有完全连接,其物源区主要来自克拉通内部的古陆,沉积相带沿古陆周缘向深水区逐渐演变。燕辽拗拉槽主要为无障壁型海岸—浅海陆棚沉积体系; 熊耳拗拉槽发育障壁型海岸沉积体系和无障壁型海岸—浅海陆棚沉积体系,其中障壁型海岸沉积体系主要发育在拗拉槽的西北部,在山西永济、黎城等地发育障壁型海岸相沉积,可见障壁坝、潮汐通道等典型沉积体。且在该时期,熊耳拗拉槽与北缘裂谷带沿中部造山带相互贯通(图10a)。

  • 3.2.2 蓟县纪

  • 中元古代蓟县纪延续了长城纪晚期的沉积格局,但是在该时期,早期的裂谷盆地逐渐演变为以被动大陆边缘沉积为主的坳陷沉积期。由于蓟县纪可能存在一期构造抬升导致盆地范围缩小,使燕辽拗拉槽和熊耳拗拉槽在太行山—吕梁山一带被古陆隔断。研究区主要为碳酸盐潮坪沉积,同时在燕辽拗拉槽古子房—潘家店—宣化等地可见建隆—叠层石丘,在燕辽拗拉槽的蓟县—唐山—锦州—沈阳—铁岭一带发育呈北东向展布的浅海陆棚沉积(图10b)。

  • 3.2.3 待建纪早期

  • 中元古代待建纪,华北克拉通进一步抬升,导致待建系大面积缺失,在燕辽拗拉槽和熊耳拗拉槽沉积范围进一步缩小,两个拗拉槽也在太行山—吕梁山一带被古陆隔断,且南北缘沉积环境差异较大; 待建纪早期,在燕辽拗拉槽主要发育(无障壁海岸相-)浅海陆棚相沉积环境,在南缘熊耳拗拉槽主要为碳酸盐岩台地沉积(图10c)。

  • 3.2.4 青白口纪

  • 新元古代青白口纪,华北地台构造沉降,水体加深,在燕辽拗拉槽和熊耳拗拉槽沉积范围有增大的趋势,两个拗拉槽也在太行山—吕梁山一带被古陆隔断,该时期研究区主要为无障壁海岸沉积,在燕辽拗拉槽主要发育无障壁海岸相—浅海陆棚相沉积环境,在南缘熊耳拗拉槽主要为无障壁海岸沉积(图10d)。

  • 3.2.5 震旦纪

  • 新元古代震旦纪,华北克拉通北缘整体抬升,震旦纪地层大面积缺失,在燕辽拗拉槽主要为古陆(或剥蚀区),而在熊耳拗拉槽区发育大套的冰川沉积,部分冰碛砾岩由冰舌搬运沉积,部分冰碛砾岩由冰筏携带沉积在滨岸较远处,形成了层状杂砾岩及纹泥岩中的坠石构造,由北向南依次发育冰碛—冰海陆源碎屑滨岸—冰海陆棚环境(图10e)。

  • 4 结论

  • (1)在野外基干剖面实测、重点剖面观察以及部分钻井岩芯观察与描述基础上,依据岩石颜色、岩石组合类型、岩石结构、沉积构造、地球化学等沉积相划分标志,将研究区中—新元古界沉积相划分为四大沉积体系和7种沉积相类型:①海相碎屑沉积体系:主要包括障壁型海岸相、无障壁型海岸相及浅海陆棚相; ②海相碳酸盐沉积体系:主要包括碳酸盐台地相和生物礁相; ③冰川沉积体系:冰川相; ④海陆过渡相沉积体系:扇三角洲相。并根据其沉积特征划分出15种亚相及21种微相。其中无障壁型海岸相、碳酸盐台地相、浅海陆棚相为研究区中—新元古界主要沉积相类型。

  • (2)系统恢复了研究区中—新元古代各期的岩相古地理。本区长城纪晚期以无障壁海岸相为主体,在山西永济—黎城一带发育碎屑潮坪、潟湖、障壁坝亚相; 在天津蓟县—河北宽城—沈阳一带、洛南—渑池—鲁山以南一带均发育浅海陆棚相。蓟县纪以碳酸盐潮坪亚相为主体,在宣化、古子房等地发育生物礁相,在蓟县—唐山—锦州—沈阳一带发育浅海陆棚相。待建纪早期以碳酸盐潮坪亚相和浅海陆棚相为主体; 在燕辽拗拉槽区张家口—保定—天津—北京—唐山—承德—朝阳—锦州—阜新—沈阳一带主要发育浅海陆棚相,推测外围可能发育碎屑滨岸沉积; 在熊耳拗拉槽区仅发育碳酸盐潮坪亚相。青白口纪以无障壁海岸相为主体; 在宽城—朝阳以北发育浅海陆棚相。震旦纪以冰海陆源碎屑滨岸、滨海陆棚和冰碛环境为主体; 在燕辽拗拉槽区主要为古陆(或剥蚀区),在熊耳拗拉槽区,岩相古地理由北向南依次发育冰川—碎屑滨岸—浅海陆棚环境。

  • (3)研究区不同时期岩相古地理格局具有明显差异。中元古代,研究区由长城纪晚期海相碎屑沉积体系转变成蓟县纪海相碳酸盐沉积体系,再向待建纪早期海相碎屑沉积体系、海相碳酸盐沉积体系共存转变。新元古代,研究区由青白口纪海相碎屑沉积体系转变到仅熊耳拗拉槽发育震旦纪冰川—碎屑岩沉积体系,且南北差异明显。

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