The magmatic-hydrothermal evolution during lithium mineralization remains unclear. Zircon, a prevalent accessory mineral in granites and pegmatites, can record the magmatic evolution process by its trace element composition. In this paper, we studied the trace element compositions of zircons from granites and pegmatites in the Ke’eryin area of the Songpan-Ganzi orogenic belt. The morphological and textural features of zircons indicate that the zircons from granodiorite and granite are magmatic zircon, while the zircons from pegmatite are affected by hydrothermal fluid to various degrees. The results of trace element analysis show that the contents of rare metal elements (Li, Sn, Nb, Ta, and Hf) and U in zircon gradually increase with decreasing the Zr/Hf ratio from Taiyanghe granodiorite to Ke’eryin two-mica granite to spodumene-free pegmatite to spodumene-bearing pegmatite. In addition, zircons from Taiyanghe granodiorite and Ke’eryin two-mica granite have low Fe contents, while zircons from spodumene-free pegmatite and spodumene-bearing pegmatite have significantly elevated Fe contents. There is a significant positive correlation between zircon Fe and rare metals contents, indicating that the stronger the hydrothermal influence, the higher the contents of rare metals in zircon. The hydrothermal fluids caused the U-Pb system of zircons in pegmatites to be modified, resulting in the obtained ages being unreliable, while the U-Pb age of columbite-tantalite (210 Ma) of pegmatite is more convincible. The Taiyanghe granodiorite is not related to the formation of spodumene pegmatites, whereas the two-mica granite is genetically related to spodumene pegmatites. However, the two-mica granite is not the parental rock of the mineralized pegmatites. The Lizircon/Liwhole-rock ratios of two-mica granite and spodumene-free pegmatite are close to or even exceed 1, indicating that they are not in equilibrium, which reflects the formation of Li-rich melt during the magma evolution. In addition, such a Li-rich melt is not formed by the melt immiscibility but by fractionation. The Li-rich melt could be separated from the magmatic system by regional detachment fault and then gradually evolved to form spodumene-bearing pegmatite, while the residual magma crystallized to form two-mica granite and spodumene-free pegmatite. Therefore, trace elements in zircon can effectively trace the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution during lithium mineralization. Furthermore, the trace element compositions of detrital zircon can also indicate the presence of lithium-rich magmas with their formation age and source, which may become a new method for tracing lithium mineralization.