大陆碰撞造山样式与过程:来自特提斯碰撞造山带的实例
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Pattern and Process of Continent-Continent Collision Orogeny: A Case Study of the Tethys Collisional Orogen
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    摘要:

    本文选取特提斯域内比利牛斯、阿尔卑斯、扎格罗斯、喜马拉雅 青藏高原四个地球上最年轻的陆 陆碰撞造山带,对其造山带结构、类型、物质组成、构造岩浆过程等方面进行详细介绍,进而讨论各个造山带的差异性及其缘由,分析碰撞造山普遍性规律。资料分析表明,四个碰撞造山带具有不同的结构和组成。根据板块汇聚方向与造山带边界间的夹角可将造山带分为正向和斜向两种;根据造山带结构可将碰撞带分为对称式和不对称式两种。由此本文将碰撞造山带划分为四种基本式样:正向对称式、正向不对称式、斜向对称式、斜向不对称式,分别以比利牛斯、青藏高原、阿尔卑斯和扎格罗斯碰撞带为代表。综合分析四个造山带碰撞以来的岩浆构造活动,本文发现完整的碰撞过程可以划分为三个阶段,第一阶段主要发生挤压缩短、地壳加厚,高压变质和钙碱性火山岩浆活动;第二阶段以大规模走滑系统发育和高钾钙碱性或钾质火山岩浆作用为特征;第三个阶段挤压应力向碰撞带两侧扩展,同时伴有大型伸展构造系统的发育。在这三阶段演化历程中,比利牛斯只进行到第一阶段,成为幼年夭折的碰撞带;扎格罗斯进行到第二阶段,出现调节挤压应变的走滑系统和钾质超钾质岩浆活动;青藏高原和阿尔卑斯进行到第三个阶段,以发育大型伸展构造和钾质、超钾质岩浆活动为特征,但后者在造山带物质组成和汇聚速率方面显示出比前者更成熟的造山演化程度。因此认为岩石圈组成是碰撞造山带结构的主要控制因素,如果上覆板块具有相对不稳定的岩石圈,会使得碰撞带后陆发育宽广的构造岩浆带,造成造山带呈不对称式结构。

    Abstract:

    The continent-continent collision is the dominant process for formation of the supercontinents. Although abundant researches focus on special collisional belt, the comparisons among different belts are lack. Here we choose Pyrenees, Alpine, Zagros, and Himalayan-Tibetan collisional orogenic belts in the southern margin of the Eurasia continent for case studies. Those collisional belts are youngest and most spectacular on the Earth; all of them are formed related to the evolution of the Tethys. The Tethyan Ocean was horn geography in Permian, which means the ocean is narrow in the west and broad in the east. This geographic character is important for the Tethyan blocks motion and convergence. The compositions, architecture, and tectonic evolution of those collisional belts were compared to test general evolution processes of continental collision. Four basic types of collision belts were identified: orthogonal and asymmetric (Tibet), orthogonal and symmetric (Pyrenees), oblique and symmetric (Alpine), and oblique and asymmetric (Zagros). Synthesizing the collisional related deformation sequences and magmatic activities of those four collisional orogens has led to rebuild the general tectonic evolution of collisional belts, which includes three major processes: (1) syn-collisional continental convergence, (2) late-collisional tectonic transform, and (3) post-collisional crustal extension. The Pyrenees orogen developed large scale shorting during the collision between the Iberian plate and the European continent, and then became extension setting affected by the opening of the Valencia Trough. Two stages can be recognized from the Zagros orogen: syn-collision (35~10 Ma), and post-collision (<10 Ma). Some N S-trending right-lateral transpressional faults developed in the Zagros to accommodate collisional convergence. The collision-related, large-scale crustal extension, which always occurs in the third process of the collisional belts, is not observed in the Zagros orogen. The three-stage evolution of collision in the Alpine orogen is similar to that in the Tibetan Himalayan orogen. But the Alpine orogen has more high grade metamorphic rocks and more complex thrust nappe systems. Furthermore, the convergence rate between Adriatic plate and the European plate is limit. Those features suggest that the evolution of the Alpine belts has more mature than that of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. The symmetric orogen (i.e., Pyrenees or Alpine) has an architecture with fold-and-thrust zone and foreland basin on each side of the central axial uplift zone, whereas the asymmetric belt (Zagros or Himalayan-Tibetan) has a broad collisional magmatic zone and collisional deformation zone. This may be caused by a weak lithosphere under the hanging side of the collisional orogen.

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张洪瑞,侯增谦.2015.大陆碰撞造山样式与过程:来自特提斯碰撞造山带的实例[J].地质学报,89(9):1539-1559.
ZHANG Hongrui, HOU Zengqian.2015. Pattern and Process of Continent-Continent Collision Orogeny: A Case Study of the Tethys Collisional Orogen[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,89(9):1539-1559.

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  • 在线发布日期: 2015-09-16
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