The Earth’s magnetic field is produced by convection of the molten outer core and has been in existence for at least 3.5 billion years.The origin and evolution of the geomagnetic field has been one of the scientific frontiers in earth science because it is crucial for the habitability of the Earth and also provides an important means of probing the connections between different spheres of the Earth system.This paper is focussed on the record of the deep-time geomagnetic field documented in rocks,and reviews the recent advances and grand challenges in the following:the origin and persistence of the geomagnetic field,magnetic field reversal,and paleointensity.In addition,we show the exciting opportunities in the interdisciplinary research of paleomagnetism and geology on elucidating changes in paleo-geomagnetic field and their impacts on biological evolution in light of the emergence of the novel paleomagnetic measurement techniques,application of analogue geodynamo modeling experiments,and super-computing facilities in numerical modeling, as well as rapid advances in biogeomagnetism. Research on the paleo-geomagnetic field changes will contribute to not only better understanding of the origin and evolution of the Earth’s magnetic field, but also the evolution of early stage of Earth's history and even other planetary bodies.