Rwanda is located in the northeastern Kibara belt (Karagwe- Ankolean belt, KAB), Central Africa. This paper summarizes the stratigraphic sequences, magmatism, tectonic affinity, geodynamics, and the niobium- tantalium- tungsten tin metallogeny. The stratigraphic sequences in Rwanda consist of the Paleoproterozoic meta- basement and Mesoproterozoic Rwanda Supergroup, with few Neogene volcanics. The Rwandan Supergroup, the most important supergroup, can be divided into four groups from bottom to top: Gikoro, Pindura, Cyohoha and Rugezi groups. The intrusions formed principally during the Meso- Neoproterozoic and are represented by four- stage granites (G1- G4 granites). The G4 granites are closely associated with the tungsten- cassiterite- niobium- tantalum mineralization. Rwanda has experienced frequent tectonic activity which can be divided into four Mesoproterozoic compressive and extensional tectonic evolution stages. Based on the summaries of previous data, we propose that the Proterozoic magmatism likely formed in the converged subduction+slab delamination (back- arc extension) geodynamics, namely local extension mechanism against the background of converged subduction. Niobium- tantalum- tungsten- tin deposits are the most representative and significant minerals which are controlled by the G4 granites and tectonic structures. The genetic types are pegmatite- type niobium- tantalum- tin deposits, hydrothermal quartz vein- type tungsten- tin deposits and greisen- type tin deposit. The diagenesis and mineralization can be summarized as follows: G4 tin- bearing granites upwelling and intrusion during 986~976 Ma→evolved into pegmatites and niobium- tantanlum±tin deposits during 975~962 Ma→evolved into quartz veins and tin deposits at 951±18 Ma.