Mining areas are confronted with two contradicted yet closelyrelated issues: water resources protection in mining areas and water prevention and control in mines. These issues have brought both opportunities and challenges to the traditional hydrogeology on mines that urgently need to be addressed with new theories and technologies. To integrate the exploration, use and protect the groundwater resources in mines better, as well as the coal mining safety and sustainable use of regional water resources, this project selected Changzhi Basin as a key study area to characterize the changes of depth and permeability of aquifer structure due to coal mining. In addition to data analysis based on overlying strata movement, such methods as simulation with similar materials, integrated geophysical prospecting, field monitoring, on site injected and pressurized water tests, and the principle of hydrogeology were employed. According to the hydrogeological conditions and field monitoring data in concentrated mining areas in Changzhi Basin, a 3D dynamic simulation test platform on regional groundwater flow field was built to provide technical support for the research on groundwater cycle mechanism and redistribution of water resources following the change of aquifer structure. Meanwhile, the paper defined the problems and challenges facing hydrogeological research on mines in China, assessed the trend of mining hydrogeology, and predicted the future development of subdisciplines and key technologies in this region.